CN106822868A - 用于胞内传递生物活性分子的官能化纳米粒子 - Google Patents
用于胞内传递生物活性分子的官能化纳米粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其能够穿透哺乳动物细胞膜并胞内传递用于调节细胞功能的多个生物活性分子。该官能化生物相容性纳米粒子包括:中央纳米粒子,该中央纳米粒子的尺寸范围为约5nm至约50nm,并且在其上具有聚合物涂层,共价连接于所述聚合物涂层的多个官能团,其中多个生物活性分子连接于所述多个官能团,并且其中所述多个生物活性分子至少包括肽和蛋白质,其中所述肽能够穿透哺乳动物细胞膜并进入细胞,其中所述蛋白质能够在细胞内提供新功能。该蛋白质可以是选自Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、Lin28、cMyc和Klf4的转录因子。
Description
本申请是申请号为201280063870.2、国际申请日为2012年10月22日、发明名称为“用于胞内传递生物活性分子的官能化纳米粒子”的中国申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求申请号为61/550,213、申请日为2011年10月21日的美国临时申请的优先权,该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明主要涉及有机合成和纳米生物技术,更具体而言,涉及用于将生物活性分子传递到细胞内以调节细胞功能的官能化纳米粒子以及与之相关的方法。
背景技术
细胞正常增殖、迁移和分化成各种细胞类型的能力对胚胎形成和成熟细胞,包括但不限于各种遗传性或获得性疾病中造血细胞和/或心血管系统细胞的功能是至关重要的。干细胞和/或进一步分化的特化细胞类型的功能性能力在各种病理状态下会发生变化,但是可通过胞内引入生物活性成分而正常化。例如,观察到周期性中性粒细胞减少症或严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症患者中有异常的细胞功能,例如骨髓干细胞/祖细胞的存活和/或分化为中性粒细胞的能力受损,此类患者可能患有严重的危及生命的感染,并可能发展成急性髓细胞性白血病或其他恶性肿瘤[Aprikyan等,Impaired survival of bonemarrow hematopoietic progenitor cells in cyclic neutropenia(在周期性中性粒细胞减少症中受损的骨髓造血祖细胞的存活),Blood,97,147(2001);GoranCarlsson等,Kostmann syndrome:severe congenital neutropenia associated with defectiveexpression of Bcl-2,constitutive mitochondrial release of cytochrome C,andexcessive apoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells(科斯特曼综合征:与Bcl-2蛋白缺陷表达、细胞色素C的组成性线粒体释放及骨髓祖细胞的过度凋亡相关联的严重先天性中性粒细胞减少症),Blood,103,3355(2004)]。遗传性或获得性疾病,例如严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症或巴特综合征是由各种基因突变引发的,并且因患者的血液和/或心肌细胞的制造和功能不足导致随后的中性粒细胞减少症、心肌梗塞和/或心力衰竭[Makaryan等,The cellular and molecular mechanisms for neutropenia in Barth syndrome(巴特综合征中中性粒细胞减少症的细胞和分子机制),Eur J Haematol,88:195-209(2012)]。严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症的表型可由中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶基因、HAX1基因或Wiskott-Aldrich综合征蛋白基因的不同取代、缺失、插入或截短突变引起[Dale等,Mutations in the gene encoding neutrophil elastase in congenital and cyclicneutropenia(先天性和周期性中性粒细胞减少症中编码中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶的基因的突变),Blood,96:2317-2322(2000);Devriendt等,Constitutively activating mutationin WASP causes X-linked severe congenital neutropenia(WASP中的组成性激活突变导致X-连锁的严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症),Nat Genet.27:313-7(2001);Klein等,HAXl deficiency causes autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia(Kostmann disease)(HAXl缺乏导致常染色体隐性遗传的严重先天性中性粒细胞减少症(科斯特曼病)),Nat Genet,39:86-92(2007)]。
