WO2022172935A1 - ジナフチルエーテル化合物およびそれを含む潤滑油組成物 - Google Patents
ジナフチルエーテル化合物およびそれを含む潤滑油組成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022172935A1 WO2022172935A1 PCT/JP2022/005004 JP2022005004W WO2022172935A1 WO 2022172935 A1 WO2022172935 A1 WO 2022172935A1 JP 2022005004 W JP2022005004 W JP 2022005004W WO 2022172935 A1 WO2022172935 A1 WO 2022172935A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- group
- mol
- dinaphthyl
- dinaphthyl ether
- Prior art date
Links
- -1 Dinaphthyl ether compound Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 33
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 48
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 31
- ARNKHYQYAZLEEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthalen-1-yloxynaphthalene Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(OC=3C4=CC=CC=C4C=CC=3)=CC=CC2=C1 ARNKHYQYAZLEEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 12
- GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexadecene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 10
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 6
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 6
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1 -dodecene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- JWAZRIHNYRIHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 JWAZRIHNYRIHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N (3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[5-[(3aS,6aR)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoylamino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[1-bis(4-chlorophenoxy)phosphorylbutylamino]-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCCCC1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]12)C(C)C)P(=O)(Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1)Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1 QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DLKQHBOKULLWDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromonaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(Br)=CC=CC2=C1 DLKQHBOKULLWDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 3
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UTMBCKOFJVFVSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methylidenetricosane Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCC(=C)CCCCCCCCCC UTMBCKOFJVFVSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NEAFLGWVOVUKRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-methylidenenonadecane Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCC(=C)CCCCCCCC NEAFLGWVOVUKRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229950011260 betanaphthol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940125773 compound 10 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940125782 compound 2 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940126214 compound 3 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940125898 compound 5 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N jdtic Chemical compound C1([C@]2(C)CCN(C[C@@H]2C)C[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]2NCC3=CC(O)=CC=C3C2)=CC=CC(O)=C1 ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920013636 polyphenyl ether polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- OMXANELYEWRDAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Hexacosene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C OMXANELYEWRDAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SPURMHFLEKVAAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-docosene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C SPURMHFLEKVAAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical group CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXRXHWZXQBFYOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-methylideneheptacosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=C)CCCCCCCCCCCC XXRXHWZXQBFYOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMGDVUCDZOBDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2h-benzotriazole Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC2=NNN=C12 CMGDVUCDZOBDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Natural products C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940053200 antiepileptics fatty acid derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001204 arachidyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010718 automatic transmission oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002511 behenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001743 benzylic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003901 ceryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012208 gear oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hectorite Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Mg+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O[Si]([O-])(O1)O[Si]1([O-])O2 KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000271 hectorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- VAMFXQBUQXONLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N icos-1-ene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C VAMFXQBUQXONLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002463 lignoceryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005078 molybdenum compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002752 molybdenum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KHYKFSXXGRUKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-J molybdenum(4+) tetracarbamodithioate Chemical compound C(N)([S-])=S.[Mo+4].C(N)([S-])=S.C(N)([S-])=S.C(N)([S-])=S KHYKFSXXGRUKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 125000002819 montanyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-decene Chemical group CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEXZDYLACYKGOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N octacos-1-ene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C QEXZDYLACYKGOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CCCMONHAUSKTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecene Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C CCCMONHAUSKTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102200082816 rs34868397 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010689 synthetic lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010723 turbine oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C43/02—Ethers
- C07C43/257—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to carbon atoms both belonging to six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C43/275—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to carbon atoms both belonging to six-membered aromatic rings having all ether-oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/16—Ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/02—Bearings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/12—Gas-turbines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/12—Gas-turbines
- C10N2040/13—Aircraft turbines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/30—Refrigerators lubricants or compressors lubricants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/10—Semi-solids; greasy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to dinaphthyl ether compounds and lubricating oil compositions containing the same.
- Lubricating oils and lubricating oil compositions are used to reduce friction and wear between moving parts and surfaces of various mechanical devices.
- lubricating oils, lubricating greases, etc. are being used under more severe conditions such as high temperatures, high speeds, high loads, and under radiation, and there is a demand for lubricating oils with even better heat resistance.
- Patent Document 1 a phenyl ether-based lubricating oil containing polyphenyl ether having 3 to 5 phenyl groups and at least one alkyl substituent having 10 to 20 carbon atoms as an active ingredient Synthetic lubricating oils (Patent Document 1) are known.
- a lubricating oil having radiation resistance o-(m-phenoxyphenoxy)diphenyl 0 to 70% by weight, m-(m-phenoxyphenoxy)diphenyl 25 to 75%, and an alkyl carbon number of 10 to 20
- o-(m-phenoxyphenoxy)diphenyl 0 to 70% by weight o-(m-phenoxyphenoxy)diphenyl 0 to 70% by weight, m-(m-phenoxyphenoxy)diphenyl 25 to 75%, and an alkyl carbon number of 10 to 20
- Patent Document 2 A radiation-resistant lubricating oil containing 75 to 25% monoalkyldiphenyl ether or dialkyldiphenyl ether
- the lubricating agents described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 have excellent heat resistance and radiation resistance. Therefore, there is a demand for a lubricating oil with even better heat resistance.
