JP2012532129A - Smac模倣体 - Google Patents
Smac模倣体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012532129A JP2012532129A JP2012518560A JP2012518560A JP2012532129A JP 2012532129 A JP2012532129 A JP 2012532129A JP 2012518560 A JP2012518560 A JP 2012518560A JP 2012518560 A JP2012518560 A JP 2012518560A JP 2012532129 A JP2012532129 A JP 2012532129A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、SMAC模倣体および組成物、ならびにがんを含む増殖性障害を処置するためのその使用の分野にある。
アポトーシスタンパク質阻害剤(IAP)は、カスパーゼ依存性アポトーシスを抑制する天然の細胞内タンパク質である。DIABLOとしても知られるSMACは、IAPの活性に拮抗する、すなわちそれを阻害するように機能する別の細胞内タンパク質である。正常な健康細胞において、SMACおよびIAPは一緒になって健康細胞を維持するように機能する。しかし、ある種の疾患状態、例えばがんおよび他の増殖性障害において、IAPは適切に拮抗されず、したがってアポトーシスを阻止し、異常な増殖および生存を引き起こすかまたは増悪させる。
本発明の化合物は、増殖性障害、例えば各種良性腫瘍もしくは悪性腫瘍(がん)、良性増殖性疾患(例えば乾癬、良性前立腺肥大症および再狭窄)、または自己免疫疾患(例えば自己免疫増殖性糸球体腎炎、リンパ球増殖性自己免疫応答)の処置において使用可能なSMAC模倣体である。IAPアンタゴニストで潜在的に処置可能ながんとしては、以下のうち1つまたは複数が挙げられるがそれに限定されない: 肺腺がん、膵がん、結腸がん、卵巣がん、乳がん、中皮腫、末梢神経腫、膀胱がん、膠芽腫、黒色腫、副腎皮質がん、AIDS関連リンパ腫、肛門がん、膀胱がん、髄膜腫、神経膠腫、星状細胞腫、乳がん、子宮頸がん、慢性骨髄増殖性障害(例えば慢性リンパ性白血病、慢性骨髄性白血病)、結腸がん、内分泌がん、子宮内膜がん、上衣腫、食道がん、ユーイング肉腫、頭蓋外胚細胞腫瘍、性腺外胚細胞腫瘍、肝外胆管がん、胆嚢がん、胃がん、消化管カルチノイド腫瘍、妊娠性トロホブラスト腫瘍、ヘアリーセル白血病、ホジキンリンパ腫、非ホジキンリンパ腫、下咽頭がん、眼球内黒色腫、島細胞がん、カポジ肉腫、喉頭がん、白血病、急性リンパ芽球性白血病、急性骨髄性白血病、口唇がん、口腔がん、肝がん、男性乳がん、悪性中皮腫、髄芽腫、黒色腫、メルケル細胞がん、転移性扁平上皮頸部がん、多発性骨髄腫および他の形質細胞腫瘍、菌状息肉症およびセザリー症候群、骨髄異形成症候群、上咽頭がん、神経芽腫、非小細胞肺がん、小細胞肺がん、中咽頭がん、骨肉腫および骨悪性線維性組織球腫を含む骨がん、卵巣上皮がん、卵巣胚細胞腫瘍、卵巣低悪性度腫瘍、膵がん、副鼻腔がん、副甲状腺がん、陰茎がん、褐色細胞腫、下垂体腫瘍、前立腺がん、直腸がん、腎細胞がん、網膜芽腫、横紋筋肉腫、唾液腺がん、皮膚がん、小腸がん、軟部組織肉腫、テント上原始神経外胚葉性腫瘍、松果体芽腫、精巣がん、胸腺腫、胸腺がん、甲状腺がん、腎盂および尿管移行細胞がん、尿道がん、子宮肉腫、膣がん、外陰がん、ならびにウィルムス腫瘍および他の小児腎腫瘍。
4-(tert-ブチル-ジメチル-シラニルオキシ)-ピロリジン-1,2-ジカルボン酸1-ベンジルエステル(2)
Z-Hyp-OH (1、300g、1.13mol)、TEA (395mL、2.83mol)およびDBU (17.2g、1.13mol)のDMF (1.25L)溶液を冷水浴中で攪拌し、その間、TBS-Cl (188g、1.24mol)のDMF (270mL)懸濁液を21〜26℃でゆっくりと加えた[注: 中程度に発熱]。得られた希薄懸濁液を周囲温度で22時間攪拌した。反応混合物を2℃に冷却し、26℃以下の水(1.54L)で反応停止させた[注: 水層のpHは8.5〜9.0であった]。MTBE (3L)を加え、混合物を17〜19℃で濃HCl (168g)によってpH 3〜4に酸性化した。有機層を分離し、水(2x1.5L)で洗浄した。有機層を減圧濃縮し、さらなるMTBE蒸留により乾燥させた。トルエン(2x 500mL)を加え、蒸留して水分を除去することで、603gの2を明黄色油状物として得た[注: KF分析による含水量は508ppmであった]。2の小さい試料を固体に乾燥させることに基づいて、2の含有重量は412gであった(収率96%、純度について補正せず)。
Z-Hyp(OTBS)-OH (2、55.5g、145mmol)をトルエン(265mL)に溶解させた。DMF (0.1mL)および塩化オキサリル(22.4g、174mmol)を周囲温度で加えた。2〜3時間後、バブリングを停止させた。4時間後、混合物を減圧濃縮(65℃浴、約30分)して明黄色溶液95gを得た。これは1H NMR分析により酸塩化物であると確認された。