其他遗传性疾病,如巴特综合征,是一种可能由线粒体TAZ基因的功能缺失突变所引发的多系统干细胞疾病,该类疾病与中性粒细胞减少症(血中性粒细胞水平下降)相关联,该类遗传性疾病可能会导致复发性的严重的、有时甚至危及生命的致命性感染和/或可能会导致心力衰竭的心肌梗塞,该心力衰竭可通过心脏移植来解决。在大多数情况下,与发病机制和遗传性或获得性人类疾病的发展相关联的该突变基因产物会影响不同的细胞内事件(intracellular events),这会导致异常的细胞功能和特定的疾病表型。
用粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)治疗这些患者会诱导位于细胞表面的G-CSF受体分子发生构象变化,随之引发一系列的细胞内事件,最终将中性粒细胞的生产恢复至接近正常水平,并提高患者的生活质量[Welte和Dale, Pathophysiology and treatment ofsevere chronic neutropenia(严重的慢性中性粒细胞减少症的病理生理学和治疗),Ann.Hematol.72,158(1996)]。然而,用G-CSF治疗的患者可能进化发展为白血病[Aprikyan等,Cellular and molecular abnormalities in severe congenital neutropeniapredisposing to leukemia(严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症中的细胞和分子异常易诱发白血病),Exp Hematol.31,372(2003);Philip Rosenberg等,Neutrophil elastasemutations and risk of leukaemia in severe congenital neutropenia(严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症中中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶突变和白血病的风险),Br J Haematol.140,210(2008);Peter Newburger等,Cyclic Neutropenia and Severe CongenitalNeutropenia in Patients with a Shared ELANE Mutation and Paternal Haplotype:Evidence for Phenotype Determination by Modifying Genes(共有ELANE突变和父源单倍型患者的周期性中性粒细胞减少症和严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症:通过修饰基因测定表型的证据),Pediatr.Blood Cancer,55,314(2010)],这正是探索新的替代方法的原因。
可以通过使用截然不同的官能化纳米粒子胞内传递不同的生物活性分子,从而能够更有效地影响和调节细胞内事件。这些生物活性分子可以使细胞功能正常化或根据需要消除不需要的细胞。然而,细胞膜作为有效屏障保护细胞内事件的级联反应免受外源性刺激的影响。
因此,在本领域中需要新型的生物活性分子,其能够穿透细胞膜并实现所关心的细胞内事件。本发明满足了这些需要,并提供了更多相关的优点。
发明内容
在一些实施方案中,本发明涉及将蛋白质和/或肽连接于生物相容性纳米粒子以调节细胞功能的官能化方法。在一些实施方案中,本发明涉及官能化生物相容性纳米粒子本身。
在一个实施方案中,一种能够穿透哺乳动物细胞膜并胞内传递用于调节细胞功能的多个生物活性分子的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,包括:中央纳米粒子,尺寸范围为5~50nm,且在其上具有聚合物涂层;共价连接于所述聚合物涂层的多个官能团,其中所述多个生物活性分子连接于所述多个官能团,并且其中所述多个生物活性分子至少包括肽和蛋白质,并且其中所述肽能够穿透哺乳动物细胞膜并进入细胞,并且其中所述蛋白质能够在细胞内提供新功能。
中央纳米粒子可包括铁,并有磁性。本发明所述的肽可以连接于蛋白质(相反侧连接于纳米粒子)。肽和蛋白质可各自通过一个或多个插入连接子分子而连接于纳米粒子。在一些实施方式中,肽可以包括5~9个碱性氨基酸,而在其他实施方式中,肽包括9个以上碱性氨基酸。该蛋白质可以是选自由Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、Lin28、cMyc和Klf4组成的组的转录因子。
另一方面,本发明涉及改变哺乳动物细胞内的细胞功能的方法。该新方法包括将有效量的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子给予细胞,并改变细胞内的细胞功能。细胞功能的改变涉及细胞理化特性的改变、细胞增殖特性的改变、细胞存活能力的改变或细胞形态学表型特性的改变。细胞功能的变化涉及细胞制造新细胞类型的获取能力,所述新细胞类型包括干细胞或更多特化细胞类型。
