WO2012157248A1 - プラズマ発生装置およびプラズマ発生方法 - Google Patents
プラズマ発生装置およびプラズマ発生方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012157248A1 WO2012157248A1 PCT/JP2012/003143 JP2012003143W WO2012157248A1 WO 2012157248 A1 WO2012157248 A1 WO 2012157248A1 JP 2012003143 W JP2012003143 W JP 2012003143W WO 2012157248 A1 WO2012157248 A1 WO 2012157248A1
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/4608—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods using electrical discharges
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46123—Movable electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46152—Electrodes characterised by the shape or form
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
- C02F2201/46125—Electrical variables
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4616—Power supply
- C02F2201/46175—Electrical pulses
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4619—Supplying gas to the electrolyte
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/38—Gas flow rate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/02—Specific form of oxidant
- C02F2305/023—Reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, OH radical
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2307/00—Location of water treatment or water treatment device
- C02F2307/12—Location of water treatment or water treatment device as part of household appliances such as dishwashers, laundry washing machines or vacuum cleaners
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a plasma generating apparatus that generates plasma in a liquid, and more particularly to a liquid processing apparatus that processes a liquid by generating plasma.
- FIG. 10 shows a configuration diagram of a conventional sterilizer described in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 10 shows a configuration diagram of a conventional sterilizer described in Patent Document 1.
- the sterilizing apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 10 includes a discharge electrode 6 having a pair of a cylindrical high voltage electrode 2 and a plate-like ground electrode 3.
- the high voltage electrode 2 is covered with an insulator 4 except for the end face of the front end portion 2 a to form a high voltage electrode portion 5.
- tip part 2a of the high-voltage electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3 are provided facing each other in a state of being immersed in the water 8 to be treated in the treatment tank 7 with a predetermined electrode interval.
- the high voltage electrode 2 and the ground electrode 3 are connected to a power source 9 that generates a high voltage pulse.
- a negative high voltage pulse of 2 to 50 kV / cm and 100 Hz to 20 kHz is applied between both electrodes to discharge.
- Patent Document 6 also discloses a method in which a liquid is boiled and vaporized to form bubbles, a vaporized substance in the bubbles is ionized (plasmaized) to form ions, and ion species in the plasma are permeated and diffused in the liquid. It proposes to purify the liquid.
- a maximum value is about 1 kV to 50 kV, a repetition frequency of 1 kHz to 100 kHz, and a time width of 1 ⁇ s to 20 ⁇ s is high. The application of voltage pulses is described.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that in the liquid processing apparatus described in the same document, an applied voltage can be lowered and power consumption can be reduced by interposing bubbles supplied from outside between electrodes in the liquid. Has been. Similar techniques are also disclosed in Patent Literature 3, Patent Literature 4, and Patent Literature 5.
- the above-described conventional apparatus has a problem that the plasma generation efficiency is low and it takes a long time to process the liquid.
- the power supply device needs to have a capability of supplying electric power of 4000 W or more.
- a plasma generator includes a first electrode at least part of which is disposed in a treatment tank containing a liquid, and a second electrode at least part of which is disposed in the treatment tank.
- a bubble generating unit that generates bubbles in the liquid when the liquid is placed in the processing tank, and at least a conductor is exposed among the surface of the first electrode located in the processing tank.
- a bubble generating unit that generates the bubbles and an amount of gas required to generate the bubbles are supplied from the outside of the processing tank to the bubble generating unit so that the surface being operated is located in the bubbles.
- a gas supply device for performing the operation a power source for applying a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a surface of the first electrode on which at least the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble.
- the first electrode and the second electrode As a voltage is applied between the poles, to control one or both of the gas supply device and the power supply, and a control unit.
- plasma can be generated efficiently, and it is possible to process liquid with low power and / or short time and less loss of power consumption. Become.
- Embodiment 1 is a configuration diagram of a liquid processing apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- Sectional side view which expanded the opening part vicinity of the electrode in Embodiment 1 of this invention Photograph showing bubbles generated in Embodiment 1 of the present invention
- the graph which shows the spectral characteristic of the generated plasma in Embodiment 1 of this invention
- the graph which shows the time change of the transmittance
- the block diagram of the liquid processing apparatus in Embodiment 2 of this invention The sectional side view which expanded the opening part vicinity of the electrode in Embodiment 2 of this invention Photograph showing bubbles generated in Embodiment 2 of the present invention
- Configuration diagram of a liquid processing apparatus in Embodiment 3 of the present invention The graph which shows the time change of the transmittance
- Configuration diagram of a liquid processing apparatus in Embodiment 4 of the present invention Configuration diagram of a liquid processing apparatus in Embodiment 5 of the present invention
- (A) And (b) is a schematic diagram which shows the bubble detection method when a light emitting / receiving element is used as a bubble detection device.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram showing an example of a bubble detection method when a pressure detection device is used as the bubble detection device, (b) an algorithm for determining whether or not bubbles are formed when a pressure detection device is used as the bubble detection device
- Graph showing (A) Side sectional view of a resistance detection device as a bubble detection device when bubbles are not generated, (b) Side sectional view of a resistance detection device as a bubble detection device when bubbles are generated
- Schematic diagram showing another example of a bubble detection method when a light emitting / receiving element is used as a bubble detection device (A) A graph showing a change in the light emission voltage of the light receiving element No. 1 in FIG. 20, (b) a graph showing a change in the light emission voltage of the light receiving element No. 2 in FIG.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing a change in the light emission voltage of the light receiving element of No. 3 group
- the block diagram of the liquid processing apparatus in Embodiment 6 of this invention Graph showing the emission spectrum of plasma light
- the graph which shows the change of the ratio of the spectrum of Na with respect to the spectrum of H in the emission spectrum of the plasma light when changing the electrical conductivity of the liquid.
- FIG. 1 is an overall configuration diagram of a liquid processing apparatus in the present embodiment.
- the liquid processing apparatus of this embodiment is an embodiment of a plasma processing apparatus, and generates various radicals by plasma to perform decomposition of chemical substances, destruction of microorganisms, sterilization, and the like.
- the inside of the treatment tank 109 is filled with water (treated water) 110 that is a liquid to be treated.
- the processing tank 109 has a volume of about 0.25 liter (about 250 cm 3 ).
- a second electrode 102 and a first electrode 104 penetrating the wall are disposed on one wall of the processing tank 109, and one end of each is located in the processing tank 109.
- the first electrode 104 has a shape in which both ends are open (more specifically, a cylindrical shape such as a cylindrical shape), and a pump 105 as a gas supply device is connected to the opening at one end.
- the Gas is supplied into the processing tank 109 from the opening at the other end of the first electrode 104 by the pump 105.
- the gas supplied from the outside of the processing tank 109 is air, He, Ar, or O 2 .
- the gas is supplied from a gas supply source (not shown) provided separately, or the gas in the atmosphere in which the treatment tank 109 is arranged is supplied as it is.
- the second electrode 102 has a cylindrical shape, and is disposed so that one end thereof is in contact with the water to be treated 110 in the treatment tank 109.
- a pulse voltage or an alternating voltage is applied between the second electrode 102 and the first electrode 104 by the power source 101.
- the treated water 110 is circulated by the circulation pump 108.
- the circulation speed of the water to be treated 110 is set to an appropriate value from the decomposition speed of the substance to be decomposed by plasma and the volume of the treatment tank 109.
- the dimensions of the treatment tank 109 are not particularly limited.
- the size of the processing tank 109 may have a volume of 0.1 liter to 1000 liter.
- the volume of the unit including the power source and the pump is, for example, 1000 to 5000 cm 3 .
- Such a volume is designed to be a cube having, for example, length ⁇ width ⁇ height of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm to 171 mm ⁇ 171 mm ⁇ 171 mm.
- the shape of the unit consisting of the power source and the pump may have a rectangular parallelepiped shape, or may be another shape.
- the size (ie, volume) of a unit composed of a power source and a pump in the liquid processing apparatus becomes excessively large, the size of the appliance itself increases. Since the liquid processing apparatus of this embodiment can generate plasma efficiently, liquid processing can be performed even with a power supply that is small enough to fit in the unit having the above-described volume.
- FIG. 1-2 is an enlarged side sectional view showing the vicinity of the opening of the first electrode 104.
- the first electrode 104 is a cylindrical electrode made of metal and has an inner diameter of 0.4 mm and an outer diameter of 0.6 mm.
- an insulator is in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode 104 so as not to form a gap between the first electrode 104 and the metal is exposed only at the end surface of the first electrode. .
- the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode 104 is not in direct contact with the water to be treated 110.
- the insulator is formed by directly plasma-spraying titanium oxide on the first electrode 104, and the thickness of the insulator is 0.1 mm. Since titanium oxide has little influence on the human body, it is appropriately used as an insulator when the treated liquid is used in human life.
- the first electrode 104 when the gas is continuously supplied into the treated water 110 from the opening of the first electrode 104, bubbles 106 are formed in the treated water 110.
- the bubble 106 is a columnar bubble having a dimension in which the gas therein covers the opening of the first electrode 104, that is, the opening of the electrode 104 is located in the bubble 106. Therefore, in Embodiment 1, the first electrode 104 also functions as a bubble generation unit. As shown in FIG. 1-2, the end face of the opening of the first electrode 104 is not covered with the insulator 103, and the metal as the conductor is exposed.
- the pump 105 By appropriately setting the gas supply amount using the pump 105, the state in which the vicinity of the opening of the first electrode 104 is covered with the gas in the bubble 106 can be maintained.
- the first electrode 104 functioning as a gas generating unit does not generate bubbles so that at least the surface where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubbles among the surfaces of the first electrode 104 located in the treatment tank.
- a pump 105 that functions as a gas supply device supplies a gas having a flow rate necessary to generate such bubbles to the first electrode that functions as a bubble generation unit from the outside of the processing tank.
- An insulator made of titanium oxide is disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode 104. Therefore, it can be said that the surface of the first electrode 104 is configured so as not to be in direct contact with the water to be treated 110.
- the surface of the first electrode 104 is not in direct contact with the water to be treated 110, that is, the conductor constituting the first electrode 104 is in the water to be treated 110. It will be in a state where it is not exposed.
- the first electrode (or the surface of the first electrode) does not directly contact the liquid (water to be treated)” means that the surface of the first electrode is a large lump in the treatment tank. It means no contact with liquid. Therefore, for example, when bubbles are generated from the bubble generating portion in a state where the surface of the first electrode is wet with liquid, the surface of the first electrode remains wet with the liquid (that is, strictly speaking, the first electrode In a state where the surface of one electrode is in contact with the liquid), a state in which the gas in the bubble covers the surface may occur, but this state is also included in the state where the first electrode does not directly contact the liquid Shall.
- gas is supplied into the water 110 to be treated from the opening at one end located in the treatment tank of the first electrode 104 by the pump 105.
- the gas flow rate is, for example, 500 milliliters / minute to 2000 milliliters / minute, and in the water to be treated 110, columnar bubbles that cover the opening of the first electrode 104 with the gas inside thereof as described above.
- 106 is formed.
- the bubble 106 is a single large bubble that is not interrupted over a certain distance (20 mm or more in the illustrated form) from the opening of the first electrode 104.
- the periphery of the opening of the first electrode 104 is located in the bubble 106 and can be covered with the gas in the bubble 106.
- the gas 106 in which the gas inside covers the end face of the opening of the first electrode 104 is not “closed” in the liquid because the gas-liquid interface that defines it in the liquid is not closed. It is in contact with the insulator 103 in the vicinity of the part.