3 (227g)をTHF (600mL)中に含む溶液にTHF (160mL)中1M TBAFを周囲温度で加えた。9時間後、1M TBAF/THF溶液をさらに20mL加えた。約48時間後、反応混合物を減圧濃縮した後、EtOAc (600mL)に再溶解させた。有機溶液を水(310mL)で洗浄し、生成物を析出させて濃厚懸濁液を形成し、これを濾過した(緩徐)。固体をEtOAc (165mLを数回に分けて)で洗浄し、乾燥させて43gの4を得た。一緒にした濾液を減圧濃縮して、乾燥後にさらに4.8gの4を析出させた。
4 (51.1g、134mmol)、4-ニトロ安息香酸(27.9g、167mmol)およびトリフェニルホスフィン(48.9g、187mmol)を無水THF (700mL)およびDMF (175mL)中に含む溶液を2℃に冷却した。DIAD (37.4mL、194mmol)を2〜3℃で1時間かけて加えた。1時間後、溶液を周囲温度に昇温した。約16時間後、反応混合物を減圧濃縮し、MeOH (250mL)を加え、濃縮して濃厚懸濁液(322g)を形成した。さらなるMeOH (250mL)を加え、溶液を減圧濃縮して濃厚懸濁液(420g)を得て、これを氷浴中で冷却した。約1.5時間後、固体を真空フィルター上で回収し、冷MeOH (190mL)で洗浄した。生成物をフィルター上で風乾させて82.9g (100%超)の5を明黄色固体として得て、これを次の反応において直接使用した。
5 (82.9g)のTHF (600mL)、MeOH (200mL)および水(100mL)中懸濁液に50% NaOH水溶液(16.0 g, 200 mmol)を加えた[注: 発熱; 温度上昇: 23.7℃→25.9℃]。2時間後、氷HOAc (5.3g)を加えてpHを7〜8に調整し[注: 橙色溶液は淡黄色に変化した]、反応混合物を減圧濃縮した。水(500mL)を加え、濃縮懸濁液が形成されるまで溶媒を減圧除去した。固体を真空フィルター上で回収し、水(400mLを数回に分けて)で洗浄した。固体を真空オーブン中にて55℃で乾燥させて42.6g (83%、2工程)の6を帯黄白色固体として得た。
6 (10.1g、26mmol)の無水THF (200mL)懸濁液にTHF (26.2mL、52mmol)中2M LiBH4を約7分かけて加えた[注: 発熱; 温度上昇: 21.5℃→28.2℃]。2.5時間後、淡黄色溶液を約11℃に冷却し、メタンスルホン酸(4.66g、48mmol)を約4分かけて加えた[注: 発熱; 温度は14.2℃に上昇]。
7 (4.7g、12.8mmol)およびDMAP (81mg、0.66mmol)をDCM (100mL)中に含む溶液に無水酢酸(2.6g、25.5mmol)を周囲温度で加えた。16時間後、反応混合物をMeOH (約3mL)で反応停止させ、10% Na2CO3水溶液(50mL)、希HCl (50mL)および10% Na2CO3水溶液(50mL)で連続洗浄した。有機溶液を減圧濃縮し、ショートシリカゲルカラム(約25g)を通じて濾過した[溶離液: DCM (200mL)→0.5%(v/v) MeOH/DCM (80mL)→2% MeOH/DCM (100mL)→5% MeOH/DCM (100mL)]。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、濃縮して3.28g (63%)の8を白色泡状物として得た[注: HPLC分析により94.3 A%]。
8 (2.9g、7.1mmol)をEtOAc(約5mL)中に含む溶液を氷浴中で冷却し、予め冷却したTFA (20.3mL)を一度に加えた。得られた黄色溶液を2〜4℃で攪拌した。4.75時間後、EtOAc (30mL)および25% K2CO3水溶液(80.7g)の予め冷却した混合物に、冷反応混合物を攪拌しながら移した(カニューレ経由で)。水層を分離し、EtOAc (3x30mL)で抽出し、一緒にした有機抽出物を10% Na2CO3水溶液(30g)で洗浄した。有機溶液を減圧濃縮し、無水EtOAcを使用して共沸乾燥させてインドリルインドリンジアステレオマー2.95gを黄色泡状物として得て、これを次の反応に直接使用した。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 821.3 [(M)+; C46H46F2N4O8の計算値: 820.9]。
9 (35g、42.7mmol)を1:1 EtOAc/MeOH (400mL)中に含む懸濁液を2本の500mL Parrボトル(各約200mL)に分配し、10% パラジウム炭素(湿潤、各5000mg、Aldrich(登録商標))を装入した。反応混合物を50 PSI H2に加圧し、3時間振盪した。反応混合物をセライト(登録商標)のパッドを通じて濾過し、固体をEtOAcで洗浄した。浄化した濾液を減圧濃縮して24gの10を帯黄白色固体として得て、これを次の反応に直接使用した。
