Abstract
In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land i... more Abstract In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality, and apply meta-analysis to the subset of studies that have focused on the impact of land inequality on long term growth. Next we discuss the relevance of the issue, focusing on Africa. The literature on inequality and growth has firmly established a strong role of land inequality as a determinant of income inequality, and the negative impact of land inequality on long term growth, and also that inequality in assets ownership, once established, is very difficult to reverse. Land inequality negatively affects growth essentially in the long run and in the developing areas. Next, the article argues the contemporary relevance of the topic, through the example of Africa, where complex land markets and strong commercial pressure on land, including large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors, may result in land concentration.
Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in land-based investments for food, feed, fuel... more Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in land-based investments for food, feed, fuel and fiber, driven by volatility in commodity prices, economic growth of emerging economies, policy drivers of biofuel demand and investor strategies in the wake of the global economic crisis. This has led to a surge of foreign and local investments in developing countries, where land can be obtained at lower cost, and has led to fears of land grabbing. In this paper we consider the problem of identifying the determinants of large scale land acquisitions in Africa, and employ unilateral beta regression to explore the link between investments and a number of indicators related both to land supply and to institutional features. The results on the resource seeking nature of investments and on the impact of the land governance indicators are mostly in line with the findings of other studies; on the contrary, the results on forest land being a driver for large scale land acquisitions in Africa differ from previous findings, and indicate commercial pressure on African forests that may lead to accelerating degradation and deforestation.
Keywords: beta regression, foreign direct investments, land grabbing, large scale land acquisitions JEL Classification: F210, O130
We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the
development of internal... more We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal and export markets for credence goods, focusing on food products, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the case of certain niche markets, is likely to be beneficial
La Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli è uno dei maggiori centri europei di documentazione e di ri... more La Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli è uno dei maggiori centri europei di documentazione e di ricerca nell'ambito delle discipline storiche e delle scienze politiche, economiche e sociali. Possiede un ricchissimo patrimonio di libri, periodici e manoscritti che riguardano la storia nazionale e internazionale dall'Età moderna a oggi.
The effects of ketoprofen on frusemide-induced diuresis, natriuresis and renin release were studi... more The effects of ketoprofen on frusemide-induced diuresis, natriuresis and renin release were studied in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each received frusemide 40 mg once daily with either ketoprofen 100 mg twice daily or placebo for two periods of5 days separated by a treatment-free period according to a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study design. Ketoprofen significantly reduced frusemide-induced diuresis on Day 1 but not on Day 5 of treatment. The natriuresis induced by frusemide on Day 1 or Day 5 of treatment did not differ significantly whether ketoprofen or placebo was administered, although the mean urinary sodium excretion values were consistently lower following ketoprofen. Ketoprofen did not affect the kaliuretic response to frusemide on Day 1 or Day 5 of treatment. The increase in plasma renin activity after frusemide was inhibited by ketoprofen on both Day 1 and Day 5. These results suggest that ketoprofen reduces the diuresis and renin release induced by frusemide, but that the reduction in diuretic response may become less important after their repeated coadministration.
We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal... more We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal and export markets for credence goods, focusing on food products, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the case...
In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality,... more In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality, and apply meta-analysis to the subset of studies that have focused on the impact of land inequality on long term growth. Next we discuss the relevance of the issue, focusing on Africa. The literature on inequality and growth has firmly established a strong role of land inequality as a determinant of income inequality, and the negative impact of land inequality on long term growth, and also that inequality in assets ownership, once established, is very difficult to reverse. Land inequality negatively affects growth essentially in the long run and in the developing areas. Next, the article argues the contemporary relevance of the topic, through the example of Africa, where complex land markets and strong commercial pressure on land, including large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors, may result in land concentration.
The demand for trade policy in the developed countries is such that possible Wto agreements inclu... more The demand for trade policy in the developed countries is such that possible Wto agreements include many regulatory issues. On the other hand, regulation is development related in many ways: the "best " rule may vary with the level of development, the opportunity cost of establishing regulation varies with income levels and, finally, liberalisation of regulatory protection between countries at different levels of development is likely to take the form of hegemonic harmonisation. Special and differential treatment for the developing countries could provide solutions but Sdt is flawed because of two mutually reinforcing ambiguities: first, it applies to a set of countries with widely different levels of development, on the basis of a self selection; second, its provisions for positive action on the part of developed countries are mostly not legally enforceable. The status quo tends to be defended by the developing countries as for the first ambiguity, by the developed countr...
