EP1434695B1 - Security element - Google Patents

Security element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1434695B1
EP1434695B1 EP02776977A EP02776977A EP1434695B1 EP 1434695 B1 EP1434695 B1 EP 1434695B1 EP 02776977 A EP02776977 A EP 02776977A EP 02776977 A EP02776977 A EP 02776977A EP 1434695 B1 EP1434695 B1 EP 1434695B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
security element
pattern
pattern elements
light
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02776977A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1434695A1 (en
Inventor
René Staub
Wayne Robert Tompkin
Andreas Schilling
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
OVD Kinegram AG
Original Assignee
OVD Kinegram AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by OVD Kinegram AG filed Critical OVD Kinegram AG
Publication of EP1434695A1 publication Critical patent/EP1434695A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1434695B1 publication Critical patent/EP1434695B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/36Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
    • B42D25/373Metallic materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/328Diffraction gratings; Holograms
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/29Securities; Bank notes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/324Reliefs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/351Translucent or partly translucent parts, e.g. windows
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/40Manufacture
    • B42D25/45Associating two or more layers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42DBOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/40Manufacture
    • B42D25/45Associating two or more layers
    • B42D25/465Associating two or more layers using chemicals or adhesives
    • B42D25/47Associating two or more layers using chemicals or adhesives using adhesives

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an optically diffractive security element according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such security elements are used to authenticate documents, such as Securities, checks, banknotes, credit cards, identity cards of all kinds, Entry tickets, tickets, etc., are used, with the security elements For example, as a thin layer composite is glued to the document.
  • the security element is one of one Laminate cut piece of foil with a flat, reflective Reflective layer. In area parts that have an individual identifier on the area form the film piece, the reflective layer is removed, so that one under the Reflection layer arranged black layer is visible. On the of the Copy machine produced copy disappears the black identifier in the Reproduction of the remaining mirror surface, since the surface parts in which the Reflection layer is removed, and the remaining mirror surface in the copy appear uniformly black.
  • Another security element has instead the plane mirror surfaces a hologram structure with the identifier and behaves like the ones discussed in the next paragraph Diffraction structures. In the copy, the identifier is in the copied image of the Hologram therefore recognizable.
  • the invention is based on the object, a cost optically variable security element to create that of a photocopier not can be reproduced and not with holographic methods can be copied.
  • FIG. 1 signify a document, 2 a security element, 3 a Background area, 4 a pattern element and 5 an imaginary, in the plane of Document 1 tilting axis.
  • Document 1 is in directional artificial light illuminated laterally and obliquely from above and viewed vertically from above.
  • the security element 2 is attached on the document 1, the security element 2 is attached.
  • the security element 2 has for identification a pattern 25 of the pattern elements 4, which from the background surfaces 3 are surrounded.
  • the pattern 25 consists of a single Pattern element 4 and forms a simple "V" character. In a practical Execution are more of the background surfaces 3 and the pattern elements. 4 arranged to the pattern 25.
  • the pattern 25 is not visible to an observer, because there is no contrast between the pattern element 4 and the background surface 3 is present and both surfaces, both the background surface 3 and the Pattern element 4, appear dark, for example, metallic matt.
  • the pattern element 4 lifts dark of the light. Background area 3 and is therefore good for the observer visible, noticeable.
  • FIG. 3 shows the security element 2 (FIG. 2) in cross section, wherein the Cutting plane, for example, the tilt axis 5 (Fig. 2) contains.
  • the Security element 2 consists of a layer composite 6 of a variety of Layers 7, 8, 9 and 11. Examples of the structure of the composite layer 6 and the for the composite layer 6 suitable materials are EP 0 401 466 A1 and US 4,856,857.
  • the layer composite 6 comprises at least one Protective layer 7, an adhesive layer 8, one between the protective layer 7 and the , Adhesive layer 8 arranged paint layer 9.
  • the adhesive layer 8 connects the Security element 2 with the document 1.
  • the reflectivity is therefore due to a arranged at the interface Reflective layer 11, which forms a thin layer ( ⁇ 0.4 microns) of a Metal or one with a suitable inorganic dielectric layer coated metal, wherein the dielectric layer on the incident Light 10 facing side of the metal is arranged.
  • the materials for the reflection layer 11 are shown in Tables 1 to 5 of US 4,856,857; Tables 1 to 6 are expressly in this Description included.
  • the tellurium not mentioned in Table 5 is suitable also for the reflection layer 11.
  • With the incident light 10 is daylight or Visually visible polychromatic light with wavelengths between Meant 380 nm and 780 nm.
  • the layer composite 6 that of the lacquer layer 9 opposite surface of the cover layer 7 of the composite layer 6 by means of a Separating layer 12 connected to a carrier tape 13 to the transfer of the To facilitate fragile layer composite 6 on the document 1.
  • the carrier tape 13 made of paper or a plastic film, e.g. PC or PETP, can be after the Glue the layer composite 6 remove so that the pattern 25 (Fig. 2) by the protective layer 7 and the lacquer layer 9 is visible therethrough. This is on the already mentioned in the beginning GB 2 129 739 B referenced.
  • paint coating 9 is in the region of Pattern elements 4 a relief structure 14 with a geometric profile depth p shaped.
  • the lacquer layer 9 is flat and smooth and is parallel to the other layers of the composite layer. 6
  • the material of the adhesive layer 8 fills the depressions of the relief structure 14. Die Interface with or without additional reflective layer 11 follows both the Relief structure 14 as well as mirror planes of the background surfaces 3.
  • Such Relief structures 14 absorb almost everything incident on the pattern elements 4 visible light 10 and scatter a small fraction of the incident light 10 in the half space above the pattern element 4 back.
  • the percentage of absorbed light 10 depends in a non-linear manner on the structure depth h and can by means of the choice of the structure depth h in the above range between 50% and about 99% are controlled, where, the flatter the relief structure 14 the more incident light 10 is backscattered and the less light 10 is absorbed.
  • the given percentages apply to the relief structure 14 with a reflection layer 11 of, for example, aluminum. Abutting Regions of the pattern elements 4 with different texture depths h therefore show a gray scale.
  • the embodiment of the relief structure 14 shown in FIG. 4 is a cross lattice formed by two sinusoidal base lattices intersecting at right angles.
  • the sine function of the first basic lattice extending along the coordinate x has a period d x and an amplitude h x
  • the sine function of the second base lattice extending along the coordinate y has a period d y and an amplitude h y .
  • h (x, y) h x • sin 2 ( ⁇ x / d x ) + h y • sin 2 ( ⁇ y / d y ), rectangular or pyramidal structures are used as the interface h (x, y).
  • the structure depth h [h x + h y ] can be chosen larger than the period d, but the relief structure 14 is difficult to produce with today's production methods.
  • the interface h (x, y) is similar to an egg carton and is shown in FIG.
  • the optical behavior of the security element 2 is included in FIG. 5 a first observation condition explained.
  • the incident light 10 forms with a normal 15 to the level of the security element 2 an angle of about 40 °.
  • the pattern elements 4 absorb with the described relief structure 14 in the visible range up to 95% of incident light 10, the rest is scattered.
  • the reflecting background surface 3 however, only about 10% of the incident light 10 absorbs and reflects that rest. Since surface parts of the pattern elements 4 to the specular Background surfaces 3 adjoin, therefore results for the observer so strong contrast, that on a given background surface 3 of the Security elements 2 arranged in the predetermined pattern 25
  • Pattern elements 4 are easily recognizable as information.
  • the pattern 25 stops Logo, text, picture or other graphic sign.
  • the drawing of Figure 5 corresponds to the lighting conditions in Copy machine.
  • the Document 1 scatters the incident light 10 into the whole half space. Thereby scattered light is arranged in a direction of the normal 15 Light receiver 16 of the copier.
  • the incident light 10 falls below the same Incidence angle ⁇ on the pattern element 4, the incident light 10, however practically absorbed; both the light receiver 16 and the observer 19 register no light from the pattern element 4.
  • the pattern element 4 is therefore dark.
  • the background surfaces 3 form for the incident in the layer composite 6
  • Light 10 the plane mirror surfaces of the pattern 25, while the pattern elements 4 as absorber surfaces swallow the incident light 10 for the most part. Therefore, the observer 19 recognizes the background surfaces in the reflected light 17 3 as intensely bright partial surfaces and the pattern elements 4 as dark partial surfaces of the pattern 25. Scattered in directions other than that of the reflected light 17 the security element 2 only a small part of the incident light 10.
  • the Intensities per unit area of the background surfaces 3 and the Pattern elements 4 scattered light are practically the same size, so that no Contrast between the background areas 3 and the pattern elements 4 is available.
  • In the illumination with the directional incident light 10 is the from the background surfaces 3 and the pattern elements 4 formed pattern 25 in Contrary to a black and white image produced by printing technology only in that when specular reflection reflected light 17 recognizable.
  • the background surface 3 and the pattern member 4 throw so small a portion of the incident light 10 into the light receiver 16 that the copying machine reproduces the background field 3 and the pattern element 4 indiscriminately as black areas.
  • the advantage of this security element 2 is that the copying machine can not reproduce the information represented by the pattern element 4, while the observer 19, who in directed incident light 10 almost automatically tilts the security element 2 in such a way that he regards the background area 3 in reflection, the information of the pattern element 4 with great contrast in front of the background surface 3 sees.
  • the security element 2 can thus easily be distinguished by an attentive observer from reflecting metal foils on good color copies of the document 1.
  • a further advantage is the use of the relief structure 14 in the security element 2 with the periods d x (FIG. 4), d y (FIG. 4), which are shorter than the wavelengths of the coherent light sources usable for holographic copying methods; Therefore, a copy of the security element 2 can not be produced with the holographic methods.
  • FIG. 6 shows a second illumination condition for the two observers 19, 20 of the security element 2.
  • a polychromatic radiation source 21, eg halogen lamp, incandescent lamp etc., is arranged above the second observer 20 and transmits the incident light 10 to the pattern element 4 at a large angle of incidence ⁇ of approximately 60 ° to 80 °.
  • the first observer 19 recognizes the pattern 25 (Fig. 2) of the pattern elements 4 against the background 3 (Fig. 5) at the reflection angle ⁇ , as stated above. If the periods d x (FIG. 4), d y (FIG.
  • the diffracted light 22 includes the short wavelength part of the visually visible spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation.
  • the diffracted light 22 is therefore in a cyan to violet color depending on the diffraction angle ⁇ and the periods d x , d y .
  • the color of the diffracted light 22 observed at a predetermined diffraction angle ⁇ to the normal 15 also depends on the azimuth in intensity. Note: In the above consideration, the refractive influence of the protective layer 7 has been disregarded.
  • the first observer 19 looks in the direction of the reflected light Light 17 and recognizes the background surfaces 3 as shiny bright faces and the pattern elements 4 as dark faces of the pattern 25th
  • the diffracted light 22 can no longer be seen by the second observer 20 in the direction of the coordinate x or y, since the relief structure 14 no longer diffracts any visible light 22.
  • the color of the visible under the reflection angle ⁇ pattern elements. 3 depends on the nature of the reflection layer 11, since different Combinations of the materials in and on the reflective layer 11 the incident Light 10 not in the whole spectral range of the visible electromagnetic Reflect radiation evenly. Deep black pattern elements 3 have with Advantage a gradual transition of the refractive index of the paint layer 9 to Reflection layer 11; the transition is by means of at least one layer of a inorganic dielectric 23 between the resist layer 9 and a Metal layer 24 of the reflection layer 11 is generated. For the flat mirror surface the background surfaces 3 affects those of the dielectric 23 and the Metal layer 24 formed reflective layer 11 is not noticeable.
  • the Grayscale by means of different dense grid with grid points of less than 0.4 mm dimension produced. It is irrelevant whether the Halftone dots as a background field 3 in a pattern element 4 or as Pattern element 4 are arranged in the background field 3.
  • FIGS. 7a and 7b show further examples for the production of Grayscale within a security element 2 from the dark pattern element 4 until the bright shiny background field 3 shown.
  • FIGS. 7a and 7b show further examples for the production of Grayscale within a security element 2 from the dark pattern element 4 until the bright shiny background field 3 shown.
  • FIG. 7a are in one fixed grid of a maximum of 0.5 mm spacing according to the gray level different sized grid points used.
  • a lightly brightened zone 26 touch the grid points, in a brightened zone 27 have the Halftone dots have an average dimension of about 0.25 mm while in one slightly darkened zone 28, the grid points have about 0.15 mm.
  • FIG. 7b is a line grid with a maximum of 0.5 mm instead of the dot grid , Distance used.
  • a corresponding line width causes the here Grayscale in zones 26 ( Figures 7a) to 28 ( Figure 7a).
  • the grid points of the pattern areas 4 the same dimensions.
  • a very fine gray gradation is by means of correspondingly stepped structure depths h in the relief structures 14 (FIG. 6) reached, which is sufficient for the reproduction of a black and white photo.
  • two patterns 25 of the security element 2 are simple Example shown.
  • the Pattern 25 from a ribbon 29 with a star 30.
  • the ribbon 29 is from the dark pattern element 4 is formed.
  • the environment of the band 29 and the star 30 form the bright background areas 3. Without limitation of the date Described are the background surfaces 3 and the pattern elements 4 interchangeable, as shown in the lower half of the security element 2 is.
  • the security element 2 in Fig. 1 will be even more difficult to duplicate if the pattern 25 is a background for a mosaic-like surface pattern 31 forms with diffraction structures whose spatial frequencies have values in the range 300 lines per mm to 2000 lines per mm.
  • Such mosaic Surface patterns 31 are from the above-mentioned EP 0 105 099 A1, EP 0 330 738 A1, EP 0 375 833 A1. The content of these patents is hereby incorporated in the description included.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Bidet-Like Cleaning Device And Other Flush Toilet Accessories (AREA)
  • Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

A security element ( 2 ) in the form of a laminate can be used for the authentication of a document ( 1 ). The laminate has at least a transparent protective layer, a transparent lacquer layer and an adhesive layer, the lacquer layer being arranged between the protective layer and the adhesive layer. An interface in the form of a reflection layer separates the adhesive layer and the lacquer layer. The interface is divided into regions of a pattern ( 25 ) with flat surface portions and with relief structures which are formed in the lacquer layer. The flat surface portions form background surfaces ( 3 ) providing flat mirror surfaces for light which is incident into the laminate, while the regions with the relief structures of a predetermined, optically effective structure depth form pattern elements ( 4 ). The relief structures of the pattern elements ( 4 ) absorb the incident light. In the reflected light of the reflecting background surfaces ( 3 ) the dark pattern elements ( 4 ) form a strong contrast and the pattern ( 25 ) is clearly visible. In directions other than that of the reflected light the contrast between the background surfaces ( 3 ) and the pattern elements ( 4 ) disappears so that a copier apparatus reproduces the background surfaces ( 3 ) and the pattern elements ( 4 ) as black surfaces.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein optisch diffraktives Sicherheitselement gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to an optically diffractive security element according to the preamble of claim 1.

Solche Sicherheitselemente werden zur Beglaubigung von Dokumenten, wie Wertpapiere, Cheques, Banknoten, Kreditkarten, Ausweisen aller Art, Eintrittsbillette, Fahrscheine usw., eingesetzt, wobei die Sicherheitselemente beispielsweise als dünner Schichtverbund auf das Dokument geklebt ist.Such security elements are used to authenticate documents, such as Securities, checks, banknotes, credit cards, identity cards of all kinds, Entry tickets, tickets, etc., are used, with the security elements For example, as a thin layer composite is glued to the document.

Moderne Kopiergeräte für Farbkopien stellen für drucktechnisch hergestellte Dokumente ein erhebliches Gefahrenpotential dar, weil die visuellen Unterschiede zwischen dem Original und der Kopie so gering sind, dass nur ein mit den entsprechenden Hilfsmitteln ausgerüsteter Fachmann das Original von der Kopie unterscheiden kann, wobei oft andere Kriterien, wie Intagliodruck, Wasserzeichen, Fluoreszenz, optisch variable Sicherheitselemente mit Beugungsstrukturen usw., als das Aussehen des Druckbilds herangezogen werden müssen.Modern copying machines for color copies provide for printing technology produced Documents pose a significant potential hazard because of the visual differences between the original and the copy are so small that only one with the appropriate specialist equipped the original of the copy often other criteria such as intaglio printing, watermarks, Fluorescence, optically variable security elements with diffraction structures etc., must be used as the appearance of the printed image.

Aus der EP 0 522 217 B1 ist bekannt, dass auf einem Dokument angeordnete, spiegelnde Folienstücke einen guten Schutz gegen unerlaubtes Kopieren solcher Dokumente bewirken. Der Unterschied zwischen dem Original mit den spiegelnden Folienstücken und einer Kopie ist klar erkennbar, da die Kopiermaschinen spiegelnde Flächen schwarz wiedergeben. Allerdings sind spiegelnde Folien im Handel leicht erhältlich. Die schwarzen Flächen in solchen Kopien sind daher leicht mit spiegelnder Folie zu überkleben, um die Kopie echter aussehen zu lassen.From EP 0 522 217 B1 it is known that on a document arranged, reflecting pieces of film good protection against unauthorized Copy of such documents cause. The difference between the original with the reflecting foil pieces and a copy is clearly recognizable, since the Copy machines reflect reflective surfaces in black. However, they are Reflective films readily available commercially. The black areas in such Copies are therefore easy to cover with reflective film to make the copy more genuine to look like.

Die DE 44 10 431 A1 beschreibt Weiterentwicklungen der oben beschriebenen Folienstücke. Das Sicherheitselement ist ein aus einem Schichtverbund geschnittenes Folienstück mit einer ebenen, spiegelnden Reflexionsschicht. In Flächenteilen, die eine individuelle Kennung auf der Fläche des Folienstücks bilden, ist die Reflexionsschicht entfernt, so dass eine unter der Reflexionsschicht angeordnete schwarze Schicht sichtbar wird. Auf der von der Kopiermaschine hergestellten Kopie verschwindet die schwarze Kennung in der Wiedergabe der verbliebenen Spiegelfläche, da die Flächenteile, in denen die Reflexionsschicht entfernt ist, und die verbliebene Spiegelfläche in der Kopie gleichmässig schwarz erscheinen. Ein anderes Sicherheitselement weist anstelle der ebenen Spiegelflächen eine Hologrammstruktur mit der Kennung auf und verhält sich beim Kopieren wie die im nächsten Absatz abgehandelten Beugungsstrukturen. In der Kopie ist die Kennung im kopierten Bild des Hologramms daher erkennbar.DE 44 10 431 A1 describes further developments of the above described film pieces. The security element is one of one Laminate cut piece of foil with a flat, reflective Reflective layer. In area parts that have an individual identifier on the area form the film piece, the reflective layer is removed, so that one under the Reflection layer arranged black layer is visible. On the of the Copy machine produced copy disappears the black identifier in the Reproduction of the remaining mirror surface, since the surface parts in which the Reflection layer is removed, and the remaining mirror surface in the copy appear uniformly black. Another security element has instead the plane mirror surfaces a hologram structure with the identifier and behaves like the ones discussed in the next paragraph Diffraction structures. In the copy, the identifier is in the copied image of the Hologram therefore recognizable.

Es ist auch z.B. aus GB 2 129 739 B bekannt, wertvolle Dokumente mit einem optisch variablen Sicherheitselement mit Beugungsstrukturen (z.B. Hologramme, mosaikartige Flächenmuster aus diffraktiven Flächenelementen beispielsweise gemäss EP 0 105 099 A1, EP 0 330 738 A1, EP 0 375 833 A1, usw.) auszurüsten. Diese Sicherheitselemente weisen ein Muster oder Bild auf, das sich abhängig von der Betrachtungsbedingung ändert. Für Unbefugte sind diese Sicherheitselemente nur mit grossem Aufwand nachzumachen. Leider sind in der Farbkopie des Dokuments eines der Muster bzw. Bildes des Sicherheitselementes wiedergeben, das im Original unter der Betrachtungsbedingung sichtbar ist, die im Kopiergerät für die Abbildung festgelegt ist. Natürlich ist in der Kopie keine Veränderung des Musters oder Bildes beim Verändern der Betrachtungsbedingung mehr zu erkennen, aber bei Unaufmerksamkeit des Empfängers kann leicht eine Kopie für das echte Dokument gehalten werden.It is also e.g. From GB 2 129 739 B known, valuable documents with a optically variable security element having diffractive structures (e.g., holograms, mosaic-like surface patterns of diffractive surface elements, for example according to EP 0 105 099 A1, EP 0 330 738 A1, EP 0 375 833 A1, etc.). These security items have a pattern or image that is dependent changes from the viewing condition. For unauthorized persons these are Imitate security elements only with great effort. Unfortunately, in the Color copy of the document of one of the patterns or images of the security element which is visible in the original under the viewing condition, which is in the Copier is set for the picture. Of course, in the copy is no Change of pattern or picture when changing the View condition more to recognize, but inattention of the Recipient can easily be kept a copy for the real document.

Ausführungen des Schichtverbunds für die Sicherheitselemente und dazu verwendbare Materialien beschreiben die EP 0 401 466 A1 und US 4 856 857.Versions of the layer composite for the security elements and thereto usable materials are described in EP 0 401 466 A1 and US Pat. No. 4,856,857.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein kostengünstiges optisch variables Sicherheitselement zu schaffen, das von einem Kopiergerät nicht wiedergegeben werden kann und auch nicht mit holographischen Methoden kopiert werden kann.The invention is based on the object, a cost optically variable security element to create that of a photocopier not can be reproduced and not with holographic methods can be copied.

Die genannte Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss durch die im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den abhängigen-Ansprüchen. The object is achieved according to the invention by the in the plate of the Claim specified features 1 solved. Advantageous embodiments of Invention will be apparent from the dependent claims.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in der Zeichnung dargestellt und werden im folgenden näher beschrieben.Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawing and will be described in more detail below.

Es zeigen:

Figur 1
ein Dokument,
Figur 2
das um eine Achse gekippte Dokument,
Figur 3
ein Sicherheitselement im Querschnitt,
Figur 4
die Grenzfläche einer Reliefstruktur,
Figur 5
eine erste Beobachtungsbedingung,
Figur 6
eine zweite Beobachtungsbedingung,
Figur 7a, 7b
das Sicherheitselement mit Graustufen und
Figur 8
eine Reliefstruktur.
Show it:
FIG. 1
a document,
FIG. 2
the document tilted about an axis,
FIG. 3
a security element in cross section,
FIG. 4
the interface of a relief structure,
FIG. 5
a first observation condition,
FIG. 6
a second observation condition,
Figure 7a, 7b
the security element with grayscale and
FIG. 8
a relief structure.

In der Figur 1 bedeuten 1 ein Dokument, 2 ein Sicherheitselement, 3 eine Hintergrundfläche, 4 ein Musterelement und 5 eine gedachte, in der Ebene des Dokuments 1 liegende Kippachse. Das Dokument 1 ist im gerichteten Kunstlicht seitlich und schräg von oben beleuchtet und senkrecht von oben betrachtet. Auf dem Dokument 1 ist das Sicherheitselement 2 befestigt. Das Sicherheitselement 2 weist zur Identifizierung ein Muster 25 aus den Musterelementen 4 auf, die von den Hintergrundflächen 3 umgeben sind. Um die Zeichnung der Figur 1 übersichtlich zu gestalten, besteht das Muster 25 aus einem einzigen Musterelement 4 und bildet ein einfaches "V"-Zeichen. In einer praktischen Ausführung sind mehrere der Hintergrundflächen 3 und der Musterelemente 4 zum Muster 25 angeordnet. Unter den genannten Beleuchtungs- und Betrachtungsbedingungen ist für einen Beobachter das Muster 25 nicht sichtbar, da zwischen dem Musterelement 4 und der Hintergrundfläche 3 kein Kontrast vorhanden ist und beide Flächen, sowohl die Hintergrundfläche 3 als auch das Musterelement 4, erscheinen dunkel, beispielsweise metallisch matt. Im diffusen Tageslicht oder bei diffuser Raumbeleuchtung hingegen und bei weiter unten genannten, bestimmten Beleuchtungsbedingungen hebt sich das Musterelement 4 dunkel von der hellen. Hintergrundfläche 3 ab und ist daher für den Beobachter gut sichtbar.In the figure 1 1 signify a document, 2 a security element, 3 a Background area, 4 a pattern element and 5 an imaginary, in the plane of Document 1 tilting axis. Document 1 is in directional artificial light illuminated laterally and obliquely from above and viewed vertically from above. On the document 1, the security element 2 is attached. The security element 2 has for identification a pattern 25 of the pattern elements 4, which from the background surfaces 3 are surrounded. To the drawing of Figure 1 to make clear, the pattern 25 consists of a single Pattern element 4 and forms a simple "V" character. In a practical Execution are more of the background surfaces 3 and the pattern elements. 4 arranged to the pattern 25. Among the mentioned lighting and Viewing conditions, the pattern 25 is not visible to an observer, because there is no contrast between the pattern element 4 and the background surface 3 is present and both surfaces, both the background surface 3 and the Pattern element 4, appear dark, for example, metallic matt. In the diffuse Daylight or diffuse room lighting, however, and below mentioned, certain lighting conditions, the pattern element 4 lifts dark of the light. Background area 3 and is therefore good for the observer visible, noticeable.

ist, wie die Figur 2 zeigt, das Dokument 1 mit dem Sicherheitselement 2 um die Kippachse 5 derart gekippt, dass die Hintergrundfläche 3 Licht in das Auge des Beobachters spiegelt, erkennt der Beobachter das Muster 25, da das Musterelement 4 dunkel bleibt und sich mit hohem Kontrast von der Hintergrundfläche 3 abhebt. Unter diesen Beobachtungsbedingung ist die Reflexionsbedingung für den Beobachter erfüllt. Eine Drehung des Sicherheitselements 2 in seiner Ebene verändert für den Beobachter das Aussehen des Musters 25 in der Reflexionsbedingung nicht, d.h. eine azimutale Ausrichtung des Sicherheitselements 2 ist nicht vorzunehmen.is, as the figure 2 shows the document 1 with the security element 2 to the tilting axis 5 is tilted such that the background surface 3 light in the eye of the observer reflects, the observer recognizes the pattern 25, since the Pattern element 4 remains dark and with high contrast of the Background area 3 lifts off. Under this observation condition is the Reflection condition for the observer fulfilled. A turn of the Security element 2 in its plane changes that for the observer Appearance of the pattern 25 in the reflection condition not, i. an azimuthal Orientation of security element 2 is not required.

Die Figur 3 zeigt das Sicherheitselement 2 (Fig. 2) im Querschnitt, wobei die Schnittebene beispielsweise die Kippachse 5 (Fig. 2) enthält. Das Sicherheitselement 2 besteht aus einem Schichtverbund 6 aus einer Vielzahl von Schichten 7, 8, 9 und 11. Beispiele für den Aufbau des Schichtverbunds 6 und die für den Schichtverbund 6 geeigneten Materialien sind der EP 0 401 466 A1 und der US 4 856 857 zu entnehmen.FIG. 3 shows the security element 2 (FIG. 2) in cross section, wherein the Cutting plane, for example, the tilt axis 5 (Fig. 2) contains. The Security element 2 consists of a layer composite 6 of a variety of Layers 7, 8, 9 and 11. Examples of the structure of the composite layer 6 and the for the composite layer 6 suitable materials are EP 0 401 466 A1 and US 4,856,857.

Im einfachsten Fall umfasst der Schichtverbund 6 wenigstens eine Schutzschicht 7, eine Klebeschicht 8, eine zwischen der Schutzschicht 7 und der . Klebeschicht 8 angeordnete Lackschicht 9. Die Klebeschicht 8 verbindet das Sicherheitselement 2 mit dem Dokument 1. Eine Grenzfläche zwischen der Klebeschicht 8 und der Lackschicht 9 reflektiert durch die Deckschicht 7 und die Lackschicht 9 einfallendes Licht 10, wenn sich der Brechungsindex an der Grenzschicht beim Übergang von der Lackschicht 9 in die Klebeschicht 8 sprunghaft ändert. Mit den Materialien in der Tabelle 6 der US 4 856 857 fällt die Differenz in den Brechzahlen zu klein aus, um eine starke Reflexion zu erhalten. Das Reflexionsvermögen wird daher durch eine an der Grenzfläche angeordnete Reflexionsschicht 11 erhöht, die eine dünne Schicht (< 0,4 Mikrometer) aus einem Metall oder aus einem mit einer geeigneten anorganischen dielektrischen Schicht überzogenen Metall ist, wobei die dielektrische Schicht auf der dem einfallenden Licht 10 zugewandten Seite des Metalls angeordnet ist.In the simplest case, the layer composite 6 comprises at least one Protective layer 7, an adhesive layer 8, one between the protective layer 7 and the , Adhesive layer 8 arranged paint layer 9. The adhesive layer 8 connects the Security element 2 with the document 1. An interface between the Adhesive layer 8 and the varnish layer 9 reflected by the cover layer 7 and the Lacquer layer 9 incident light 10, when the refractive index at the Boundary layer during the transition from the lacquer layer 9 into the adhesive layer 8 changes abruptly. With the materials in Table 6 of US 4,856,857 falls the Difference in the refractive indices too small to obtain a strong reflection. The reflectivity is therefore due to a arranged at the interface Reflective layer 11, which forms a thin layer (<0.4 microns) of a Metal or one with a suitable inorganic dielectric layer coated metal, wherein the dielectric layer on the incident Light 10 facing side of the metal is arranged.

Die Materialien für die Reflexionsschicht 11 sind in den Tabellen 1 bis 5 der US 4 856 857 enthalten; die Tabellen 1 bis 6 sind ausdrücklich in diese Beschreibung eingeschlossen. Das in der Tabelle 5 nicht erwähnte Tellur eignet sich auch für die Reflexionsschicht 11. Mit dem einfallenden Licht 10 ist Tageslicht oder visuell sichtbares polychromatisches Licht mit Wellenlängen zwischen 380 nm und 780 nm gemeint. The materials for the reflection layer 11 are shown in Tables 1 to 5 of US 4,856,857; Tables 1 to 6 are expressly in this Description included. The tellurium not mentioned in Table 5 is suitable also for the reflection layer 11. With the incident light 10 is daylight or Visually visible polychromatic light with wavelengths between Meant 380 nm and 780 nm.

In einer Ausführung des Schichtverbunds 6 ist die von der Lackschicht 9 abgewandte Oberfläche der Deckschicht 7 des Schichtverbunds 6 mittels einer Trennschicht 12 mit einem Trägerband 13 verbunden, um den Transfer des fragilen Schichtverbunds 6 auf das Dokument 1 zu erleichtern. Das Trägerband 13 aus Papier oder einer Kunststoffolie, z.B. PC oder PETP, lässt sich nach dem Aufkleben des Schichtverbunds 6 entfernen, so dass das Muster 25 (Fig. 2) durch die Schutzschicht 7 und die Lackschicht 9 hindurch sichtbar ist. Hierzu wird auf die bereits eingangs erwähnte GB 2 129 739 B verwiesen.In one embodiment of the layer composite 6, that of the lacquer layer 9 opposite surface of the cover layer 7 of the composite layer 6 by means of a Separating layer 12 connected to a carrier tape 13 to the transfer of the To facilitate fragile layer composite 6 on the document 1. The carrier tape 13 made of paper or a plastic film, e.g. PC or PETP, can be after the Glue the layer composite 6 remove so that the pattern 25 (Fig. 2) by the protective layer 7 and the lacquer layer 9 is visible therethrough. This is on the already mentioned in the beginning GB 2 129 739 B referenced.

Wie aus der Figur 3 ersichtlich, ist in die Lackschicht 9 im Bereich der Musterelemente 4 eine Reliefstruktur 14 mit einer geometrischen Profiltiefe p abgeformt. Im Bereich der Hintergrundflächen 3 ist die Lackschicht 9 eben und glatt geformt und ist parallel zu den anderen Schichten des Schichtverbunds 6. Das Material der Klebeschicht 8 verfüllt die Vertiefungen der Reliefstruktur 14. Die Grenzfläche mit oder ohne zusätzliche Reflexionsschicht 11 folgt sowohl der Reliefstruktur 14 als auch Spiegelebenen der Hintergrundflächen 3.As can be seen from FIG. 3, paint coating 9 is in the region of Pattern elements 4 a relief structure 14 with a geometric profile depth p shaped. In the area of the background surfaces 3, the lacquer layer 9 is flat and smooth and is parallel to the other layers of the composite layer. 6 The material of the adhesive layer 8 fills the depressions of the relief structure 14. Die Interface with or without additional reflective layer 11 follows both the Relief structure 14 as well as mirror planes of the background surfaces 3.

Die Reliefstruktur 14 ist ein Kreuzgitter aus zwei Basisgittem mit Perioden d kleiner als eine Grenzwellenlänge λ am kurzwelligen Ende im Spektrum des sichtbaren Lichts, d.h. λ = 380 nm bis λ = 420 nm und weist eine optisch wirksame Strukturtiefe h, das ist die Profiltiefe p multipliziert mit dem Brechungsindex der Lackschicht 9, vorzugsweise im Bereich von h = 50 nm bis h = 500 nm auf. Solche Reliefstrukturen 14 absorbieren fast alles auf die Musterelemente 4 einfallende sichtbare Licht 10 und streuen einen kleinen Bruchteil des einfallenden Lichts 10 in den Halbraum über dem Musterelement 4 zurück. Der Prozentsatz des absorbierten Lichts 10 hängt in nicht linearer Weise von der Strukturtiefe h ab und kann mittels der Wahl der Strukturtiefe h im oben genannten Bereich zwischen 50% und etwa 99 % gesteuert werden, wobei gilt, je flacher die Reliefstruktur 14 desto mehr einfallendes Licht 10 wird rückgestreut und desto weniger Licht 10 wird absorbiert. Die angegebenen Prozentsätze gelten für die Reliefstruktur 14 mit einer Reflexionsschicht 11 aus beispielsweise Aluminium. Aneinanderstossende Bereiche der Musterelemente 4 mit verschiedenen Strukturtiefen h zeigen daher eine Grauabstufung.The relief structure 14 is a cross lattice of two Basisgittem with periods d smaller than a cut-off wavelength λ at the short-wave end in the spectrum of visible light, i. λ = 380 nm to λ = 420 nm and has an optically active Structure depth h, that is the profile depth p multiplied by the refractive index of the Lacquer layer 9, preferably in the range of h = 50 nm to h = 500 nm. Such Relief structures 14 absorb almost everything incident on the pattern elements 4 visible light 10 and scatter a small fraction of the incident light 10 in the half space above the pattern element 4 back. The percentage of absorbed light 10 depends in a non-linear manner on the structure depth h and can by means of the choice of the structure depth h in the above range between 50% and about 99% are controlled, where, the flatter the relief structure 14 the more incident light 10 is backscattered and the less light 10 is absorbed. The given percentages apply to the relief structure 14 with a reflection layer 11 of, for example, aluminum. Abutting Regions of the pattern elements 4 with different texture depths h therefore show a gray scale.

Die in der Figur 4 gezeigte Ausführung der Reliefstruktur 14 ist ein durch zwei rechtwinklig sich kreuzende, sinusförmige Basisgitter gebildetes Kreuzgitter. Die sich längs der Koordinate x ausdehnende Sinusfunktion des ersten Basisgitters weist eine Periode dx und eine Amplitude hx auf, während die sich längs der Koordinate y ausdehnende Sinusfunktion des zweiten Basisgitters eine Periode dy und eine Amplitude hy hat. Über der durch die Koordinaten x und y aufgespannten Ebene folgt die durch das Kreuzgitter geformte Grenzfläche h(x, y) im Schichtverbund 6 (Fig. 3) beispielsweise der Funktion h(x, y) = [hx + hy]•sin2(πx/dx)•sin2(πy/dy). The embodiment of the relief structure 14 shown in FIG. 4 is a cross lattice formed by two sinusoidal base lattices intersecting at right angles. The sine function of the first basic lattice extending along the coordinate x has a period d x and an amplitude h x , while the sine function of the second base lattice extending along the coordinate y has a period d y and an amplitude h y . Over the plane defined by the coordinates x and y, the interface h (x, y) formed by the cross lattice in the layer composite 6 (FIG. 3) follows the function, for example h (x, y) = [h x + h y ] • sin 2 (Πx / d x ) • sin 2 (Πy / d y ).

In anderen Ausführungen sind h(x, y) = hx•sin2(πx/dx) + hy•sin2(πy/dy), Rechteck- oder Pyramidenstrukturen als Grenzfläche h(x, y) verwendet.In other embodiments, h (x, y) = h x • sin 2 (πx / d x ) + h y • sin 2y / d y ), rectangular or pyramidal structures are used as the interface h (x, y).

In einer Ausführung sind die beiden Perioden dx, dy und die Strukturtiefen hx; hy gleich, in andem Ausführungen verschieden. Die Strukturtiefe h = [hx + hy] kann grösser als die Periode d gewählt werden, jedoch ist die Reliefstruktur 14 mit den heutigen Herstellmethoden schwierig herzustellen. Die Grenzfläche h(x, y) gleicht einem Eierkarton und ist in der Figur 4 dargestellt.In one embodiment, the two periods d x , d y and the texture depths h x ; h y same, different in other versions. The structure depth h = [h x + h y ] can be chosen larger than the period d, but the relief structure 14 is difficult to produce with today's production methods. The interface h (x, y) is similar to an egg carton and is shown in FIG.

Anhand der Figur 5 ist das optische Verhalten des Sicherheitselements 2 bei einer ersten Beobachtungsbedingung erklärt. Das einfallende Licht 10 bildet mit einer Normalen 15 zur Ebene des Sicherheitselements 2 einen Winkel von etwa 40°. In einem Beispiel absorbieren die Musterelemente 4 mit der vorbeschriebenen Reliefstruktur 14 im sichtbaren Bereich bis zu 95% des einfallenden Lichts 10, der Rest wird gestreut. Die spiegelnde Hintergrundfläche 3 hingegen absorbiert nur etwa 10% des einfallenden Lichts 10 und reflektiert das übrige. Da Flächenteile der Musterelemente 4 an die spiegelnde Hintergrundflächen 3 angrenzen, ergibt sich für den Beobachter daher ein so starker Kontrast, dass die auf einer vorgegebenen Hintergrundfläche 3 des Sicherheitselements 2 im vorbestimmten Muster 25 angeordneten Musterelemente 4 leicht als Information erkennbar sind. Das Muster 25 stellt ein Logo, einem Text, ein Bild oder ein anderes graphisches Zeichen dar.The optical behavior of the security element 2 is included in FIG. 5 a first observation condition explained. The incident light 10 forms with a normal 15 to the level of the security element 2 an angle of about 40 °. In one example, the pattern elements 4 absorb with the described relief structure 14 in the visible range up to 95% of incident light 10, the rest is scattered. The reflecting background surface 3 however, only about 10% of the incident light 10 absorbs and reflects that rest. Since surface parts of the pattern elements 4 to the specular Background surfaces 3 adjoin, therefore results for the observer so strong contrast, that on a given background surface 3 of the Security elements 2 arranged in the predetermined pattern 25 Pattern elements 4 are easily recognizable as information. The pattern 25 stops Logo, text, picture or other graphic sign.

Die Zeichnung der Figur 5 entspricht den Beleuchtungsverhältnissen im Kopiergerät. Je nach Modell des Kopiergeräts bildet das gerichtete, auf das Dokument 1 und das Sicherheitselement 2 einfallende Licht 10 des Kopiergeräts mit der Normalen 15 den Einfallswinkel α im Bereich von etwa 40° bis 50°. Das Dokument 1 streut das einfallende Licht 10 in den ganzen Halbraum. Dadurch gelangt gestreutes Licht in einen in Richtung der Normalen 15 angeordneten Lichtempfänger 16 des Kopiergeräts. Im Gegensatz dazu wird das von der Hintergrundfläche 3 reflektierte Licht 17 nach dem Reflexionsgesetz mit dem gleichen Winkel α in eine Blickrichtung 18 des Beobachters 19 abgelenkt und gelangt nicht in den Lichtempfänger 16. Fällt das Licht 10 unter dem gleichen Einfallswinkel α auf das Musterelement 4, wird das einfallende Licht 10 hingegen praktisch absorbiert; sowohl der Lichtempfänger 16 als auch der Beobachter 19 registrieren kein Licht vom Musterelement 4. Das Musterelement 4 ist daher dunkel.The drawing of Figure 5 corresponds to the lighting conditions in Copy machine. Depending on the model of the copier, the directional, on the Document 1 and the security element 2 incident light 10 of the copier with the normal 15 the angle of incidence α in the range of about 40 ° to 50 °. The Document 1 scatters the incident light 10 into the whole half space. Thereby scattered light is arranged in a direction of the normal 15 Light receiver 16 of the copier. In contrast, that will be done by the Background area 3 reflected light 17 according to the law of reflection with the the same angle α deflected in a line of sight 18 of the observer 19 and does not get into the light receiver 16. If the light 10 falls below the same Incidence angle α on the pattern element 4, the incident light 10, however practically absorbed; both the light receiver 16 and the observer 19 register no light from the pattern element 4. The pattern element 4 is therefore dark.

Die Hintergrundflächen 3 bilden für das in den Schichtverbund 6 einfallende Licht 10 die ebenen Spiegelflächen des Musters 25, während die Musterelemente 4 als Absorberflächen das einfallende Licht 10 zum grössten Teil verschlucken. Daher erkennt der Beobachter 19 im reflektierten Licht 17 die Hintergrundflächen 3 als intensiv helle Teilflächen und die Musterelemente 4 als dunkle Teilflächen des Musters 25. In anderen Richtungen als die des reflektierten Lichts 17 streut das Sicherheitselement 2 nur einen geringen Teil des einfallenden Lichts 10. Die Intensitäten pro Flächeneinheit des an den Hintergrundflächen 3 und den Musterelementen 4 gestreuten Lichts sind praktisch gleich gross, so dass kein Kontrast zwischen den Hintergrundflächen 3 und den Musterelementen 4 vorhanden ist. Bei der Beleuchtung mit dem gerichtet einfallenden Licht 10 ist das aus den Hintergrundflächen 3 und den Musterelementen 4 gebildete Muster 25 im Gegensatz zu einem drucktechnisch hergestellten Schwarz-Weissbild nur in dem bei Spiegelreflexion reflektierten Licht 17 erkennbar.The background surfaces 3 form for the incident in the layer composite 6 Light 10 the plane mirror surfaces of the pattern 25, while the pattern elements 4 as absorber surfaces swallow the incident light 10 for the most part. Therefore, the observer 19 recognizes the background surfaces in the reflected light 17 3 as intensely bright partial surfaces and the pattern elements 4 as dark partial surfaces of the pattern 25. Scattered in directions other than that of the reflected light 17 the security element 2 only a small part of the incident light 10. The Intensities per unit area of the background surfaces 3 and the Pattern elements 4 scattered light are practically the same size, so that no Contrast between the background areas 3 and the pattern elements 4 is available. In the illumination with the directional incident light 10 is the from the background surfaces 3 and the pattern elements 4 formed pattern 25 in Contrary to a black and white image produced by printing technology only in that when specular reflection reflected light 17 recognizable.

Im Kopiergerät werfen die Hintergrundfläche 3 und das Musterelement 4 einen so kleinen Anteil des einfallenden Lichts 10 in den Lichtempfänger 16, dass das Kopiergerät das Hintergrundfeld 3 und das Musterelement 4 unterschiedslos als schwarze Flächen wiedergibt. Der Vorteil dieses Sicherheitselements 2 liegt darin, dass das Kopiergerät die durch das Musterelement 4 dargestellte Information nicht wiedergeben kann, während der Beobachter 19, der bei gerichtet einfallenden Licht 10 fast automatisch das Sicherheitselement 2 so kippt, dass er die Hintergrundfläche 3 in Reflexion betrachtet, die Information des Musterelements 4 mit grossem Kontrast vor der Hintergrundfläche 3 erblickt. Das Sicherheitselement 2 ist auf diese Weise von einem aufmerksamen Beobachter leicht von spiegelnden Metallfolien auf guten Farbkopien des Dokuments 1 zu unterscheiden. Ein weiterer Vorteil bildet die Verwendung der Reliefstruktur 14 im Sicherheitselement 2 mit den Perioden dx (Fig. 4), dy (Fig. 4), die kürzer sind als die Wellenlängen der für holographische Kopiermethoden nutzbaren kohärenten Lichtquellen; eine Kopie des Sicherheitselements 2 ist mit den holographischen Methoden daher nicht herstellbar.In the copying machine, the background surface 3 and the pattern member 4 throw so small a portion of the incident light 10 into the light receiver 16 that the copying machine reproduces the background field 3 and the pattern element 4 indiscriminately as black areas. The advantage of this security element 2 is that the copying machine can not reproduce the information represented by the pattern element 4, while the observer 19, who in directed incident light 10 almost automatically tilts the security element 2 in such a way that he regards the background area 3 in reflection, the information of the pattern element 4 with great contrast in front of the background surface 3 sees. The security element 2 can thus easily be distinguished by an attentive observer from reflecting metal foils on good color copies of the document 1. A further advantage is the use of the relief structure 14 in the security element 2 with the periods d x (FIG. 4), d y (FIG. 4), which are shorter than the wavelengths of the coherent light sources usable for holographic copying methods; Therefore, a copy of the security element 2 can not be produced with the holographic methods.

In der Figur 6 ist eine für die beiden Beobachter 19, 20 des Sicherheitselements 2 zweite Beleuchtungsbedingung dargestellt. Eine polychromatische Strahlungsquelle 21, z.B. Halogenlampe, Glühlampe usw., ist über dem zweiten Beobachter 20 angeordnet und sendet das einfallende Licht 10 unter einem grossen Einfallswinkel α von etwa 60° bis 80° auf das Musterelement 4. Der erste Beobachter 19 erkennt das Muster 25 (Fig. 2) der Musterelemente 4 vor dem Hintergrund 3 (Fig. 5) unter dem Reflexionswinkel α, wie oben ausgeführt. Falls die Perioden dx (Fig. 4), dy (Fig. 4) der Reliefstruktur 14 im Bereich einer halben und einer ganzen Grenzwellenlänge λ liegen; d.h. λ ≥ d ≥ λ/2, wobei d = dx bzw. dy ist, wird ein Teil des einfallenden Lichts 10 unter einem grossen Beugungswinkel β in die minus erste Ordnung als gebeugtes Licht 22 abgelenkt. Der zweite Beobachter 20 vermag das gebeugte Licht 22 zu erkennen. Das gebeugte Licht 22 umfasst den kurzwelligen Teil des visuell sichtbaren Spektrums der elektromagnetischen Strahlung. Das gebeugte Licht 22 ist daher abhängig vom Beugungswinkel β und den Perioden dx, dy in einer blaugrünen bis violetten Farbe. Die unter einem vorbestimmten Beugungswinkel β zur Normalen 15 beobachtete Farbe des gebeugten Lichts 22 hängt in der Intensität auch vom Azimut ab. Anmerkung: In der obigen Betrachtung ist der refraktive Einfluss der Schutzschicht 7 ausser acht gelassen worden.FIG. 6 shows a second illumination condition for the two observers 19, 20 of the security element 2. A polychromatic radiation source 21, eg halogen lamp, incandescent lamp etc., is arranged above the second observer 20 and transmits the incident light 10 to the pattern element 4 at a large angle of incidence α of approximately 60 ° to 80 °. The first observer 19 recognizes the pattern 25 (Fig. 2) of the pattern elements 4 against the background 3 (Fig. 5) at the reflection angle α, as stated above. If the periods d x (FIG. 4), d y (FIG. 4) of the relief structure 14 are in the range of half and one entire cut-off wavelength λ; ie λ ≥ d ≥ λ / 2, where d = d x or d y , a portion of the incident light 10 is deflected at a large diffraction angle β in the minus first order as diffracted light 22. The second observer 20 is able to recognize the diffracted light 22. The diffracted light 22 includes the short wavelength part of the visually visible spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation. The diffracted light 22 is therefore in a cyan to violet color depending on the diffraction angle β and the periods d x , d y . The color of the diffracted light 22 observed at a predetermined diffraction angle β to the normal 15 also depends on the azimuth in intensity. Note: In the above consideration, the refractive influence of the protective layer 7 has been disregarded.

Der erste Beobachter 19 hingegen blickt in die Richtung des reflektierten Lichts 17 und erkennt die Hintergrundflächen 3 als glänzend helle Teilflächen und die Musterelemente 4 als dunkle Teilflächen des Musters 25.The first observer 19, on the other hand, looks in the direction of the reflected light Light 17 and recognizes the background surfaces 3 as shiny bright faces and the pattern elements 4 as dark faces of the pattern 25th

Ist die Periode dx, bzw. dy kleiner als λ/2, kann in der Richtung der Koordinate x bzw. y das gebeugte Licht 22 vom zweiten Beobachter 20 nicht mehr gesehen werden, da die Reliefstruktur 14 kein sichtbares Licht 22 mehr beugt. Der erste Beobachter 19, der das Sicherheitselement 2 unter dem Reflexionswinkel α beobachtet, erblickt unter diesen Bedingungen die Musterelemente 4 unverändert in einer dunkelbraunen bis schwarzen Farbe. If the period d x or d y is smaller than λ / 2, the diffracted light 22 can no longer be seen by the second observer 20 in the direction of the coordinate x or y, since the relief structure 14 no longer diffracts any visible light 22. The first observer 19, who observes the security element 2 at the reflection angle α, sees the pattern elements 4 unchanged in a dark brown to black color under these conditions.

Die Farbe der unter dem Reflexionswinkel α sichtbaren Musterelemente 3 hängt von der Beschaffenheit der Reflexionsschicht 11 ab, da verschiedene Kombinationen der Materialien in und an der Reflexionsschicht 11 das einfallende Licht 10 nicht im ganzen Spektralbereich der sichtbaren elektromagnetischen Strahlung gleichmässig reflektieren. Tief schwarze Musterelemente 3 weisen mit Vorteil einen allmählichen Uebergang der Brechzahl von der Lackschicht 9 zur Reflexionsschicht 11 auf; der Uebergang ist mittels wenigstens einer Schicht eines anorganischen Dielektrikum 23 zwischen der Lackschicht 9 und einer Metallschicht 24 der Reflexionsschicht 11 erzeugt. Für die ebene Spiegelfläche der Hintergrundflächen 3 wirkt sich die aus dem Dielektrikum 23 und der Metallschicht 24 gebildete Reflexionsschicht 11 nicht merkbar aus. Bei der Reliefstruktur 14 hingegen bewirkt diese Reflexionsschicht 11 infolge von Interferenzen eine nahezu vollständige Auslöschung des einfallenden Lichts 10, die vor allem gleichmässig über dem ganzen Spektralbereich der sichtbaren elektromagnetischen Strahlung erfolgt. Ein Beispiel weist eine 50 nm dicke Schicht des Dielektrikums 23 aus ZnS und 100 nm Aluminium als Metallschicht 24 auf. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die durch den hohen Brechungsindex für ZnS von n= 2,4 gegenüber dem Brechungsindex der Lackschicht 9 von n = 1,5 vergrösserte Strukturtiefe h bei gleichbleibender Profiltiefe p der Reliefstruktur 14.The color of the visible under the reflection angle α pattern elements. 3 depends on the nature of the reflection layer 11, since different Combinations of the materials in and on the reflective layer 11 the incident Light 10 not in the whole spectral range of the visible electromagnetic Reflect radiation evenly. Deep black pattern elements 3 have with Advantage a gradual transition of the refractive index of the paint layer 9 to Reflection layer 11; the transition is by means of at least one layer of a inorganic dielectric 23 between the resist layer 9 and a Metal layer 24 of the reflection layer 11 is generated. For the flat mirror surface the background surfaces 3 affects those of the dielectric 23 and the Metal layer 24 formed reflective layer 11 is not noticeable. In the Relief structure 14, however, causes this reflection layer 11 due to Interference an almost complete extinction of the incident light 10, especially evenly over the entire spectral range of the visible electromagnetic radiation takes place. An example has a 50 nm thick layer of the dielectric 23 of ZnS and 100 nm of aluminum as the metal layer 24. One Another advantage is the high refractive index for ZnS of n = 2.4 compared to the refractive index of the lacquer layer 9 of n = 1.5 increased Structure depth h at constant profile depth p of the relief structure 14.

Neben den Grauabstufungen mit Musterelementen 4 mit verschiedenen Strukturtiefen h sind in einer Ausführung des Sicherheitselements 2 die Grauabstufung mittels verschieden dichter Rasterung mit Rasterpunkten von weniger als 0,4 mm Abmessung erzeugt. Dabei ist es unerheblich, ob die Rasterpunkte als Hintergrundfeld 3 in einem Musterelement 4 oder als Musterelement 4 im Hintergrundfeld 3 angeordnet sind.In addition to the gray scale with pattern elements 4 with different Structural depths h are in one embodiment of the security element 2 the Grayscale by means of different dense grid with grid points of less than 0.4 mm dimension produced. It is irrelevant whether the Halftone dots as a background field 3 in a pattern element 4 or as Pattern element 4 are arranged in the background field 3.

In den Figuren 7a und 7b sind weitere Beispiele zur Erzeugung von Graustufen innerhalb eines Sicherheitselements 2 vom dunklen Musterelement 4 bis zum hellglänzenden Hintergrundfeld 3 gezeigt. In der Figur 7a sind in einem fixen Raster von maximal 0,5 mm Abstand entsprechend der Graustufe verschieden grosse Rasterpunkte eingesetzt. In einer leicht aufgehellten Zone 26 berühren sich die Rasterpunkte, in einer aufgehellten Zone 27 weisen die Rasterpunkte eine mittlere Abmessung von etwa 0,25 mm auf, während in einer leicht abgedunkelten Zone 28 die Rasterpunkte etwa 0,15 mm aufweisen. In der Figur 7b ist anstelle des Punktrasters ein Linienraster mit maximal 0,5 mm . Abstand eingesetzt. Eine entsprechende Linienbreite bewirkt hier die Grauabstufung in den Zonen 26 (Fig. 7a) bis 28 (Fig. 7a).FIGS. 7a and 7b show further examples for the production of Grayscale within a security element 2 from the dark pattern element 4 until the bright shiny background field 3 shown. In the figure 7a are in one fixed grid of a maximum of 0.5 mm spacing according to the gray level different sized grid points used. In a lightly brightened zone 26 touch the grid points, in a brightened zone 27 have the Halftone dots have an average dimension of about 0.25 mm while in one slightly darkened zone 28, the grid points have about 0.15 mm. In the FIG. 7b is a line grid with a maximum of 0.5 mm instead of the dot grid , Distance used. A corresponding line width causes the here Grayscale in zones 26 (Figures 7a) to 28 (Figure 7a).

In einer der Zonen 26 bis 28 weisen die Rasterpunkte der Musterflächen 4 die gleichen Abmessungen auf. Ein sehr feine Grauabstufung wird mittels der entsprechend abgestuften Strukturtiefen h in den Reliefstrukturen 14 (Fig. 6) erreicht, die für die Wiedergabe eines Schwarz-Weiss-Photos ausreichend ist.In one of the zones 26 to 28, the grid points of the pattern areas 4 the same dimensions. A very fine gray gradation is by means of correspondingly stepped structure depths h in the relief structures 14 (FIG. 6) reached, which is sufficient for the reproduction of a black and white photo.

In der Figur 8 sind zwei Muster 25 des Sicherheitselements 2 als einfaches Beispiel gezeigt. In der oberen Hälfte des Sicherheitselements 2 besteht das Muster 25 aus einem Band 29 mit einem Stern 30. Das Band 29 ist aus dem dunklen Musterelement 4 gebildet. Die Umgebung des Bands 29 und der Stern 30 bilden die hellen Hintergrundflächen 3. Ohne Einschränkung des bisher Beschriebenen sind die Hintergrundflächen 3 und die Musterelemente 4 vertauschbar, wie dies in der unteren Hälfte des Sicherheitselements 2 dargestellt ist.In FIG. 8, two patterns 25 of the security element 2 are simple Example shown. In the upper half of the security element 2 is the Pattern 25 from a ribbon 29 with a star 30. The ribbon 29 is from the dark pattern element 4 is formed. The environment of the band 29 and the star 30 form the bright background areas 3. Without limitation of the date Described are the background surfaces 3 and the pattern elements 4 interchangeable, as shown in the lower half of the security element 2 is.

Das Sicherheitselement 2 in Fig. 1 wird noch schwieriger nachzumachen, wenn das Muster 25 einen Hintergrund für ein mosaikartiges Flächenmuster 31 mit Beugungsstrukturen bildet, deren Spatialfrequenzen Werte im Bereich 300 Linien pro mm bis 2000 Linien pro mm aufweisen. Solche mosaikartiges Flächenmuster 31 sind aus den eingangs erwähnten EP 0 105 099 A1, EP 0 330 738 A1, EP 0 375 833 A1 bekannt. Der Inhalt dieser Patentschriften ist hiermit in die Beschreibung eingeschlossen.The security element 2 in Fig. 1 will be even more difficult to duplicate if the pattern 25 is a background for a mosaic-like surface pattern 31 forms with diffraction structures whose spatial frequencies have values in the range 300 lines per mm to 2000 lines per mm. Such mosaic Surface patterns 31 are from the above-mentioned EP 0 105 099 A1, EP 0 330 738 A1, EP 0 375 833 A1. The content of these patents is hereby incorporated in the description included.

Claims (13)

  1. Security element (2) having a pattern (25) comprising subareas and in the form of a layer composite (6) for authenticating a document (1), which composite comprises at least one transparent protective layer (7), a transparent varnish layer (9) and an adhesive layer (8), the varnish layer (9) being arranged between the protective layer (7) and the adhesive layer (8) and the refractive index changing abruptly at the interface between the adhesive layer (8) and the varnish layer (9), and the subareas of the pattern (25) being composed of background areas (3) and pattern elements (4),
    characterized in that, in the region of the background areas (3), the varnish layer (9) is smooth and flat and, in the region of the pattern elements (4), relief structures (14) having a predetermined optically active structure depth (h) are moulded into the varnish layer (9),
    in that the background areas (3) are flat reflective areas for light (10) falling into the layer composite (6), and
    in that the relief structures (14) are crossed gratings formed of basic gratings with periods (dx; dy) and the periods (dx; dy) are shorter than a predetermined limiting wavelength (λ) at the short-wave end in the spectrum of visible light (10), so that the pattern elements (4) absorb and scatter the incident light (10), the ratio of the absorbed and of the scattered light in each relief structure (14) being dependent in a predetermined manner on the optically active structure depth (h) prevailing in the relief structure (14).
  2. Security element (2) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the crossed grating of the relief structures (14) is composed of two basic gratings arranged substantially perpendicular to each other and having the periods (dx; dy).
  3. Security element (2) according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the basic gratings are sinusoidal.
  4. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one of the periods (dx; dy) is longer than half the limiting wavelength (λ) but shorter than the limiting wavelength (λ).
  5. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the limiting wavelength (λ) is chosen in the range between 380 nm and 420 nm.
  6. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the periods (dx; dy) of the two basic gratings have the same value.
  7. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the values for the optically active structure depth (h) of the relief structures (14) are chosen in the range from h = 50 nm to h = 500 nm.
  8. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the reflective layer (11) contains a metal from the group comprising aluminium, silver, gold, chromium, copper, nickel and tellurium.
  9. Security element (2) according to Claim 8, characterized in that the reflective layer (11) on the side of the metal layer (24) facing the varnish layer (9) has at least one layer of an inorganic dielectric (23).
  10. Security element (2) according to Claim 9, characterized in that the layer of inorganic dielectric (23) consists of ZnS and the metal layer (24) consists of aluminium.
  11. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the pattern (25) has zones (26; 27; 28) with grey steps, and that the pattern elements (4) of the zones (26; 27; 28) having different grey steps differ in the optically active structure depth (h) of the relief structures (14).
  12. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the pattern (25) has zones (26; 27; 28) with grey steps, in that the pattern elements (4) have identical values of the optically active structure depths (h), and in that the zones (26; 27; 28) differ in differently dense screening of halftone points with dimensions of less than 0.4 mm.
  13. Security element (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the pattern (25) forms a background for a mosaic-like surface pattern (31) comprising diffraction structures with spatial frequencies in the range from 300 lines per mm to 2000 lines per mm.
EP02776977A 2001-10-12 2002-09-04 Security element Expired - Lifetime EP1434695B1 (en)

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DE10150293A DE10150293B4 (en) 2001-10-12 2001-10-12 security element
DE10150293 2001-10-12
PCT/EP2002/009861 WO2003033274A1 (en) 2001-10-12 2002-09-04 Security element

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EP1434695B1 true EP1434695B1 (en) 2005-02-02

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JP (1) JP4315334B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100910098B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1268501C (en)
AT (1) ATE288364T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2002339482B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2462924C (en)
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ES (1) ES2236594T3 (en)
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PL (1) PL202807B1 (en)
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EP2927715A1 (en) 2014-04-04 2015-10-07 Giesecke & Devrient GmbH Safety element for security papers, valuable documents or the like
DE102014011425A1 (en) 2014-07-31 2016-02-04 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Security element for the production of value documents
WO2016015828A1 (en) 2014-07-31 2016-02-04 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Security element for producing value documents
US10682878B2 (en) 2014-07-31 2020-06-16 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Security element for producing value documents
DE102014018551A1 (en) 2014-12-15 2016-06-16 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh value document
WO2016096095A1 (en) 2014-12-15 2016-06-23 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Value document
EP3184319A1 (en) 2015-12-23 2017-06-28 Giesecke & Devrient GmbH Safety element for security papers, valuable documents or the like
DE102015016751A1 (en) 2015-12-23 2017-06-29 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Security element for security papers, documents of value or the like
DE102017003281A1 (en) 2017-04-04 2018-10-04 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Security element with relief structure and manufacturing method therefor
DE102017003274A1 (en) 2017-04-04 2018-10-04 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Security element and manufacturing method therefor
WO2018184715A1 (en) 2017-04-04 2018-10-11 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Security element having relief structure and production method therefor
WO2018184721A1 (en) 2017-04-04 2018-10-11 Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh Security element and production method therefor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US7145723B2 (en) 2006-12-05
CA2462924C (en) 2008-11-04
MY126197A (en) 2006-09-29
EP1434695A1 (en) 2004-07-07
US20040239099A1 (en) 2004-12-02
CA2462924A1 (en) 2003-04-24
RU2255000C1 (en) 2005-06-27
CN1568264A (en) 2005-01-19
ES2236594T3 (en) 2005-07-16
PT1434695E (en) 2005-04-29
JP4315334B2 (en) 2009-08-19
TW542798B (en) 2003-07-21
PL367433A1 (en) 2005-02-21
DE10150293B4 (en) 2005-05-12
KR100910098B1 (en) 2009-07-30
DE10150293A1 (en) 2003-04-30
RU2004114260A (en) 2005-03-27
ATE288364T1 (en) 2005-02-15
JP2005518956A (en) 2005-06-30
DE50202189D1 (en) 2005-03-10
AU2002339482B2 (en) 2006-12-07
KR20040051601A (en) 2004-06-18
CN1268501C (en) 2006-08-09
PL202807B1 (en) 2009-07-31
WO2003033274A1 (en) 2003-04-24

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