JP5395439B2 - 固形癌の診断及び治療のためのマイクロrnaに基づく方法及び組成物 - Google Patents
固形癌の診断及び治療のためのマイクロrnaに基づく方法及び組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
したがって、本発明は、被験者が固形癌を有するか又はそれを発生する危険性があるかを診断する方法を包含する。本発明の方法によれば、被験者の試験試料中の少なくとも1種のmiR遺伝子産物のレベルは、対照試料中の対応するmiR遺伝子産物のレベルと比較される。対照試料中の対応するmiR遺伝子産物のレベルと比較した、試験試料中のmiR遺伝子産物のレベルの変化(例えば、上昇、低下)は、被験者が固形癌を有するか又は発生する危険性があるかのいずれかであることを示す。固形癌は、器官及び固体組織から生ずる如何なる癌でもよい。ある態様において、固形癌は胃癌、乳癌、膵癌、大腸癌、肺癌又は前立腺癌である。特定の態様において、固形癌は乳癌、肺癌、前立腺癌、膵癌又は胃腸癌ではない。
後者は、一本鎖DNA又はRNA鋳型から高特異的活性32P標識プローブの合成を選択する方法である。例えば、ニックトランスレーション法により、予め存在するヌクレオチドを高放射性ヌクレオチドで置き換えることにより、108cpm/マイクログラムを超える十分な特異的活性を有する32P標識核酸プローブを調製することが可能である。次に、ハイブリダイズさせたフィルターを写真フィルムに露光させることにより、ハイブリダイゼーションのオートラジオグラフィ検出を実施することができる。ハイブリダイズさせたフィルターにより露光させた写真フィルムをデンシトメトリー走査して、miR遺伝子転写レベルを正確に測定できる。miR遺伝子転写レベルは、他の手法を使用して、Amersham Biosciences,Piscataway,NJから入手できるMolecular Dynamics 400−B 2D Phosphorimagerなどのコンピューター画像処理システムにより定量することができる。
ここで、本発明を、次の限定するものではない実施例により例示することにする。
試料
363個の原発腫瘍試料及び177個の正常組織を含む合計540個の試料が本研究で使用された(表2)。次の固形が表された:肺癌、乳癌、前立腺癌、大腸癌及び膵内分泌腫瘍。全ての試料は、患者からインフォームドコンセントを得て入手し、病理学的に確認した。正常試料は、肺及び胃癌に罹患した個体からの試料、並びに正常個体からの残余の組織の試料と組み合わせた。全ての正常乳房試料は、5個の無関係な正常組織をプールすることにより得た。全RNAを組織から、TRIzol(登録商標)試薬(Invitrogen)をメーカーの処方により使用して単離した。
マイクロアレイ分析は前に記載されたようにして実施した(Liu,C−G.,et al.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 101:11755−11760(2004))。簡単に述べると、5μgの全RNAをmiRNAマイクロアレイチップ上のハイブリダイゼーションのために使用した。これらのチップは、接触技法によりスポットされ、ポリマーマトリックスに共有結合で結合された遺伝子特異的な40量体オリゴヌクレオチドプローブを含む。マイクロアレイは、6×SSPE(0.9M NaCl/60mM NaH2PO4・H2O/8mM EDTA、pH7.4)/30%ホルムアミド中25℃で18時間ハイブリダイズさせ、0.75×TNT(トリスHCl/NaCl/ツイーン20)中37℃で40分間洗浄し、ストレプトアビジン−Alexa647(Molecular Probes)複合体によるビオチン標識転写物の直接検出を使用して処理した。処理されたスライドは、マイクロアレイスキャナー(GenePix Pro、Axon)を使用して、レーザーを635nmに設定し、固定PMT設定及び10nmの走査分解で走査した。データは文献に記載されているようにして(Calin,G.A.,et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 101:11755−11760(2004);Iorio,M.V.,et al.,Cancer Res.65:7065−7070 (2005))、ノーザンブロッティングにより確認した。
マイクロアレイのイメージをGenePix Pro(Axon)を使用して分析した。各miRNAの複製スポットの平均値は、バックグラウンドを差し引き、正規化してさらなる分析にかけた。正規化は、中央値アレイを参照として使用し、チップ毎の中央値正規化法を使用することにより実施した。最後に、データセット中の2クラスの少なくとも最少のものに存在するとして測定されたmiRNAが選択された。統計分析に先立って、非存在の判定の閾値は4.5とした。このレベルが、実験において検出された最小強度レベル平均値である。マイクロRNAの命名法はGenome Browser(www.genome.ucsc.edu)及びSanger CenterのマイクロRNAデータベース(Griffiths−Jones,S.,Nucleic Acids Res 32:D109−11(2004))に従い、不一致の場合はマイクロRNAに従った。差次的に発現したマイクロRNAは、マイクロアレイの有意性分析(SAM)においてt検定法を使用することにより同定した(Tusher,V.G.,et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5116−21(2001))。SAMにより、全測定の標準偏差と比較した発現の変化を基準にして各遺伝子のスコアが計算される。SAMにおいて、t検定を使用した。マイクロRNAサインは、最短収縮重心法(nearest shrunken centroids method)を適用することにより測定した。この方法は、その各々の正常対応物から各固形癌を最もよく特徴づける遺伝子のサブグループを同定する。予測誤差は、10倍交差検証法により計算し、各癌に対して、最小予測誤差を生ずるmiRサインを得た。リサンプリング試験を、ランダム順列解析により実施して、共有されたサインのp値を計算した。