The paper outlines the theoretical issues and empirical evidence concerning the relationship betw... more The paper outlines the theoretical issues and empirical evidence concerning the relationship between population growth and food production in poor countries. The linkages between population pressure on land and land degradation (as an environmental constraint to food output growth) are then discussed through: (i) a survey of case studies and (ii) a statistical analysis using data from the Global
The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and credence goods exp... more The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and credence goods exports. In the model expected quality is a function of consumers' beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country, as a proxy for the effectiveness of its regulation of product quality. Low effectiveness and low consumers' trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects and pursuing the harmonization of standards is a better strategy than mutual recognition, since the latter does not address the trust problem between countries with vastly different income levels. NGOs have a role, since when the standard on a credence attribute is established and monitored by separate, non national, entities the national stereotype problem may be bypassed.
We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal... more We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal and export markets for credence goods, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the case of certain niche markets, ...
The paper provides a broad framework of analysis for the relationship between imperfect informati... more The paper provides a broad framework of analysis for the relationship between imperfect information on goods’ quality, regulation and trade and presents a model on the relationship between internal regulation on quality and credence goods exports, focusing on developing exporters. In the model expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country , as a proxy for the effectiveness of its regulation of product quality. Low effectiveness and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects and pursuing the harmonization of standards is a better strategy than mutual recognition, since the l...
The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and the market for hig... more The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and the market for high quality products in the case of credence goods, focusing on the case in which there is no legal market for low quality and with special attention to food products. In the model expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets or NGOs in the case of certain niche markets is likely to be beneficial. A further implicat...
Increasing commercial pressure on land may lead to land concentration in developing countries, es... more Increasing commercial pressure on land may lead to land concentration in developing countries, especially in the context of complex systems of property rights. In this article we review through meta-analysis (MA) the econometric findings of the literature estimating the nexus between land inequality and economic growth. In particular, our MA controls for various features of the studies and for the so-called “publication bias,” and shows that land-inequality negatively affects economic growth, especially at low development levels. Analysis based on panel data, which generally imply a relatively short run perspective, typically report a lower or positive correlation between land inequality and growth, suggesting that the negative impact of land inequality emerges in the long run, possibly through credit constraints and institutional mechanisms.
Population, Agriculture and Development: The Limits of Institutional Functionalism - For the deve... more Population, Agriculture and Development: The Limits of Institutional Functionalism - For the developing countries rapid population growth has been one of the most important characteristics of their recent history. This article examines the relationships between population, economic growth and agriculture. The capacity to avoid "Malthusian" outcomes requires not only induced innovation, but also institutional adjustments. The latter in particular are not necessarily easy or optimal. Both in general and in particular case of agriculture, excessive functionalism in institutional analysis means poor representation of reality and fails to take due account of the difficulties caused by fast population growth. There possible failures in adjustment are many, and they usually affect the environmental resource base.
Abstract
In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land i... more Abstract In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality, and apply meta-analysis to the subset of studies that have focused on the impact of land inequality on long term growth. Next we discuss the relevance of the issue, focusing on Africa. The literature on inequality and growth has firmly established a strong role of land inequality as a determinant of income inequality, and the negative impact of land inequality on long term growth, and also that inequality in assets ownership, once established, is very difficult to reverse. Land inequality negatively affects growth essentially in the long run and in the developing areas. Next, the article argues the contemporary relevance of the topic, through the example of Africa, where complex land markets and strong commercial pressure on land, including large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors, may result in land concentration.
Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in land-based investments for food, feed, fuel... more Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in land-based investments for food, feed, fuel and fiber, driven by volatility in commodity prices, economic growth of emerging economies, policy drivers of biofuel demand and investor strategies in the wake of the global economic crisis. This has led to a surge of foreign and local investments in developing countries, where land can be obtained at lower cost, and has led to fears of land grabbing. In this paper we consider the problem of identifying the determinants of large scale land acquisitions in Africa, and employ unilateral beta regression to explore the link between investments and a number of indicators related both to land supply and to institutional features. The results on the resource seeking nature of investments and on the impact of the land governance indicators are mostly in line with the findings of other studies; on the contrary, the results on forest land being a driver for large scale land acquisitions in Africa differ from previous findings, and indicate commercial pressure on African forests that may lead to accelerating degradation and deforestation.
