Moe
Moe | |
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Kostur Severne gigantske ostrvske moe | |
Naučna klasifikacija | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Chordata |
Klasa: | Aves |
Infraklasa: | Palaeognathae |
Kladus: | Notopalaeognathae |
Red: | †Dinornithiformes Bonaparte, 1853[1] |
Tipska vrsta | |
† Dinornis novaezealandiae Owen, 1843
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Podgrupe | |
Vidi tekst | |
Diverzitet[2] | |
6 rodova, 9 vrsta | |
Sinonimi[3] | |
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Moe su izumrla porodica ptica neletačica iz reda nojevki. Ova porodica sastoji se od deset vrsta raspoređenih u šest rodova.[4] Sve vrste su bile endemi Novog Zelanda, te izumrle su oko 1500. godine Uglavnom su nastanjivale šume, sve dok Maori nisu došli na Novi Zeland i iskrčili većinu šuma. Prema istraživanjima naučnika, moe su se hranile biljkama. Često su gutale stene koje bi se zadržale u želucu (gastroliti), pa bi tako ptice lakše probavile teško probavljive biljke. Hodale su brzinom oko 3-5 km/h[5]. U muzejima se nalazi 36 fosilizovanih jaja ptica iz ove porodice. Jaja su bila velika 120-240 mm. Kod većine vrsta jaja su bila bele boje, samo kod vrste Megalapteryx didinus bila su plavozelenkasta.
Taksonomija
[уреди | уреди извор]Ova porodica nekad je tvorila poseban red ptica u koji su biolozi ubrajali i kivije. Postojale su dve porodice: manje moe (lat. Anomalopterygidae) i velike moe (lat. Dinornithidae). Manje moe su činile ptice veličine ćurana ili malo veće. Među njima je bila najmanja od svih moa, Euryapteryx curtus koja je bila teška oko 20 kg. Drugu porodicu, velike moe su bile jako velike ptice, među kojima je bila velika moa, jedna od najviših ptica ikada. Bila je visoka oko 4,5 m. Najbliži rođaci ovih ptica su emu i kazuar.
Ovo su trenutno priznati rodova i vrste:[6]
- Red †Dinornithiformes (Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901 [Dinornithes Gadow 1893; Immanes Newton 1884] (moa)
- Porodica Dinornithidae Owen 1843 [Palapteryginae Bonaparte 1854; Palapterygidae Haast 1874; Dinornithnideae Stejneger 1884] (giant moa)
- Rod Dinornis
- North Island giant moa, Dinornis novaezealandiae (North Island, New Zealand)
- South Island giant moa, Dinornis robustus (South Island, New Zealand)
- Rod Dinornis
- Porodica Emeidae (Bonaparte 1854) [Emeinae Bonaparte 1854; Anomalopterygidae Oliver 1930; Anomalapteryginae Archey 1941] (lesser moa)
- Rod Anomalopteryx
- Bush moa, Anomalopteryx didiformis (South Island, New Zealand)
- Rod Emeus
- Eastern moa, Emeus crassus (South Island, New Zealand)
- Rod Euryapteryx
- Coastal moa, Euryapteryx curtus (North and South Island, New Zealand)
- Rod Pachyornis
- Heavy-footed moa, Pachyornis elephantopus (South Island, New Zealand)
- Mantell's moa, Pachyornis geranoides (North Island, New Zealand)
- Crested moa, Pachyornis australis (South Island, New Zealand)[2]
- Rod Anomalopteryx
- Porodica Megalapterygidae
- Rod Megalapteryx
- Upland moa, Megalapteryx didinus (South Island, New Zealand)
- Rod Megalapteryx
- Porodica Dinornithidae Owen 1843 [Palapteryginae Bonaparte 1854; Palapterygidae Haast 1874; Dinornithnideae Stejneger 1884] (giant moa)
Dve neimenovane vrste Saint Bathans Fauna.[7]
Filogenija
[уреди | уреди извор]Notopalaeognathae |
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Emeidae |
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Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Brands, S. (2008)
- ^ а б Stephenson, Brent (2009)
- ^ Brodkob, Pierce (1963). „Catalogue of fossil birds 1- Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes”. Biological sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. 7 (4): 180—293. Приступљено 30. 12. 2015.
- ^ OSNZ (2009)
- ^ Worthy & Holdaway '2002
- ^ Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
- ^ Tennyson, A.J.D.; Worthy, T.H.; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010). „Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia”. Records of the Australian Museum. 62: 105—114. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546.
Literatura
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- Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). „Moas”. Ур.: Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 изд.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. стр. 95—98. ISBN 978-0-7876-5784-0.
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- Heuvelmans, Bernard (1959). On the Track of Unknown Animal. New York, NY: Hill & Wang.
- Hill, H. (1913). „The Moa—Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared”. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 46: 330.
- Holdaway, R. N.; Jacomb, C. (2000). „Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications”. Science. 287 (5461): 2250—2254. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2250H. PMID 10731144. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250.
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- Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). „Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand”. Emu. 104 (2): 149—156. doi:10.1071/MU03019.
- Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1875). „Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave”. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 7: 138—144.
- Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30. 8. 2010). „Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (30): 16201—16206. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10716201H. PMC 2941315 . PMID 20805485. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914096107.
- Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R. P.; Lambert, David M. (2003). „Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa”. Nature. 425 (6954): 175—178. Bibcode:2003Natur.425175H Проверите вредност параметра
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length (помоћ). PMID 12968179. doi:10.1038/nature01838. - Laing, Doug (5. 1. 2008). „Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay”. Hawkes Bay Today. APN News & Media Ltd. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 14. 2. 2011.
- Millener, P. R. (1982). „And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)”. Notornis. 29 (1): 165—170. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 01. 2012. г. Приступљено 16. 01. 2019.
- OSNZ (januar 2009). „New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database”. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 4. 2015. г. Приступљено 14. 2. 2011.
- Owen, Richard (1879). Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez. London: John van Voorst.
- Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010). „Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites”. Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90—107. PMID 20525622. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. Приступљено 1. 2. 2010.
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- Purcell, Rosamond (1999). Swift as a Shadow. Mariner Books. стр. 32. ISBN 978-0-395-89228-2.
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- Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2005). „Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa”. Nature. 435 (7044): 940—943. Bibcode:2005Natur.435940T Проверите вредност параметра
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length (помоћ). PMID 15959513. doi:10.1038/nature03635. - Vickers-Rich, P.; et al. (1995). „Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa, Megalapteryx didinus (Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand”. Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 4: 1—26.
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Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]- TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds
- TerraNature page on Moa
- Tree of Life classification and references Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (5. децембар 2020)
- Moa article in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- 3D model of a moa skull