TWI385172B - 新穎化合物 - Google Patents

新穎化合物 Download PDF

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TWI385172B
TWI385172B TW096116477A TW96116477A TWI385172B TW I385172 B TWI385172 B TW I385172B TW 096116477 A TW096116477 A TW 096116477A TW 96116477 A TW96116477 A TW 96116477A TW I385172 B TWI385172 B TW I385172B
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compound
valine
alkyl
amino acid
pharmaceutically acceptable
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Christopher Mcguigan
Jan Balzarini
Marco Migliore
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Univ Cardiff
Univ Leuven Kath
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Description

新穎化合物
本發明係關於在預防及治療(例如)由水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)導致之病毒感染中具有治療用途之某些核苷類似物之酯衍生物。水痘帶狀疱疹病毒係水痘及帶狀疱疹之發病原因,其可導致相當嚴重之人類疾病及痛苦。本發明亦提供一種包含該酯衍生物之醫藥組合物,及藉由投與該衍生物來治療或預防病毒感染之方法。
WO 01/83501 A1(其內容以引用之方式併入本文中)描述某些具有抗水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)之有效活性之核苷類似物,該等核苷類似物具有通式(I):
其中:Ar為視情況經取代之芳族環系統,該芳族環系統包含一個六員芳族環或兩個稠合六員芳族環;R8及R9各獨立選自包含氫、烷基、環烷基、鹵素、胺基、烷基胺基、二烷基胺基、硝基、氰基、烷氧基、芳氧基、硫醇、烷基硫醇、芳基硫醇、芳基之群;Q係選自包含O、S及CY2之群,其中Y可相同或不同且 係選自H、烷基及鹵素;X係選自包含O、NH、S、N-烷基、(CH2)之群,其中m為1至10,及CY2,其中Y可相同或不同且選自氫、烷基及鹵素;Z係選自包含O、S、NH及N-烷基之群;U"為H且U'係選自H及CH2T,或U'與U"經接合以形成一包括Q之環部分,其中U'-U"一起分別係選自包含CTH-CT'T"及CT'=CT'之群以提供選自包含之群之環部分,其中T係選自包含OH、H、鹵素、O-烷基、O-醯基、O-芳基、CN、NH2及N3之群;T'係選自包含H及鹵素之群,且其中存在一個以上可相同或不同之T';T"係選自包含H及鹵素之群;且W係選自包含H、磷酸酯基及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、衍生物或前藥之群;其限制條件為當T為OAc且T'及T"存在且為H時,Ar不為4-(2-苯幷噁唑基)苯基。
下述化合物1及2為根據WO 01/83501 A1尤其較佳之化合物:
本發明之一目標為提供用於治療或預防尤其為由水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)導致或加重之病毒感染之新穎化合物。
本發明之另一目標係提供用於治療此等病毒感染之化合物,該等化合物具有改良之生物可用性。
本發明之又一目標係提供具有有利藥物動力學特性之該等化合物。
本發明之不同目標係提供一種製造該等化合物之方法。
根據本發明之一態樣,因此提供具有通式(II)之化合物:
其中X為O、S、NH或CH2,Y為O、S或NH,Z為O、S或CH2,R1為C1-6烷基,較佳為正烷基,例如正戊基或正己基,且R2及R3之一者為H,且R3及R2之另一者為中性非極性胺基酸部分,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或水合物。