Keywords: beta regression, foreign direct investments, land grabbing, large scale land acquisitions JEL Classification: F210, O130
We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the
development of internal... more We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal and export markets for credence goods, focusing on food products, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the case of certain niche markets, is likely to be beneficial
La Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli è uno dei maggiori centri europei di documentazione e di ri... more La Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli è uno dei maggiori centri europei di documentazione e di ricerca nell'ambito delle discipline storiche e delle scienze politiche, economiche e sociali. Possiede un ricchissimo patrimonio di libri, periodici e manoscritti che riguardano la storia nazionale e internazionale dall'Età moderna a oggi.
The effects of ketoprofen on frusemide-induced diuresis, natriuresis and renin release were studi... more The effects of ketoprofen on frusemide-induced diuresis, natriuresis and renin release were studied in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each received frusemide 40 mg once daily with either ketoprofen 100 mg twice daily or placebo for two periods of5 days separated by a treatment-free period according to a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study design. Ketoprofen significantly reduced frusemide-induced diuresis on Day 1 but not on Day 5 of treatment. The natriuresis induced by frusemide on Day 1 or Day 5 of treatment did not differ significantly whether ketoprofen or placebo was administered, although the mean urinary sodium excretion values were consistently lower following ketoprofen. Ketoprofen did not affect the kaliuretic response to frusemide on Day 1 or Day 5 of treatment. The increase in plasma renin activity after frusemide was inhibited by ketoprofen on both Day 1 and Day 5. These results suggest that ketoprofen reduces the diuresis and renin release induced by frusemide, but that the reduction in diuretic response may become less important after their repeated coadministration.
We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal... more We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal and export markets for credence goods, focusing on food products, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the case...
In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality,... more In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality, and apply meta-analysis to the subset of studies that have focused on the impact of land inequality on long term growth. Next we discuss the relevance of the issue, focusing on Africa. The literature on inequality and growth has firmly established a strong role of land inequality as a determinant of income inequality, and the negative impact of land inequality on long term growth, and also that inequality in assets ownership, once established, is very difficult to reverse. Land inequality negatively affects growth essentially in the long run and in the developing areas. Next, the article argues the contemporary relevance of the topic, through the example of Africa, where complex land markets and strong commercial pressure on land, including large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors, may result in land concentration.
The demand for trade policy in the developed countries is such that possible Wto agreements inclu... more The demand for trade policy in the developed countries is such that possible Wto agreements include many regulatory issues. On the other hand, regulation is development related in many ways: the "best " rule may vary with the level of development, the opportunity cost of establishing regulation varies with income levels and, finally, liberalisation of regulatory protection between countries at different levels of development is likely to take the form of hegemonic harmonisation. Special and differential treatment for the developing countries could provide solutions but Sdt is flawed because of two mutually reinforcing ambiguities: first, it applies to a set of countries with widely different levels of development, on the basis of a self selection; second, its provisions for positive action on the part of developed countries are mostly not legally enforceable. The status quo tends to be defended by the developing countries as for the first ambiguity, by the developed countr...
The paper outlines the theoretical issues and empirical evidence concerning the relationship betw... more The paper outlines the theoretical issues and empirical evidence concerning the relationship between population growth and food production in poor countries. The linkages between population pressure on land and land degradation (as an environmental constraint to food output growth) are then discussed through: (i) a survey of case studies and (ii) a statistical analysis using data from the Global
The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and credence goods exp... more The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and credence goods exports. In the model expected quality is a function of consumers' beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country, as a proxy for the effectiveness of its regulation of product quality. Low effectiveness and low consumers' trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects and pursuing the harmonization of standards is a better strategy than mutual recognition, since the latter does not address the trust problem between countries with vastly different income levels. NGOs have a role, since when the standard on a credence attribute is established and monitored by separate, non national, entities the national stereotype problem may be bypassed.
We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal... more We analyze the impact of the effectiveness of internal regulation for the development of internal and export markets for credence goods, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the case of certain niche markets, ...
The paper provides a broad framework of analysis for the relationship between imperfect informati... more The paper provides a broad framework of analysis for the relationship between imperfect information on goods’ quality, regulation and trade and presents a model on the relationship between internal regulation on quality and credence goods exports, focusing on developing exporters. In the model expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country , as a proxy for the effectiveness of its regulation of product quality. Low effectiveness and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects and pursuing the harmonization of standards is a better strategy than mutual recognition, since the l...
