CN103717262A - 通过一步法制备类美登素抗体缀合物 - Google Patents
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- CN103717262A CN103717262A CN201280016107.4A CN201280016107A CN103717262A CN 103717262 A CN103717262 A CN 103717262A CN 201280016107 A CN201280016107 A CN 201280016107A CN 103717262 A CN103717262 A CN 103717262A
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Abstract
本发明提供一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的一步法,其包括使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,并且在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与提供连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物(其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂)、游离细胞毒性剂以及反应副产物的第二混合物。然后,任选地对第二混合物进行纯化以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本专利申请要求2011年3月29日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/468,997和2011年3月29日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/468,981的权益,所述临时专利申请以引用的方式并入。
发明背景
适用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的抗体-药物缀合物(Antibody-Drug-Conjugate,ADC)通常由三种不同的要素构成:细胞结合剂;连接子;以及细胞毒性剂。使细胞结合剂(如抗体)结合于细胞毒性剂的常规方法采用两个不同的与抗体反应的步骤。在第一反应步骤(修饰步骤)中,使抗体与异双官能连接子反应,以产生经过连接子修饰的抗体。然后,任选地从过量连接子或经过水解的连接子试剂中纯化经过修饰的抗体产物。在第二反应步骤(结合步骤)中,使经过连接子修饰的抗体与含有反应性基团(如硫醇)的细胞毒性剂反应,以产生抗体-细胞毒性剂缀合物,在额外的纯化步骤中再次纯化这种缀合物。
先前已经被描述为用来制造抗体-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法是复杂的,因为这些方法受到进行起来较繁琐或产生相比最佳期望的来说纯度较低或稳定性较差的免疫缀合物的步骤的阻碍。因此,将需要修改或除去一个或多个制造步骤,同时改善产品质量,如纯度和/或稳定性。
鉴于前述内容,本领域中需要开发制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的改进方法,所述缀合物实质上具有高纯度并且可以在避免繁琐步骤的情况下并通过降低使用者的时间和成本来制备。本发明提供了这种方法。本发明的这些和其他优势以及额外的本发明特征将从本文所提供的本发明描述中显而易见。
发明概要
本发明提供一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法,其包含以下步骤:使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物。所述方法可以进一步包含纯化混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的步骤。
本发明的方法提供具有高纯度和/或高稳定性的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。为了实现缀合物的高纯度和/或高稳定性,必需的是首先使细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物,随后使混合物与双官能交联剂接触。
本发明还包括一种细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其根据本文所描述的方法来制备。
发明详述
本发明提供一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的一步法。所述方法包括使细胞结合剂(例如,抗体)与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物、游离细胞毒性剂以及反应副产物的第二混合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂。然后,对第二混合物进行纯化以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
在一个实施方案中,接触通过以下方式实现:提供细胞结合剂,然后使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与双官能交联剂接触。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,在反应容器中提供细胞结合剂,将细胞毒性剂加入到反应容器中(从而接触细胞结合剂),然后将双官能交联剂加入到包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物中(从而接触包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物)。在一个实施方案中,在反应容器中提供细胞结合剂,并且在向容器中提供细胞结合剂之后立即将细胞毒性剂加入到反应容器中。在另一个实施方案中,在反应容器中提供细胞结合剂,并且在向容器中提供细胞结合剂之后的一段时间间隔(例如,在向空容器(space)中提供细胞结合剂之后约5分钟、约10分钟、约20分钟、约30分钟、约40分钟、约50分钟、约1小时、约1天或更长时间)之后将细胞毒性剂加入到反应容器中。可以快速地(即,在短时间间隔内,如约5分钟、约10分钟)或缓慢地(如通过使用泵)加入细胞毒性剂。