該中性非極性胺基酸部分R2或R3較佳為:
其中R4、R5、R6及R7各獨立為H或C1-2烷基。
R6及R7較佳均為H。
在某些實施例中,R2或R3之一者為纈胺酸、白胺酸、異白胺酸或丙胺酸。R2或R3較佳為纈胺酸。
應瞭解,本發明之纈胺酸酯可為L-纈胺酸、D-纈胺酸或D,L-纈胺酸。
此外,X、Y及Z較佳均為O。
本發明之尤其較佳化合物為:
應瞭解,化合物3及5分別為化合物1之3'-及5'-羥基之纈胺酸酯。
根據本發明之不同態樣提供一種合成本發明化合物之方法,該方法包含以保護中性非極性胺基酸來酯化式(III)化合物:
其中R1、X、Y及Z如上文定義。
該胺基酸較佳具有式(IV):
其中R4、R5、R6及R7如上文定義。
α-胺基在酯化反應期間經適當保護。在某些實施例中(其中R6及R7均為H),可使用9-茀基甲氧基羰基(Fmoc)保護基來保護該胺基酸。其他適當保護基係已知的且可為熟習此項技術者所用。
可在Schotten-Baumen條件下引入Fmoc基。其例外地具有對酸之穩定性。該基團之裂解可經歷E1β-消除機構而經鹼催化(氨、哌啶、嗎啉、DBU)。
較佳在Mitsunobu條件1(1Mitsunobu,Synthesis,1981年1月:1-28)下進行酯化:
可藉由在THF中以HCl溶液處理酯(V)來製備氫氯酸鹽。
較佳地,R1為正戊基,X、Y及Z均為O,且R4及R5均為甲基。
已發現本發明化合物及其氫氯酸鹽(例如,化合物6(見下文))與WO 01/83501 A1之化合物1相比具有有利藥物動力學(PK)特性及改良之生物可用性。
生物可用性通常為藥物作為治療劑之實際應用中之關鍵因素,且展示出增強之PK及/或溶解度之化合物通常具有相比具有較差PK特性之化合物改良的效能,即使其活體內效能可能類似。該等化合物(亦即,已知活體外活性化合物之衍生物)通常稱為前藥。新穎化合物5及其氫氯酸鹽化合物6為兩種此等前藥之實例。
如下文所述測試化合物5及6之抗病毒活性且發現其為活性的。此外,在小鼠模型中進行化合物1與化合物5之藥物動力學表現之對比研究以論證化合物5與化合物1相比之改良生物可用性。
根據本發明之另一態樣,因此提供一種本發明化合物用於治療方法中,尤其為病毒感染之預防或治療中。在某些實施例中,可提供該化合物用於治療或預防水痘帶狀疱疹病毒之感染。
根據本發明之又一態樣,提供本發明化合物用於製造供預防或治療病毒感染(尤其由水痘帶狀疱疹病毒導致之病毒感染,例如水痘或帶狀疱疹)之藥物。
根據本發明之另一態樣提供一種預防或治療病毒感染之方法,該方法包含將有效量之本發明化合物投與需要該治療之人類或非人類動物患者。
根據本發明之另一態樣提供一種醫藥組合物,其包含本發明化合物及醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑。本發明具體實施例之藥物可藉由口服、經腸或非經腸式途徑來投與,包括靜脈內、肌肉內、腹膜內、皮下、穿皮、呼吸道(噴霧劑)、直腸、陰道及局部(包括頰內及舌下)等投與方式。
對於口服投與而言,本發明具體實施例之化合物通常將作為錠劑或膠囊形式提供,如散劑或顆粒,或水溶液或懸浮液。
用於口服使用之錠劑可包括與醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑混合之活性成份,該等賦形劑諸如惰性稀釋劑、崩散劑、黏合劑、潤滑劑、甜味劑、調味劑、染色劑及防腐劑。適當惰性稀釋劑包括碳酸鈉及碳酸鈣、磷酸鈉及磷酸鈣,及乳糖,而玉米澱粉及褐藻酸為適當崩散劑。黏合劑可包括澱粉及明膠,而潤滑劑(若存在)通常將為硬脂酸鎂、硬脂 酸或滑石。若需要,該等錠劑可包覆諸如甘油單硬脂酸酯或甘油二硬脂酸酯之材料以延遲胃腸道中之吸收。
用以口服使用之膠囊包括活性成份與固體稀釋劑混合之硬質明膠膠囊,及活性成份與水或油(諸如花生油、液態石蠟油或橄欖油)混合之軟質明膠膠囊。
用於直腸投與之調配物可呈現為具有適當基質(包含(例如)可可脂或水楊酸酯)之栓劑。
適於陰道投與之調配物可呈現為陰道栓劑、棉球、乳膏、凝膠、糊狀物、泡沫或除活性成份外含有諸如此項技術中已知為適當之載劑的噴霧調配物。