- the object of the present invention is to solve the above problems. That is, it is an object of the present invention to provide a compound that has superior heat resistance and can be used as a lubricating oil under severer conditions.
- the dinaphthyl ether compound according to one aspect of the present invention is a compound represented by the following formula (1).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are straight or branched hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 32 carbon atoms; m and n are each a real number of 0 or more; and , satisfies 1.0 ⁇ m + n ⁇ 3.0)
- FIG. 1 shows a gas chromatography (GC) chart of the dinaphthyl ether synthesized in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of a model compound for determining the number of hydrocarbon group substitutions.
- the dinaphthyl ether compound of the present invention is, as described above, a compound represented by the following formula (1).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are straight or branched hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 32 carbon atoms. Moreover, m and n are each a real number equal to or greater than 0 and satisfy 1.0 ⁇ m+n ⁇ 3.0.
- a dinaphthyl ether compound having such a structure is very useful as a lubricating oil because it has excellent heat resistance while maintaining lubricity equivalent to that of conventional compounds as described in the prior art. is. More specifically, the dinaphthyl ether compound has little evaporation loss at high temperatures and has a long life at high temperatures, so it can be suitably used as a base oil for high-temperature lubricating oils or heat-resistant greases that are used at higher temperatures. can be done.
- a dinaphthyl ether compound that has superior heat resistance and can be used as a lubricating oil that can be used under more severe conditions.
- the dinaphthyl ether compound of the present embodiment is a compound represented by the above formula (1).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are a hydrocarbon group having 6 to 32 carbon atoms. In some cases, either one of R 1 and R 2 may be a hydrogen atom. That is, either one of R 1 and R 2 may be a hydrogen atom, but at least one of them is the aforementioned hydrocarbon group.
- the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group is less than 6, the physical properties of the dinaphthyl ether that does not have a hydrocarbon group are considered to greatly affect the fluidity. Moreover, since the molecular weight is small, the amount of evaporation increases. On the other hand, if the number of carbon atoms exceeds 32, the interaction between molecules will increase and the viscosity will become too high, exceeding the viscosity range generally used. When the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group is 6 to 32, the balance between heat resistance and low temperature properties is well balanced, which is preferable. More preferably, the lower limit of the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group is 16 or more, and the upper limit is 28 or less.
- linear hydrocarbon groups include, for example, hexyl group, octyl group, decyl group, dodecyl group, tetradecyl group, hexadecyl group, octadecyl group, icosyl group, docosyl group, tetracosyl group, hexacosyl group and octacosyl group.
- alkyl groups such as groups; alkylene groups such as octene group, decene group, hexadecene group, dodecene group, octadecene group, icosene group, docosene group, tecoracosene group, hexacosene group and octacosene group; cyclohexyl group and the like.
- Branched hydrocarbon groups include, for example, 1-methylundecyl group, 1-ethyldecyl group, 1-methyltridecyl group, 1-ethyldodecyl group, 1-methylpentadecyl group, 1-ethyltetradodecyl group, 1-methylheptadecyl group, 1-ethyloctadecyl group, 1-methylnonadecyl group, 1-ethyloctadecyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, 2-octyldodecyl group, 2-decyltetradecyl group, 2-dodecylhexadecyl group, 1 -butyl-1-methylpentyl group, 1-butyl-1-methylheptyl group, 1-methyl-1-pentyloctyl group, 1-hexyl-1-methylnonyl group, 1-heptyl-1-methyldecyl group, 1 -methyl
- hydrocarbon groups having 12 to 32 carbon atoms are preferred from the viewpoint of obtaining better heat resistance, and 1-methylundecyl and 1-methyltridecyl are preferred. group, 1-methylpentadecyl group, 1-methyl-1-octylundecyl group, 1-decyl-1-methyltridecyl group, 1-dodecyl-1-methylpentadecyl group, hexadecyl group, dodecyl group, tetradecyl group , 2-octyldodecyl group, 2-decyltetradecyl group, 2-dodecylhexadecyl group and the like.
- the hydrocarbon group as described above may be bonded to any of the two naphthyl groups in the formula (1) as long as m and n satisfy 1.0 ⁇ m + n ⁇ 3.0, Moreover, it may be bonded to any position of the naphthyl group. Further, for example, when m+n is 1, either one of R 1 and R 2 may be a hydrogen atom.
- each of m and n is a real number of 0 or more and satisfies 1.0 ⁇ m+n ⁇ 3.0.
- m+n is less than 1.0, it is considered that the physical properties of dinaphthyl ether having no hydrocarbon group appear and the fluidity deteriorates. Moreover, since the molecular weight is small, the amount of evaporation cannot be sufficiently suppressed. On the other hand, when m+n exceeds 3.0, the interaction between molecules increases and the viscosity becomes too high.
- m+n indicates the number of linear or branched hydrocarbon group substitutions (hereinafter simply referred to as the number of alkyl substitutions).