統計
癌/正常組織を合わせた比較は、合計404試料になる異なった組織を数的に均衡させる目的で、減少させた数の肺試料(80の癌及び40の正常組織)を使用して、実施した。
統計分析のために、発現値が試料の少なくとも50%で256(閾値)を超える137のmiRを、測定した228のmiRから確保した。差次的に発現したマイクロRNAを同定するために、T検定を使用した(表3)。T検定のp値は、多くの試験手順のため、及び第一種の過誤率を制御するために補正した。調整p値は、500,000通りの順列でリサンプリングを実施することにより得た(Jung,S.H.,et al.Biostatistics 6:157−69(2005))。この分析は、結果を評価する目的で、Lu及び共同研究者と同じ方法(Lu,J.,et al.,Nature 435:834−8(2005))を使用することにより実施した。
T検定により、0.05未満の調整p値を有する43種の差次的に発現したmiRが得られた(表3)。6種の癌(乳、大腸、肺、膵、前立腺、胃)を一緒にしてグループ化したとき、対応する正常組織と比較して、26種のmiRが過剰発現であり、17種が過小発現であった。これらの結果は、固形癌において発現されたmiRNAのスペクトルは、正常細胞のものとは非常に異なることを示した(137miRNAの内43、31%)。SAMを使用して、49種のmiRNAが差次的に発現したと同定され、その内34種は下方制御されていた(表4)。PAMを使用して、癌における36種の過剰発現したmiRNA(正の癌スコアにより示された)及び21種の下方制御されたmiR(負の癌スコアにより指示された)は、差次的に発現したと同定された(表5)。しかしながら、これらの分析は、miRの発現が非常に組織特異的であるので、一貫して形質転換を生ずるmiR発現の変化を同定する目的に合わせたものではない(He,L.,et al.Nature 435:828−833(2005);図1及び図2も参照されたい)。
の異なるmiRNAを用いて構築された。
結果
組織特異性に基づいて陥る偏りなしに、固形癌に関連する癌の状態の予後経過を示すマイクロRNAを同定するために、別のアプローチを使用した。第一に、6種の組織特異的サインを各癌の組織タイプについて1つずつ、独立のPAM試験を実施することにより得た(表6及び7にまとめた)。各癌に対する特異的サインは、表8〜13に示す:例えば、乳癌は表8、大腸癌は表9、肺癌は表10、膵癌は表11、前立腺癌は表12、胃癌は表13である。これらのデータを使用して、異なる組織タイプのmiRNAサインの間で共有され、異常制御されたマイクロRNAを同定した(表14)。この比較分析のp値を計算するために、miRNA同一性について1,000,000のランダム順列でリサンプリングを実施した。p値は真のスコアを超えるシミュレーションスコア(simulation scores)の相対頻度と定義された。少なくとも3種の固形癌に共通であった21種の誤制御されたマイクロRNA(p値=2.5×10−3)が同定された(表14)。
材料及び方法:
腫瘍抑制因子及びオンコジーン標的予測
最も新しいTargetScan予測(2005年4月)を、想定されるマイクロRNA標的を同定するために使用した。これらはLewisらにより報告された3’非翻訳領域標的(Lewis,B.P.,et al,Cell 120:15−20(2005))を本質的に含み、hg17ヒトゲノムアセンブリーに、RefSeq mRNAの2005年4月のUCSC Genome Browserマッピングからの更新されたゲノム境界定義(gene boundary definitions)から生ずる若干の変化が加えられている。想定される標的の中で、知られている癌遺伝子(腫瘍抑制因子及びオンコジーン)は、インターネットサイトwww.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/Census/でアクセスできる、又はOMIMによりwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govで報告されるCancer Gene Censusにおけるそれらの同定により特定された。
ルシフェラーゼレポーターの実験については、特異的癌関連マイクロRNAと相互作用すると予測されるRb1、TGFBR2及びPlag1の3’非翻訳領域セグメントをヒトゲノムDNAからPCRにより増幅し、ルシフェラーゼの終止コドンのすぐ下流のXbaIサイトを使用してpGL3コントロールベクター(Promega)中に挿入した。ヒト巨核球細胞ライン、MEG−01を、5%CO2の加湿雰囲気中で、1×非必須アミノ酸及び1mmolピルビン酸ナトリウムで補完した10%FBS含有RPMI培地1640中37℃で増殖させた。細胞は、12ウェルプレート中で、メーカーのプロトコルに従いsiPORT neoFX(Ambion、テキサス州Austin)を使用して、ホタルルシフェラーゼレポーターベクター0.4μg及びウミシイタケルシフェラーゼを含むコントロールベクター、pRL−TK(Promega)0.08μgで、コトランスフェクトした。各ウェルに対して、マイクロRNAオリゴヌクレオチド(Dharmacon Research、コロラド州Lafayette)及びアンチセンス又はスクランブルオリゴヌクレオチド(Ambion)を10nMの濃度で使用した。ホタル及びウミシイタケルシフェラーゼ活性は、二重ルシフェラーゼアッセイ(Promega)を使用して、トランスフェクション24時間後に続けて測定した。
RB1タンパク質のレベルは、ウェスターンブロッティングの標準的手順を使用し、マウスモノクローナル抗RB1抗体(Santa Cruz、カリフォルニア州)を使用して定量した。正規化は、マウスモノクローナル抗アクチン抗体(Sigma)を用いて実施した。