- the conductor is exposed only on the end surface of the opening on the outer surface of the first electrode 104. Therefore, by generating the bubble 106, the first electrode 104 is formed by the bubble 106 and the insulator 103. The outer surface of 104 is isolated from the treated water 110.
- the inner surface (inner peripheral surface) of the first electrode 104 is covered with the supplied gas when the bubble 106 is formed, and does not directly contact the water to be treated 110 (however, as will be described later)
- the treated water 110 and the first electrode 104 are in slight contact to form a leakage resistance).
- the periphery of the opening of the first electrode 104 is continuously located in the bubble 106 while a voltage is applied between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102, that is, in the bubble 106. It is preferable that it is continuously covered with gas. However, if the gas supply amount (flow rate) is small, the periphery of the opening of the first electrode 104 is not located in the bubble 106 and is in direct contact with the treated water 110 even if the gas is continuously supplied. Sometimes. The presence or absence of such contact can be confirmed by photographing the vicinity of the first electrode 104 while supplying bubbles with a high-speed camera every 0.1 ms to 0.5 ms.
- a voltage is applied between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102. That is, a pulse voltage is applied to the first electrode 104 with the second electrode 102 grounded. For example, a pulse voltage having a peak voltage of 4 kV, a pulse width of 1 ⁇ s, and a frequency of 30 kHz may be applied.
- the supplied power is 200 W, for example.
- the distance between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102 is not particularly limited.
- the position where the second electrode 102 is disposed is not limited as long as at least a part of the treatment tank 109 is in contact with the water to be treated 110. This is because the entire treated water functions as an electrode because the second electrode 102 is in contact with the treated water 110. That is, it can be considered that the entire surface of the water to be treated 110 in contact with the bubbles 106 functions as an electrode when viewed from the first electrode 104 side.
- the frequency of the pulse voltage there is no particular limitation on the frequency of the pulse voltage.
- plasma can be sufficiently generated by applying a pulse voltage of 1 Hz to 30 kHz.
- the voltage is determined not only by the power supply capability but also by the balance with the impedance of the load.
- a pulse voltage a positive pulse voltage and a negative pulse voltage are applied alternately, so-called bipolar pulse voltage has an advantage that the life of the electrode is prolonged.
- a power source capable of outputting a voltage of 6 kV without a load is used, and a voltage of 4 kV is actually applied in a state where a load including an electrode is connected as described above. Can do.
- plasma can be formed with little voltage loss.
- a discharge with a large current of several tens of A tends to be an arc discharge, which consumes the electrode violently.
- the resistance of the liquid is large (conductivity is low)
- the conductivity of tap water is about 20 mS / m.
- plasma is often generated in a liquid whose conductivity is well below 20 ⁇ mS / m. Therefore, in the case of generating plasma by the instantaneous boiling phenomenon in such a low conductivity liquid, it is necessary to separately add an electrolyte to the liquid to increase the conductivity of the liquid, which requires additional costs and processes.
- the apparatus of this embodiment does not vaporize the liquid to generate plasma, but supplies gas from the outside to create a large liquid wall in the order of cm in the liquid, and the large bubbles defined by the liquid wall Plasma is generated inside.
- a large plasma was successfully generated with a small current of several A or less.
- the power supply itself means that a DC voltage including pulses from AC is suitable.
- plasma can be generated at a relatively low voltage.
- the relationship between the power source in this embodiment and the device structure (including plasma) of the plasma generation portion will be further considered.
- the hollow conductor as the first electrode is covered with an insulator, and the conductor as the first electrode Air bubbles are generated from the hollow portion of the.
- plasma is generated in a state where the surface of the conductor is isolated from the liquid even in the liquid.
- the conductor and the liquid are connected with a high resistance due to moisture slightly entering the conductor.
- the resistance of this connection part is called leakage resistance.
- FIG. 32 shows the above state in an equivalent circuit diagram.
- FIG. 32 shows a state in which an AC voltage having a frequency of 30 kHz and 10 kHz is applied to the device structure via the diode D1.
- a device portion including plasma is represented by a capacitance C1 and a leakage resistance R2.
- the liquid portion is represented by a resistance R1, and this resistance varies depending on the conductivity of the liquid and the distance between the device and the counter electrode (second electrode). For example, when the distance between the electrodes is 1 cm, the resistance R1 of tap water having a conductivity of 25 mS / m is a bulk resistance of about 5 k ⁇ , and the resistance R1 of pure water is about 1 M ⁇ .
- the leakage resistance is about 1 M ⁇ in the device structure used in this embodiment.
- FIGS. 33 shows the voltage when the bulk resistance is 1 k ⁇
- FIG. 34 shows the voltage when the bulk resistance is 1 M ⁇
- FIG. 35 shows the voltage when the bulk resistance is 10 M ⁇ .
- the bulk resistance is 5 k ⁇ or less and the average voltage is about 4 kV, so that plasma can be generated stably.
- the applied voltage can no longer be maintained at 4 kV, and plasma cannot be generated stably.
- the change in the average voltage with respect to the bulk resistance is as shown in FIG. In this case as well, plasma can be generated by reducing the distance between the electrodes as described above.
- the bulk resistance is, for example, 50% or less of the leakage resistance.
- plasma can be generated stably with an average applied voltage of 4 kV or higher.
- AC voltage is applied as it is without a diode, but plasma could not be stably generated at a voltage of about 10 kV.
- the inner diameter of the first electrode 104 is 0.4 mm and the outer diameter is 0.6 mm.
- the inner diameter is 0.07 to 2.0 mm and the outer diameter is 0.1 to 3.0 mm. Even if it exists, plasma can be formed.
- the dimension (length) of the first electrode 104 in the treatment tank 109 is not particularly limited.
- the first electrode 104 having an inner diameter and an outer diameter in the above ranges may have a length of 0.1 to 25 mm in the processing tank 109. In the present embodiment, the length of the portion of the first electrode 104 located in the treatment tank 109 is approximately 10 mm.
- the bubbles 106 formed near the opening of the first electrode 104 spread in the direction toward the wall of the treatment tank 109. Inability to do so (impacts on the wall), the area of the gas-liquid interface tends to be small, and the amount of plasma generated tends to be small. However, the plasma is generated as long as the first electrode 104 is located in the treatment tank 109. As described above, in the liquid processing apparatus of the present embodiment, the tolerance for the size of the electrode is widened.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of measuring the light emission characteristics of plasma in this embodiment with a spectrometer. This is the result when tap water is used as the water to be treated 110, the water temperature is 26.5 ° C., and the conductivity is 20.3 mS / m. As shown in FIG. 2, light emission due to OH radicals generated by the decomposition of water is observed. Further, emission of N 2 , N, H, and O is also observed. The light emission of N 2 and N is because air is supplied into the water to be treated 110 as a gas. Thus, in the present embodiment, plasma having both the characteristics of plasma formed in water and the characteristics of plasma formed in the atmosphere is generated.
- an indigo carmine aqueous solution is used as a model of the liquid to be processed.
- Indigo carmine is a water-soluble organic substance and is often used as a model for treating polluted water.
- the concentration of the indigo carmine aqueous solution used in the present embodiment was 10 mg / liter, and the volume of the water to be treated 110 was 0.25 liter.
- OH radicals, N radicals, N 2 radicals, H radicals, and O radicals are generated. These radicals act on indigo carmine and break down the indigo carmine molecule by breaking intramolecular bonds.
- the OH radical has an oxidation potential of 2.81 eV, which is larger than the oxidation potential of ozone and chlorine. Therefore, OH radicals can decompose not only indigo carmine but also many organic substances.
- the O radical and N radical also have carbon binding energies of 1076 kJ / mol and 750 kJ / mol, respectively, which are higher than the CC binding energy of 618 kJ / mol and the CH binding energy of 338 kJ / mol. Much bigger. Therefore, they greatly contribute to the degradation of indigo carmine molecules.
- N and N 2 ions are generated by plasma due to the supply of air to generate bubbles 106, which collide with indigo carmine molecules. The collision between these ions weakens the intermolecular bond of the indigo carmine molecule, so that the decomposition effect by the OH radical, O radical, and N radical becomes greater.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of measuring the change in absorbance of the indigo carmine aqueous solution with respect to the treatment time.
- the absorbance value in FIG. 3 is a value normalized with the untreated absorbance as 1.
- the result by the liquid processing apparatus of this Embodiment is shown with a white circle.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 the results of the conventional liquid processing apparatus are indicated by black squares and black triangles.
- both the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102 are made of cylindrical tungsten having an outer diameter of 0.16 mm, and the end faces of these electrodes are indigo. It was made to oppose in the carmine solution at intervals of 2 mm.
- the processing result by this apparatus is shown by a black square.
- the absorbance when the same electrode configuration is employed and fine bubbles (diameter of about 0.3 mm) are continuously supplied between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102 from a separately provided nozzle. This change is indicated by a black triangle as Comparative Example 2.
- the power supplied to the first electrode 104 was set to 200 W as in the liquid treatment apparatus of this embodiment.
- the indigo carmine aqueous solution could be almost completely decomposed in about 16 minutes. This can be achieved by efficiently generating OH radicals.
- Comparative Example 1 it takes about 190 minutes to almost completely decompose the indigo carmine aqueous solution.
- Comparative Example 2 in which bubbles are interposed between the electrodes in the conventional liquid processing apparatus, it takes about 50 minutes.
- plasma can be generated efficiently even with the same input power, and liquid processing can be performed in a short time.
- the conventional liquid processing apparatus as a comparative example can be considered as follows.
- Comparative Example 1 in which two electrodes are opposed to each other with a spacing of 2 mm, plasma is generated in a space of about 0.04 mm 3 between the electrodes, and thus it is considered that the amount of generated radicals is small.
- the bubbles are not always generated, and when the bubbles move by buoyancy, the plasma disappears accordingly. Then, a new bubble is generated between the electrodes, and plasma is repeatedly generated inside the bubble.
- plasma can be generated simply by applying a voltage in a pulsed manner with a narrow electrode interval, but plasma generation is not possible due to the intermittent generation of plasma and the narrow space in which plasma is generated. It is not done efficiently. For this reason, it is considered that the decomposition time of the indigo carmine molecule is increased.
- the liquid processing apparatus of this embodiment can generate more plasma than when bubbles are supplied from the outside, and the decomposition time of indigo carmine molecules is reduced to one third or less. It has the remarkable effect of being able to. This is considered to be because the gas is continuously supplied from the end portion of the first electrode 104 to the water to be treated 110 at a relatively large flow rate in the present embodiment.
- iron is used as a material for the second electrode 102 and the first electrode 104.
- These electrodes may be formed using tungsten, copper, aluminum, or the like.
- the insulator provided on the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode 104 may be formed by spraying yttrium oxide. Since yttrium oxide has a higher plasma resistance than titanium oxide, the use of yttrium oxide has the effect of extending the electrode life.
- the change in the time required for the blue color of the indigo carmine aqueous solution to disappear is observed by changing the power supply.
- the gas flow rate was set to 2000 ml / min. Further, by applying a pulse voltage having a peak voltage of 4 kV, a pulse width of 500 ⁇ s, a frequency of 100 Hz, and a supply power of 30 W between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102, indigomin molecules in the aqueous solution are applied. The time required to decompose was measured.
- a pulse voltage having a pulse width of 500 ⁇ s, a frequency of 100 Hz, and a supply power of 6 W is applied between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102 to decompose indigomin molecules in the aqueous solution.
- the time required was measured. The results are shown in FIG.
- a power source having a different specification was used.
- the smaller the supply power the longer the time required for decomposition, but plasma was generated even when the supply power was about 30 W and 6 W, and the decomposition proceeded.