Boc-Abu-OH (20.4g、100mmol)およびHATU (42.0g、110mmol)を無水NMP (150mL)中に含む溶液に0℃でNMM (16mL、150mmol)、続いて10 (24g、42mmol)のNMP (100mL)溶液を加えた。反応混合物をゆっくりと周囲温度に昇温した。16時間後、反応混合物をMTBE (1000mL)で希釈し、不均一混合物を水(500mL)で洗浄した。層を分離し、有機相は不均一懸濁液を形成した。MTBE (1000mL)およびEtOAc (500mL)を加え、現在不均一な溶液を1N HCl (2x100mL)、飽和NaHCO3水溶液(2x100mL)、ブラインで連続洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。残渣を1:1 DCM/MeOH (600mL)に溶解させ、DCM (約200mL)を50℃で留去した[注: 少量の白色析出物が観察された]。MeOH (200mL)を加え、さらなる溶媒を50℃で除去した(約200mL)。不均一混合物を-5℃で冷却した。16時間後、固体を減圧濾取し、冷MeOHで洗浄した。固体を高真空乾燥させて32gの11を帯黄白色固体として得た。
11 (27.5g、30mmol)をDCM (200mL)中に含む溶液を0℃に冷却した。TFA (50mL)を加え、11から12への変換完了(約3時間)まで反応をLC/MS分析でモニタリングした。溶媒を減圧除去し、濃緑色残渣をEtOAc(約1L)に溶解させた。EtOAc溶液を飽和NaHCO3水溶液/氷/水混合物に慎重に注いで残留TFAを中和した。有機相を分離し、飽和NaHCO3水溶液で2回、次にブラインで1回洗浄した。一緒にした水性洗浄液をEtOAc (2x100mL)で逆抽出し、一緒にした有機抽出物を無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して22gの粗生成物12を帯黄白色固体として得た。
Boc-N(Me)Ala-OH (14.6g、72mmol)およびHATU (30.4g、80mmol)を無水NMP (150mL)中に含む溶液に0℃でNMM (12mL、105mmol)を加えた後、NMP (200mL)中12 (30mmol)を加えた。得られた混合物を周囲温度に昇温した。16時間後、反応混合物をジエチルエーテル(1L)で希釈し、水(1L)、1N HCl (2x100mL)、飽和NaHCO3水溶液(2x100mL)、ブラインで連続洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して33.5gの粗生成物13を得た。
13 (28.5g、26mmol)をDCM (150mL)中に含む溶液を0℃に冷却した。TFA (50mL)を加えた。30分後、反応混合物を周囲温度に昇温し、LC/MS分析が13から14への変換完了(約4時間)を明らかにするまでモニタリングした。溶媒を減圧除去し、濃緑色残渣をEtOAc(500mL)に溶解させ、NaHCO3水溶液/氷混合物上に慎重に注いだ。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x250mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物を飽和NaHCO3水溶液、次にブラインで数回洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して24gの14を明黄色固体として得た。
14 (24g)をMeOH (200mL)中に含む溶液に1M NaOH (80mL)を0℃で加えた。反応混合物を脱気し、アルミ箔で包まれた窒素雰囲気下に維持した。氷浴を除去した。60分後、MeOHを減圧除去し、残渣を水(200mL)で希釈し、EtOAc (500mL)で抽出した。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x150mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物をブラインで洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して22.5gの15を明黄褐色固体として得た。
Boc-Ala-OH (16、3.5g、18.5mmol)の無水THF (50mL)溶液にNaH (2.1g、ミネラルオイル中60%、51.0mmol)を0℃で加えた。45分後、反応混合物を周囲温度に昇温し、次に45℃にさらに20分間昇温した。反応混合物を0℃に冷却し、d3-ヨードメタン(10.0g、69.0mmol)を加えた。得られた混合物を周囲温度で攪拌した。16時間後、反応混合物を水で反応停止させ、EtOAcで抽出した。有機相を廃棄し、水溶液を1N HClでpH 3に酸性化し、EtOAcで抽出した。有機相をブラインで洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。残渣を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製して、凍結乾燥後に17 (3.6g、94%)を白色固体として得た。