癌におけるマイクロRNA異常制御の機能的意味は、理解される必要がある。固形腫瘍において、最も普通のマイクロRNA事象は発現の増大であるが、一方、癌における発現の減少はより限られた事象であり、より組織特異的であるように思われる。本発明者らは、3段階の継続する手法を次の順で使用した:最初に、「in silico」(コンピューター内で)標的予想、次に、癌関連標的の最初の検証のためのルシフェラーゼアッセイ、最後に、特異的miRNA:mRNA相互作用体(interactor)対に対するmiRNA発現(マイクロアレイによる)と標的タンパク質発現(ウェスターンブロッティングによる)との間の生体外腫瘍での相関関係。癌miRNAに対して関連のある標的は、劣性(例えば、腫瘍抑制因子)又は優性(例えばオンコジーン)いずれかの癌遺伝子であり得る。固形腫瘍で異常制御されているマイクロRNAが既知のオンコジーン又は腫瘍抑制因子を標的とするという仮説を試すために、これらのmiRNAの予測標的を、保存された3’非翻訳領域マイクロRNA標的のデータベースTargetScan(Lewis,B.P.,et al.,Cell 120:15−20(2005))を使用して決定した。TargetScanは、合計22,402の予測中に固形腫瘍で異常制御される18種のmiRNAに対して5,121の予測を含んでいた(26.5%)。周知の癌遺伝子263種の内115種(44%)がこれら18種のmiRNAに対する標的として予測された(表15)。癌遺伝子の高率(%)が、固形腫瘍で異常制御されたmiRNAにより標的とされるので、これらの予測が起こることはありそうでない(フィッシャーの抽出検定でP<0.0001)。
Claims (12)
- 被験者が固形癌を有する危険性があるかどうか又は当該癌を発生する危険性があるかどうかを検出する方法であって、被験者からの試験試料中の、miR−21遺伝子産物及び少なくともの1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物の発現レベルを測定することを含み、
ここで、対照試料中の対応するmiR−21遺伝子産物の発現レベルと比較した試験試料中の前記miR−21遺伝子産物の発現レベルの増加は、被験者は固形癌を有する危険性があるか又はそれを発生する危険性があるかのいずれかであることの指標である、
ここで、前記固形癌、及び前記の少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物が、以下:
(i)前記固形癌は大腸癌であり、且つ前記の少なくとの1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物は、miR−24−1遺伝子産物、並びに、所望により、miR−29b−2、miR−20a、miR−10a、miR−32、miR−203、miR−106a、miR−17−5p、miR−30c、miR−223、miR−126*、miR−128b、miR−24−2、miR−99b prec、miR−155、miR−213、miR−150、miR−107、miR−191、miR−221、miR−9−3及びそれらの組合せからなる群より選択される、1種又は2種以上のmiR遺伝子産物である;
(ii)前記固形癌は肺癌であり、且つ前記の少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物は、miR−205、miR−200b及びmiR−9−1からなる群から選択される遺伝子産物、並びに、所望により、miR−210、miR−148、miR−141、miR−132、miR−215、miR−128b、let−7g、miR−16−2、miR−129−1/2prec、miR−126*、miR−142−as、miR−30d、miR−30a−5p、miR−7−2、miR−199a−1、miR−127、miR−34a prec、miR−34a、miR−136、miR−202、miR−196−2、miR−199a−2、let−7a−2、miR−124a−1、miR−149、miR−17−5p、miR−196−1prec、miR−10a、miR−99b prec、miR−196−1、miR−199b、miR−191、miR−195、miR−155及びそれらの組合せからなる群より選択される、1種又は2種以上のmiR遺伝子産物である;
(iii)前記固形癌は膵癌であり、且つ前記の少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物は、miR−103−2遺伝子産物、並びに、所望により、miR−103−1、miR−24−2、miR−107、miR−100、miR−125b−2、miR−125b−1、miR−24−1、miR−191、miR−23a、miR−26a−1、miR−125a、miR−130a、miR−26b、miR−145、miR−221、miR−126*、miR−16−2、miR−146、miR−214、miR−99b、miR−128b、miR−155、miR−29b−2、miR−29a、miR−25、miR−16−1、miR−99a、miR−224、miR−30d、miR−92−2、miR−199a−1、miR−223、miR−29c、miR−30b、miR−129−1/2、miR−197、miR−17−5p、miR−30c、miR−7−1、miR−93−1、miR−140、miR−30a−5p、miR−132、miR−181b−1、miR−152prec、miR−23b、miR−20a、miR−222、miR−27a、miR−92−1、miR−129−1/2prec、miR−150、miR−32、miR−106a、miR−29b−1及びそれらの組合せからなる群より選択される、1種又は2種以上のmiR遺伝子産物である;