- the compound of the present embodiment may be, for example, a mixture of a compound satisfying 0 ⁇ m+n ⁇ 2.0 and a compound satisfying 2.0 ⁇ m+n ⁇ 3.0.
- the value of m+n means the average value of m+n in the dinaphthyl ether compounds contained in the compound of the present embodiment.
- m+n is more preferably 1 or more and 2.5 or less.
- the number of hydrocarbon group substitutions can be measured by the method shown in Examples below.
- the weight average molecular weight of the dinaphthyl ether compound of the present embodiment is preferably about 450-800. If the weight average molecular weight of the dinaphthyl ether compound is large, there is an advantage that it is excellent in heat resistance. Therefore, if the mass average molecular weight is within the above range, the kinematic viscosity and the pour point are not too high, and the heat resistance is excellent. On the other hand, when the weight average molecular weight is smaller than the above range, the heat resistance tends to be poor.
- the weight-average molecular weight of the dinaphthyl ether compound in the present embodiment is a value measured using 1 H-NMR as shown in Examples below.
- a mass average molecular weight is also simply called "average molecular weight.”
- the method for producing the dinaphthyl ether compound as described above is not particularly limited, it can be obtained, for example, by the following synthesis method.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the dinaphthyl ether compound of the present embodiment can be obtained by reacting the naphthyl ether with a linear or branched olefin or the like using, for example, aluminum chloride or the like as a catalyst.
- the present invention also includes a lubricating oil composition containing the dinaphthyl ether compound as described above.
- lubricating oil composition of the present embodiment in addition to the dinaphthyl ether compound, for the purpose of further improving its performance, or for imparting further performance as necessary, within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention
- mineral oils synthetic oils such as ⁇ -olefin oligomers, polyol esters, diesters, polyalkylene glycols, silicone oils, modified silicone oils, alkyldiphenyl ether oils, multiple alkylate cyclopentane oils, and silahydrocarbon oils are mixed. be able to.
- various additives such as antioxidants, extreme pressure agents, friction modifiers, metal deactivators, antifoaming agents, thickeners, and colorants may be blended alone or in combination as necessary. Also good.
- antioxidants that are generally used in lubricating oils can be used without particular limitation. compounds and the like.
- extreme pressure agents include phosphorus-based compounds and sulfur-based compounds.
- friction modifiers examples include molybdenum compounds such as molybdenum dithiocarbamate and fatty acid derivatives such as glycerin monostearate.
- metal deactivators examples include benzotriazole-based, tolyltriazole-based, thiadiazole-based, and imidazole-based compounds.
- Antifoaming agents include, for example, polyacrylates and styrene ester polymers.
- Thickeners include, for example, metal soap (eg lithium soap), silica, expanded graphite, polyurea, clay (eg hectorite or bentonite).
- the content thereof is 50 to 100% by mass with respect to the entire lubricating oil composition (total mass) from the viewpoint of ensuring heat resistance. It is preferable that it is a degree. In that case, the content of additives and the like in the lubricating oil composition is preferably about 50 to 0% by mass.
- the dinaphthyl ether compound can be used as an additive in a lubricating oil composition, in which case the content of the dinaphthyl ether compound is 1 to 1 with respect to the entire lubricating oil composition (total mass) It is preferably about 49% by mass.
- the present invention also includes high-temperature lubricating oils and heat-resistant greases containing dinaphthyl ether compounds as described above.
- the lubricating oil composition, high-temperature lubricating oil, and heat-resistant grease as described above are suitably used as bearing lubricants, impregnated bearing lubricants, grease base oils, refrigerator oils, plasticizers, and the like.
- various lubricating oils used under high temperature conditions such as bearing oil, hydrodynamic bearing oil, oil-impregnated bearing oil, grease base oil, oil-impregnated plastics oil, gear oil, jet engine oil, heat insulating engine oil, gas turbine oil, It can be suitably used as automatic transmission oil, vacuum pump oil, hydraulic fluid, and the like.
- the dinaphthyl ether compound as described above also has excellent radiation resistance, it is thought that it can be suitably used as a radiation-resistant lubricating oil and radiation-resistant grease.
- a dinaphthyl ether compound according to one aspect of the present invention is a compound represented by the following formula (1).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are straight or branched hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 32 carbon atoms; m and n are each a real number of 0 or more; and , satisfies 1.0 ⁇ m + n ⁇ 3.0)
- a lubricating oil composition relating to another aspect of the present invention is characterized by containing the dinaphthyl ether compound described above.
- a high-temperature lubricating oil and a radiation-resistant lubricating oil relating to still another aspect of the present invention are characterized by containing the dinaphthyl ether compound described above.
- a heat-resistant grease and a radiation-resistant grease relating to still another aspect of the present invention are characterized by containing the dinaphthyl ether compound described above.
- the lubricating oil composition, high-temperature lubricating oil, and heat-resistant grease according to the present invention have extremely excellent heat resistance, so they are suitable for use under severe conditions (especially at high temperatures).