Boc-N(d3-Me)Ala-OH (17、1.00g、4.83mmol)およびHATU (2.00g、5.30mmol)を無水NMP (20mL)中に含む溶液に0℃でNMM (0.8mL、7.20mmol)を加え、続いてNMP (20mL)中12 (粗生成物、1.73g、2.40mmol)を加えた。得られた混合物を周囲温度に昇温した。16時間後、反応混合物をジエチルエーテル(200mL)で希釈し、水(200mL)、1N HCl (2x100mL)、飽和NaHCO3水溶液(2x100mL)、ブラインで連続洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。残渣を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させて1.1gの18 (42%)を帯黄白色固体として得た。
18 (1.10g、1.00mmol)をDCM (15mL)中に含む溶液を0℃に冷却した。TFA (5mL)を加えた。30分後、反応混合物を周囲温度に昇温し、LC/MS分析が18から19への変換完了(約4時間)を明らかにするまでモニタリングした。溶媒を減圧除去し、濃緑色残渣をEtOAc(100mL)に溶解させ、NaHCO3水溶液/氷混合物上に慎重に注いだ。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x50mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物を飽和NaHCO3水溶液、次にブラインで数回洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して粗生成物19を得て、これをさらに精製せずに使用した。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 897.5 [(M)+; C46H54D6F2N8O8の計算値: 897.0]。
粗生成物19 (約1.00mmol)をMeOH (20mL)中に含む溶液に1M NaOH (2mL)を周囲温度で加えた。35分後、MeOHを減圧除去し、残渣を水(50mL)で希釈し、EtOAc (2x50mL)で抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物をブラインで洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。残渣を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させて0.6gの20 (75%)を綿状白色固体として得た。
6 (3.0g、7.85mmol)の無水THF (50mL)懸濁液を0℃に冷却した。d4-NaBH4 (0.66g、15.7mmol)を一度に加えた後、BF3エーテラート(1.1mL、8.60mmol)を加えた。約10分後、氷浴を除去し、反応混合物を還流に昇温した。
粗生成物21 (約7.85mmol)、Et3N (1.2g、12.0mmol)およびDMAP (50mg、触媒)をDCM (30mL)中に含む溶液に無水酢酸(0.74mL、7.85mmol)を周囲温度で加えた。3時間後、反応混合物を飽和NaHCO3水溶液(50mL)で反応停止させ、次にDCMで希釈した。DCM層を分離し、希HCl (50mL)、水(50mL)およびブライン(50mL)で連続洗浄した。有機溶液を無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。粗生成物をフラッシュシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー[ヘキサン中30〜40%]で精製して、2.0 g (62%、2工程)の22を白色泡状物として得た。
予め冷却した(-5℃) TFA (10mL)にインドール22 (2.0g、4.80mmol)を溶解させた。得られた黄色溶液を2時間かけてゆっくりと周囲温度に昇温した。反応混合物を減圧濃縮してTFAを除去し、インドリルインドリンジアステレオマーの粗混合物を次の反応に直接使用した。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 825.4 [(M)+; C46H42D4F2N4O8の計算値: 824.9]。