對於肌肉內、腹膜內、皮下及靜脈內使用而言,本發明具體實施例之化合物通常作為無菌水溶液或懸浮液提供,其經緩衝至適當pH值及等張性。適當含水媒劑包括林格溶液(Ringer's solution)及等張氯化鈉。本發明具體實施例之水性懸浮液可包括諸如纖維素衍生物、海藻酸鈉、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮及黃蓍膠之懸浮劑及諸如卵磷脂之濕潤劑。用於水性懸浮液之適當防腐劑包括乙基及正丙基對羥基苯甲酸酯。
本發明具體實施例之化合物可作為脂質體調配物呈現。
一般而言,每公斤患者體重每天之適當劑量在0.001 mg至300 mg之範圍內,較佳在每公斤體重每天0.01 mg至25 mg之範圍內,且最佳在每公斤體重每天0.05 mg至10 mg之範圍內。所要劑量較佳呈現為全天以適當時間間隔投與兩次、三次、四次、五次或六次或更多次子劑量。該等子劑 量可作為單位劑型投與,例如,每單位劑型含有0.1 mg至1500 mg,較佳0.2 mg至1000 mg,且最佳0.5 mg至700 mg之活性成份。
以下為參看附圖之本發明之各種實例,自該等實例將瞭解本發明化合物之更多優點及效應。
實驗程序及生物學結果 化合物之製備 實例1 化合物5之製備;纈胺酸酯之形成
將化合物1(200 mg,0.5 mmol,如WO 01/83501 A1中之實例3,第15頁所述製備)溶解於無水DMF(5 mL)中,隨後將結合聚合物之三苯膦[370 mg,1.1 mmol,(3 mmol p/g樹脂)]及偶氮二羧酸二第三丁酯(DBAD)(231 mg,1.0 mmol)添加至混合物中且攪拌20分鐘。經30分鐘時期逐滴添加Fmoc-Val-OH(340 mg,1.0 mmol)於DMF(5 mL)中之溶 液。在氬氣氛下在室溫下攪拌反應混合物直至起始物質完全消失(隔夜)。濾出樹脂且以乙酸乙酯洗滌。將哌啶(1 mL,10 mmol)添加至該溶液中且攪拌10分鐘。在溫熱不超過35℃之情況下在減壓下移除溶劑且將殘餘物溶解於乙酸乙酯(20 mL)中,以10% NaHCO3(3×20 mL)及鹽水(2×20 mL)洗滌。藉由管柱層析法(梯度CH2Cl2:MeOH 100% 98% 95% 90%)來純化最終殘餘物以產生137 mg呈黃色固體之化合物5(產率55%)。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ:8.3(1H,s),7.55(2H,d),7.15(2H,d),6.6(1H,s),6.25(1H,t),4.45-4.30(4H,m),3.23(1H,d),2.80(1H,m),2.53(2H,t),2.12(1H,m),1.97(1H,m),1.60(2H,m),1.24(4H,m),0.90-0.78(9H,m)。
13C-NMR(CDCl3)δ:175.16,171.62,156.26,154.89,145.19,135.29,129.02,125.69,124.95,108.60,96.82,88.73,85.08,70.90,64.19,60.19,41.91,35.82,32.32,31.44,30.89,22.50,19.30,17.24,13.99。
實例2 化合物6之製備;HCl鹽之形成
將300 mg化合物5溶解於3 mL THF中。在用力攪拌下在0℃下添加1 M 2 mL HCl且將混合物攪拌10分鐘。在減壓下將溶劑乾燥以獲得322 mg(100%)以額外醚固化之黃色油。
1H-NMR(d 6 -DMSO)δ:8.6(4H,bs),7.70(2H,d),7.30(2H,d),7.20(1H,s),6.22(1H,t),5.60(1H,bs),4.48(2H,m),4.30(1H,m),4.16(1H,m),3.98(1H,m),2.61(2H,t),2.44(1H,m),2.25(1H,m),2.18(1H,m),1.57(2H,m),1.32(4H,m),1.00-0.83(9H,m)。
13C-NMR(d 6 -DMSO)δ:171.13,168.88,153.97,153.70,144.18,137.94,129.04,125.77,124.58,107.22,98.75,87.71,84.13,69.73,65.26,57.35,40.18,34.88,30.88,30.39,29.38,21.91,18.26,17.55,13.90。
生物學及藥物動力學研究
為證明化合物5之改良暴露圖形,使用小鼠動物模型進 行若干實驗。以下為代表性結果。
使用化合物1及化合物5之預備比較病毒學研究