- the supplied power is 6 W, it is estimated that the time required for all the indigomin molecules in the aqueous solution to decompose is about 150 minutes. This is more than the same time when the supplied power is 200 W in Comparative Example 1. It was short.
- the liquid processing apparatus of the present embodiment enables liquid processing with a small supply power. Therefore, the liquid processing apparatus of the present embodiment does not require high power (4000 W or more) as required in the apparatuses of Patent Documents 1 and 6.
- the power source may be a power source having a maximum output capacity greater than 0 W and less than 1000 W, and it is not necessary to supply power exceeding 1000 W. Such electric power can be obtained from the power source of household electric appliances. Therefore, the liquid processing apparatus according to the present embodiment is suitable for incorporation into household electric appliances in terms of supply power, and is a small unit having a unit (1000 to 5000 cm 3 ) having a power source and a pump. It is also possible.
- the discharge between the electrodes is a corona to glow discharge.
- plasma is generated by glow discharge, it consumes less power and does not require a large current as compared with abnormal glow discharge or arc discharge, so that the electrode is less deteriorated and the capacity of the power source is also reduced. For this reason, there exists an advantage that an apparatus price and a maintenance cost also become low.
- the electrode to which voltage is applied is not positioned in the liquid, but is placed on the liquid level, the ground electrode is positioned in the liquid, discharge is performed, and plasma is generated on the liquid level.
- the method is known. This method is common to the present embodiment in that the electrode to which the voltage is applied is not in direct contact with the liquid. However, when plasma is generated by this method, ozone is generated. Ozone is an undesirable product. Furthermore, in this method, the area of the plasma in contact with the liquid tends to be narrow, and the amount of OH radicals generated is small.
- FIG. 4 is an overall configuration diagram of the liquid processing apparatus in the present embodiment.
- the present embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that cylindrical alumina ceramics are used as the insulator 103.
- Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 4-2 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the opening of the first electrode 104.
- a cylindrical insulator 103 made of alumina ceramic and having an inner diameter of 0.6 mm and an outer diameter of 0.9 mm is disposed in close contact with the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode 104.
- the insulator 103 is configured to be slidable with respect to the first electrode 104. In this embodiment mode, the positional relationship between the end surfaces of the first electrode 104 and the insulator 103 is changed, and the influence on the processing time of the liquid to be processed is examined. As shown in FIG.
- the distance between the tip of the insulator 103 and the tip of the first electrode 104 is d, and the tip of the first electrode 104 is based on the tip position of the insulator 103.
- D is positive when protruding outward, and d is negative when retracting inward.
- the air was supplied from the pump at 2000 ml / min.
- the second electrode 102 was grounded, and a pulse voltage having a peak voltage of 4 kV, a pulse width of 1 ⁇ s, a frequency of 30 kHz, and a supplied power of 200 W was applied to the first electrode 104.
- the graph in FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the distance d and the time until the indigo carmine aqueous solution is completely decolorized.
- the decolorization time decreases rapidly as the distance d changes from positive to negative, and the decomposition of indigo carmine proceeds.
- the decolorization time is greatly reduced. This is because the tip of the first electrode 104 is more easily covered with the supplied gas when the tip of the first electrode 104 is retracted than the tip of the insulator 103.
- the bubble 106 and the insulator 103 are interposed between the first electrode 104 and the water to be treated 110, so that the first electrode 104 is treated water. 110 will not be in direct contact. As a result, there is no current path consisting only of the water to be treated 110 between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102. Therefore, since the pulse voltage applied to the first electrode 104 is applied to the bubble 106 without leaking into the water to be treated 110, plasma can be generated efficiently.
- the decolorization time does not change much.
- the distance d is set to -4 mm or less, the distance between the gas and water becomes longer and it becomes difficult to discharge, so that it becomes difficult for the plasma to decompose water and the amount of OH radicals decreases. In this way, it is not just that the end face of the first electrode 104 needs to be away from the water 110 to be treated, but the optimum distance d is determined according to the gas supply amount, the size and shape of the first electrode, and the like. Value exists.
- the decoloring time did not increase. This is because the generation of plasma is started in a state where the bubbles 106 are once formed in the water to be treated 110 and the vicinity of the opening of the first electrode 104 is located in the bubbles 106 and covered with the gas in the bubbles 106. It is thought that.
- the first electrode 104 is less likely to get wet with water, so that the voltage loss is small and stable, The effect of stable discharge is obtained. That is, after a voltage is applied between the first electrode 104 and the second electrode 102 by the power source, the end face of the opening of the first electrode 104 is moved inward from the end face of the insulator 103. , Stable discharge can be performed. Moving the first electrode 104 relative to the insulator 103 may be performed by moving the insulator 103 or may be performed by moving the first electrode 104.
- the surface of the bubble is smaller than that in the first embodiment shown in FIG. It is not smooth, and many irregularities are generated on the surface due to shock waves caused by plasma. At the same time, some of the bubbles are separated by the shock wave, and microbubbles 111 are generated. This is because a higher voltage is instantaneously applied to the gas-liquid interface because the end face of the first electrode 104 has moved away from the water to be treated 110.
- FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram of the liquid processing apparatus in the present embodiment.
- the second electrode 202 is disposed so that a part of the second electrode 202 is in contact with the bubble 206 or a part of the second electrode 202 is located inside the bubble 206.
- Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- reference numerals in FIG. 6 reference numerals having the same last two digits as the last two digits in FIG. 1 are the same elements or members as the elements or members indicated by those reference numerals in FIG. 1.
- the air was supplied from the pump at 2000 ml / min.
- the second electrode 202 was grounded, and a pulse voltage having a peak voltage of 4 kV, a pulse width of 1 ⁇ s, a frequency of 30 kHz, and a supply power of 200 W was applied to the first electrode 204.
- the surface of the bubble 206 is not smooth, and a lot of irregularities are generated on the surface due to shock waves caused by plasma. .
- some of the bubbles are separated by the shock wave, and microbubbles 211 are generated.
- the number of generated microbubbles is overwhelmingly large.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of measuring the change in absorbance of the indigo carmine aqueous solution with respect to the treatment time in the present embodiment.
- white squares are the measurement results of the present embodiment.
- White circles are the measurement results of the first embodiment.
- a power of 200 W was supplied between the first electrodes 204 and 104 and the second electrodes 202 and 102, respectively.
- the time until the indigo carmine aqueous solution was completely decomposed was about 3 minutes 30 seconds.
- the time until the indigo carmine aqueous solution was completely decomposed was about 16 minutes. That is, according to the configuration of the present embodiment, it can be seen that the processing time can be shortened to a quarter or less of the processing time required by the configuration of the first embodiment. This is because the electrode 202 is in contact with or in the bubble, so that the voltage is not lost (that is, the current does not escape into the liquid), and a stronger voltage is applied between the air in the bubble and the bubble and the solution. This is because it is applied to the interface.
- the plasma density is increased, more O and H radicals are generated as shown in FIG. 8, and the process is completed in a shorter time.
- a shock wave generated by a strong electric field acts on the interface between the bubble and the solution, and a part of the bubble is separated to generate a microbubble.
- These microbubbles contain OH radicals and O radicals, and these radicals are widely propagated throughout the solution by the microbubbles, so that the decomposition of indigo carmine can be further promoted.
- the insulator 203 is a cylindrical alumina ceramic that is movable with respect to the electrode 204, and the positions of the end face of the first electrode 204 and the end face of the insulator 203 are as follows. The relationship was changed to observe the effect of the liquid to be processed on the processing time.
- the end face of the first electrode 204 was set approximately 2 mm inside from the end face of the insulator 203, and plasma was generated to measure the absorbance of the liquid to be processed.
- Figure 7-2 shows the results. As shown in FIG. 7-2, it can be seen that the modification of the present embodiment further shortens the decolorization time compared to the second embodiment. From this result, it can be said that a stronger voltage is applied to the air and the bubble-solution interface in the bubble without the voltage being lost when the second electrode 202 is in contact with or in the bubble.
- the first metal electrode is a cylindrical electrode made of a metal having an inner diameter of 1 mm and an outer diameter of 2 mm
- the outer periphery of the first electrode 104 has the same configuration as that of the second embodiment.
- a liquid processing apparatus was used in which a cylindrical insulator made of alumina ceramics having an inner diameter of 2 mm and an outer diameter of 3 mm was arranged so that no gap was formed between the electrodes.
- FIG. 11 shows the flow rate of the gas when the flow rate of the gas (air) supplied from the gas supply device is changed with the tip of the first electrode retracted 2 mm from the tip of the insulator to the inside.
- the relationship with the time until the indigo carmine aqueous solution which is a liquid decolorizes is shown. As shown in FIG. 11, although the decolorization time is saturated at a flow rate higher than a certain level, on the contrary, when the flow rate is lower than a certain flow rate, the time required for the liquid treatment is increased.
- FIG. 12 is an image obtained by photographing the vicinity of the first electrode tip in a state where the tip of the first electrode is retracted 2 mm inward from the tip of the insulator using a high-speed camera. In each image, there is an electrode on the left side of the image, and it is observed that bubbles are formed from the tip.
- FIG. 12 shows images taken by generating bubbles at the respective flow rates of the results shown in FIG. Further, FIG. 12 representatively shows images after 30 ms, 60 ms, 90 ms, and 120 ms with respect to the reference time. Based on these imaging results, the ratio of the time during which the bubbles covered the electrode during a certain period of time was derived.
- FIG. 15 is an overall configuration diagram of the liquid processing apparatus of the present embodiment.
- the configuration of the present embodiment is almost the same as that of the second embodiment.
- the difference from the second embodiment is that a control device 520 for controlling the pump 505 and the power source 501 is provided, and a circulation pump is provided. It is not.
- the operation of the liquid processing apparatus of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 14 conceptually shows the voltage applied to the electrode, the state of bubbles around the electrode, and the state of plasma discharge. Since FIG. 14 is a conceptual drawing, it does not correspond to an actual pulse width or the like.
- control device 520 operates the pump 505 to supply gas into the water to be treated 510 from an opening at one end located in the treatment tank of the first electrode 504.
- a bubble 506 covers the end of the first electrode 504 almost continuously using a flow rate of 2000 ml / min.
- the flow rate required for forming bubbles may be selected according to the shape of each electrode.
- the bubble 506 After a predetermined time from the start of the operation of the pump 505, the bubble 506 always covers the portion of the electrode 504 where the conductor is exposed.
- the control device 520 operates (turns on) the power source 501 and applies a voltage between the first electrode 504 and the second electrode 502. By applying a voltage between the first electrode 504 and the second electrode 502, plasma 507 is generated in the vicinity of the electrode 504.
- the control device 520 first stops the power source 501. Next, the control device 520 stops the operation of the pump 505. If there is a time lag from when the pump 505 stops until the bubbles no longer cover the exposed portion of the first electrode 501, the pump may be stopped earlier in consideration of this time lag. That is, the control controls the power supply 501 so that the bubbles do not cover the exposed surface of the conductor of the first electrode 501 and the power supply 501 is in an output stop state earlier than the exposed surface is in direct contact with the liquid. To do. Thereby, the loss of power consumption before the start of discharge and after the stop of discharge can be reduced.
- the inner diameter of the alumina ceramic (that is, the outer diameter of the first metal electrode 104) is changed in the range of 1 mm to 3 mm, and the inner diameter of the first electrode 104 is 0.3 mm to 2 mm.
- the electrode coverage was measured in the same manner. The result is shown in FIG. When the inner diameter of the first electrode was changed within this range, there was no significant change in the electrode coverage.
- control device can also be applied to the second and third embodiments.
- a bubble detection device 801 is used in addition to the configuration of the fourth embodiment.
- the power supply can be controlled by the method as in the fourth embodiment.