- Example 2 Compound 2
- 120 g (0.44 mol) of the dinaphthyl ether obtained in Example 1 1.05 g (0.0078 mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride, and 37 g (0.22 mol) of 1-dodecene were mixed. mol) and distilled under reduced pressure from 260°C to 300°C at 80 Pa to obtain a monoalkyl-substituted product as a distillate.
- a dinaphthyl ether compound 2: alkyl (C12)-1-(2-naphthyloxy)naphthalene (C12-1,2-DNO) was obtained.
- Example 3 Compound 3
- a four-necked flask with a volume of 500 mL was used for the reaction, and 100 g (0.37 mol) of the dinaphthyl ether obtained in Example 1, 1.57 g (0.012 mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride, and 56 g (0.33 mol) of 1-dodecene were mol) and distilled under reduced pressure at 80 Pa at 300° C. under the same conditions as in Example 1, except that unreacted raw materials, monoalkyl-substituted products, etc. were removed.
- a dinaphthyl ether compound 3: dialkyl (C12)-1-(2-naphthyloxy)naphthalene (diC12-1,2-DNO) was obtained.
- Example 4 Compound 4
- a 500 mL four-necked flask for the reaction 135 g (0.50 mol) of the dinaphthyl ether obtained in Example 1, 2.46 g (0.019 mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride, and 70 g of 2-octyl-1-dodecene were mixed. (0.25 mol), under the same conditions as in Example 1, an alkyl-substituted dinaphthyl ether (compound 4: branched alkyl (C20)-1-(2 -naphthyloxy)naphthalene (bC20-1,2-DNO)).
- Example 5 Compound 5
- 30 g (0.11 mol) of the dinaphthyl ether obtained in Example 1 0.53 g (0.0040 mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride, and 19 g of 2-decyl-1-tetradecene were mixed. (0.060 mol), under the same conditions as in Example 1, an alkyl-substituted dinaphthyl ether (compound 5: branched alkyl (C24)-1-(2 -naphthyloxy)naphthalene (bC24-1,2-DNO)).
- Example 6 Compound 6
- 30 g (0.11 mol) of the dinaphthyl ether obtained in Example 1 0.61 g (0.0046 mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride, and 22 g of 2-dodecyl-1-hexadecene were mixed. (0.060 mol), under the same conditions as in Example 1, alkyl-substituted dinaphthyl ether (compound 6: branched alkyl (C28)-1-(2 -naphthyloxy)naphthalene (bC28-1,2-DNO)).
- Example 7 Compound 11
- 120 g (0.83 mol) of 1-naphthol, 230 g (1.66 mol) of potassium carbonate, and 32 g (0.17 mol) of copper iodide were placed in a 2-liter four-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, dropping funnel and condenser.
- 300 g of NMP were added, and the temperature of the reaction system was heated to 175° C. after nitrogen substitution was performed.
- dropwise addition of 345 g (1.66 mol) of 1-bromonaphthalene was started. After the dropwise addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at 175° C. for 6 hours.
- Kyoward 1000s was added in an amount 5.5 times the amount of anhydrous aluminum chloride, followed by stirring for 30 minutes. Subsequently, 3.65 times as much activated clay as that of anhydrous aluminum chloride was added, and after stirring at 90°C for 30 minutes, anhydrous aluminum chloride and other by-produced acidic substances were removed by filtration under reduced pressure.
- the filtrate obtained here (reaction filtrate A) was distilled under reduced pressure at 250° C. to 260° C. at 80 Pa to obtain a monoalkyl-substituted alkyl diphenyl ether (compound 7: alkyl (C16) diphenyl ether (C16-DPO)) as a fraction. Obtained. 5% by weight of activated clay was added to the compound obtained here, and the mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 30 minutes, and mixed grease and the like were removed by filtration under reduced pressure.
- Comparative Example 2 Compound 8
- the reaction filtrate A obtained in Comparative Example 1 was distilled under reduced pressure at 80 Pa and 290° C. to remove unreacted raw materials, monoalkyl-substituted products, etc., and alkyl-substituted diphenyl ether (compound 8 : Dialkyl (C16) diphenyl ether (diC16-DPO)) was obtained.
- Kyoward 1000s was added in an amount 5.5 times the amount of anhydrous aluminum chloride, followed by stirring for 30 minutes. Subsequently, 3.65 times as much activated clay as that of anhydrous aluminum chloride was added, and after stirring at 90°C for 30 minutes, anhydrous aluminum chloride and other by-produced acidic substances were removed by filtration under reduced pressure.
- the filtrate obtained here was distilled under reduced pressure at 80 Pa and 320° C. to remove the reaction raw materials, etc., and the compound 9 (alkyl (C16)-2- (3-Phenoxyphenoxy)diphenyl (C16-4P2E)) was obtained. 5% by weight of activated clay was added to the compound obtained here, and the mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 30 minutes, and mixed grease and the like were removed by filtration under reduced pressure.
- 1 H-NMR measurement conditions and hydrocarbon group substitution number calculation conditions 1 H-NMR was measured using a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus JNM-ECX400 manufactured by JEOL Ltd. The measurement conditions were a temperature of 80° C. and no solvent or standard substance.