該預備研究之目標在於比較接種有胸苷激酶缺損Oka VZV病毒株之HEL細胞中之化合物1及化合物5的抗病毒活性。抗病毒活性評估為與對照培養物相比在3至7天培育期後1或5減少病毒斑形成之能力。展示兩種化合物之間相當功效之抗病毒功效研究之初步結果展示於表4.2中。
注意:歸因於纈胺酸酯,化合物5之分子量約為化合物1之1.25倍。
總之,該等比較性預備活體外研究之結果展示化合物5與化合物1具有相當之活體外抗病毒活性。
使用化合物5之非臨床藥物動力學研究
使用化合物1及化合物5進行預備研究以比較對小鼠中口服給藥後之化合物1的相對生物可用性。兩組雌性小鼠接受於0.5%羧甲基纖維素中調配成單次口服胃管劑量之等莫耳劑量之化合物1(25 mg/kg)或化合物5(31.25 mg/kg;與25 mg/kg化合物1等效)。將小鼠在給藥後0.25至3小時範圍內之時間點連續處死(每時間點3隻小鼠),且提取血漿樣本並使用未經確認之HPLC方法以螢光偵測分析其化合物1之 濃度。結果以化合物1之相對峰面積表示,其假定該峰面積與超過該等濃度範圍之濃度成正比。
附圖中展示該研究之結果。相較於接受化合物1之老鼠,接受化合物5之老鼠體內化合物1血漿濃度高得多。應注意,儘管該等資料不提供化合物1之絕對血漿濃度,但可自峰面積估計化合物5將化合物1之口服生物可用性增加約8.4至10倍(例如,AUC增加約840%且Cmax增加約1000%)。
總之該資料支持以下假設:化合物5為化合物1之前藥,且大大增加化合物1之口服生物可用性。
圖1為化合物1(25 mg/kg)或化合物5(31.25 mg/kg,與25 mg/kg之化合物1等效)之單次口服管飼給藥後雌性小鼠體內平均±SD血漿化合物1(展示為相對峰面積)的圖表。

Claims (18)

  1. 一種具有通式(II)之化合物: 其中X為O、S、NH或CH2,Y為O、S或NH,Z為O、S或CH2,R1為C1-6烷基,較佳為正烷基,例如正戊基或正己基,及R2及R3之一者為H,且R3及R2之另一者為中性非極性胺基酸部分,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或水合物。
  2. 如請求項1之化合物,其中該中性非極性胺基酸部分R2或R3為: 其中R4、R5、R6及R7各獨立為H或C1-2烷基。
  3. 如請求項2之化合物,其中R6及R7均為H。
  4. 如請求項1之化合物,其中R2或R3之一者為纈胺酸、白 胺酸、異白胺酸或丙胺酸。
  5. 如請求項1或4之化合物,其中R2或R3為纈胺酸。
  6. 如請求項5之化合物,其中該纈胺酸為L-纈胺酸、D-纈胺酸或D,L-纈胺酸。
  7. 如請求項1-4中任一項之化合物,其中X、Y及Z較佳均為O。
  8. 如請求項1之化合物,其為: 或化合物3或化合物5之氫氯酸鹽。
  9. 如請求項1之化合物,其為:
  10. 一種合成如請求項1-9中任一項之化合物之方法,該方法包含以經保護中性非極性胺基酸來酯化式(III)化合物: 其中R1、X、Y及Z如請求項1定義,且隨後視情況將所得酯與酸反應形成醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  11. 如請求項10之方法,其中該胺基酸具有式(IV): 其中R4、R5、R6及R7如請求項2定義。
  12. 如請求項11之方法,其中R6及R7均為H,且在酯化反應期間由9-茀基甲氧基羰基(Fmoc)保護基來保護該α-胺基。
  13. 如請求項10、11或12之方法,其中在Mitsunobu條件下進行該酯化。
  14. 如請求項10-12中任一項之方法,其進一步包含以HCl溶液處理該酯以形成氫氯酸鹽。
  15. 如請求項10-12中任一項之方法,其中R1為正戊基或正己基,X、Y及Z均為O,且R4及R5均為甲基。
  16. 如請求項1-4中任一項之化合物,其係用於人體或動物體之治療方法中。
  17. 一種如請求項1-9中任一項之化合物之用途,其係用於製造供預防或治療病毒感染之藥劑。
  18. 一種包含如請求項1-9中任一項之化合物之醫藥組合物,其係與醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑組合。
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