23 (0.40g、0.48mmol)を1:1 EtOAc/MeOH (40mL)中に含む懸濁液を500mL Parrボトル中に配置し、10% パラジウム炭素 (湿潤、約200mg)を装入した。反応混合物を50 PSI H2に加圧し、3時間振盪した。反応混合物をセライト(登録商標)のパッドを通じて濾過し、固体をEtOAcで洗浄した。浄化した濾液を減圧濃縮して粗生成物24を帯黄白色固体として得て、これを次の反応に直接使用した。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 555.2 [(M)+; C30H28D4F2N4O4の計算値: 554.6]。
Boc-Abu-OH (224mg、1.1mmol)およびHATU (442mg、1.2mmol)を無水NMP (10mL)中に含む溶液に0℃でNMM (0.2mL、1.7mmol)、続いて24 (0.48mmol)のNMP (10mL)溶液を加えた。反応混合物をゆっくりと周囲温度に昇温した。16時間後、反応混合物をジエチルエーテル(100mL)で希釈し、混合物を水(5x50mL)、1N HCl (50mL)、飽和NaHCO3水溶液(50mL)およびブラインで連続洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。粗生成物を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、濃縮し、凍結乾燥させて310mgの25 (70%、2工程)を綿状白色固体として得た。
25 (310mg、0.34mmol)をDCM (20mL)中に含む溶液を0℃に冷却した。TFA (5mL)を加え、25から26への変換完了(約3時間)まで反応をLC/MS分析でモニタリングした。溶媒を減圧除去し、濃緑色残渣をEtOAc(50mL)に溶解させた。EtOAc溶液を飽和NaHCO3水溶液/氷/水混合物に慎重に注いで残留TFAを中和した。有機相を分離し、飽和NaHCO3水溶液で2回、次にブラインで1回洗浄した。一緒にした水性洗浄液をEtOAc (2x20mL)で逆抽出し、一緒にした有機抽出物を無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して粗生成物26 (250mg)を帯黄白色固体として得た。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 725.3 [(M)+; C38H42D4F2N6O6の計算値: 724.8]。
Boc-N(Me)Ala-OH (83mg、0.41mmol)およびHATU (172mg、0.45mmol)を無水NMP (5mL)中に含む溶液に0℃でNMM (0.1mL、0.85mmol)を加えた後、NMP (5mL)中粗生成物26 (123mg、0.17mmol)を加えた。得られた混合物を周囲温度に昇温した。16時間後、反応混合物をジエチルエーテル(100mL)で希釈し、水(50mL)、1N HCl (2x50mL)、飽和NaHCO3水溶液(2x50mL)、ブラインで連続洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。粗生成物を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、濃縮し、凍結乾燥させて170mgの27 (91%、2工程)を綿状帯黄白色固体として得た。
27 (170mg、0.15mmol)をDCM (15mL)中に含む溶液を0℃に冷却した。TFA (5mL)を加えた。30分後、反応混合物を周囲温度に昇温し、LC/MS分析が27から28への変換完了(約4時間)を明らかにするまでモニタリングした。溶媒を減圧除去し、濃緑色残渣をEtOAc(100mL)に溶解させ、NaHCO3水溶液/氷混合物上に慎重に注いだ。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x20mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物を飽和NaHCO3水溶液、次にブラインで数回洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して粗生成物28を明黄色固体として得た。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 895.3 [(M)+; C46H56D4F2N8O8の計算値: 895.0]。
粗生成物28 (0.15mmol)をMeOH (20mL)中に含む溶液に1M NaOH (5mL)を0℃で加えた。反応混合物を脱気し、アルミ箔で包まれた窒素雰囲気下に維持した。氷浴を除去した。60分後、MeOHを減圧除去し、残渣を水(20mL)で希釈し、EtOAc (50mL)で抽出した。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x50mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物をブラインで洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。粗生成物を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、濃縮し、凍結乾燥させて110mgの29 (90%、2工程)を綿状白色固体として得た。