- the chemical shift was obtained by measuring the same compound using deuterated chloroform as the solvent and TMS as the standard substance and comparing them. This is because the peaks of deuterated chloroform and the benzene ring overlap and an accurate integrated value cannot be obtained.
- the obtained compounds 1 to 11 were analyzed using 1 H-NMR under the above conditions to determine the mass average molecular weight of each compound.
- the number of hydrocarbon group substitutions of compounds 1 to 11 was determined by analyzing the 1 H-NMR spectrum of each compound. Specifically, the calculation method will be described using the 1 H-NMR spectrum of the model compound shown in FIG.
- a (chemical shift 6.5 to 7.3) indicates the peak of hydrogen on the aromatic ring.
- b 1 (chemical shifts 2.8-3.3) and b 2 (chemical shifts 2.2-2.7) show peaks of hydrogen at the benzylic position.
- c (chemical shift 0.5 to 1.9) indicates the hydrogen peak of the hydrocarbon group.
- Hydrocarbon group substitution number (m+n) (number of hydrogen atoms in aromatic ring) ⁇ (b 1 +b 2 +c)/[(average number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon group) ⁇ a+b 1 +b 2 +c]
- ⁇ Purity measurement> [Gas chromatography (GC) measurement conditions] Gas chromatography was measured using Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus. Ultra ALLOY+-17 was used as the column, and nitrogen gas was used as the carrier gas. The measurement temperature was maintained at 50°C for 2 minutes, then increased by 25°C per minute to 100°C, increased from 100°C by 15°C per minute to 350°C, and was maintained at 350°C for 15 minutes.
- evaporation amount by the TG method was measured using ST7200RV manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation.
- the carrier gas is air (200 ml/min)
- the sample container is an aluminum deep dish pan
- the sample amount is 5 mg
- the temperature is 250 ° C.
- Lubricity test Lubricity was measured using OPTIMOL SRV-5. A 1/2 inch SUJ2 ball was used for the upper specimen and an SK-5 plate was used for the lower specimen. After running-in for 50 seconds at a temperature of 40 ° C, a load of 50 N, and a speed of 40 mm / s, the main test is performed at a temperature of 40 ° C, a load of 100 N, and a speed of 40 mm / s for 600 seconds to measure the coefficient of friction (COF). and the average COF at 100N was obtained. In this test, an average COF of 0.150 or less is judged as pass.
- COF coefficient of friction
- the dinaphthyl ether compound of the present invention has extremely excellent heat resistance, it can be suitably used as a high-temperature lubricating oil, a heat-resistant grease, etc., and has wide industrial applicability.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
(実施例1:化合物1)
攪拌機、温度計、滴下ロートおよび冷却管を取り付けた容積5L四つ口フラスコに2-ナフトール450g(3.12モル)と炭酸カリウム862g(6.24モル)、ヨウ化銅119g(0.62モル)およびNMP1000gを入れ、窒素置換を行ったのち反応系の温度を175℃まで加熱した。120℃になった時点で1-ブロモナフタレン1292g(6.24モル)の滴下を開始した。滴下終了後、175℃で6時間攪拌を行った。反応終了後90℃になるまで自然冷却しキョーワード1000s(アルカリ吸着剤;協和化学工業株式会社製)60gを投入し、30分間攪拌した。続けて、活性白土40gを投入し、90℃で30分攪拌した後、減圧ろ過により、固体分を除去した。ろ滓をNMPに攪拌し、減圧ろ過を3回繰り返した。得られたろ液を80Paにおいて215℃から240℃で減圧蒸留して、留分として常温で固体の1,2-ジナフチルエーテル(ジナフチルオキサイド:1,2-DNO)を取得した。ここで得られた化合物に5重量%の活性白土を加え90℃で30分攪拌し、減圧ろ過により混入したグリース等を除去した。ジナフチルエーテルのGCチャートを図1に示した(測定条件は、後述する)。純度は94.0%でであった。ここで合成したジナフチルエーテルは実施例2から6までの反応材料としても使用した。