- the formation and disappearance of bubbles cannot always be grasped in advance. Therefore, in this embodiment, the bubble is detected using the bubble detection device, and the power source is controlled in conjunction with the detection.
- a high-speed camera can be used as the bubble detection device 801.
- a high-speed camera is installed focusing on the bubble 506 in the vicinity of the first electrode 504.
- the presence or absence of bubbles can be confirmed with a high-speed camera.
- the presence / absence of bubbles is determined using a predetermined algorithm, and the determination result is transferred to the control device 520.
- the control device 520 applies feedback to the power source 501 based on the determination result of the bubble detection device 801. For example, it is possible to determine whether or not the bubble 506 exists in the vicinity of the first electrode 504 based on the contrast of the image captured by the high-speed camera, and to feed back the result to the control device 520.
- the presence / absence of a bubble can also be determined by detecting the edge of the bubble (interface between gas and liquid).
- a known image detection method can be used for the bubble detection method. As a result, power can be applied only when bubbles are present, and wasteful power consumption can be eliminated.
- a light emitting / receiving element can be used as the bubble detection device.
- a semiconductor laser or a light emitting diode (LED) can be used as the light emitting element, and a photodiode can be used as the light receiving element.
- FIG. 17 schematically shows a bubble detection method using a bubble detection device using a light emitting element and a light receiving element.
- the light emitting element is installed so that the optical path of the laser exists near the bubble at the tip of the first electrode 504.
- a light receiving element is installed at a position where light is received under the condition that no bubbles exist (FIG. 17A).
- the refractive index fluctuates, so the optical path of the laser changes, and the amount of light received by the light receiving element fluctuates (FIG. 17B).
- light is generated, which can be an interference factor of the light detection means, but such interference can be avoided by setting conditions in advance.
- the wavelength of the semiconductor laser can be set so as not to interfere with the plasma discharge spectrum.
- the predetermined value is set as a threshold value, and the signal of the light receiving element is transferred to the control device.
- the control device applies feedback to the power supply based on the result of the bubble detection device. Thereby, useless power consumption can be eliminated.
- the use of a light detection device makes it possible to construct a bubble detection device at a relatively low cost.
- the light emitting diode was installed on one side of the transparent treatment tank so that the center optical path of the light emitting diode (center wavelength: 610 nm) as the light emitting element was present near the bubble at the tip of the electrode.
- the illuminance sensor which is a light-receiving element that receives light from the light-emitting diode and measures the amount of light, is opposite to the side of the processing tank where the light-emitting diode is installed so that its sensitivity is maximized in the absence of bubbles. Installed on the side.
- a total of three pairs of light emitting diodes and illuminance sensors were installed as shown in FIG. The distance between each pair was 1 cm.
- pairs of light emitting diodes and illuminance sensors are shown as No. 1 to No. 3 in order from the one closest to the electrode.
- the voltage generated by the illuminance sensor varies depending on the amount of light received. Therefore, the generated voltage of the illuminance sensor was detected using a commercially available data logger, and the change in the generated voltage due to the presence or absence of bubbles was measured. Measurements were performed at 100 ms intervals. An optical filter was not used in the illuminance sensor. The introduction of bubbles and the power source of the light emitting diode were controlled as shown in Table 1.
- the voltage generated by the illuminance sensors in No. 1 to 3 is almost 0V.
- the gas was supplied from the outside in the 4 to 9 second region and the light emitting diode was turned on, only the voltage generated by the No. 1 illuminance sensor in which bubbles existed in the optical path caused bubbles to be generated. It was confirmed that it fluctuated accordingly. Specifically, it was confirmed that the generated voltage fluctuated between 0.5 V and 2.2 V according to the presence or absence of bubbles.
- the generated voltage of the No. 2 and No. 3 illuminance sensors in which bubbles do not exist in the optical path was constant at 2.2 V regardless of whether bubbles were generated.
- the power supply of the light emitting diode was turned on in the range of 9 to 12.5 seconds, and the gas supply was stopped.
- the voltage generated by the No. 1 illuminance sensor was 2.2 V, which was substantially constant, as in the No. 2 and No. 3 illuminance sensors.
- gas was supplied again in the region of 12.5 to 20 seconds. In that region, only the voltage generated by the No. 1 illuminance sensor again fluctuated according to the generation of bubbles. Therefore, according to this example, it was confirmed that the light emitting / receiving element can be used as the bubble detecting device.
- measurement was performed at 100 ms intervals due to the performance of the data logger. The detection sensitivity can be further increased by shortening the measurement interval of the data logger.
- a semiconductor laser can be used instead of the light emitting diode.
- the light emitting element and the light receiving element are not necessarily paired.
- the light emitting element may be an illumination device without illuminating the entire processing tank.
- the light emitting elements and the light receiving elements can be arranged in a matrix. In that case, the presence or absence of bubbles can be detected two-dimensionally, and for example, the size of bubbles (or the degree of expansion of bubbles) can also be detected.
- the bubble detection device a detection device using a sound wave such as an ultrasonic wave can be used.
- the detection device is set so that the sound wave passes through the bubble forming part.
- the traveling path of the sound wave changes depending on the presence or absence of bubbles. Therefore, the presence or absence of bubbles can be detected by detecting the fluctuation. It is also possible to detect the wavelength shift of the sound wave by the Doppler effect based on the flow velocity of the bubbles.
- FIG. 18A schematically shows a bubble detection method by a bubble detection device using a pressure detection element.
- a piezoelectric element as a pressure detection element is installed in a portion where bubbles near the electrode are formed.
- a known element can be used.
- an element using a PZT thin film or a PVDF thin film can be used.
- the size of the bubble can be detected by setting the location where the piezoelectric element is installed, the threshold value of the voltage to be read, and the like.
- a bubble detection device using a piezoelectric element can be configured without requiring an external power source for driving. Therefore, it is effective in that the power consumption of the entire apparatus can be reduced.
- FIG. 19 schematically shows a bubble detection method using a bubble detection device using a resistance detection device.
- third and fourth electrodes that are electrically insulated from the electrode are provided around the first electrode 504.
- third and fourth electrodes are provided around the insulator 504. If bubbles are formed around the third and fourth electrodes when bubbles are formed (FIG. 19B), the space between the electrodes is covered only with gas. For this reason, the resistance between electrodes largely fluctuates. The presence or absence of bubbles can be detected by reading this resistance value.
- the resistance detection device may include a configuration in which another electrode is provided around the first electrode and read a resistance value between the first electrode and the other electrode. The presence or absence of bubbles can also be detected by a change in resistance between the first electrode and another electrode.
- a capacitance detection device can be used as the bubble detection device.
- the capacitance detection device may include a configuration in which another electrode is provided around the first electrode, and read a dielectric constant (capacitance) between the first electrode and another electrode. The presence / absence of bubbles can also be detected by a change in capacitance between the first electrode and another electrode.
- the bubble detection device can be integrated with the pump.
- the presence or absence of bubbles can be detected by reading the load current of a bubble introduction pump.
- a load is generated on the pump, but this load varies depending on whether there are bubbles around the electrode. Therefore, the presence or absence of bubbles can be detected by detecting this load difference using a predetermined algorithm. This method is particularly effective when the capacity of the pump is small. When the pump capacity is reduced, the load variation due to the presence / absence of bubble formation increases, so that bubble detection is facilitated.
- bubbles are detected using a high-speed camera.
- the power supply is controlled using a control device in conjunction with the generation of bubbles detected by the high-speed camera. Therefore, all applied voltages can be used for plasma discharge.
- FIG. 22 is a configuration diagram of the liquid analyzer in the present embodiment.
- a light detection device 900 for measuring the types of components contained in the liquid is disposed.
- Other configurations are the same as those in the fourth embodiment (however, no control device is used).
- the reference numerals in FIG. 22 the reference numerals having the same last two digits as the reference numerals in FIG. 1 are the same elements or members as those indicated by the reference numerals in FIG. 1.
- the light detection device 900 detects the wavelength and intensity of the light emitted by the component contained in the plasma from the light generated by the plasma, thereby determining the type and amount of the component contained in the plasma, that is, the component contained in the liquid. Measure, that is, perform a qualitative quantitative analysis of the component.
- a CCD and a spectroscope can be used in combination.
- Components that can be analyzed are those that emit light at a specific wavelength in the plasma. Therefore, both organic substances and inorganic substances can be analyzed.
- the components that can be analyzed are calcium, sodium, and potassium.
- an optically transparent plastic container is used as the processing tank 609.
- the processing tank 609 does not need to be transparent as a whole, and only needs to be transparent so that a part of the processing tank 609 can pass light emitted from plasma and the light detection device 900 can detect the emission spectrum.
- a commercially available spectroscopic device was used as the light detection device 900, and light having a wavelength of 300 to 800 nm was measured. The exposure time was 20 ms.
- the optical fiber attached to the spectroscope was installed in the vicinity where plasma was formed from the outside of the processing tank 609, and the emission spectrum of the plasma was measured. The following three tests were carried out for the measurement of the emission spectrum.
- Test 1 NaCl was dissolved in pure water, plasma was generated in water to be treated 610 having an electrical conductivity of 300 mS / m, and the emission spectrum of the plasma was measured.
- the bubbles 606 were generated by introducing air from the outside at a flow rate of 2000 ml / min. Discharging was performed by supplying power of 200 W from the power source 601 and applying a pulse voltage having a peak voltage of 4 kV, a pulse width of 1 ⁇ s, and a frequency of 30 kHz to the first electrode 604.
- FIG. 23 shows the measurement results. In the emission spectrum, a peak peculiar to Na appeared at around 589 nm, and Na could be detected. From this test, it was found that Na, which is an impurity in pure water, can be detected by this embodiment.
- Test 2 As in Test 1, NaCl was dissolved in pure water. Unlike Test 1, the conductivity of the solution was varied in the range of 48.5 to 300 mS / m, and the emission spectrum was measured. The spectrum of Na near 589 nm shown in FIG. 22 was normalized with the spectrum of H near 655 nm, and the conductivity of the aqueous solution was plotted on the horizontal axis and the Na / H ratio was plotted on the vertical axis. The results are shown in FIG. From FIG. 24, it was found that the Na / H ratio maintained linearity with respect to a NaCl aqueous solution of 100 mS / m or more, and analysis of the amount of Na was possible.
- Plasma was generated in an aqueous solution in which pure powder Hyponex (trade name) manufactured by Hyponex Japan Co., Ltd. was dissolved in pure water, and the emission spectrum was measured. Fine powder hyponex is dissolved in water and used for hydroponics, and an aqueous solution of fine powder hyponex contains K (potassium) as one of the components. The aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 0.9 g of fine powder Hyponex in 450 cc of pure water. The conductivity of the aqueous solution was about 200 mS / m. Bubbles 606 were generated by introducing He from the outside at a flow rate of 300 ml / min.
- Discharging was performed by supplying 30 W of power from the power source 601 and applying a pulse voltage having a peak voltage of 10 kV, a pulse width of 33 ⁇ s, and a frequency of 30 kHz to the first electrode 604.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- a spectrum peculiar to K could be confirmed around 766 nm. From this test, it was found that K, which is an impurity in pure water, can be detected by this embodiment.
- FIG. 26 shows a modification of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 26 illustrates an example in which the control device 520 and the bubble detection device 801 described in Embodiment 5 are combined with the light detection device 900.
- the plasma generator of this embodiment plasma is generated in the bubbles when a voltage is applied in a state where the bubbles 606 are generated in the first electrode 604. Therefore, when the bubble 606 is not formed, plasma is not generated, and as a result, light emission from the plasma cannot be obtained. Therefore, in order to obtain an emission spectrum without missing the timing of plasma generation, it is necessary to increase the exposure time of the light detection device 900.