本发明的上述及其他方面通过参考下面的详细描述和附图将变得更为清楚。但是,应当理解的是,可在不脱离本发明主旨和保护范围的前提下对本说明书中公开的实施方式进行各种改变、变更和替换。最后,本说明书中引用的各种参考文献都明确地通过引用并入本文。
附图说明
图1示出根据本发明实施例的基于肽和蛋白质分子同时连接于纳米粒子的纳米粒子多步骤官能化方案。
图2A示出根据本发明实施例的含胺基纳米粒子与等摩尔比的长链LC1-SPDP和碘乙酸纳米粒子的反应。
图2B示出根据本发明实施例,还原PDP的二硫键以提供自由SH基纳米粒子。
图2C示出根据本发明实施例的长链LC1-SMCC与蛋白质纳米粒子的赖氨酸基团的反应。
图2D示出根据本发明实施例的多功能纳米粒子与蛋白质的反应,该蛋白质已经与SMCC反应并且包含末端反应性马来酰亚胺基纳米粒子。
图2E示出肽的氨基与LC2-SMCC的反应。根据本发明实施例,该反应后随之进行与巯基乙醇的反应,将末端马来酰亚胺转化为醇纳米粒子。
图2F示出根据本发明实施例的功能珠(和连接有蛋白质)与带修饰的肽的在纳米粒子上自由羧基端的反应。
图3A示出根据本发明实施例的含胺基的纳米粒子与LC1-SPDP纳米粒子的反应。
图3B示出根据本发明实施例,还原PDP的二硫键以提供自由SH基纳米粒子。
图3C示出根据本发明实施例的长链LC2-SMCC与蛋白质纳米粒子的赖氨酸基团的反应。
图3D示出根据本发明实施例的多功能纳米粒子与蛋白质的反应,该蛋白质已经与SMCC反应并且包含了末端反应性马来酰亚胺基纳米粒子。
对本领域普通技术人员来说,结合附图参考以下详细描述时,本发明的上述和其它方案将变得更加清楚。
具体实施方式
为了胞内传递生物活性分子,本发明的发明人提出了一种基于带有共价连接的生物活性分子的细胞膜穿透性纳米粒子的通用手段。为此,本发明人在此提出一种新官能化方法,其确保了蛋白质和肽对纳米粒子的共价连接。本发明的经修饰了的细胞透过性纳米粒子为胞内传递用于调节细胞功能和/或细胞功能正常化的生物活性分子提供了通用机制。
细胞正常增殖、迁移和分化成各种细胞类型的能力对胚胎发育和成熟细胞,包括但不限于各种遗传性或获得性疾病中造血细胞和心血管系统的干细胞/祖细胞和进一步分化的细胞的功能是至关重要的。干细胞和/或进一步分化的特化细胞类型的这种功能性能力在细胞内事件中的异常改变所导致的各种病理状态下会发生改变,但可通过胞内引入生物活性成分而正常化。例如,在患有严重的危及生命的感染并可能发展成白血病的周期性中性粒细胞减少症或严重的先天性中性粒细胞减少症患者中观察到人骨髓祖细胞的存活和/或分化为中性粒细胞的能力受损,其可通过中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶的细胞膜穿透性小分子抑制剂而正常化,它干扰异常的细胞内事件并明显地恢复正常表型。然而,这种小分子对导致疾病的目标突变产物基本无效,这正是需要用于胞内传递能够调节细胞功能的生物活性分子的可替代性的有效的细胞膜穿透手段的原因。
本说明书中公开的方法利用生物相容性纳米粒子,包括例如类似于前文在科学文献中描述的超顺磁性氧化铁粒子。这种类型的纳米粒子在临床环境中可被用于骨髓细胞、淋巴结、脾脏和肝脏的磁共振成像[参见例如Shen等,Monocrystalline iron oxidenanocompounds(MION)(单晶氧化铁纳米复合物(MION));physicochemicalproperties.Magn.Reson.Med.,29,599(1993);Harisinghani等,MR lymphangiographyusing ultrasmallsuperparamagnetic iron oxide in patients with primaryabdominal and pelvic malignancies(对原发性腹腔和盆腔恶性肿瘤患者利用超小超顺磁氧化铁的MR淋巴管造影),Am.J.Roentgenol.172,1347(1999)]。这些磁性氧化铁纳米粒子包含5nm左右的涂覆有交联葡聚糖的核,并具有大约45nm的总粒子尺寸。重要的是,已经证明这些包含交联的细胞膜可透过性Tat-衍生肽的纳米粒子,以每个细胞高达30pg的超顺磁氧化铁纳米粒子的量,有效地内在化到造血细胞和神经祖细胞中[Lewin等,Tatpeptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking andrecovery of progenitor cells(Tat肽衍生磁性纳米粒子实现在体内祖细胞的跟踪和恢复),Nat.Biotechnol.18,410(2000)]。此外,纳米粒子的插入不影响骨髓衍生CD34+原始祖细胞的增殖和分化特性或细胞存活能力[MaiteLewin等,Nat.Biotechnol.18,410(2000)]。这些纳米粒子可用于在体内跟踪标记细胞。
标记细胞保持其分化能力,还可以使用磁共振成像在组织样品中被检测到。本发明人在此提出基于新纳米粒子的手段,其被功能化以携带肽和蛋白质,所述肽和蛋白质可以作为优良的载体胞内传递生物活性分子用于目标细胞内事件的细胞重编程解决方案并且调节细胞功能和特性。
纳米粒子-肽/蛋白质耦合物的概述:
纳米粒子基于铁或带有生物相容性涂层(例如葡聚糖多糖)的其它材料,其具有连接有不同长度的连接子的X/Y官能团,反过来通过它们的X/Y官能团共价连接于蛋白质和/或肽(或其它小分子)。
可用于交联的官能团包括:
-NH2(例如,赖氨酸,α-NH2);
-SH,
-COOH,
-NH-C(NH)(NH2),
碳水化合物,
-羟基(OH),
-通过连接子上的叠氮基的光化学反应连接。
交联试剂包括:
SMCC[4-(N-马来酰亚胺基-甲基)环己烷-1-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺酯]也可以是磺基-SMCC,该磺基琥珀酰亚胺基衍生物用于交联氨基和巯基。
LC-SMCC(长链SMCC)。也可以是磺基-LC-SMCC。
SPDP[N-琥珀酰亚胺基-3-(吡啶基二硫代)-丙酸酯]也可以是磺基-SPDP。与胺反应提供巯基。
LC-SPDP(长链SPDP)。也可以是磺基-LC-SPDP。
EDC[1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐]用于将-COOH基团与-NH2基团连接的试剂。
SM(PEG)n,其中n=1,2,3,4……24乙二醇单位。也可以是磺基-SM(PEG)n衍生物。
SPDP(PEG)n,其中n=1,2,3,4……12乙二醇单位。也可以是磺基-SPDP(PEG)n衍生物。
同时含有羧基和胺基的PEG分子。
含有羧基和巯基的PEG分子。
封端剂和阻断剂包括:
柠康酸酐-对NH特异性
乙基马来酰亚胺-对SH特异性
巯基乙醇-对马来酰亚胺特异性
鉴于上述情况,本发明人处理了生物相容性纳米粒子以在表面上产生功能性胺,其反过来被用于化学键合蛋白质和短肽。
在将蛋白质,例如绿色荧光蛋白或转录因子,连接于超顺磁性纳米粒子或可替代的纳米粒子的情况下,可采用以下方法:外部包含氨基官能团的超顺磁珠可以通过商业渠道从不同的制造商处购得。它们的尺寸范围可以是20-50nm,每毫升具有1015-1020个纳米粒子,每个纳米粒子具有10个以上胺基团。将纳米粒子通过使用截留分子量为10,000道尔顿分子的Amicon离心过滤单元(微柱)放置到适当的反应缓冲液(0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液,pH7.2)中。通常要求清洗大约四次以确保适合的缓冲系统。按照制造商所推荐的那样,将纳米粒子从过滤器单元中移出(通过低速旋转翻转柱/过滤装置)。
将SMCC(来自Thermo Fisher)以1mg/ml的浓度溶解于由ACROS(密封小瓶且无水)得到的二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。样品密封且几乎立即使用。
将10μl溶液加入到纳米粒子中至体积为200μl。这提供了相对于存在的可用胺基团远远过量的SMCC,使反应进行1小时。可以用截留分子量为3000道尔顿分子的Amicon离心过滤柱移除过量的SM和DMF。通常要求5次体积更换以确保适当的缓冲交换。重要的是过量的SMCC在这个阶段被除去。
将任何肽基分子,例如市售可得的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)或纯化的重组绿色荧光蛋白或其它蛋白质加入到含有一定量的乙二醇的溶液中,在-30℃冷冻。边剧烈搅拌边加入在14μl、10μl新鲜制备的DTT(二硫苏糖醇,克莱兰氏试剂)中含3μg蛋白质的PBS溶液。因为蛋白质通常含有一个以上的半胱氨酸,倾向于交联不同的GFP分子。因此,过量的DTT还原二硫键并释放绿色荧光蛋白。使反应在4℃进行2小时,然后通过截留分子量为3000的分子的Amicon离心过滤单元除去过量的试剂。
将活化的纳米粒子和蛋白质溶液混合,并使其反应2小时,之后将未反应的蛋白质通过具有适当的截留分子量(在使用GFP的本例中截留分子量为50,000道尔顿)的Amicon离心过滤装置除去。样品储存于-80℃。也可以代替使用Amicon旋转过滤柱,使用含有固定尺寸过滤组件的小旋转柱、例如Bio Rad P柱。它们都是尺寸排阻柱。还应当指出的是SMCC也可以作为磺基衍生物(磺基-SMCC)购得,使其更溶于水。也可以用DMSO代替DMF作为标记试剂的溶剂载体,另外它应该是无水的。
所有的其他交联试剂都可以以类似的方式被使用。SPDP也是以与SMCC相同的方式被施用于蛋白质/适当的肽。它易溶于DMF。二硫键通过与DTT反应1小时或1小时以上而被切断。除去副产物和未反应的材料后,通过使用截留分子量为3,000的Amicon离心过滤柱将其纯化。
其他更直接可控的用肽和蛋白质标记纳米粒子的手段是使用两种不同的双官能耦合剂。反应顺序有些类似于图1。碘乙酸用于将选定数量的“羧基”基团引入到纳米粒子表面。
用氨基巯基乙醇处理含LC-SMCC的肽。这能够通过巯基成键,并提供自由氨基。然后通过使用EDC将此氨基与纳米粒子上的羧基耦合。已知EDC为1-乙基-3[3-二甲基氨基丙基]碳二亚胺盐酸盐。该耦合步骤在反应方案的最后执行。
图1示出磁性纳米粒子-蛋白质/肽加成物的一般性描述。磁性纳米粒子涂覆有多糖,然后被官能化。其表面可以被胺取代。也可以改变/变形成任何其他的功能形式。扩展子/连接子将两个单元物理性连接在一起。
各种各样的官能团可被用于通过交联反应将纳米粒子化学连接于蛋白质。可用的官能团的变化允许每次一个步骤地将大量的蛋白质/肽连接于纳米粒子。