Boc-N(d3-Me)Ala-OH (17、83mg、0.41mmol)およびHATU (172mg、0.45mmol)を無水NMP (5mL)中に含む溶液に0℃でNMM (0.1mL、0.85mmol)を加えた後、NMP (5mL)中粗生成物26 (123mg、0.17mmol)を加えた。得られた混合物を周囲温度に昇温した。16時間後、反応混合物をジエチルエーテル(100mL)で希釈し、水(50mL)、1N HCl (2x50mL)、飽和NaHCO3水溶液(2x50mL)、ブラインで連続洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。粗生成物を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、濃縮し、凍結乾燥させて160mgの30 (85%、2工程)を綿状白色固体として得た。
30 (160mg、0.14mmol)をDCM (15mL)中に含む溶液を0℃に冷却した。TFA (5mL)を加えた。30分後、反応混合物を周囲温度に昇温し、LC/MS分析が30から31への変換完了(約4時間)を明らかにするまでモニタリングした。溶媒を減圧除去し、濃緑色残渣をEtOAc(100mL)に溶解させ、NaHCO3水溶液/氷混合物上に慎重に注いだ。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x20mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物を飽和NaHCO3水溶液、次にブラインで数回洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮して粗生成物31を明黄色固体として得た。質量スペクトル(ESI)、m/z 901.5 [(M)+; C46H50D10F2N8O8の計算値: 901.1]。
粗生成物31 (0.14mmol)をMeOH (20mL)中に含む溶液に1M NaOH (5mL)を0℃で加えた。反応混合物を脱気し、アルミ箔で包まれた窒素雰囲気下に維持した。氷浴を除去した。60分後、MeOHを減圧除去し、残渣を水(20mL)で希釈し、EtOAc (50mL)で抽出した。水相を分離し、EtOAc (2x50mL)で逆抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出物をブラインで洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、濃縮した。粗生成物を逆相HPLC (Dynamax 2" C18カラム; 10〜100% ACN/0.1% HOAc含有水で30分; 40mL/分)で精製した。生成物含有画分を一緒にし、濃縮し、凍結乾燥させて100mgの32 (87%、2工程)を綿状白色固体として得た。
実施例2、3、4および5で試験した化合物を表1に示す。
cIAP-1およびcIAP-2の50%の分解を誘導する各種化合物の濃度(IC50)を、A375細胞における緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)シグナルの消失をモニタリングすることで決定した。簡潔にいえば、cIAP-1 (A375Gc1)またはcIAP-2 (A375Gc2)コード領域を含むHA2xEGFP-pcDNA3ベクターを形質移入することで、GFPタグ化cIAP-1およびcIAP-2を発現させるA375細胞系を作成した。2x104個のA375Gc1またはA375Gc2細胞を96ウェルプレート中で成長させ、様々な濃度の試験化合物で2時間処理した。インキュベーション後、細胞をトリプシン処理で回収し、DMEM-10% FBS 150μlに懸濁させた。FACScan (Becton Dickinson)を使用して全104個の細胞を分析した。GFPの蛍光は、488nmの励起フィルターを使用してモニタリングし、530nmフィルターを用いて発光を測定した。IC50は、GFPシグナルの50%が阻害された薬物の濃度として規定される。
指数関数的に成長するMDA-MB-231腫瘍細胞(ATCC)をトリプシン処理で収集し、テーブルトップ遠心機中、1000 x gにて室温で10分間の遠心分離で回収した。細胞ペレットを、低張溶解緩衝液(20mM HEPES、pH7.5、10mM KCl、1.5mM MgCl2、1.0mM EDTA、1.0mM DTT) 5mLに再懸濁させることで1回洗浄し、遠心分離で再回収した。次に、完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤錠(Roche)を補充した1体積の低張溶解緩衝液にペレットを再懸濁させ、氷上で30分間膨潤させた。27ゲージ針に約50回通すことで細胞を破壊した。溶解を光学顕微鏡法でモニタリングした。溶解液を12000 x gにて4℃で10分間遠心分離して膜画分、未溶解細胞およびデブリを除去した。タンパク質濃度決定および引き続くアッセイ分析のために可溶性画分を回収した。