- the detection amount of the light detection device 900 may be saturated, so it is often necessary to reduce the exposure time of the light detection device 900 to some extent. Specifically, for example, a process of accumulating signals having a time of about milliseconds and taking an average value of a plurality of signals is performed.
- the light detection device 900 when a general CCD is used as the light detection device 900, light is not detected in synchronization with the discharge timing, which is accidental when viewed in microscopic time. For this reason, when no bubble is formed in the vicinity of the electrode 604 within the millisecond time during which exposure is performed, the photodetection amount is almost zero, and the detection sensitivity is reduced. Therefore, in this modification, when the bubble detection device 801 detects bubbles, the exposure of the light detection device 900 is controlled by the control device 520. According to this configuration, since exposure while plasma light is not generated can be suppressed, the overall measurement sensitivity (or analysis sensitivity) of the apparatus can be improved.
- the analysis using the emission spectrum of plasma light may be used, for example, for quantitative analysis of calcium, sodium and potassium.
- various elements can be detected and can be widely used as a liquid analyzer (for example, a water quality analyzer).
- the liquid analyzer of the present embodiment may perform liquid processing simultaneously with liquid analysis.
- the hardness can be measured by measuring the calcium concentration in water, and the amount of detergent can be adjusted according to the hardness.
- water may be treated simultaneously with the hardness measurement.
- the first electrode 104 is attached by changing its attachment angle by 30 ° in the range of 0 ° to 180 °, and bubbles are generated at the respective attachment angles.
- the angle of the first electrode 104 is 0 ° when the direction in which the opening faces (more specifically, the direction of the gas passing through the first electrode 104) coincides with the direction in which gravity is applied. In the case where it coincides with the direction opposite to the direction in which gravity is applied, the angle is set to 180 °. Therefore, the angle of the first electrode 104 shown in FIG. 1 is 90 °. The state of bubbles at the tip of the electrode when the angle of the first electrode 104 was changed was observed.
- FIGS. 27A and 27B show photographs of bubbles taken by the high-speed camera when the angle of the first electrode 104 is 0 ° and 90 °.
- FIG. 28A to 28C are graphs in which the electrode coverage is plotted with respect to the angle of the first electrode.
- (A), (b), and (c) are graphs when the gas flow rates are 100 ml / min, 500 ml / min, and 2000 ml / min, respectively.
- the electrode coverage was derived by the method described above. As shown in FIG. 28, in the range of the mounting angle of 0 ° to 60 °, a substantially constant coverage is shown for each flow rate. However, in the range of 60 ° to 180 °, the electrode coverage is reduced. all right. It was found that the degree of reduction was particularly large when the flow rate was small. From this result, it was found that by setting the attachment angle in the range of 0 to 60 °, the electrode can be stably covered with bubbles, and plasma can be generated stably.
- FIG. 29 is a graph in which the bubble size is plotted against the angle of the first electrode.
- the horizontal axis represents the electrode angle
- the vertical axis represents the bubble size.
- the bubble size was derived as (ra ⁇ rb) 1/2 by deriving each size ra and rb passing through the center of the bubble from the high-speed camera photograph.
- ra is the distance between the longest line segment among the line segments connecting any two points of the outline of the bubble and the longest line segment
- rb passes through the center of the bubble
- This is the distance of the longest line segment orthogonal to ra.
- the size of the bubbles plotted in FIG. 29 is obtained by extracting three photographs immediately before the bubbles are separated from the first electrode from photographs taken with the angle of the first electrode and the gas flow rate fixed. It is the average of the values measured from the photos.
- the bubble size may generally have a maximum value. all right.
- the angle of the first electrode when the angle is small, the bubble escapes upward due to buoyancy, so the size of the bubble is difficult to increase.
- the angle of the first electrode is about 90 ° (for example, 80 ° to 100 °), it is considered that the bubble size can be maximized.
- the size of the plasma formed therein also increases.
- the bubble size when the angle of the first electrode is 180 ° is larger than that when the angle of the first electrode is 90 °. This is thought to be due to the fact that the air bubbles are relatively elongated because the airflow is small relative to the surface tension of the portion in contact with the electrode.
- the bubble diameter is expressed by the following equation.
- Pi is the internal pressure inside the bubble
- Po is the external pressure
- ⁇ is the interfacial tension
- D is the diameter of the bubble.
- the external pressure Po in the above equation is the sum of the atmospheric pressure Pat and the hydrostatic pressure
- the hydrostatic pressure is the product of the liquid density ⁇ , water depth h and gravitational acceleration g, It becomes.
- the diameter of the bubble at the depth h is calculated using these two equations.
- the relationship between the water depth and the bubble diameter is as shown in FIG.
- the bubble diameter at a water depth of 8 cm was previously determined from experiments to be 4 mm. If the bubble does not have a diameter of at least 3 mm and the surface on which the conductor of the first electrode is exposed is not covered with the bubble, the position where the first electrode is provided (more precisely, the position of the bubble generating part) ) Is about 40cm deep. When the first electrode is provided at a deeper position than this, in order to cover the surface of the first electrode where the conductor is exposed with the bubble, it is necessary to increase the internal pressure in the bubble.
- the surface of the first electrode on which the conductor is exposed is bubbled. It can be reliably covered with. Or since the relationship between a required internal pressure and water depth is calculated
- the internal pressure can be adjusted, for example, by supplying from a pressurizing pump or a high-pressure gas cylinder via a decompression device.
- the internal pressure is adjusted by a detection device for detecting the size of the bubble, for example, a device capable of calculating the diameter of the bubble from a photograph of the bubble taken with a high-speed camera, or a plurality of photodetectors for detecting the bubble.
- a detection device for detecting the size of the bubble for example, a device capable of calculating the diameter of the bubble from a photograph of the bubble taken with a high-speed camera, or a plurality of photodetectors for detecting the bubble.
- an optimum internal pressure may be obtained.
- the position (depth) at which the bubble is generated may be changed according to the bubble size instead of or along with the adjustment of the internal pressure. That is, when the detected bubble size is small, the position where the bubble is generated may be shallower so that a larger bubble is obtained.
- the bubble generation position can be changed by, for example, providing a plurality of bubble generation units at different depths, and generating a bubble from only the bubble generation unit at an appropriate position according to the detection result of the bubble size. You may implement by controlling a bubble generation part. Alternatively, the change of the bubble generation position may be performed by controlling a bubble generation unit in which a plurality of bubble generation ports are provided at different positions.
- a bubble generation port at an appropriate position, and control the bubble generation unit so that bubbles are generated only from the selected bubble generation port.
- the selection of the bubble generating port may be performed, for example, such that the bubble generating port is opened and closed by a shutter.
- the liquid processing apparatus and the liquid analysis apparatus have been described as the embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments.
- a form in which the liquid to be treated is water has been described, and a form using an indigo carmine aqueous solution as a model has been described. The same effect can be obtained even if the liquid is an alcohol, seawater, or an aqueous solution in which a chemical is dissolved.
- the first electrode is cylindrical (more specifically, cylindrical), the gas is supplied from the gas supply device to the first electrode, and the gas is liquidated from the opening of the first electrode.
- a method of forming bubbles by supplying them inside was described.
- the bubble generation unit may be provided independently of the first electrode.
- the bubble generating unit generates bubbles that cover at least the surface where the conductor is exposed, among the surfaces located in the liquid of the first electrode, that is, the surface is located in the bubbles.
- the flow rate of the gas sent to the bubble generating unit, the size of the bubble generating unit for example, the inner diameter of the bubble generating unit if the bubble generating unit is cylindrical), the position of the bubble generating unit, etc. are appropriately selected.
- the bubbles generated in the liquid move from the bottom to the top due to buoyancy, for example, when the bubble generating part is installed below the first electrode, the gas in the bubbles easily covers the surface of the first electrode.
- the angle of the opening of the bubble generating unit can be selected, and the liquid depth of the bubble generating unit can be selected. Needless to say, the position in the direction may be selected.
- the first electrode is cylindrical, and the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode is covered with an insulator so that the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode is not exposed in the liquid. Therefore, the region to be covered by the gas in the bubble may be only near the opening (end surface) of the first electrode. Therefore, by using the first electrode having such a configuration, it is possible to relatively easily obtain the effect of generating plasma in the bubbles.
- the first electrode may not be covered with an insulator, and in that case, the entire surface of the first electrode located in the liquid is a gas in a bubble. A bubble generating part is provided so as to be covered.
- the insulator may cover only a part of the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode, in which case the surface of the first electrode that is not covered with the insulator is a bubble. It needs to be covered with the gas inside.
- a circulation pump for circulating the water to be treated is provided.
- a circulation pump is not always necessary.
- the generation of bubbles naturally causes the circulation of the liquid in the treatment tank, and the circulation of the liquid is also promoted by the generation of microbubbles. Even if not, the entire water to be treated can be treated with plasma.
- a film for preventing corrosion of the electrode may be formed on the first electrode.
- the corrosion prevention film is formed by selecting the material and the thickness so as not to prevent the discharge between the first electrode and the second electrode in consideration of the material constituting the electrode and the voltage applied to the electrode. Is done. Even if such a film is formed on the surface of the conductor of the first electrode, the effects of the present invention can be obtained and belong to the claims of the present application.
- the plasma generator of the above-mentioned embodiment and other embodiments of the present invention can be used for liquid treatment by decomposition of chemical substances present in the liquid, destruction of microorganisms, sterilization, etc., or calcium, sodium, potassium, etc. It is suitable for quantitative analysis and can be used with various products, particularly electrical products, or can be incorporated into electrical products (ie, incorporated). Electrical products include water purification devices, air conditioners and humidifiers, as well as ship ballast water treatment devices, electric razor washers, washing machines and dishwashers. The water purification device, the air conditioner, the humidifier, the washing machine, the electric razor washer, and the dishwasher may be for home use. According to the plasma generator apparatus of the above-described embodiment and other embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to process liquid even with low power, so that it can be operated using the power source of household electrical equipment.
- a first electrode at least a part of which is disposed in a treatment tank containing a liquid
- a second electrode at least partially disposed in the treatment tank
- a bubble generating unit that generates bubbles in the liquid when the liquid is placed in the processing tank, and at least a conductor is exposed from a surface of the first electrode located in the processing tank.
- a bubble generating part for generating the bubbles so that the surface of the bubble is located in the bubbles;
- a gas supply device for supplying a gas at a flow rate necessary for the bubble generating unit to generate the bubbles from the outside of the processing tank to the bubble generating unit;
- a power source for applying a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode; A voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode when at least a surface of the first electrode where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble;
- a control device for controlling one or both of the gas supply device and the power source;
- a plasma generator for controlling one or both of the gas supply device and the power source.
- a bubble detection device for detecting that at least a surface of the first electrode from which the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble;
- the plasma generation device according to aspect 1, wherein the control device controls one or both of the gas supply device and the power source based on a detection result of the bubble detection device.
- the bubble detection device is generated with the generation of the bubble, A change in an image obtained by imaging the vicinity of the surface where the conductor of the first electrode is exposed; A change in resistance between the first electrode and another electrode electrically insulated from the first electrode; A change in capacitance between the first electrode and another electrode that is electrically isolated from the first electrode; A change in resistance between a third electrode and a fourth electrode electrically insulated from the first electrode; A change in capacitance between a third electrode and a fourth electrode electrically insulated from the first electrode; A change in the optical path or amount of light passing through the liquid, Based on any one or more of a change in sound wave passing through the liquid and a change in pressure in the liquid, the surface of the first electrode where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble.