类似地,各种交联试剂或反应催化剂可被用于通过异型双官能试剂将纳米粒子与蛋白质/肽交联。还应当指出的是这些交联试剂有不同的长度。例如许多包含代表扩展子或“长链”的LC符号。聚乙二醇化的化合物也可为不同的长度。这样不同长度的连接子可以被加入到该纳米粒子中,并对较大的分子(例如蛋白质)和小分子(例如肽)提供不同的连接长度。
通常,不同蛋白质可能会含有相同的官能团,因此很难用各种蛋白质来标记纳米粒子。因为有使官能团发生变化的试剂,所以,能够改变蛋白质的官能团,从而阶段性地获得选择性而不会受到其他蛋白质的干扰。这需要改变蛋白质上的官能团。
各种试剂可以用于改变蛋白质,以便不同的化学作用可以用于由所希望的官能团连接蛋白质。例如,化合物(如SPDP)可以用于将胺转换为巯基,然后其将与马来酰亚胺部分反应。
在逐步地将蛋白质连接于珠(纳米粒子)时,先前连接的蛋白质的残基和活性基团可能干扰耦合化学作用。因而可使用永久性或可逆的封端剂阻断这些活性部分以免受将要用于连接第二个或第三个蛋白质到纳米粒子上的试剂的干扰。
可使用大量不同的封端化合物阻断未反应部分。因为封端化合物也可能会干扰蛋白质活性,所以需要谨慎使用。通常在第二个化学连接步骤是必需的,并且该官能团可能会干扰时使用。
为了表明蛋白质可以使用上面提到的化学作用连接于珠(纳米粒子),给出了磁性纳米粒子的合成,其包含源自水母的绿色荧光蛋白质。LCC-SMCC被用于该合成方案。
N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺与纳米粒子上的自由胺基团发生化学反应以形成化学键。提供能与GFP反应的马来酰亚胺端基。已知GFP具有两个半胱氨酸,并且来自不同的GFP分子的半胱氨酸会反应形成二硫键。为了消除这种干扰,首先用克莱兰氏试剂(Cleland’s reagent)还原该分子。
将该蛋白质纯化,然后使其与含有LC-马来酰亚胺基团的珠反应。使反应进行1小时,用Amicon旋转过滤器(截留分子量50K)纯化反应。用荧光电子显微镜拍摄照片。
可以在纳米粒子上设置多种类型的官能团。使其能够连接三个以上不同的蛋白质。
首先是与表面上的胺。
特劳特试剂(Traut’s reagent)可用于将这些胺中的一部分转化为巯基。除此之外,碘乙酸可以用于将部分胺转化为羧酸。
对于蛋白质和肽,胺都被转化为如下详细描述的具有不同连接子长度的官能团。其将作为通用基团来连接蛋白质和肽。
图1示出纳米粒子官能化、肽类和蛋白质与纳米粒子的连接的示意性代表例。
如下所述地进行合成和涂覆:通过Thermo Fisher在市售可得的NHS-LC-SPDP是长链扩展子,两端带有对胺特异性的双官能耦合剂,并且具有可被转化为硫化物的二硫键。
扩展子的一端有N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯,而另一端具有吡啶基二硫代基团。这个二硫代基团可以被还原而生成巯基。使NHS-LC-SPDP与纳米粒子反应,反应可以从未被掺入的NHS-LC-SPD中清除。然后如图1所示将耦合纳米粒子还原。
制造耦合蛋白质:用亲和层析柱纯化的生物活性蛋白质含有来自羧基末端赖氨酸残基的自由ε-胺基团,羧基末端赖氨酸残基是为了促进与纳米粒子连接而加入的。NHS-LC-SMCC用作双官能耦合剂。该分子具有LC1链扩展子。一端具有胺特异性的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺试剂。另一端包含马来酰亚胺基团,具体为巯基。一旦材料与蛋白质连接,就从反应混合物中分离出来,马来酰亚胺耦合蛋白质将被添加到该含巯基的纳米粒子中。所得材料通过凝胶过滤而分离。
肽耦合到纳米粒子:在这种情况下,肽还包含羧基末端赖氨酸,其作为NHS酯-LC-马来酰亚胺耦合的基体发挥作用。该分子具有LC2链扩展子。所有流程都类似于上述对蛋白质的描述。
在最佳实施方式中,膜透过性肽和蛋白质将被以不同的比例混合,以实现最大数目的分子连接于纳米粒子。根据之前公布的研究,每个纳米粒子具有3~4个分子的表面结合细胞透过性肽就足以进行有效的超顺磁性纳米粒子的胞内传递。
利用LC2-扩展臂提供了增加肽基分子键合量的重要手段。使用不同浓度的NHS-LC-SPDP使锚定在纳米粒子表面的肽和蛋白质分子的数量增加,因此,能够实现更有效的渗透以及更可靠的细胞重编程活性。
肽和蛋白质连接于纳米粒子:可以使用图1所示的流程来实现。在这种情况下,将SMCC标记的蛋白质和肽按比例加入到珠中并使其反应。
用肽和蛋白质标记纳米粒子的另一种更直接可控的手段是使用两种不同的双官能耦合试剂(图2A-F)。反应顺序有些类似于图1,一些改进之处在下文中描述。
碘乙酸用于将选定数量的“羧基”基团引入到纳米粒子表面。这是在步骤I中进行的(参见图2A-F,步骤(I-VII))。
用氨基乙醇处理含有NH-LC-SMCC的肽。这能够通过巯基成键,并提供自由氨基基团。然后使用EDAC(EDC)将此氨基耦合于纳米粒子上的羧基。已知EDAC为1-乙基-3[3-二甲基氨基丙基]碳二亚胺盐酸盐。该耦合步骤在反应方案的最后执行。
