JP6020972B2 - 銅ボンディングワイヤ - Google Patents
銅ボンディングワイヤ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6020972B2 JP6020972B2 JP2015117932A JP2015117932A JP6020972B2 JP 6020972 B2 JP6020972 B2 JP 6020972B2 JP 2015117932 A JP2015117932 A JP 2015117932A JP 2015117932 A JP2015117932 A JP 2015117932A JP 6020972 B2 JP6020972 B2 JP 6020972B2
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- Prior art keywords
- copper
- oxygen
- layer
- bonding wire
- wire
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims description 169
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 145
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 102
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002128 reflection high energy electron diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 54
- 239000002335 surface treatment layer Substances 0.000 description 34
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 21
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 16
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Description
図1は、本発明の一の実施の形態に係る銅ボンディングワイヤを模式的に示す断面図である。また、図2は、本発明の他の実施の形態に係る銅ボンディングワイヤを模式的に示す断面図である。
本実施の形態に係る銅ボンディングワイヤは、銅よりも酸素との親和性が高い金属が、例えば、亜鉛である場合には、最終製品のサイズ及び形状にて、銅系導体の表面に電解めっきでZn層(厚さが20μm以下が好ましく、17μm以下がより好ましく、15μm以下がさらに好ましい)を形成した後、そのまま50℃以上150℃以下の温度で30秒以上60分以下の時間の条件で大気中にて加熱することで製造することができる。これにより、少なくとも亜鉛及び酸素を含有し、RHEED分析による電子線の回折像がハローパターンを示す層を有する表面処理層を備えた銅ボンディングワイヤが得られる。つまり、銅を主成分とする心材の表面に、亜鉛を被覆して所定の加熱処理を施すだけの簡易な手法によりRHEED分析による電子線の回折像がハローパターンを示す層を形成することができる。
本実施の形態によれば、表面処理層の表面への銅の拡散、及び心材2への酸素の侵入を抑制ないし低減させるバリア層として機能する表面処理層3或いは5を形成したので、ボンディングワイヤの保管時にボンディングワイヤ表面に酸化膜が成長するのを抑制でき、耐食性(耐酸化性)を有するため、ボンディング時の接続信頼性を向上させることができる。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.07μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、50℃の温度で10分間、大気中で加熱処理して、表面処理層を備えた銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.003μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.17μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、50℃の温度で1時間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.006μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.27μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、100℃の温度で5分間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.01μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.60μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、100℃の温度で5分間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.02μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ1.33μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、120℃の温度で10分間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.05μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ2.67μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、150℃の温度で30秒間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.1μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ17μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、150℃の温度で30秒間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.6μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
酸素濃度、硫黄濃度、チタン濃度が、それぞれ7〜8 mass ppm、5 mass ppm、13 mass ppmである希薄銅合金からなる直径1mmの銅線を作製した。この銅線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.27μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、150℃の温度で30秒間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.01μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ31.7μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、100℃の温度で5分間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、1μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.67μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.02μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ0.33μmのZn層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。その後、400℃の温度で30秒間、大気中で加熱処理した銅ボンディングワイヤを作製した。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、亜鉛(Zn)、酸素(O)及び銅(Cu)から構成される表面処理層が、0.02μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線を、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。
直径1mmの6N銅(純度99.9999重量%)線を、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。
心材2として直径1mmの4N銅(純度99.99重量%)線に、電解めっきにより厚さ1.67μmのパラジウム(Pd)層を形成した。その後、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。作製した銅ボンディングワイヤに対し、表面から深さ方向のオージェ分析を行うことで、Pdで構成される表面処理層が、0.05μmの厚さに形成されていることを確認した。
直径1mmの金(純度99.99重量%)線を、直径0.03mmまで伸線加工を行い、更に続けて、通電焼鈍により銅心材を軟質化させた。
表1における各銅ボンディングワイヤに形成された表面処理層は、オ一ジェ分光分析の結果から求めた。
図3は、実施例3に係る銅ボンディングワイヤの恒温(100℃)保持試験における3600時間試験品の、表層からスパッタを繰り返しながら深さ方向のオージェ元素分析を行った結果を示すグラフである。横軸は表面からの深さ(nm)、縦軸は原子濃度(at%)を表し、実線は酸素(O)の含有比率としての原子濃度(at%)、長い破線は亜鉛(Zn)の原子濃度、短い破線は銅(Cu)の原子濃度を示している。酸素侵入深さは、表面から10nm程度であり、特に深さ0〜3nmの表層部位における平均元素含有比率を(深さ0〜3nmでの各元素の最大原子濃度−最小原子濃度)/2と定義すると、実施例3では、亜鉛(Zn)が60at%、酸素(O)が33at%、銅(Cu)が7at%であった。
ボール硬さについて、実施例1〜8、比較例1〜3、及び従来例1、2,4のボンディングワイヤは全て良好な特性を示した。実施例8及び素材全体の純度が高い従来例2、及び従来例4は、更にやわらかいボールを形成していた。実施例8において、◎の結果となった理由は、添加したチタンが不純物である硫黄をトラップすることで、銅母材(マトリックス)が高純度化し、素材の軟質特性が向上したためであると考えられる。
接続信頼性に関して、実施例1〜8については、不良率がゼロの優れた特性を示した。一方、同じくZn系の表面処理層を持つ比較例1〜3であっても、良好な特性が得られない場合が認められた。比較例1のように、亜鉛の厚さが厚い場合、比較例2のようにめっき後の加熱処理を実施していない場合、比較例3のようにめっき後に過剰な加熱処理を行った場合はいずれも、評価結果は不良となった。従来例1、2についても、銅の酸化による接着不良が発生した。また、従来例2は、強度が不十分なネック切れが発生した。これは、高純度銅であるため、結晶粒が粗大化し強度低下が生じたためである。従来例3、4は、良好な特性を示した。
ループ形状に関して、軟質である反面ループが安定しなかった従来例2以外は良好であった。特に、実施例8はより安定したループ特性を示した。
コスト(経済性)に関して、4Nの銅(従来例1)、及び本発明の実施例1〜8、比較例1〜3は、材料そのものの耐食性に優れていながら材料コストが高い貴金属コーティング等を必要とせず、安価なZnを使用し、しかもその厚さが極めて薄いため、生産性と経済性に極めて優れている。従来例2の高純度銅は、従来例3のPdや従来例4のAuよりは安価であるものの、製造方法が特殊であるため4N銅をベースとした材料よりも高価にならざるを得ない。
2:心材
3:表面処理層
4:銅ボンディングワイヤ
5:表面処理層
6:拡散層
Claims (1)
- 銅を主成分とする心材と、
前記心材の表面に配置され、銅よりも酸素との親和性が高い金属である亜鉛及び酸素を含有し、RHEED分析による電子線の回折像がハローパターンを示す層と、
を備えた銅ボンディングワイヤ。
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