- the plasma generator of aspect 2 which detects having carried out.
- the first electrode has a hollow shape having an opening, An insulator is disposed in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode, The bubble generating part is for generating bubbles from the opening of the first electrode, The bubble generation unit is configured such that the insulator is not disposed among the surfaces of the first electrode located in the treatment tank, and the surface where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble. Generating the bubbles, 5.
- the direction in which the opening of the first electrode opens is 0 ° to 60 ° when the direction in which gravity is applied is 0 ° and the direction opposite to the direction in which gravity is applied is 180 °.
- the direction in which the opening of the first electrode opens is 80 ° to 100 ° when the direction in which gravity is applied is 0 ° and the direction opposite to the direction in which gravity is applied is 180 °.
- the plasma generating apparatus according to any one of aspects 5 to 7, wherein an inner diameter of the first electrode is 0.3 mm to 2 mm, and an outer diameter of the first electrode is 1 mm to 3 mm.
- the end face of the opening of the first electrode is located inside the end face of the insulator, The plasma generator according to any one of embodiments 5 to 7.
- the insulator is a hollow shape having an opening, The first electrode is movable relative to the insulator; The plasma generator according to any one of embodiments 5 to 10.
- the end face of the opening of the first electrode is moved inward from the end face of the insulator.
- a device for adjusting the internal pressure of the bubble adjusts the internal pressure of the bubble based on the size of the bubble measured by the device for measuring the size of the bubble;
- a device for measuring the size of the bubble A device for changing the position where the bubble is generated from the bubble generating unit changes the position where the bubble is generated based on the size of the bubble measured by the device for measuring the size of the bubble.
- the power supply applies a pulse voltage
- the power supply applies an alternating voltage;
- the resistance (R) of the liquid placed in the treatment tank is such that at least the surface where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble among the surfaces of the first electrode located in the treatment tank.
- the voltage and frequency of the power source, and between the first electrode and the second electrode, so that the resistance (R2) formed by the connection between the first electrode and the liquid is lower The plasma generator according to the aspect 18 or 19, wherein the distance is set.
- the bubble generation unit is configured such that a part of the surface of the second electrode is in contact with the liquid, and another part of the surface of the second electrode is in contact with the bubble or is located inside the bubble. So that the bubbles are generated, The plasma generator according to any one of embodiments 1 to 20.
- Aspect 22 The plasma generator according to any one of embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the gas supply device is a pump.
- the voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- Plasma generation method [Aspect 26] Detecting that at least the surface of the first electrode where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble, Further comprising controlling either one or both of the power source and the gas supply device based on a detection result in the bubble detection step, The plasma generation method according to aspect 25.
- the first electrode has a hollow shape having an opening, An insulator is disposed in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the first electrode; The insulator is a hollow cylinder having an opening, The first electrode is configured to be movable relative to the insulator; A step of moving the end face of the opening of the first electrode to the inside of the end face of the opening of the insulator; A plasma generation method according to any one of embodiments 25 to 29.
- a part of the surface of the second electrode is in contact with the liquid in addition to at least a surface of the surface of the first electrode in the liquid where the conductor is exposed, and the second electrode
- the plasma generation method according to any one of aspects 25 to 30, wherein the bubble is generated so that another part of the surface of the surface is in contact with or located inside the bubble.
- Aspect 32 Aspect 25 to 31 further comprising measuring an emission spectrum of plasma generated in the bubbles and performing a qualitative or quantitative analysis of a component contained in the liquid placed in the processing tank from the emission spectrum.
- the plasma generation method according to any one of the above.
- the plasma generation method according to any one of aspects 25 to 32, further comprising adjusting an internal pressure of the bubbles generated from the bubble generation unit.
- the plasma generation method according to any one of aspects 25 to 33, further comprising changing a position where the bubbles are generated from the bubble generation unit in a depth direction in the liquid.
- the power source is a power source for applying an AC voltage or a pulse voltage; Among the surfaces of the first electrode where the resistance (R) of the liquid placed in the treatment tank is located in the treatment tank, at least the surface where the conductor is exposed is located in the bubble. The voltage and frequency of the power source, and the first electrode and the second electrode, so that the resistance (R2) formed by the connection between the first electrode and the liquid is lower.
- the plasma generation method according to any one of aspects 25 to 34, further comprising selecting a distance between them.
- the liquid treatment apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention is useful as, for example, a water purification apparatus such as sewage treatment, or as a water analysis apparatus.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の一実施形態は、上記課題を解決するものであり、プラズマを効率よく発生させ、短時間で、および/または低電力で、例えば液体の処理をすることが可能なプラズマ発生装置およびプラズマ発生方法を提供する。
(実施の形態1)
[全体構成]
図1は、本実施の形態における液体処理装置の全体構成図である。本実施の形態の液体処理装置はプラズマ処理装置の一形態であり、プラズマによって各種ラジカルを発生させて、化学物質の分解、微生物の破壊、殺菌等を行う。
図1において、処理槽109内は処理される液体である水(被処理水)110で満たされている。処理槽109は、約0.25リットル(約250cm3)の容積を有する。処理槽109の1つの壁には、当該壁を貫通する第2の電極102、および第1の電極104が配置され、それぞれの一端は処理槽109内に位置している。第1の電極104は、両端が開口している形状(より具体的には円筒状のような筒状)であり、一方の端部の開口部には気体供給装置としてのポンプ105が接続される。ポンプ105により、第1の電極104の他方の端部の開口部より処理槽109内に気体が供給される。処理槽109の外部から供給される気体は、空気、He、Ar、またはO2などである。気体は別に設けられた気体供給源(図示せず)から供給され、あるいは処理槽109が配置された雰囲気中の気体がそのまま供給される。第2の電極102は円柱状であり、一端が処理槽109内の被処理水110に接触するように配置されている。第2の電極102と第1の電極104との間には、パルス電圧または交流電圧が電源101により印加される。また、被処理水110は循環ポンプ108により循環させられる。被処理水110の循環速度は、プラズマによる被分解物の分解速度と処理槽109の容積とから適切な値に設定される。
図1-2は、第1の電極104の開口部近傍を拡大して示す側断面図である。第1の電極104は金属からなる円筒状の電極であり、その内径は0.4mmであり、外径は0.6mmである。また、第1の電極104の外周面には絶縁体が接して電極104との間に隙間が形成されることなく配置されており、したがって第1の電極の端面においてのみ金属が露出している。絶縁体が隙間無く外周面に配置されることにより、第1の電極104の外周面は被処理水110に直接接触しないようになっている。本実施の形態では、絶縁体として、酸化チタンを第1の電極104に直接プラズマ溶射することにより形成し、絶縁体の厚さは0.1mmであった。酸化チタンは人体への影響が小さいため、処理した液体を人の生活において使用する場合に絶縁体として適切に使用される。
次に、本実施の形態の液体処理装置の動作を説明する。
まず、ポンプ105により、第1の電極104の処理槽内に位置する一端の開口部より、被処理水110中に気体を供給する。気体の流量は、例えば、500ミリリットル/分~2000ミリリットル/分であり、被処理水110中には、上記したように第1の電極104の開口部を、その内部の気体で覆う柱状の気泡106が形成される。気泡106は、第1の電極104の開口部から一定距離(図示した形態では20mm以上)にわたって途切れることのない、単一の大きな気泡である。すなわち、気体の供給により、第1の電極104の開口部の周辺が気泡106内に位置し、気泡106内の気体で覆われた状態を得ることができる。その内部の気体が第1の電極104の開口部の端面を覆う気泡106は、それを液体中で規定する気-液界面が液体中で「閉じて」おらず、第1の電極104の開口部付近で、絶縁体103と接している。前述のとおり、第1の電極104の外側表面において、導電体は、開口部の端面においてのみ露出しているから、気泡106を発生させることにより、気泡106と絶縁体103によって、第1の電極104の外側表面は被処理水110から隔離される。第1の電極104の内側表面(内周面)は、気泡106が形成されているときに、供給される気体によって覆われ、被処理水110に直接接触しない(但し、後述するように、被処理水110と第1の電極104とは、僅かに接触して、漏れ抵抗を形成している)。
電極被覆率(%)=[(第1の電極の導電体の露出表面が気泡内に位置している画像(写真)の数)/撮影した画像(写真)の全数]×100
特許文献6に記載されているように、瞬間沸騰現象を利用して液体を一旦気化してプラズマを生成する方法においては、液体を気化させるエネルギーを加える必要がある。具体的には、瞬間沸騰現象は、数十A(アンペア)の大きな電流を流すことによって引き起こす。この場合において、液体の気化により生じる気泡のサイズはmmオーダーと小さく、そのため大量の液体中の除菌、あるいは分オーダー(minute order)の高速除菌を実施できない。よって、瞬間沸騰現象を利用するプラズマ生成は、実用化には適した技術とはいえない。このことはパッシェンの法則からも明らかである。
図2は、本実施の形態におけるプラズマの発光特性を分光器で測定した結果を示すグラフである。被処理水110として水道水を用い、水温が26.5℃であり、導電率が20.3mS/mである場合の結果である。図2に示されるように、水の分解によって生じるOHラジカルに起因する発光が見られる。さらに、N2、N、H、Oの発光も見られる。N2、Nの発光は、気体として空気を被処理水110中に供給したためである。このように本実施の形態においては、水中で形成したプラズマの特徴と大気中で形成したプラズマの特徴とを併せ持つプラズマが生成される。
次に、本実施の形態の液体処理装置による、被処理液体に対する効果を説明する。本実施の形態において、被処理液体のモデルとして、インディゴカーミン水溶液を用いた。インディゴカーミンは水溶性の有機物であり、汚濁水処理のモデルとしてしばしば用いられている。本実施の形態で用いたインディゴカーミン水溶液の濃度は10mg/リットルであり、被処理水110の体積は0.25リットルとした。