(iv)前記固形癌は前立腺癌であり、且つ前記の少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物は、let−7d遺伝子産物、並びに、所望により、miR−128a prec、miR−195、miR−203、let−7a−2prec、miR−34a、miR−20a、miR−218−2、miR−29a、miR−25、miR−95、miR−197、miR−135−2、miR−187、miR−196−1、miR−148、miR−191、let−7i、miR−198、miR−199a−2、miR−30c、miR−17−5p、miR−92−2、miR−146、miR−181b−1prec、miR−32、miR−206、miR−184prec、miR−29a prec、miR−29b−2、miR−149、miR−181b−1、miR−196−1prec、miR−93−1、miR−223、miR−16−1、miR−101−1、miR−124a−1、miR−26a−1、miR−214、miR−27a、miR−24−1、miR−106a、miR−199a−1及びそれらの組合せからなる群より選択される、1種又は2種以上のmiR遺伝子産物である;並びに
(v)前記固形癌は胃癌であり、且つ前記の少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物は、miR−223遺伝子産物、並びに、所望により、miR−218−2、miR−103−2、miR−92−2、miR−25、miR−136、miR−191、miR−221、miR−125b−2、miR−103−1、miR−214、miR−222、miR−212prec、miR−125b−1、miR−100、miR−107、miR−92−1、miR−96、miR−192、miR−23a、miR−215、miR−7−2、miR−138−2、miR−24−1、miR−99b、miR−33b、miR−24−2及びそれらの組合せからなる群より選択される、1種又は2種以上のmiR遺伝子産物である、
からなる群より選択される、前記方法。 - 被験者が固形癌を有する危険性があるかどうか又は当該癌を発生する危険性があるかどうかを検出する、請求項1に記載の方法であって、
(1)被験者から得た試験試料からのRNAを逆転写して、1揃いの逆転写産物を提供し;
(2)miRNA特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチドを含むマイクロアレイに前記逆転写産物をハイブリダイズさせて試験試料についてのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルを提供し;
(3)試験試料のハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルと対照試料から生じさせたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルとを比較する;
ことを含む、
ここで、少なくとも1種のmiRNAについて得られたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルにおける変化は、被験者は固形癌を有する危険性があるかどうか又はそれを発生する危険性があるかのいずれかであることの指標である、
前記方法。 - 少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物について得られたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルが、対照試料からのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルと比較して減少する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物について得られたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルが、対照試料からのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルと比較して増加する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- マイクロアレイが、miR−21に対するmiRNA特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチド、ならびに、miR−17−5p、miR−191、miR−29b−2、miR−223、miR−128b、miR−199a−1、miR−24−1、miR−24−2、miR−146、miR−155、miR−181b−1、miR−20a、miR−107、miR−32、miR−92−2、miR−214、miR−30c、miR−25、miR−221、miR−106aからなる群より選択された1種又は2種以上のmiRNAに対するmiRNA特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチド、を含む請求項2に記載の方法。
- 被験者が固形癌を有する危険性があるかどうかを検出する方法であって、以下:
被験者からの試験試料中のmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物の発現レベルを測定し;
試験試料中のmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物の発現レベルを、対照試料中のmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物の発現レベルと比較し;そして
被験者における大腸癌、膵癌、前立腺癌、および胃癌からなる群より選択される固形癌を検出する;
ここで、対照試料中のmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物の発現レベルに比較して、試験試料中のmiR−21遺伝子産物の発現レベルの増加およびmiR−191遺伝子産物の発現レベルの増加は、被験者が大腸癌、膵癌、前立腺癌、および胃癌からなる群より選択される固形癌を有することの指標である、