SKOV-3卵巣腫瘍細胞の細胞毒性データを実質的に以下のように作成した。既に記載され(Hansen, M. B., Nielsen, S. E., and Berg, K. (1989) J. Immunol. Methods 119, 203-210)、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられるように、MTT (3-(4,5-ジメチルチアゾール-2-イル)-2,5-ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド)アッセイは、細胞成長を測定するために使用されてきたアッセイの一例である。簡潔にいえば、SK-OV-3細胞を、10%ウシ胎仔血清アルブミンを含むマッコイ培地内で、96ウェルプレートに播種し(ウェル当たり5,000個)、37℃で終夜インキュベートした。翌日、試験化合物を様々な濃度(0.003〜10μM)で加え、プレートを37℃でさらに72時間インキュベートした。このインキュベーション時間は、異なる類似体の阻害作用を測定するために最適であった。5mg/mL MTT試薬50マイクロリットルを各ウェルに加え、プレートを37℃で3時間インキュベートした。インキュベーション期間の終わりに、DMSO 50マイクロリットルを各ウェルに加えて細胞を溶解させ、マイクロプレートリーダー(Victor2 1420、Wallac、フィンランド)を535nmで使用してウェルの光学密度(OD)を測定した。細胞生存率(CS)を下記式により計算した。
CS=(処理ウェルのOD/対照ウェルの平均OD) X 100%
50% CSを生じさせる薬物濃度として規定されるCC50は、用量反応曲線が50% CS地点と交差する地点をGraphPad Prismを使用して計算することで導出した。これらの結果は、cIAP-1に結合するSmac模倣体が、がんの処置において、単剤療法としてまたは化学療法薬との組み合わせで使用可能であることを示唆している。このアッセイで試験した化合物についてのSKOV-3細胞毒性アッセイの結果を表4に示す。
体重減少(BWL)、致死率およびさらなる毒性データを実質的に以下のように作成した。スプラーグドーリーラットに化合物15、4および5を毎日投与した(QDx4、静脈内ボーラススロープッシュ)。体重を4日目に測った。これを1日目からの変化パーセントとして示す。化合物4および5を0.3mg/Kg、1mg/Kgまたは3mg/Kgで投与し、化合物15を1、5または10mg/Kgで投与した。
BWLアッセイの結果を図1に示す。
化合物4および5は3mg/Kgで耐容されず、動物をこの用量で死滅させた。5mg/Kgの化合物15では致死率は観察されなかった(10mg/Kgで致死率が観察された)。
1mg/kg/日の化合物15では、4日間の投与後に臨床徴候は見られなかった。5mg/kg/日の化合物15で処置した動物は、1mg/kg/日の化合物4および5と同様の臨床徴候、例えば嗜眠、呼吸の増大/不規則性および心拍数の増大を示した。1mg/kgの化合物5で処置したラットは、2日目〜4日目に、脱水症、毛づくろいなしの外観、有色の鼻漏、脱毛症(頭)および過度のひっかきを含むさらなる臨床所見を示した。
1mg/Kgでは、化合物4および5を受け取った動物は体重が減少し、一方、1mg/kg/日の化合物15を受け取った動物は体重が増加した。5mg/kg/日の化合物15では、1日目〜4日目に約8%の処置関連の平均体重減少が見られた。それぞれ1mg/kg/日の化合物4および5で処置した動物において、約4%および6%の処置関連の平均体重減少が見られた。
1mg/kg/日の化合物4および5での処置後の解剖学的病態の評価により以下の知見が得られた。化合物4および5を1mg/kg/日で投与した場合の、赤血球系の重度の骨髄細胞低形成、骨髄系の軽度から中程度の細胞過形成、ならびに脛骨および胸骨における巨核球の軽度から中程度の肥大および過形成をマークした。化合物4および5では、肺は、2型肺細胞の用量関連の軽度から中程度のびまん性肥大/過形成を示し、これは肺胞マクロファージ、肥大化した細気管支上皮細胞、増殖性の血管周囲単核細胞および肥大化した臓側胸膜細胞の増加を伴った。対照的に、同一用量(1mg/kg/日)の化合物15での処置後の解剖学的病態の評価により、赤血球細胞の最小度から軽度の細胞低形成、骨髄細胞の最小度から軽度の細胞過形成、および肺における最小度の2型肺細胞肥大が同定された。