本実施の形態において、供給電力を変化させて、インディゴカーミン水溶液の青色が消失するまでに要する時間の変化を観察した。先に説明した構成の液体処理装置において、気体の流量を2000ミリリットル/分とした。また、第1の電極104と第2の電極102との間に、ピーク電圧が4kVで、パルス幅が500μs、周波数が100Hz、供給電力30Wのパルス電圧を印加して、水溶液中のインディゴーミン分子を分解するのに要した時間を測定した。同様に、第1の電極104と第2の電極102との間に、パルス幅が500μs、周波数が100Hz、供給電力6Wのパルス電圧を印加して、水溶液中のインディゴーミン分子を分解するのに要した時間を測定した。結果を図9に示す。なお、供給電力の設定値を小さくするために、電源は別の仕様のものを用いた。
プラズマを発生させる方法として、電圧を印加する電極を液中に位置させず、液面の上に配置し、接地電極を液中に位置させて、放電を実施し、液面でプラズマを発生させる方法が知られている。この方法は、電圧を印加する電極が液体と直接接していないという点において本実施の形態と共通する。しかし、この方法でプラズマを発生させると、オゾンが発生する。オゾンは、好ましくない生成物である。さらに、この方法においては、液と接触しているプラズマの面積が狭くなる傾向があり、OHラジカルの生成量が少ない。また、仮に電極を複数配置してプラズマの面積を大きくしても、電極と液面との距離は1mm程度と狭くて、この間の空間に生成されるプラズマ体積が小さいこと、また、プラズマと水の界面はそもそも薄いことから、電極の数を増やしてOHラジカルの生成量を増やすのには限界がある。さらに、液面の位置が変化するような家電機器には使用し難いという欠点もある。直径1mmの電極を用いて、200Wの電力を加えて、0.25リットルの10mg/リットルのインディゴカーミン水溶液を処理した実験において、脱色時間は約45分であった。このことは、この方法が、本実施の形態の液体処理装置を用いた放電と比べて、殺菌効率が悪いことを示していると考えられる。さらに、電力を30Wおよび6Wとすると、脱色速度が非常に遅くなり測定が難しい。
[電極構成の詳細検討]
図4は、本実施の形態における液体処理装置の全体構成図である。本実施の形態では、絶縁体103として円筒状のアルミナセラミックスを用いた点が実施形態1と異なる。その他の構成は、実施形態1と同じである。
[全体構成]
図6は、本実施の形態における液体処理装置の構成図である。本実施の形態では、第2の電極202の一部が気泡206に接するか、第2の電極202の一部が気泡206の内部に位置するように配置されている。その他の構成は実施の形態1と同じである。図6中の符号において、図1中の符号の下二桁と同じ下二桁を有する符号は、図1のそれらの符号が示す要素または部材と同じ要素または部材である。
図7は、本実施の形態において、処理時間に対するインディゴカーミン水溶液の吸光度の変化を測定した結果を示すグラフである。図7において、白四角は本実施の形態の測定結果である。また、白丸は実施の形態1の測定結果である。第1の電極204、104と、第2の電極202、102との間には、それぞれ200Wの電力を供給した。
本実施の形態では、投入電力に対する液体処理効率を向上させた実施形態について説明する。
電極被覆率(%)=[(第1の電極の導電体の露出表面が気泡内に位置している画像の数)/撮影した画像の全数]×100
結果を図13に示す。
図15は、本実施の形態の液体処理装置の全体構成図である。本実施の形態の構成は、実施の形態2とほぼ同じであり、実施の形態2と異なる点は、ポンプ505と電源501とを制御する制御装置520を設けたこと、および循環ポンプを設けていないことである。
本実施の形態の液体処理装置の動作を、図14を用いて説明する。図14は、電極に印加した電圧、電極周りの気泡の様子、プラズマ放電の様子を概念的に示している。なお図14は概念的な図面であるため、実際のパルス幅等には対応していない。
本実施の形態では、ポンプから供給される気体の流量を少なくしたときに、投入電力に対する液体処理効率を向上させた実施の形態について説明する。
本実施の形態は、気泡検出装置を用いる点で実施の形態4と異なる。その他の構成は特に断りがない限り実施の形態4と同じである。
図16を用いて、本実施の形態の構成を説明する。
本実施の形態では、実施の形態4の構成に加えて、気泡検出装置801を用いる。例えば、気泡の形成および消滅が事前に把握できている場合には、実施の形態4のような方法で電源を制御することができる。しかしながら、気泡の形成および消滅を必ずしも事前に把握できるとは限らない。そこで本実施の形態では、気泡検出装置を用いて気泡の検出を行い、その検出に連動させて電源を制御する。
次に、本実施の形態の液体処理装置の動作を説明する。ポンプ505から、(20ミリリットル/分の空気を供給する。このとき、時間比で表される、気泡の電極被覆率は、図12によれば30%程度である。
気泡検出装置によって気泡の状態を把握し、制御装置を用いて電源にフィードバックをかけることで、消費電力のロスを低減し、効率よくプラズマ放電を行うことができる。なお、本実施の形態では、実施の形態1の液体処理装置に制御装置および気泡検出装置を加えた構成を説明した。制御装置および気泡検出装置は、実施の形態2、3においても適用可能である。
[全体構成]
図22は、本実施の形態における液体分析装置の構成図である。本実施の形態では、液体に含まれる成分の種類を測定するための光検出装置900が配置されている。その他の構成は実施の形態4と同じである(但し、制御装置は使用していない)。図22中の符号において、図1中の符号の下二桁を同じ下二桁を有する符号は、図1のそれらの符号が示す要素または部材と同じ要素または部材である。
光検出装置900として、市販の分光装置を用い、300~800nmの波長の光を測定した。露光時間は20msとした。分光器に付属の光ファイバーを、処理槽609の外側からプラズマが形成される付近に設置し、プラズマの発光スペクトルを測定した。発光スペクトルの測定のために、以下の3つの試験を実施した。
純水にNaClを溶解し、導電率を300mS/mとした被処理水610においてプラズマを発生させ、プラズマの発光スペクトルを測定した。気泡606は、外部から空気を、流量2000ミリリットル/分で導入して発生させた。放電は、電源601から200Wの電力を供給し、第1の電極604にピーク電圧が4kVで、パルス幅が1μs、周波数が30kHzのパルス電圧を印加して実施した。図23に測定結果を示す。発光スペクトルにおいて、589nm付近にNaに特有のピークが現れ、Naを検出することができた。この試験により、純水においては不純物である、Naを本実施の形態により検出できることがわかった。
試験1と同様に純水にNaClを溶解した。試験1と異なり、溶液の導電率を48.5~300mS/mの範囲で変化させ、発光スペクトルを測定した。図22に示す589nm付近のNaのスペクトルを655nm付近のHのスペクトルで規格化し、横軸に水溶液の導電率、縦軸にNa/H比をプロットした。図24に結果を示す。図24より、100mS/m以上のNaCl水溶液に対してNa/H比は線形性を保っており、Na量の分析が可能であることがわかった。
純水に(株)ハイポネックスジャパン製、微粉ハイポネックス(商品名)を溶解した水溶液においてプラズマを発生させ、発光スペクトルを測定した。微粉ハイポネックスは水に溶解して水耕栽培に用いられるものであり、微粉ハイポネックスの水溶液は、成分の1つとしてK(カリウム)を含有する。水溶液は、450ccの純水に、0.9gの微粉ハイポネックスを溶解して調製した。水溶液の導電率は約200mS/mであった。気泡606は、外部からHeを、流量300ミリリットル/分で導入して発生させた。放電は、電源601から30Wの電力を供給し、第1の電極604にピーク電圧が10kVで、パルス幅が33μs、周波数が30kHzのパルス電圧を印加して実施した。図25に結果を示す。図25に示すように、766nm付近にK特有のスペクトルを確認することができた。この試験により、純水においては不純物である、Kを本実施の形態により検出できることがわかった。
[気泡発生部の角度の検討]
本実施の形態では、実施形態4で用いた液体処理装置において、気泡発生部の開口部の方向(向き)が、電極被覆率および気泡サイズに及ぼす影響を説明する。本実施の形態では、実施形態1において使用した液体処理装置と同じ構成の処理装置を使用した。本実施の形態では、第1の電極104として、内径1mm、外径2mmの金属からなる円筒状の電極を使用した。第1の電極104の外周面には、内径2mm、外径3mmのアルミナセラミックスを電極との間に隙間が形成されないように配置した。
[水深と気泡のサイズに関する検討]
本実施の形態では、気泡発生部が筒状の第1の電極の開口部から気泡を発生させるものである場合において、第1の電極を設ける位置の深さと気泡のサイズに関して検討する。実施の形態7でも説明したように、気泡のサイズが大きいほど、より大きいプラズマが形成される。特に、気泡のサイズは、第1の電極を設ける位置と液体の表面までの距離、即ち、第1の電極の深さにより影響を受ける。この点について考察する。
[態様1]
液体を入れる処理槽内に少なくとも一部が配置される第1の電極と、
前記処理槽内に少なくとも一部が配置される第2の電極と、
前記処理槽内に前記液体を入れたときに前記液体内に気泡を発生させる気泡発生部であって、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる気泡発生部と、
前記気泡発生部が前記気泡を発生させるのに必要な流量の気体を、前記処理槽の外部から前記気泡発生部に供給する気体供給装置と、
前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に電圧を印加する電源と、
前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置しているときに、前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に電圧が印加されるように、前記気体供給装置および前記電源の一方または両方を制御する、制御装置と、
を有する、プラズマ発生装置。
[態様2]
前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置していることを検出する気泡検出装置をさらに有し、
前記制御装置は、前記気泡検出装置の検出結果に基づいて前記気体供給装置および前記電源の一方または両方を制御する
態様1に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様3]
前記気泡検出装置は、前記気泡の発生に伴って生じる、
前記第1の電極の導電体が露出している表面近傍を撮像した画像の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された別の電極と前記第1の電極との間の抵抗の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された別の電極と前記第1の電極との間の容量の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された第3の電極と第4の電極との間の抵抗の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された第3の電極と第4の電極との間の容量の変化、
前記液体中を通過する光の光路または光量の変化、
前記液体中を通過する音波の変化、および
前記液体中の圧力の変化
のいずれか1つまたは複数に基づいて、前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置していることを検出する、態様2に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様4]
前記電源の出力容量の最大値は、0Wより大きく、1000W未満である、態様1~3のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様5]
前記第1の電極は、開口部を有する中空の形状であり、
前記第1の電極の外周面に接して、絶縁体が配置されており、
前記気泡発生部は、前記第1の電極の開口部から気泡を発生させるものであり、
前記気泡発生部は、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち前記絶縁体が配置されておらず、前記導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる、
態様1~4のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様6]
重力が加わる方向を0°とし、重力が加わる方向とは反対の方向を180°としたときに、前記第1の電極の開口部が開口する方向が0°~60°である、態様5に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様7]
重力が加わる方向を0°とし、重力が加わる方向とは反対の方向を180°としたときに、前記第1の電極の開口部が開口する方向が80°~100°である、態様5に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様8]
前記第1の電極の内径が0.3mm~2mmであり、前記第1の電極の外径が1mm~3mmである、態様5~7のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様9]
前記第1の電極の前記開口部の端面は、前記絶縁体の端面よりも内側に位置している、
態様5~7のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様10]
前記第1の電極の外径が1mm~3mmである、態様9に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様11]
前記絶縁体は、開口部を有する中空の形状であり、
前記第1の電極は前記絶縁体に対して相対的に可動である、
態様5~10のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様12]
前記電源により前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に電圧を印加した後に、前記第1の電極の開口部の端面を前記絶縁体の端面よりも内側方向に移動する、
態様11に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様13]
プラズマの発光スペクトルを測定する光検出装置をさらに有し、
前記光検出装置が測定した発光スペクトルから、前記処理槽内に入れられる液体に含まれる成分の定性または定量分析を実施する、
態様1~12のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様14]
前記気泡発生部から発生する前記気泡の内部圧力を調整する装置をさらに含む、態様1~13のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様15]
気泡の寸法を測定する装置をさらに含み、
前記気泡の内部圧力を調整する装置が、前記気泡の寸法を測定する装置が測定した気泡の寸法に基づいて、前記気泡の内部圧力を調整する、
態様14に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様16]
前記液体中の深さ方向において、前記気泡発生部から前記気泡が発生する位置を変更する装置をさらに含む、態様1~15のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様17]
気泡の寸法を測定する装置をさらに含み、
前記気泡発生部から前記気泡が発生する位置を変更する装置が、前記気泡の寸法を測定する装置が測定した気泡の寸法に基づいて、前記気泡が発生する位置を変更する、
態様16に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様18]
前記電源は、パルス電圧を印加する、
態様1~17のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様19]
前記電源は交流電圧を印加する、
態様1~17のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様20]
前記処理槽内に入れられる液体の抵抗(R)が、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも前記導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置しているときに前記第1の電極と前記液体との接続が形成する抵抗(R2)よりも低くなるように、前記電源の電圧および周波数、ならびに前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間の距離が設定されている、態様18または19に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様21]
前記気泡発生部は、前記第2の電極の表面の一部が前記液体に接し、前記第2の電極の表面の他の一部が、前記気泡に接するか、または前記気泡の内部に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる、
態様1~20のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様22]
前記気体供給装置がポンプである、態様1~21のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
[態様23]
態様1~22のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置を液体処理装置として含み、前記プラズマ発生装置で処理した液体を供給する、または処理した液体を利用して他の処理を実施する電気製品。
[態様24]
水浄化装置、空調機、加湿機、洗濯機、電気剃刀洗浄機、または食器洗浄機である、態様23に記載の電気製品。
[態様25]
処理槽に入れた液体中に少なくとも一部が配置された第1の電極と、前記液体中に少なくとも一部が配置された第2の電極との間に、電源を用いて電圧を印加することと、
前記液体中に配置された気泡発生部に気体供給装置から気体を供給して前記液体中に気泡を発生させることと、
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方を制御することと
を含むプラズマ発生方法であって、
前記気泡を、前記第1の電極の前記液体中に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも導電体が露出している表面を前記気泡内に位置させるように発生させ、
前記電圧を印加することにより、前記気泡内にプラズマを発生させ、
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方の制御を、前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置している時間の少なくとも一部の間に、前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に前記電圧が印加されるように行う、
プラズマ発生方法。
[態様26]
前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置していることを検出することを含み、