反応に容積500mLの四つ口フラスコを用い、実施例1で得たジナフチルエーテル120g(0.44モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム1.05g(0.0078モル)、1-ドデセン37g(0.22モル)を用い、80Paにおいて260℃から300℃で減圧蒸留して留分としてモノアルキル置換体を得た以外は、実施例1と同様の条件で、モノアルキル置換体を主成分とするアルキル置換ジナフチルエーテル(化合物2:アルキル(C12)-1-(2-ナフチルオキシ)ナフタレン(C12-1,2-DNO))を得た。
反応に容積500mLの四つ口フラスコを用い、実施例1で得たジナフチルエーテル100g(0.37モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム1.57g(0.012モル)、1-ドデセン56g(0.33モル)を用い、80Paにおいて300℃で減圧蒸留して、未反応の原料およびモノアルキル置換体等を除去した以外は、実施例1と同様の条件で、ジアルキル置換体を主成分とするアルキル置換ジナフチルエーテル(化合物3:ジアルキル(C12)-1-(2-ナフチルオキシ)ナフタレン(diC12-1,2-DNO))を得た。
反応に容積500mLの四つ口フラスコを用い、実施例1で得たジナフチルエーテル135g(0.50モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム2.46g(0.019モル)、2-オクチル-1-ドデセン70g(0.25モル)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の条件で、モノアルキル置換体を主成分とするアルキル置換ジナフチルエーテル(化合物4:分岐型アルキル(C20)-1-(2-ナフチルオキシ)ナフタレン(bC20-1,2-DNO))を得た。
反応に容積500mLの四つ口フラスコを用い、実施例1で得たジナフチルエーテル30g(0.11モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム0.53g(0.0040モル)、2-デシル-1-テトラデセン19g(0.060モル)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の条件で、モノアルキル置換体を主成分とするアルキル置換ジナフチルエーテル(化合物5:分岐型アルキル(C24)-1-(2-ナフチルオキシ)ナフタレン(bC24-1,2-DNO))を得た。
反応に容積500mLの四つ口フラスコを用い、実施例1で得たジナフチルエーテル30g(0.11モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム0.61g(0.0046モル)、2-ドデシル-1-ヘキサデセン22g(0.060モル)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の条件で、モノアルキル置換体を主成分とするアルキル置換ジナフチルエーテル(化合物6:分岐型アルキル(C28)-1-(2-ナフチルオキシ)ナフタレン(bC28-1,2-DNO))を得た。
攪拌機、温度計、滴下ロートおよび冷却管を取り付けた容積2L四つ口フラスコに1-ナフトール120g(0.83モル)と炭酸カリウム230g(1.66モル)、ヨウ化銅32g(0.17モル)およびNMP300gを入れ、窒素置換を行ったのち反応系の温度を175℃まで加熱した。120℃になった時点で1-ブロモナフタレン345g(1.66モル)の滴下を開始した。滴下終了後、175℃で6時間攪拌を行った。反応終了後90℃になるまで自然冷却しキョーワード1000sを20g投入し、30分間攪拌した。続けて、活性白土15gを投入し、90℃で30分攪拌した後、減圧ろ過により、固体分を除去した。ろ滓をNMPに攪拌し、減圧ろ過を3回繰り返した。得られたろ液を80Paにおいて215℃から240℃で減圧蒸留して、留分として常温で固体の1,1-ジナフチルエーテル(1,1-ジナフチルオキサイド:1,1-DNO)を取得した。ここで得られた化合物に5重量%の活性白土を加え90℃で30分攪拌し、減圧ろ過により混入したグリース等を除去した。純度は99.6%であった。
攪拌機、滴下ロート、温度計を取り付けた500mLの四つ口フラスコにジフェニルエーテル200g(1.18モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム1.00g(0.0075モル)を入れ、90℃に加熱して無水塩化アルミニウムを溶解したのち、反応系の温度を100℃に保ちながら、1-ヘキサデセン186g(0.83モル)を2時間かけて滴下し、置換反応を行った。滴下終了後、100℃で1時間攪拌を続けたのち、90℃になるまで自然冷却し、キョーワード1000sを無水塩化アルミニウムの5.5倍量投入し、30分間攪拌した。続けて、活性白土を無水塩化アルミニウムの3.65倍量投入し、90℃で30分攪拌した後、減圧ろ過により、無水塩化アルミニウムおよびその他副生する酸性物質を除去した。ここで得られたろ液(反応ろ液A)を80Paにおいて250℃から260℃で減圧蒸留して、留分としてモノアルキル置換アルキルジフェニルエーテル(化合物7:アルキル(C16)ジフェニルエーテル(C16-DPO))を得た。ここで得られた化合物に5重量%の活性白土を加え90℃で30分攪拌し、減圧ろ過により混入したグリース等を除去した。
比較例1で得られた反応ろ液Aを80Paにおいて290℃で減圧蒸留して、未反応の原料およびモノアルキル置換体等を除去し、ジアルキル置換体を主成分とするアルキル置換ジフェニルエーテル(化合物8:ジアルキル(C16)ジフェニルエーテル(diC16-DPO))を得た。
攪拌機、滴下ロート、温度計を取り付けた500mLの四つ口フラスコにo-(m-フェノキシフェノキシ)ジフェニル200g(0.59モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム0.72g(0.0054モル)を入れ、90℃に加熱して無水塩化アルミニウムを溶解したのち、反応系の温度を100℃に保ちながら、1-ヘキサデセン66g(0.29モル)を2時間かけて滴下し、置換反応を行った。滴下終了後、100℃で1時間攪拌を続けたのち、90℃になるまで自然冷却し、キョーワード1000sを無水塩化アルミニウムの5.5倍量投入し、30分間攪拌した。続けて、活性白土を無水塩化アルミニウムの3.65倍量投入し、90℃で30分攪拌した後、減圧ろ過により、無水塩化アルミニウムおよびその他副生する酸性物質を除去した。ここで得られたろ液を80Paにおいて320℃で減圧蒸留して反応の原料等を除去し、モノアルキル置換o-(m-フェノキシフェノキシ)ジフェニル主成分とした化合物9(アルキル(C16)-2-(3-フェノキシフェノキシ)ジフェニル(C16-4P2E))を得た。ここで得られた化合物に5重量%の活性白土を加え90℃で30分攪拌し、減圧ろ過により混入したグリース等を除去した。