另一方面,本发明还涉及用于调节胞内活性的连接于官能化纳米粒子的生物活性分子的传递方法。例如,首先将人体细胞、成纤维细胞或者市售可得的或使用标准或改良实验步骤可获得的其它类型的细胞在无菌条件下平铺(plate)到具有或不具有细胞粘附底物(饲养细胞,明胶、基质胶、纤连蛋白等)的固体表面。将平铺细胞(plated cell)与特定因子组合培养一段时间,使细胞分裂/增殖或维持可接受的细胞生存能力。实例是血清和/或各种生长因子,它可以在之后被除去或更新,而继续进行培养。在官能化生物相容性细胞透过性纳米粒子的存在下培养平铺细胞,该官能化生物相容性细胞透过性纳米粒子在存在或不存在磁场的条件下使用此处描述的各种方法连接有生物活性分子。在超顺磁性纳米粒子的情况下使用磁铁使得细胞和纳米粒子之间的接触表面积呈现重要的增长,从而进一步增强官能化纳米粒子对细胞膜的穿透。根据需要,用官能化纳米粒子反复处理细胞群,以胞内传递生物活性分子。
将细胞悬浮在培养基中,通过离心或细胞分离除去未掺入纳米粒子,留下作为集群存在的细胞。然后,将集群细胞再悬浮,并在新鲜的培养基中再培养一段适宜的时间。可以通过分离、再悬浮和再培养的多次循环,直至观察到胞内传递的特定生物活性分子引起随之发生的生物效应后收集细胞。
本发明的一个用途是筛选对细胞重编程有效的一个化合物(或多个化合物)。该化合物使用本说明书中公开的一个或多个方法以所希望的细胞群连接于纳米粒子,培养适当时间,然后测定由化合物产生的任何调节作用。可以包括:细胞重编程的开始和多功能干细胞的产生,细胞分化或转分化成进一步特化的或不同特化的细胞类型,检查细胞毒性,代谢变化或对收缩活动的效果等功能。
本发明的另一种用途是生成作为药物的特化细胞或在传递装置中用以治疗人体或动物体。这使得临床医生能够将细胞施用到受损组织(不论是心脏、肌肉、肝脏等)中或周围,该施用是经脉管系统施用或直接施用到肌肉或器官壁内,从而植入特化细胞,控制损伤,并参与组织的肌肉组织再生和特化功能恢复。
本发明的一种用途涉及用其他蛋白质(如Oct4和Sox2转录因子)官能化的纳米粒子,从而确保具有保存完好的基因组的干细胞或进一步分化的细胞类型的细胞重编程或产生。
本发明的另一种用途是筛选对细胞重编程有效的一个化合物(或多个化合物)。该化合物使用本说明书中公开的多个方法以所希望的细胞群连接于纳米粒子,培养适当时间,然后测定由化合物产生的任何调节作用。可以包括:细胞重编程的开始和多功能干细胞的产生,细胞分化或转分化成进一步特化的或不同特化的细胞类型,检查细胞毒性,代谢变化或对收缩活动的效果等功能。
本发明还有一种用途,就是生成作为药物的特化细胞或在传递装置中用以治疗人体或动物体。这使得临床医生能够将细胞施用到受损组织(不论是心脏、肌肉、肝脏等)中或周围,该施用经脉管系统施用或直接施用到肌肉或器官壁内,从而植入特化细胞,控制损伤,并参与组织的肌肉组织再生和特化功能恢复。
作为进一步的说明(但并非是限制),下面的实施例公开了本发明的其它方面。
实施例
实施例1
使用LC-SMM作为交联剂将GFP连接到超顺磁性粒子(连接于珠的胺基团),然后将其直接耦合于GFP上的巯基。将LC-SMCC(来自Thermo Fisher)以1mg/μl的浓度溶解在由ACROS(密封小瓶且无水)得到的二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。样品密封且几乎立即使用。
将10μl溶液加入到纳米粒子中至体积为200μl。这样提供了相对于存在的可用的胺基团远远过量的SMCC,使反应进行1小时。可以用截留分子量为3000道尔顿的分子的Amicon旋转过滤器移除过量的SMCC和DMF。通常要求5次体积更换以确保适当的缓冲交换。重要的是过量的SMCC在这个阶段被除去。
将任何肽基分子、例如市售可得的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)或纯化的重组绿色荧光蛋白或其它蛋白质加入到含有一定量的乙二醇的溶液中,在-30℃冷冻。边剧烈搅拌边加入在14μl、10μl新鲜制备的DTT(二硫苏糖醇,克莱兰氏试剂(Cleland’s reagent))中含3μg蛋白质的PBS溶液。因为蛋白质通常含有一个以上的半胱氨酸,倾向于交联不同的GFP分子。因此,过量的DTT还原二硫键并释放绿色荧光蛋白。使反应在4℃进行2小时,然后通过截留分子量为3,000的Amicon离心过滤单元除去过量的试剂。
将活化的纳米粒子和蛋白质溶液混合,并使其反应2小时,之后将未反应的蛋白质通过具有适当的截留分子量(在使用GFP的本例中截留分子量为50,000道尔顿)的Amicon离心过滤单元除去。样品储存于-80℃。还应当指出的是也可以使用SMCC的磺基衍生物(磺基-SMCC),其更溶于水。也可以用DMSO代替DMF作为标记试剂的溶剂载体,另外它应该是无水的。
实施例2
在该方法中,使用赖氨酸的氨基对珠上的巯基进行耦合反应。在这些研究中使用刚刚以pH 7.2的0.1M磷酸缓冲液平衡过的珠。新鲜配制1mg/ml(DMF中)的LC-SPDP。在剧烈搅拌下将10μl的SPDP溶液加入到珠悬浮液中,并使其反应1小时。接着,将未反应的材料通过离心去除,并使用截留分子量为10K的Amicon旋转过滤器以磷酸盐缓冲液清洗纳米粒子。使用克莱兰氏试剂切断SPDP的二硫键,将1mg加入到溶液中,并使其反应1小时。将副产物和未反应的克莱兰氏试剂通过截留分子量为10K的Amicon旋转过滤器除去。
在上述反应的进行中,使用N-乙基马来酰亚胺阻断GFP。将过量的乙基马来酰亚胺加入到GFP溶液中。反应在室温下进行1小时,用截留分子量为3K的Amicon旋转过滤器除去不需要的材料。然后,使GFP与过量的SMCC反应1小时。随后,将GFP用旋转柱纯化,然后与PDP-纳米粒子反应。反应进行1小时,并用截留分子量为50K的Amicon旋转过滤器纯化终产物。