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方を、前記気泡検出工程における検出結果に基づいて制御することをさらに含む、
態様25に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様27]
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方を、前記電圧の印加が、前記第1の電極少なくとも導電体が露出している表面を前記気泡内に位置させている間にオンおよびオフされるように制御することをさらに含む、
態様25または26に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様28]
一定時間中に、前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置する時間の比率が90%以上となるように、前記液体中に気泡を発生させる、態様25~27のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様29]
前記電源は0Wより大きく1000W未満の電力を供給する、態様25~28のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様30]
前記第1の電極は、開口部を有する中空の形状であり、
前記第1の電極の外周面に接して絶縁体が配置されており、
前記絶縁体は、開口部を有する中空の筒状であり、
前記第1の電極は前記絶縁体に対して相対的に可動となるように構成され、
前記第1の電極の開口部の端面を、前記絶縁体の開口部の端面よりも内側に移動させる工程をさらに有する、
態様25~29のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様31]
前記第1の電極の前記液体中に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも導電体が露出している表面に加えて、前記第2の電極の表面の一部が前記液体に接し、前記第2の電極の表面の他の一部が、前記気泡に接するか、または前記気泡の内部に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる、態様25~30のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様32]
前記気泡内に発生させたプラズマの発光スペクトルを測定し、前記発光スペクトルから、前記処理槽内に入れられる液体に含まれる成分の定性または定量分析を実施することをさらに含む、態様25~31のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様33]
前記気泡発生部から発生する前記気泡の内部圧力を調整することをさらに含む、態様25~32のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様34]
前記液体中の深さ方向において、前記気泡発生部から前記気泡が発生する位置を変更させることをさらに含む、態様25~33のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
[態様35]
前記電源が、交流電圧またはパルス電圧を印加する電源であり、
前記処理槽内に入れられる前記液体の抵抗(R)が、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも前記導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置しているときに前記第1の電極と前記液体との接続が形成する抵抗(R2)よりも低くなるように、前記電源の電圧および周波数、ならびに前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間の距離を選択することをさらに含む
態様25~34のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
102、202、502、602 第2の電極
103、203、503、603 絶縁体
104、204、504、604 第1の電極
105、205、505、605 ポンプ
106、206、506、606 気泡
107、207、507、607 高濃度のプラズマ
108、208 循環ポンプ
109、209、509、609 処理槽
110、210、510、610 被処理水
111、211 マイクロバブル
520 制御装置
801 気泡検出装置
900 光検出装置
Claims (35)
- 液体を入れる処理槽内に少なくとも一部が配置される第1の電極と、
前記処理槽内に少なくとも一部が配置される第2の電極と、
前記処理槽内に前記液体を入れたときに前記液体内に気泡を発生させる気泡発生部であって、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる気泡発生部と、
前記気泡発生部が前記気泡を発生させるのに必要な流量の気体を、前記処理槽の外部から前記気泡発生部に供給する気体供給装置と、
前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に電圧を印加する電源と、
前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置しているときに、前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に電圧が印加されるように、前記気体供給装置および前記電源の一方または両方を制御する、制御装置と、
を有する、プラズマ発生装置。 - 前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置していることを検出する気泡検出装置をさらに有し、
前記制御装置は、前記気泡検出装置の検出結果に基づいて前記気体供給装置および前記電源の一方または両方を制御する
請求項1に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記気泡検出装置は、前記気泡の発生に伴って生じる、
前記第1の電極の導電体が露出している表面近傍を撮像した画像の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された別の電極と前記第1の電極との間の抵抗の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された別の電極と前記第1の電極との間の容量の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された第3の電極と第4の電極との間の抵抗の変化、
前記第1の電極から電気的に絶縁された第3の電極と第4の電極との間の容量の変化、
前記液体中を通過する光の光路または光量の変化、
前記液体中を通過する音波の変化、および
前記液体中の圧力の変化
のいずれか1つまたは複数に基づいて、前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置していることを検出する、請求項2に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記電源の出力容量の最大値は、0Wより大きく、1000W未満である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 前記第1の電極は、開口部を有する中空の形状であり、
前記第1の電極の外周面に接して、絶縁体が配置されており、
前記気泡発生部は、前記第1の電極の開口部から気泡を発生させるものであり、
前記気泡発生部は、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち前記絶縁体が配置されておらず、前記導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる、
請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 重力が加わる方向を0°とし、重力が加わる方向とは反対の方向を180°としたときに、前記第1の電極の開口部が開口する方向が0°~60°である、請求項5に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 重力が加わる方向を0°とし、重力が加わる方向とは反対の方向を180°としたときに、前記第1の電極の開口部が開口する方向が80°~100°である、請求項5に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 前記第1の電極の内径が0.3mm~2mmであり、前記第1の電極の外径が1mm~3mmである、請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 前記第1の電極の前記開口部の端面は、前記絶縁体の端面よりも内側に位置している、
請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記第1の電極の外径が1mm~3mmである、請求項9に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 前記絶縁体は、開口部を有する中空の形状であり、
前記第1の電極は前記絶縁体に対して相対的に可動である、
請求項5~10のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記電源により前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に電圧を印加した後に、前記第1の電極の開口部の端面を前記絶縁体の端面よりも内側方向に移動する、
請求項11に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - プラズマの発光スペクトルを測定する光検出装置をさらに有し、
前記光検出装置が測定した発光スペクトルから、前記処理槽内に入れられる液体に含まれる成分の定性または定量分析を実施する、
請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記気泡発生部から発生する前記気泡の内部圧力を調整する装置をさらに含む、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 気泡の寸法を測定する装置をさらに含み、
前記気泡の内部圧力を調整する装置が、前記気泡の寸法を測定する装置が測定した気泡の寸法に基づいて、前記気泡の内部圧力を調整する、
請求項14に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記液体中の深さ方向において、前記気泡発生部から前記気泡が発生する位置を変更する装置をさらに含む、請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 気泡の寸法を測定する装置をさらに含み、
前記気泡発生部から前記気泡が発生する位置を変更する装置が、前記気泡の寸法を測定する装置が測定した気泡の寸法に基づいて、前記気泡が発生する位置を変更する、
請求項16に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記電源は、パルス電圧を印加する、
請求項1~17のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記電源は交流電圧を印加する、
請求項1~17のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記処理槽内に入れられる液体の抵抗(R)が、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも前記導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置しているときに前記第1の電極と前記液体との接続が形成する抵抗(R2)よりも低くなるように、前記電源の電圧および周波数、ならびに前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間の距離が設定されている、請求項18または19に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 前記気泡発生部は、前記第2の電極の表面の一部が前記液体に接し、前記第2の電極の表面の他の一部が、前記気泡に接するか、または前記気泡の内部に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる、
請求項1~20のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。 - 前記気体供給装置がポンプである、請求項1~21のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置。
- 請求項1~22のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生装置を液体処理装置として含み、前記プラズマ発生装置で処理した液体を供給する、または処理した液体を利用して他の処理を実施する電気製品。
- 水浄化装置、空調機、加湿機、洗濯機、電気剃刀洗浄機、または食器洗浄機である、請求項23に記載の電気製品。
- 処理槽に入れた液体中に少なくとも一部が配置された第1の電極と、前記液体中に少なくとも一部が配置された第2の電極との間に、電源を用いて電圧を印加することと、
前記液体中に配置された気泡発生部に気体供給装置から気体を供給して前記液体中に気泡を発生させることと、
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方を制御することと
を含むプラズマ発生方法であって、
前記気泡を、前記第1の電極の前記液体中に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも導電体が露出している表面を前記気泡内に位置させるように発生させ、
前記電圧を印加することにより、前記気泡内にプラズマを発生させ、
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方の制御を、前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置している時間の少なくとも一部の間に、前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に前記電圧が印加されるように行う、
プラズマ発生方法。 - 前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置していることを検出することを含み、
前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方を、前記気泡検出工程における検出結果に基づいて制御することをさらに含む、
請求項25に記載のプラズマ発生方法。 - 前記電源および前記気体供給装置のいずれか一方または両方を、前記電圧の印加が、前記第1の電極少なくとも導電体が露出している表面を前記気泡内に位置させている間にオンおよびオフされるように制御することをさらに含む、
請求項25または26に記載のプラズマ発生方法。 - 一定時間中に、前記第1の電極の少なくとも導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置する時間の比率が90%以上となるように、前記液体中に気泡を発生させる、請求項25~27のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
- 前記電源は0Wより大きく1000W未満の電力を供給する、請求項25~28のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
- 前記第1の電極は、開口部を有する中空の形状であり、
前記第1の電極の外周面に接して絶縁体が配置されており、
前記絶縁体は、開口部を有する中空の筒状であり、
前記第1の電極は前記絶縁体に対して相対的に可動となるように構成され、
前記第1の電極の開口部の端面を、前記絶縁体の開口部の端面よりも内側に移動させる工程をさらに有する、
請求項25~29のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。 - 前記第1の電極の前記液体中に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも導電体が露出している表面に加えて、前記第2の電極の表面の一部が前記液体に接し、前記第2の電極の表面の他の一部が、前記気泡に接するか、または前記気泡の内部に位置するように、前記気泡を発生させる、請求項25~30のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
- 前記気泡内に発生させたプラズマの発光スペクトルを測定し、前記発光スペクトルから、前記処理槽内に入れられる液体に含まれる成分の定性または定量分析を実施することをさらに含む、請求項25~31のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
- 前記気泡発生部から発生する前記気泡の内部圧力を調整することをさらに含む、請求項25~32のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
- 前記液体中の深さ方向において、前記気泡発生部から前記気泡が発生する位置を変更させることをさらに含む、請求項25~33のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
- 前記電源が、交流電圧またはパルス電圧を印加する電源であり、
前記処理槽内に入れられる前記液体の抵抗(R)が、前記第1の電極の前記処理槽内に位置する表面のうち、少なくとも前記導電体が露出している表面が前記気泡内に位置しているときに前記第1の電極と前記液体との接続が形成する抵抗(R2)よりも低くなるように、前記電源の電圧および周波数、ならびに前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間の距離を選択することをさらに含む
請求項25~34のいずれか1項に記載のプラズマ発生方法。
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Also Published As
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EP2711342A1 (en) | 2014-03-26 |
JP6112457B2 (ja) | 2017-04-12 |
EP2711342A4 (en) | 2014-04-09 |
JPWO2012157248A1 (ja) | 2014-07-31 |
JP5362934B2 (ja) | 2013-12-11 |
CN103429539A (zh) | 2013-12-04 |
CN103429539B (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
US20140014516A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
JP2013258159A (ja) | 2013-12-26 |
US9540262B2 (en) | 2017-01-10 |
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