反応に容積500mLの四つ口フラスコを用い、o-(m-フェノキシフェノキシ)ジフェニル150g(0.44モル)と無水塩化アルミニウム1.85g(0.014モル)、1-ヘキサデセン168g(1.85モル)を用いた以外は、比較例3と同様の条件で、ジアルキル置換o-(m-フェノキシフェノキシ)ジフェニルを主成分とした化合物10(ジアルキル(C16)-2-(3-フェノキシフェノキシ)ジフェニル(diC16-4P2E))を得た。
1H-NMRは日本電子株式会社製の核磁気共鳴装置JNM-ECX400を使用して測定した。測定条件は、温度は80℃、溶媒および標準物質は不使用で行った。
炭化水素基置換数(m+n)=(芳香環の水素数)×(b1+b2+c)/[(炭化水素基の平均水素数)×a+b1+b2+c]
[ガスクロマトグラフィー(GC)測定条件]
ガスクロマトグラフィーは島津製作所製のGC-2010 Plusを使用して測定した。カラムはUltra ALLOY+-17、キャリアーガスは窒素ガスを使用した。測定温度条件は、50℃で2分間保持した後、毎分25℃ずつ100℃まで昇温、100℃からは毎分15℃で350℃まで昇温し、350℃で15分保持した。
[TG法による蒸発量の測定]
TG法による蒸発量は日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製ST7200RVを使用して測定した。キャリアーガスは空気(200ml/min)、試料容器はアルミニウム深皿パンを使用し、試料量は5mg、温度は250℃で、30分、および60分保持した時の各化合物の蒸発量(%)を測定した。
上記化合物1~11をそれぞれ0.5g、材質S45Cの50Φ凹面皿に秤量した。これを、200℃の恒温槽に静置し、2時間毎に恒温槽から取り出して重量測定を実施し、室温に戻した際の流動性を確認した。そして、室温での流動性を失った時間を薄膜寿命とした。本試験では、薄膜寿命25時間以上を合格として判定する。
OPTIMOL社のSRV-5を使用して、潤滑性を測定した。上部試験片は1/2インチSUJ2ボール、下部試験片はSK-5プレートを使用した。温度40℃、荷重50N、速度40mm/sで50秒の慣らし運転をした後に、温度40℃、荷重100N、速度40mm/sで600秒の本試験を実施して、摩擦係数(COF)を測定し、100Nでの平均COFを求めた。本試験では、平均COF0.150以下を合格として判定する。
40℃動粘度(mm2/s)を、JIS K 2283(2000年)に従って測定、算出した。
表1の結果から、本発明に関する実施例のジナフチルエーテル化合物1~6および化合物11が、上述した蒸発量および薄膜寿命の両方の合格基準をすべて満たすことが示された。通常は、炭化水素基の炭素数が大きくなるほど動粘度が高くなることが知られているが、本発明の化合物は炭化水素基の炭素数が大きくなるほど動粘度が低くなった。また、本発明の化合物では、実施例2、3および比較例2、3を比較すると、同等の分子量であっても、蒸発量は抑えられていた。六員環構造が同数である実施例1~7と比較例3、4を比較すると、蒸発量が抑えられていた。さらに、より厳しい耐熱性評価である薄膜寿命は、六員環構造が同数である実施例1~7と比較例3、4を比較すると、耐熱時間が2倍以上となっており、耐熱性の向上が認められた。これは、ナフタレン構造が熱酸化による重合反応を防いでいるためと考えられる。
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2022580643A JPWO2022172935A1 (ja) | 2021-02-12 | 2022-02-09 | |
EP22752758.7A EP4273118A4 (en) | 2021-02-12 | 2022-02-09 | DINAPHTHYL ETHER COMPOUND AND LUBRICANT COMPOSITION THEREOF |
US18/276,162 US20240116841A1 (en) | 2021-02-12 | 2022-02-09 | Dinaphthyl ether compound and lubricant compositioncontaining same |
CN202280014045.7A CN117015522A (zh) | 2021-02-12 | 2022-02-09 | 二萘醚化合物以及含有该二萘醚化合物的润滑油组合物 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2021-020368 | 2021-02-12 | ||
JP2021020368 | 2021-02-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2022172935A1 true WO2022172935A1 (ja) | 2022-08-18 |
Family
ID=82837597
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2022/005004 WO2022172935A1 (ja) | 2021-02-12 | 2022-02-09 | ジナフチルエーテル化合物およびそれを含む潤滑油組成物 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20240116841A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP4273118A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2022172935A1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN117015522A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2022172935A1 (ja) |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61179296A (ja) * | 1984-11-26 | 1986-08-11 | ナショナル スターチ アンド ケミカル コーポレーション | 合成ベ−スオイル |
JPS6244797B2 (ja) | 1982-06-29 | 1987-09-22 | Matsumura Sekiyu Kenkyusho | |
JPS6259760B2 (ja) | 1982-12-01 | 1987-12-12 | Nippon Genshiryoku Kenkyusho | |
JPH01261487A (ja) * | 1988-04-13 | 1989-10-18 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 熱媒体油 |
JPH01316340A (ja) * | 1988-02-08 | 1989-12-21 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 合成潤滑油 |
JP2000044976A (ja) * | 1998-07-29 | 2000-02-15 | Nippon Steel Chem Co Ltd | 潤滑油組成物 |