实施例3
将从商业渠道获得或使用所描述的标准试验方法[Moretti等,Mouse and humaninduced pluripotent stem cells as a source for multipotent Isllcardiovascular progenitors(小鼠和人类诱导多能干细胞作为多能Isll心血管祖细胞的来源)。FASEB J.24:700(2010)]获得的人体成纤维细胞在无菌条件下以150,000个细胞的密度平铺在6孔板中的固体表面,该固体表面有或没有以150,000-200,000的密度预先平铺的饲养细胞。饲养细胞可通过商业渠道或用标准的实验室方法获得。将平铺细胞与特定因子组合培养一段时间,使细胞分裂/增殖或维持在含血清培养基中可接受的细胞存活能力,从而可以在之后除去或再生,并在湿润的培养箱(5%CO2和环境O2)中在无菌条件下持续培养。
用50μl含有官能化生物相容性细胞透过性纳米粒子的悬浮液处理在锥形管底部收集到的细胞或平铺细胞,该官能化生物相容性细胞透过性纳米粒子在存在或不存在磁场的情况下使用本说明书中公开的各种方法连接有生物活性分子。
在超顺磁性纳米粒子的情况下使用磁场使得细胞和纳米粒子之间的接触表面积呈现重要的增长,从而确保官能化纳米粒子对细胞膜的穿透进一步增强。重要的是,类似于连接有PEG的聚(乙二醇)PEG-介导保护的几种以蛋白质为基础的药物(PEG-GCSF,Amgen,CA;PEG-干扰素,Schering-Plough/Merck,NJ),用于与耦合肽连接的纳米粒子增加了多肽的尺寸并遮住蛋白质的表面,从而减少蛋白质被蛋白水解酶降解,从而获得所使用的蛋白质分子更长期的稳定性。根据需要,用官能化纳米粒子反复处理细胞群,以胞内传递生物活性分子
将细胞悬浮在培养基中,通过以约1200×g离心10分钟除去未掺入的纳米粒子,留下作为集群存在的细胞。然后,将集群细胞再悬浮,再使用类似的流程清洗,并在新鲜的培养基中再培养适当的时间。可以通过分离、再悬浮和在培养基中再培养的多次循环直至观察到胞内传递的特定生物活性分子引起随之发生的生物效应,收集细胞。
在使用绿色荧光蛋白的特定例中,细胞透过性纳米粒子将蛋白质传递到细胞内,通过靶细胞获得新的绿色荧光。该新获得的能力允许后续的分选,以及将带有胞内传递的蛋白质的细胞以高度均质化进行分离,其可进一步用于各种应用。重要的是,连接有蛋白质的细胞透过性官能化纳米粒子不会以任何形式整合到细胞基因组中,从而确保每个具有新(在这种情况下为荧光)特性的细胞保持完整的基因组,并保留细胞DNA的完整性。
在不脱离其主旨或本质特征的情况下,本发明可以以其他具体形式实施。因此,上述实施方式应被认为是说明性的,而不是限制本说明书中描述的发明。因此,本发明的范围由所附的权利要求书而不是由前面的说明书来表示,并且在与权利要求等同的含义和范围内的所有改变都涵盖于此。
Claims (13)
1.一种官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其能够穿透哺乳动物细胞膜并胞内传递用于调节细胞功能的生物活性分子,包括:
中央纳米粒子,在其上具有聚合物涂层,
共价连接于所述中央纳米粒子或聚合物涂层的多个官能团,且多个生物活性分子连接于所述多个官能团,其中所述多个生物活性分子包括用于穿透所述哺乳动物细胞膜的一个或多个细胞穿透肽和用于调节所述细胞的细胞功能的一个或多个蛋白质,
其中,一个或多个所述肽独立于每一个所述蛋白质地与所述纳米粒子相连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,每一个所述肽通过连接子分子连接于所述纳米粒子。
3.根据权利要求2所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,每一个所述肽分子和每一个所述蛋白质分子各自通过一个或多个插入连接子分子而连接于所述纳米粒子。
4.根据权利要求1所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,所述肽包含5~9个碱性氨基酸。
5.根据权利要求1所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,所述肽包括9个以上碱性氨基酸。
6.根据权利要求4所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,所述蛋白质是转录因子。
7.根据权利要求6所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,所述转录因子选自由Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、Lin28、cMyc和Klf4组成的组。
8.一种改变哺乳动物细胞内的细胞功能的方法,包括将有效量的权利要求1所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子给予所述细胞,并改变所述细胞内的细胞功能。
9.根据权利要求8所述的改变哺乳动物细胞内的细胞功能的方法,其中,所述细胞功能的所述改变涉及一种或多种所述细胞理化特性,所述细胞的增殖特性,所述细胞的存活能力,所述细胞的形态学表型特性,或涉及到细胞制造新细胞类型的获取能力的改变,所述新细胞类型包括干细胞或更多特化细胞类型。