前記方法。 - (1)被験者から得た試験試料からのmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物を逆転写して、miR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物に相補的な逆転写産物を提供し;
(2)miR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物に特異的なプローブオリゴヌクレオチドを含むmiRNA特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチドを含むマイクロアレイに、前記miR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物に相補的な逆転写産物をハイブリダイズさせて、試験試料についてのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルを提供し;そして
(3)試験試料のハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルと対照のハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルとを比較する;
ことを含み、ここで、試験試料のハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルにおけるmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物に対応するシグナルが、対照のハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルにおけるmiR−21遺伝子産物およびmiR−191遺伝子産物に対応するシグナルよりも大きい場合、当該結果は被験者が大腸癌、膵癌、前立腺癌、および胃癌からなる群より選択される固形癌を有することの指標となる、請求項6に記載の方法。 - miR−21およびmiR−191の測定に加えて、少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物を測定することを更に含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 被験者が乳癌を有する危険性があるかどうか又は当該癌を発生する危険性があるかどうかを検出する方法であって、被験者からの試験試料中の、miR−21遺伝子産物及び少なくとの1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物の発現レベルを測定することを含み、
ここで、対照試料中の対応するmiR−21遺伝子産物の発現レベルと比較した試験試料中のmiR−21遺伝子産物の発現レベルの増加は、被験者は乳癌を有する危険性があるか又はそれを発生する危険性があるかのいずれかであることの指標である、そして
ここで当該少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物は、miR−29b−2遺伝子産物、並びに、所望により、miR−146、miR−125b−2、miR−10b、miR−181a、miR−140、miR−213、miR−29a prec、miR−181b−1、miR−199b、miR−29b−1、miR−130a、let−7a−2、miR−205、miR−29c、miR−224、miR−100、miR−31、miR−30c、miR−17−5p、miR−210、miR−122a、miR−16−2及びそれらの組合せからなる群より選択される、1種又は2種以上のmiR遺伝子産物である、前記方法。 - 被験者が乳癌を有する危険性があるかどうか又は当該癌を発生する危険性があるかどうかを検出する、請求項9記載の方法であって、
(1)被験者から得た試験試料からのRNAを逆転写して、1揃いの逆転写産物を提供し;
(2)miRNA特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチドを含むマイクロアレイに前記逆転写産物をハイブリダイズさせて試験試料についてのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルを提供し;
(3)試験試料のハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルと対照試料から生じさせたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルとを比較する;
ことを含む、
ここで、少なくとも1種のmiRNAについて得られたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルにおける変化は、被験者は乳癌を有する危険性があるか又はそれを発生する危険性があるかのいずれかであることの指標である、
前記方法。 - 少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物について得られたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルが、対照試料からのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルと比較して減少する、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1種の追加のmiR遺伝子産物について得られたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルが、対照試料からのハイブリダイゼーションプロファイル中のシグナルと比較して増加する、請求項10に記載の方法。
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