MDA-MB-231異種移植片データを実質的に以下のように作成した。MDA-MB-231ヒト乳腺腫瘍細胞を雌ヌードマウスの乳房脂肪パッドに注射し、12日後に平均腫瘍体積約148mm3で投薬を開始した。対照群における体重減少または動物罹患性の欠如に基づくこのモデルに、腫瘍量は関係していなかった。1:1 HBSS:マトリゲル溶液200μlに懸濁させた1x107個の細胞をマウスの乳房脂肪パッドに皮下注射した。注射した細胞は当初のロットの9継代内とした。予定開始日の約1週間前から試験前腫瘍体積を記録した。腫瘍が約150mm3に達した時点で、動物を腫瘍体積によって処置群および対照群にマッチングさせ、投薬を開始する(0日目)。マウスをタグ付けし、実験全体を通じて個々に追跡する。動物には体重比で投薬した(グラム当たり0.01mL; 10 ml/Kg)。
・体重減少の減少、
・致死率の低下、
・赤血球系の骨髄細胞低形成の減少、
・骨髄系の細胞過形成の減少、
・巨核球の肥大および過形成の減少、
・2型肺細胞のびまん性肥大/過形成の減少、
・嗜眠の低下、
・呼吸の規則性向上、
・心拍数の増加の低減。
Claims (19)
- 増殖性障害の処置のための、請求項2記載の薬学的組成物。
- がんの処置のための、請求項2記載の薬学的組成物。
- 滅菌注射液である、請求項2、3または4記載の薬学的組成物。
- 単位剤形中に存在する、請求項2、3、4または5記載の薬学的組成物。
- 増殖性障害の処置をそれを必要とする哺乳動物において行う方法であって、有効量の化合物15を該動物に体内投与する段階を含む方法。
- 増殖性障害が、肺腺がん、膵がん、結腸がん、卵巣がん、乳がん、中皮腫、末梢神経腫、膀胱がん、膠芽腫、黒色腫、副腎皮質がん、AIDS関連リンパ腫、肛門がん、膀胱がん、髄膜腫、神経膠腫、星状細胞腫、乳がん、子宮頸がん、慢性骨髄増殖性障害(例えば慢性リンパ性白血病、慢性骨髄性白血病)、結腸がん、内分泌がん、子宮内膜がん、上衣腫、食道がん、ユーイング肉腫、頭蓋外胚細胞腫瘍、性腺外胚細胞腫瘍、肝外胆管がん、胆嚢がん、胃がん、消化管カルチノイド腫瘍、妊娠性トロホブラスト腫瘍、ヘアリーセル白血病、ホジキンリンパ腫、非ホジキンリンパ腫、下咽頭がん、眼球内黒色腫、島細胞がん、カポジ肉腫、喉頭がん、白血病、急性リンパ芽球性白血病、急性骨髄性白血病、口唇がん、口腔がん、肝がん、男性乳がん、悪性中皮腫、髄芽腫、黒色腫、メルケル細胞がん、転移性扁平上皮頸部がん、多発性骨髄腫および他の形質細胞腫瘍、菌状息肉症およびセザリー症候群、骨髄異形成症候群、上咽頭がん、神経芽腫、非小細胞肺がん、小細胞肺がん、中咽頭がん、骨肉腫および骨悪性線維性組織球腫を含む骨がん、卵巣上皮がん、卵巣胚細胞腫瘍、卵巣低悪性度腫瘍、膵がん、副鼻腔がん、副甲状腺がん、陰茎がん、褐色細胞腫、下垂体腫瘍、前立腺がん、直腸がん、腎細胞がん、網膜芽腫、横紋筋肉腫、唾液腺がん、皮膚がん、小腸がん、軟部組織肉腫、テント上原始神経外胚葉性腫瘍、松果体芽腫、精巣がん、胸腺腫、胸腺がん、甲状腺がん、腎盂および尿管の移行細胞がん、尿道がん、子宮肉腫、膣がん、外陰がん、ならびにウィルムス腫瘍および他の小児腎腫瘍からなる群より選択されるがんである、請求項7記載の方法。
- 増殖性障害が、肉腫、膀胱がん、卵巣がん、乳がん、脳がん、膵がん、結腸がん、血液がん、皮膚がん、肺がんおよび骨がんからなる群より選択されるがんである、請求項7記載の方法。
- がんが、結腸直腸がん、腎がん、卵巣がん、膵がん、前立腺がん、乳がん、黒色腫、膠芽腫、急性骨髄性白血病、小細胞肺細胞がん、非小細胞肺がん、横紋筋肉腫および基底細胞がんより選択される、請求項7記載の方法。
- 細胞においてアポトーシスを誘導するための方法であって、該細胞と化合物15または薬学的に許容されるその塩とを接触させる段階を含む、方法。
- 細胞ががん細胞である、請求項11記載の方法。
- 化合物15を、放射線、化学療法、免疫療法、光線力学療法およびそれらの組み合わせより選択される第2のがん治療との組み合わせで投与する段階を含む、請求項7〜12のいずれか一項または複数項記載の方法。
- 自己免疫疾患の処置を、それを必要とする哺乳動物において行う方法であって、自己免疫疾患についての状態が、アポトーシスの異常制御により引き起こされるかまたは増悪し、かつ全身性エリテマトーデス、乾癬および特発性血小板減少性紫斑病(Morbus Werlhof)からなる群より選択され、前記方法が、有効量の化合物15または薬学的に許容されるその塩を前記動物に体内投与する段階を含む、方法。
- 化合物9、化合物10、化合物11、化合物12、化合物13および保護された化合物15からなる群より選択される化合物。
- 化合物14である、請求項15記載の化合物。
- 保護された化合物15を脱保護する段階を含む、化合物15を調製するための方法。
- 保護された化合物15が化合物14である、請求項17記載の方法。
- 化合物19、化合物20、化合物28、化合物29、化合物31および化合物32からなる群より選択される化合物。
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