JP2013018861A (ja) * | 2011-07-11 | 2013-01-31 | Nsk Ltd | グリース組成物及び工作機械用転がり軸受 |
JP2021020368A (ja) | 2019-07-26 | 2021-02-18 | 理想科学工業株式会社 | インクジェット印刷装置 |
-
2022
- 2022-02-09 US US18/276,162 patent/US20240116841A1/en active Pending
- 2022-02-09 WO PCT/JP2022/005004 patent/WO2022172935A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2022-02-09 JP JP2022580643A patent/JPWO2022172935A1/ja active Pending
- 2022-02-09 EP EP22752758.7A patent/EP4273118A4/en active Pending
- 2022-02-09 CN CN202280014045.7A patent/CN117015522A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6244797B2 (ja) | 1982-06-29 | 1987-09-22 | Matsumura Sekiyu Kenkyusho | |
JPS6259760B2 (ja) | 1982-12-01 | 1987-12-12 | Nippon Genshiryoku Kenkyusho | |
JPS61179296A (ja) * | 1984-11-26 | 1986-08-11 | ナショナル スターチ アンド ケミカル コーポレーション | 合成ベ−スオイル |
JPH01316340A (ja) * | 1988-02-08 | 1989-12-21 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 合成潤滑油 |
JPH01261487A (ja) * | 1988-04-13 | 1989-10-18 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 熱媒体油 |
JP2000044976A (ja) * | 1998-07-29 | 2000-02-15 | Nippon Steel Chem Co Ltd | 潤滑油組成物 |
JP2013018861A (ja) * | 2011-07-11 | 2013-01-31 | Nsk Ltd | グリース組成物及び工作機械用転がり軸受 |
JP2021020368A (ja) | 2019-07-26 | 2021-02-18 | 理想科学工業株式会社 | インクジェット印刷装置 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP4273118A4 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN117015522A (zh) | 2023-11-07 |
US20240116841A1 (en) | 2024-04-11 |
JPWO2022172935A1 (ja) | 2022-08-18 |
EP4273118A1 (en) | 2023-11-08 |
EP4273118A4 (en) | 2024-07-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP2016539225A (ja) | オルガノシロキサン組成物 | |
JP7084794B2 (ja) | イオン液体、及び潤滑剤組成物 | |
JPWO2011118708A1 (ja) | 潤滑油添加剤及びそれを含有する潤滑油組成物 | |
TW200923071A (en) | Lubricating oil base oil and lubricating oil composition | |
JP5368444B2 (ja) | 圧力伝達媒体および油圧機器 | |
JP5701630B2 (ja) | 潤滑油添加剤及びそれを含有する潤滑油組成物 | |
KR20130017084A (ko) | 윤활유 조성물 | |
JP5994074B2 (ja) | アルキル化ジフェニルエーテル化合物および該化合物を含む潤滑油剤 | |
EP1577371A1 (en) | Lube base oil and lubricating oil composition | |
JP5685481B2 (ja) | 潤滑油添加剤組成物および潤滑油添加剤組成物の保存安定性を向上させる方法 | |
JP5994082B2 (ja) | アルキル化ジフェニルエーテル化合物および該化合物を含む潤滑油剤 | |
JP5659422B2 (ja) | アルキル化ジフェニルエーテルおよび該化合物を含む潤滑油剤 | |
JP2008297447A (ja) | 潤滑油およびグリース用基油 | |
WO2022172935A1 (ja) | ジナフチルエーテル化合物およびそれを含む潤滑油組成物 | |
JPWO2019082865A1 (ja) | 流体軸受用潤滑油基油 | |
WO2022172934A1 (ja) | ナフチルフェニルエーテル化合物およびそれを含む潤滑油組成物 | |
JP2007112828A (ja) | 潤滑剤組成物 | |
JP2000345178A (ja) | 耐熱性潤滑油組成物及びグリース | |
US10844306B2 (en) | Lubricating oil composition | |
JP2015081287A (ja) | 二相潤滑油組成物およびコントロール成分 | |
WO2015166704A1 (ja) | アルキル化芳香族化合物並びに該化合物を含む潤滑油剤 | |
WO2018083533A1 (ja) | 潤滑油組成物 | |
JP2023013753A (ja) | アルキル置換フェノキサチインおよび潤滑剤 | |
JP2023013754A (ja) | 潤滑剤用添加剤、および潤滑剤組成物の製造方法 | |
KR20240038052A (ko) | 윤활제 조성물들의 기유로서 헤미멜리트산 에스테르의 용도 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22752758 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2022580643 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 18276162 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 202280014045.7 Country of ref document: CN |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2022752758 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20230802 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |