EP0381615A2 - Stiffening element for a lattice girder - Google Patents

Stiffening element for a lattice girder Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0381615A2
EP0381615A2 EP90810043A EP90810043A EP0381615A2 EP 0381615 A2 EP0381615 A2 EP 0381615A2 EP 90810043 A EP90810043 A EP 90810043A EP 90810043 A EP90810043 A EP 90810043A EP 0381615 A2 EP0381615 A2 EP 0381615A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wire
polygon
belt
belts
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90810043A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0381615A3 (en
Inventor
Peter Salzmann
Hans Hügi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pantex Stahl AG
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Pantex-Stahl AG
Pantex Stahl AG
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Application filed by Pantex-Stahl AG, Pantex Stahl AG filed Critical Pantex-Stahl AG
Publication of EP0381615A2 publication Critical patent/EP0381615A2/en
Publication of EP0381615A3 publication Critical patent/EP0381615A3/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/08—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with apertured web, e.g. with a web consisting of bar-like components; Honeycomb girders
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/06—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of high bending resistance, i.e. of essentially three-dimensional extent, e.g. lattice girders
    • E04C5/065—Light-weight girders, e.g. with precast parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
    • E21D11/107—Reinforcing elements therefor; Holders for the reinforcing elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/14—Lining predominantly with metal
    • E21D11/18—Arch members ; Network made of arch members ; Ring elements; Polygon elements; Polygon elements inside arches
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0486—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0486—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements
    • E04C2003/0495—Truss like structures composed of separate truss elements the truss elements being located in several non-parallel surfaces

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a stiffening element according to the preamble of independent claim 1.
  • arch supports are installed to support the vault after tunneling, with which free passage is guaranteed and which are subsequently concreted in.
  • shotcrete means that more and more lattice girders are used because, unlike I or U girders, they have no splash shadow and therefore an even concrete surface is made possible.
  • lattice girders are described for example in EP-B-73733.
  • the stiffening elements should ideally be relatively close to each other on the one hand, and on the other hand, the single girder bar of the lattice girder should be supported in the middle between the nodes, so that its buckling length is halved.
  • the tried and tested pyramid shape of the stiffening element is intended to ensure a high level of dimensional stability or cross-sectional stability both against bending stresses and against beans stresses on kinks and torsion can be achieved.
  • the stiffening element can be formed in one piece, so that its connection to the belt rods can take place at relatively few welding points, which results in a correspondingly lower embrittlement of the material due to the welding.
  • the welding point S5 on the apex belt T3 is specified as the only welding point, although it could easily be addressed as two welding points if the two wire polygons 1, 2 were at a greater distance.
  • a two areas marked by a dashed line are highlighted. In these areas A, in addition to the wire polygons 1, 2, a wire triangle 3 is welded on in order to increase the strength of the belt carrier.
  • three welding points S1, S2, S3 or S6, S10, S11 etc. practically coincide so that the undesirable formation of martensite is promoted, which was mentioned earlier.
  • two triangular wire polygons 10, 20 similar to the above-described example can also be seen in FIG. 2, which are welded to a common welding point S3 on the apex belt T3.
  • the wire polygon 20 is provided with a strut 40 connecting the two base straps T1, T2
  • another triangular wire polygon 30 is connected to the other wire polygon 10, but without a strut connecting the two base straps T1, T2.
  • the necessary strut between the base belts T1, T2 is formed by the following wire polygon as indicated by a broken line.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)

Abstract

For strengthening triangular girders in underground working, stiffening elements are welded between the three chords (T1, T2, T3). Such a stiffening element consists of three triangular wire polygons (10, 20, 30) connected to one another in one piece, of which two meet together at the apex chord (T3) and thus form a wire pyramid. The third wire polygon (30) is perpendicular to the plane determined by the axes of the base chords (T1, T2). Since neither this wire polygon (30) nor the wire polygon (10) adjoining it on the one side of the wire pyramid requires a cross strut between the base chords (T1, T2), considerable saving of material combined with higher bending strength is obtained. <IMAGE>

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Aussteifungselement gemäss dem Oberbegriff des unabhängigen Patentanspruchs 1.The present invention relates to a stiffening element according to the preamble of independent claim 1.

Bei Untertagbauten werden zur Stützung des Gewölbes nach dem Vortrieb Gewölbestützen eingebaut, mit denen der freie Durchgang gewährleistet ist und die im Nachhinein einbeto­niert werden. Durch die Verwendung von Spritzbeton werden immer mehr Gitterträger verwendet, weil diese im Gegensatz zu I- oder U-Trägern keinen Spritzschatten haben und daher ein gleichmässiger Betonbelag ermöglicht wird. Solche Gitter­träger sind beispielsweise in der EP-B-73733 beschrieben.In the case of underground structures, arch supports are installed to support the vault after tunneling, with which free passage is guaranteed and which are subsequently concreted in. The use of shotcrete means that more and more lattice girders are used because, unlike I or U girders, they have no splash shadow and therefore an even concrete surface is made possible. Such lattice girders are described for example in EP-B-73733.

Beim statischen Nachweis eines derartigen Gitterträgers ergeben sich, von den globalen Schnittgrössen am Gesamt­system ausgehend, die lokalen Schnittgrössen der einzelnen Stäbe des Trägers. Dabei spielt der Abstand der Aussteifungs­ elemente zueinander eine massgebende Rolle.In the static verification of such a lattice girder, the local internal forces of the individual bars of the girder are based on the global internal forces in the overall system. The spacing of the stiffening plays here elements play a decisive role for each other.

Je grösser dieser Abstand gewählt wird, desto ungünstiger wirken sich dabei die örtlichen Beanspruchungen am Träger aus, d.h. je ungünstiger werden die Querkräfte und die Biege­momente in den Gurtstäben sowie die Druck- und Zugkräfte in den Diagonalen, was erhöhte Materialspannungen erzeugt und letztendlich grössere Profilabmessungen notwendig machen kann, was wiederum unwirtschaftlich wäre.The larger this distance is selected, the more unfavorable the local stresses on the beam, i.e. the less favorable are the transverse forces and the bending moments in the belt rods as well as the compressive and tensile forces in the diagonals, which creates increased material stresses and can ultimately make larger profile dimensions necessary, which in turn would be uneconomical.

Noch massgebender dabei ist jedoch die Tatsache, dass, je grösser der Abstand zwischen den Knotenpunkten am Einzel­gurtstab des Gitterträgers ist, desto ungünstiger sich die­ser auf das lokale Knickverhalten dieses Stabs auswirkt.Even more important is the fact that the greater the distance between the nodes on the single belt rod of the lattice girder, the more unfavorable this is on the local buckling behavior of this rod.

Um das Trag- und Stabilitätsverhalten eines Gitterträgers massgebend zu verbessern, sollten daher idealerweise einer­seits die Aussteifungselemente relativ nahe beieinander liegen und andererseits sinnvollerweise der Einzelgurtstab des Gitterträgers mittig zwischen den Knotenpunkten gestützt werden, so dass sich dessen Knicklänge halbiert.In order to significantly improve the load-bearing and stability behavior of a lattice girder, the stiffening elements should ideally be relatively close to each other on the one hand, and on the other hand, the single girder bar of the lattice girder should be supported in the middle between the nodes, so that its buckling length is halved.

Eine Verbesserung wurde in einem Ausführungsbeispiel gemäss der GB-A-2 195 677 erzielt. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, das Verbindungselement als vierseitige Pyramide auszubilden, deren Spitze am Scheitelgurtträger befestigt ist und deren Basisenden quer zu den Basisgurtträgern durch Querstreben verbunden sind. Bei einem derartigen Verbindungselement wurde zur Verbesserung der Knickfestigkeit vorgeschlagen, ein separates dreieckig geformtes Zwischenelement senkrecht zu den Gurtträgern anzuordnen. Durch ein derartiges, zusätz­liches, dreieckig ausgebildetes, vertikal zwischen den Aussteifungselementen angeordnetes und mit den Gurtstäben verschweisstes Stützelement entsteht jedoch eine Anhäufung von Schweissstellen in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft (Fig. 1).An improvement was achieved in an embodiment according to GB-A-2 195 677. It has been proposed to design the connecting element as a four-sided pyramid, the tip of which is attached to the apex belt carrier and the latter Base ends are connected transversely to the base belt carriers by cross struts. In the case of such a connecting element, in order to improve the kink resistance, it was proposed to arrange a separate triangular-shaped intermediate element perpendicular to the belt carriers. However, such an additional, triangular support element, which is arranged vertically between the stiffening elements and welded to the belt rods, results in an accumulation of welding points in the immediate vicinity (FIG. 1).

Dies ist nun andererseits aber keinesfalls wünschenswert, da diese eng beieinander liegenden Schweissungen einen Ein­fluss auf die Gefügestruktur des Stahls haben können (im ungünstigsten Falle sogar eine gefährliche Martensitbildung fördert), was Sprödstellen in den Gurten verursachen kann und somit die Tragfähigkeit des Gitterträgers in Frage stellt. Unter starker Belastung können im Extremfalle die Schweissnähte brechen, was zu einem Ausscheren der Ausstei­fungselemente führt.On the other hand, this is by no means desirable, since these closely spaced welds can have an influence on the structure of the steel (in the worst case, even promote dangerous martensite formation), which can cause brittleness in the belts and thus question the load-bearing capacity of the lattice girder . In extreme cases, the weld seams can break under heavy loads, which leads to the bracing elements swerving.

Es ist deshalb eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein einfaches, billig zu konstruierendes Aussteifungselement zu schaffen, das eine Reduzierung des Knotenabstands des Gitterträger-­Einzelgurtstabes auf die Hälfte ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig soll durch die bewährte Pyramidenform des Aussteifungsele­ments eine hohe Formsteifigkeit bzw. Querschnittsstabilität sowohl gegen Biegebeanspruchungen als auch gegenüber Bean­ spruchungen auf Knicken und Torsion erzielt werden.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a simple, inexpensive to construct stiffening element which enables the knot spacing of the lattice girder single belt rod to be halved. At the same time, the tried and tested pyramid shape of the stiffening element is intended to ensure a high level of dimensional stability or cross-sectional stability both against bending stresses and against beans stresses on kinks and torsion can be achieved.

Das Aussteifungselement kann einstückig ausgebildet sein, so dass dessen Verbindung mit den Gurtstäben an relativ wenigen Schweissstellen erfolgen kann, was eine entsprechend geringere Versprödung des Materials durch das Schweissen bewirkt.The stiffening element can be formed in one piece, so that its connection to the belt rods can take place at relatively few welding points, which results in a correspondingly lower embrittlement of the material due to the welding.

Erfindungsgemäss wird dies durch ein Aussteifungselement gemäss den Merkmalen im unabhängigen Patentanspruch 1 er­reicht.According to the invention, this is achieved by a stiffening element according to the features in independent claim 1.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 ein Verbindungselement entsprechend Fig. 3 der GB-A-2 195 677 als Stand der Technik, und
  • Fig. 2 eine perspektivische Ansicht des Elementes gemäss vorliegender Erfindung.
An embodiment of the invention is explained below with reference to the drawing. Show it:
  • Fig. 1 shows a connecting element corresponding to Fig. 3 of GB-A-2 195 677 as prior art, and
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the element according to the present invention.

Das Verbindungselement nach Fig. 1 besteht aus zwei als im wesentlichen dreieckigen Drahtpolygonen erkennbaren Partien 1 und 2, die an den drei Gurten, dem Scheitelgurt T3 und den beiden Basisgurten T1 und T2 an je drei Schweissstellen S3, S5, S8 bzw. S5, S6, S7 an den Gurten T1, T2 und T3 angeschweisst sind. Die Schweissstelle S5 am Scheitelgurt T3 ist als einzige Schweissstelle angegeben, obwohl dieselbe bei grösserem Abstand der beiden Drahtpolygonen 1, 2 leicht als zwei Schweissstellen angesprochen werden könnte. Mit A sind zwei durch eine strichliert gezeichnete Linie umfasste Gebiete herausgestellt. In diesen Gebieten A sind zusätzlich zu den Drahtpolygonenen 1, 2 noch ein Drahtdreieck 3 ange­schweisst, um die Festigkeit des Gurtträgers zu erhöhen. Es fallen somit immer wieder drei Schweissstellen S1, S2, S3 oder S6, S10, S11 usw. praktisch zusammen, so dass die uner­wünschte Bildung von Martensit gefördert wird, die weiter vorn schon angesprochen wurde.1 consists of two parts 1 and 2, which are recognizable as essentially triangular wire polygons and which each have three welding points S3, S5, S8 and S5, S6 on the three belts, the crown belt T3 and the two base belts T1 and T2 , S7 on the belts T1, T2 and T3 are welded on. The welding point S5 on the apex belt T3 is specified as the only welding point, although it could easily be addressed as two welding points if the two wire polygons 1, 2 were at a greater distance. With A two areas marked by a dashed line are highlighted. In these areas A, in addition to the wire polygons 1, 2, a wire triangle 3 is welded on in order to increase the strength of the belt carrier. Thus, three welding points S1, S2, S3 or S6, S10, S11 etc. practically coincide so that the undesirable formation of martensite is promoted, which was mentioned earlier.

Gemäss der Erfindung sind nach Fig. 2 ebenfalls wieder zwei dem vorbeschriebenen Beispiel ähnliche dreieckige Drahtpoly­gone 10, 20 erkennbar, die an einer gemeinsamen Schweiss­stelle S3 am Scheitelgurt T3 angeschweisst sind. Während aber das Drahtpolygon 20 mit einer die beiden Basisgurte T1, T2 verbindenden Strebe 40 versehen ist, schliesst sich an das andere Drahtpolygon 10 ein weiteres dreieckiges Drahtpolygon 30, aber ohne eine die beiden Basisgurte T1, T2 verbindende Strebe, an. Die notwendige Strebe zwischen den Basisgurten T1, T2 wird wie mit strichlierter Linie ange­geben durch das nachfolgende Drahtpolygon gebildet.According to the invention, two triangular wire polygons 10, 20 similar to the above-described example can also be seen in FIG. 2, which are welded to a common welding point S3 on the apex belt T3. However, while the wire polygon 20 is provided with a strut 40 connecting the two base straps T1, T2, another triangular wire polygon 30 is connected to the other wire polygon 10, but without a strut connecting the two base straps T1, T2. The necessary strut between the base belts T1, T2 is formed by the following wire polygon as indicated by a broken line.

Bei der Herstellung der Gurtenträger mit derartigen Ver­ steifungselementen gemäss Fig. 2 sticht als wesentlicher Vorteil ins Auge, dass ein solches Versteifungselement mit einer Schweissstelle 41 einstückig hergestellt werden kann, so dass gegenüber dem beschriebenen älteren Ausführungsbei­spiel nach Fig. 1 nicht drei verschiedene Elemente vorrätig sein müssen.In the manufacture of the belt carrier with such Ver 2 stands out as a significant advantage that such a stiffening element can be manufactured in one piece with a welding point 41, so that, compared to the described older exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1, it is not necessary to have three different elements in stock.

Belastungsversuche an Versuchsträgern gemäss der bekannten und der neuen Bauart haben ergeben, dass bei Unterstützung in 1,5 m Abstand und Pressung zwischen den Verbindungsele­menten nach Fig. 1 für eine Verformung von 80 mm eine Kraft von 44,4 kN aufzubringen war. Bei den neu vorgeschlagenen Versteifungselementen musste für eine Verformung von 82 mm eine Kraft von 51,5 kN aufgebracht werden.Load tests on test carriers according to the known and the new design have shown that with support at a distance of 1.5 m and pressure between the connecting elements according to FIG. 1, a force of 44.4 kN had to be applied for a deformation of 80 mm. With the newly proposed stiffening elements, a force of 51.5 kN had to be applied for a deformation of 82 mm.

Aehnliche Verhältnisse ergaben gleiche Messungen aber mit der Kraft über der Schweissstelle an der Scheitelgurte, nämlich 50,6 kN für eine Verformung von 80 mm bei der bekann­ten Anordnung und 54,2 kN für eine Verformung von 81 mm bei dem neu vorgeschlagenen Versteifungselement.Similar conditions gave the same measurements but with the force above the welding point on the apex belts, namely 50.6 kN for a deformation of 80 mm in the known arrangement and 54.2 kN for a deformation of 81 mm in the newly proposed stiffening element.

Das heisst, dass für gleiche örtliche Beanspruchungen anstelle eines Scheitelgurtes von 30 mm für gleiche Biege­kräfte nur ein Scheitelgurt von 26 oder 28 mm verwendet werden muss. Zu dieser Materialeinsparung kommt auch noch die Materialeinsparung am Aussteifungselement selbst, weil immerhin zwei Verbindungsstreben zwischen den Basisgurten entfallen, nämlich die eine Strebe am Drahtpolygon 1 und die parallel dazu liegende Strebe des Polygons 3. Diese Materialeinsparung bei 10 bis 15 % höherer Festigkeit kann beim Untertagbau eine wesentliche Rolle spielen.This means that for the same local stresses, instead of a 30 mm apex belt for the same bending forces, only a 26 or 28 mm apex belt must be used. In addition to this material saving, there is also the material saving on the stiffening element itself, because after all, two connecting struts between the base belts are omitted, namely the one strut on the wire polygon 1 and the strut of the polygon 3 lying parallel to it. This material saving with 10 to 15% higher strength can play an important role in underground construction.

Claims (2)

1. Aussteifungselement für Dreigurtträger für den Untertag-­Strecken- oder Schachtausbau, welcher Dreigurtträger zwei Basisgurte (T1, T2) und einen Scheitelgurt (T3) aufweist, die je eine Kante eines dreiseitigen Prismas darstellen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es aus drei je ein drei­eckiges Drahtpolygon bildenden Einheiten (10, 20, 30) zusammengesetzt ist, die einstückig untereinander verbun­den sind, von denen zwei Drahtpolygone (10, 20) die Seitenkanten einer vierseitigen Drahtpyramide bilden, deren Spitze am Scheitelgurt (T3) angeschweisst ist und deren Basispunkte an den beiden Basisgurten (T1, T2) an­geschweisst sind, dass die durch das dritte gerade Draht­polygon (30) bestimmte Ebene senkrecht auf den drei Gurten (T1, T2, T3) steht, und dass nur das Drahtpolygon (20), das vom geraden Polygon (10) am weitesten entfernt ist, eine die beiden Basisgurte (10, 20) verbindende Strebe (40) hat.1. Stiffening element for three-belt beams for underground track or shaft expansion, which three-belt beam has two basic belts (T1, T2) and a crown belt (T3), each of which represents an edge of a three-sided prism, characterized in that it consists of three triangular each Wire polygon forming units (10, 20, 30) are assembled, which are integrally connected to each other, of which two wire polygons (10, 20) form the side edges of a four-sided wire pyramid, the tip of which is welded to the crown strap (T3) and the base points of the two Base belts (T1, T2) are welded on, that the plane determined by the third straight wire polygon (30) is perpendicular to the three belts (T1, T2, T3), and that only the wire polygon (20) that is separated from the straight polygon (10 ) furthest away, has a strut (40) connecting the two base belts (10, 20). 2. Element nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die drei Drahtpolygone (10, 20, 30) als eine ein­stückige Drahtschlaufe geformt sind.2. Element according to claim 1, characterized in that the three wire polygons (10, 20, 30) are formed as a one-piece wire loop.
EP19900810043 1989-02-01 1990-01-19 Stiffening element for a lattice girder Withdrawn EP0381615A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH342/89 1989-02-01
CH342/89A CH677954A5 (en) 1989-02-01 1989-02-01

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EP0381615A2 true EP0381615A2 (en) 1990-08-08
EP0381615A3 EP0381615A3 (en) 1991-04-10

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US (1) US5054964A (en)
EP (1) EP0381615A3 (en)
JP (1) JPH0637840B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2007292A1 (en)
CH (1) CH677954A5 (en)
CS (1) CS43290A2 (en)
HU (1) HUT59993A (en)

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AU2017377668A1 (en) * 2016-12-14 2019-08-01 Starpartner Pty Ltd "truss, permanent formwork element and slab"
KR102000261B1 (en) * 2017-02-13 2019-07-24 주식회사 스틸텍 A quadrilateral lattice girder having high strength Spider
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DE2556087A1 (en) * 1975-12-12 1977-06-16 Julius Georg Stefan Dip Keller Concrete slab reinforcing three-dimensional lattice girder - has auxiliary paired vertical struts joining lower chords to upper chord and lying in plane across girder axis
GB2195677A (en) * 1986-10-03 1988-04-13 Pantex Stahl Ag Triangular section lattice girder

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DE102012108479A1 (en) * 2012-09-11 2014-03-13 Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann GmbH & Co. KG girder
EP2706194A3 (en) * 2012-09-11 2015-07-29 Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann GmbH&Co. Kg Formwork girder
AT14169U1 (en) * 2013-12-27 2015-05-15 Sz Schacht Und Streckenausbau Gmbh compliant element
AT14755U1 (en) * 2013-12-27 2016-05-15 Sz Schacht Und Streckenausbau Gmbh compliant element

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US5054964A (en) 1991-10-08
CS43290A2 (en) 1991-07-16
CH677954A5 (en) 1991-07-15
HU900276D0 (en) 1990-05-28
EP0381615A3 (en) 1991-04-10
JPH0637840B2 (en) 1994-05-18
CA2007292A1 (en) 1990-08-01
JPH02209600A (en) 1990-08-21
HUT59993A (en) 1992-07-28

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