10.根据权利要求4所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,将每一个所述肽分子连接至所述纳米粒子的连接子长度与将所述蛋白质连接至所述纳米粒子的连接子长度不同。
11.根据权利要求1所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,所述纳米粒子包括铁。
12.根据权利要求16所述的官能化生物相容性纳米粒子,其中,所述中央纳米粒子的尺寸范围为5-50nm。
13.一种筛选对细胞重编程有效的化合物的方法,所述方法包括:
将所希望的化合物连接于如权利要求1-7任一所述的纳米粒子;
将所述化合物和所述连接的纳米粒子引入在体外所希望的细胞群;
培养所述细胞群有效的时间段;和
确定所述化合物在所述细胞群的一个或多个细胞上引起的调节作用。
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US20050042753A1 (en) * | 2003-04-30 | 2005-02-24 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Drug delivery compositions |
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US20100298536A1 (en) * | 2007-10-02 | 2010-11-25 | Seoul National University Industry Foundation | Complex of cell translocational peptide and magnetic nanoparticles and use thereof |
CN102016814A (zh) * | 2005-06-17 | 2011-04-13 | 北卡罗来纳大学查珀尔希尔分校 | 纳米粒子制备方法、系统及材料 |
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MX367656B (es) | 2019-08-29 |
SG11201401658SA (en) | 2014-07-30 |
KR20200040924A (ko) | 2020-04-20 |
WO2013059831A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
JP2018184485A (ja) | 2018-11-22 |
RU2014120465A (ru) | 2015-11-27 |
RU2018135567A (ru) | 2018-11-15 |
JP2014532628A (ja) | 2014-12-08 |
EP2769217A4 (en) | 2015-06-03 |
EP3400956A1 (en) | 2018-11-14 |
KR20150001711A (ko) | 2015-01-06 |
US9675708B2 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
CA2853128A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
BR112014009753A2 (pt) | 2017-04-25 |
CA2938661A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
IN2014DN03224A (zh) | 2015-05-22 |
BR112014009753B1 (pt) | 2020-09-15 |
MX2014004778A (es) | 2014-10-17 |
KR20190077124A (ko) | 2019-07-02 |
EP2769217A1 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
AU2012325723A1 (en) | 2014-05-15 |
JP6560302B2 (ja) | 2019-08-14 |
US20140342004A1 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
JP2017165781A (ja) | 2017-09-21 |
MX2018010696A (es) | 2020-09-02 |
CN104094119A (zh) | 2014-10-08 |
HK1201089A1 (zh) | 2015-08-21 |
AU2018203848A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
AU2020223737A1 (en) | 2020-09-17 |
SG10201601746TA (en) | 2016-04-28 |
CA2853128C (en) | 2016-09-27 |
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