The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and the market for hig... more The paper analyses the relationship between internal regulation on quality and the market for high quality products in the case of credence goods, focusing on the case in which there is no legal market for low quality and with special attention to food products. In the model expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe regulation as closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’ trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets or NGOs in the case of certain niche markets is likely to be beneficial. A further implicat...
Increasing commercial pressure on land may lead to land concentration in developing countries, es... more Increasing commercial pressure on land may lead to land concentration in developing countries, especially in the context of complex systems of property rights. In this article we review through meta-analysis (MA) the econometric findings of the literature estimating the nexus between land inequality and economic growth. In particular, our MA controls for various features of the studies and for the so-called “publication bias,” and shows that land-inequality negatively affects economic growth, especially at low development levels. Analysis based on panel data, which generally imply a relatively short run perspective, typically report a lower or positive correlation between land inequality and growth, suggesting that the negative impact of land inequality emerges in the long run, possibly through credit constraints and institutional mechanisms.
Population, Agriculture and Development: The Limits of Institutional Functionalism - For the deve... more Population, Agriculture and Development: The Limits of Institutional Functionalism - For the developing countries rapid population growth has been one of the most important characteristics of their recent history. This article examines the relationships between population, economic growth and agriculture. The capacity to avoid "Malthusian" outcomes requires not only induced innovation, but also institutional adjustments. The latter in particular are not necessarily easy or optimal. Both in general and in particular case of agriculture, excessive functionalism in institutional analysis means poor representation of reality and fails to take due account of the difficulties caused by fast population growth. There possible failures in adjustment are many, and they usually affect the environmental resource base.
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Books by Nadia Cuffaro
In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality, and
apply meta-analysis to the subset of studies that have focused on the impact of land inequality on long
term growth. Next we discuss the relevance of the issue, focusing on Africa. The literature on
inequality and growth has firmly established a strong role of land inequality as a determinant of
income inequality, and the negative impact of land inequality on long term growth, and also that
inequality in assets ownership, once established, is very difficult to reverse. Land inequality negatively
affects growth essentially in the long run and in the developing areas. Next, the article argues the
contemporary relevance of the topic, through the example of Africa, where complex land markets and
strong commercial pressure on land, including large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors, may
result in land concentration.
Keywords: beta regression, foreign direct investments, land grabbing, large scale land acquisitions JEL Classification: F210, O130
development of internal and export markets for credence goods, focusing on food
products, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential
exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high
quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness
of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as
closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development
of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’
trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a
trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications
are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard
setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the
case of certain niche markets, is likely to be beneficial
Papers by Nadia Cuffaro
In this paper we review the literature on inequality and growth, with a focus on land inequality, and
apply meta-analysis to the subset of studies that have focused on the impact of land inequality on long
term growth. Next we discuss the relevance of the issue, focusing on Africa. The literature on
inequality and growth has firmly established a strong role of land inequality as a determinant of
income inequality, and the negative impact of land inequality on long term growth, and also that
inequality in assets ownership, once established, is very difficult to reverse. Land inequality negatively
affects growth essentially in the long run and in the developing areas. Next, the article argues the
contemporary relevance of the topic, through the example of Africa, where complex land markets and
strong commercial pressure on land, including large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors, may
result in land concentration.
Keywords: beta regression, foreign direct investments, land grabbing, large scale land acquisitions JEL Classification: F210, O130
development of internal and export markets for credence goods, focusing on food
products, particularly for a developing country which is an exporter (or a potential
exporter). In the model, since goods of actual different quality can be sold as high
quality goods, expected quality is a function of consumers’ beliefs about the effectiveness
of regulation. Foreign consumers, who cannot observe foreign regulation as
closely as domestic ones, may partly base their expectations on the level of development
of the exporting country. Low effectiveness, negative stereotype and low consumers’
trust may cause a failure in the market for high quality, and there may be a
trap of underdevelopment and no high quality exports. The main policy implications
are that increasing the effectiveness of regulation improves export prospects; standard
setting and enforcement by external actors, such as supermarkets, or NGOs in the
case of certain niche markets, is likely to be beneficial