然后,可以在细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触之后立即或在细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触之后某个较后的时间点(例如,约5分钟到约8小时或更长时间)使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官能交联剂接触。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,在将细胞毒性剂加入到包含细胞结合剂的反应容器中之后立即将双官能交联剂加入到包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物中。或者,可以在细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触之后约5分钟、约10分钟、约20分钟、约30分钟、约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小时或更长时间使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官能交联剂接触。
在另一个实施方案中,经过多个周期(例如1、2、3、4、5个或更多个周期)加入细胞毒性剂和双官能剂。举例来说,本发明提供一种方法,其包含以下步骤:a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物;然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物、游离细胞毒性剂以及反应副产物的第二混合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂;b)使第二混合物与细胞毒性剂接触以形成第三混合物;然后在约4到约9的pH值下使第三混合物与双官能交联剂接触以提供第四混合物;以及c)纯化第四混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。在一个实施方案中,步骤b)在步骤a)之后的一段时间间隔(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时或更长时间)之后进行。在另一个实施方案中,在进行步骤c)之前,步骤b)可以重复若干次(例如1、2、3、4次或更多次)。额外的步骤b)可以在初始步骤b)之后的一段时间间隔(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时或更长时间)之后进行。
在另一个实施方案中,在细胞毒性剂的加入完成之前加入双官能交联剂。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,经过一段时间间隔(例如,经过约5分钟、约10分钟、约30分钟、约1小时、约2小时、约3小时或更长时间)将细胞毒性剂连续加入到细胞结合剂中以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物。在细胞毒性剂的加入完成之前,将双官能交联剂加入到包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物中,其条件为在任何时候,细胞毒性剂都在双官能交联剂的摩尔过量下。在一个实施方案中,经过一段时间间隔(例如,经过约5分钟、约10分钟、约30分钟、约1小时、约2小时、约3小时或更长时间)连续加入双官能交联剂。
在包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官能交联剂接触之后,使反应进行约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约11小时、约12小时、约13小时、约14小时、约15小时、约16小时、约17小时、约18小时、约19小时、约20小时、约21小时、约22小时、约23小时、约24小时或更长时间(例如,约30小时、约35小时、约40小时、约45小时或约48小时)。
细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触(即,反应步骤)在pH值为约4到约9(例如,约4、约4.5、约5、约5.5、约6、约6.5、约7、约7.5、约8、约8.5或约9)的溶液中发生。在一个实施方案中,反应步骤在pH值为约6或更低(例如,约4到约6、约4到约5.5或约4.5到约5.5)的溶液中发生。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为约6或更高(例如,约6到约9、约6到约7、约7到约9、约7到约8.5、约7.5到约8.5、约7.5到约8.0、约8.0到约9.0或约8.5到约9.0)的溶液中使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。举例来说,本发明方法包括在pH值为约6.0、约6.1、约6.2、约6.3、约6.4、约6.5、约6.6、约6.7、约6.8、约6.9、约7.0、约7.1、约7.2、约7.3、约7.4、约7.5、约7.6、约7.7、约7.8、约7.9、约8.0、约8.1、约8.2、约8.3、约8.4、约8.5、约8.6、约8.7、约8.8、约8.9或约9.0的溶液中使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触。在一个具体实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为约7.8(例如,pH值为7.6到8.0或pH值为7.7到7.9)的溶液中使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触。
本发明方法包括在本领域中已知的任何适合温度下进行一步反应(即,使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触)。举例来说,一步反应可以在约20℃或更低温度(例如,约-10℃(其条件为例如通过存在用于溶解细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂的有机溶剂而防止溶液冻结)到约20℃、约0℃到约18℃、约4℃到约16℃)下、在室温(例如,约20℃到约30℃或约20℃到约25℃)下,或在高温(例如,约30℃到约37℃)下进行。在一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触在约16℃到约24℃(例如,约16℃、约17℃、约18℃、约19℃、约20℃、约21℃、约22℃、约23℃、约24℃或约25℃)的温度下发生。
在另一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触在约15℃或更低(例如,约-10℃到约15℃或约0℃到约15℃)的温度下发生。在这方面,本发明方法包括在约15℃、约14℃、约13℃、约12℃、约11℃、约10℃、约9℃、约8℃、约7℃、约6℃、约5℃、约4℃、约3℃、约2℃、约1℃、约0℃、约-1℃、约-2℃、约-3℃、约-4℃、约-5℃、约-6℃、约-7℃、约-8℃、约-9℃或约-10℃的温度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触,其条件为(例如)通过存在用于溶解双官能交联剂的有机溶剂而防止溶液冻结。在一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在约-10℃到约15℃、约0℃到约15℃、约0℃到约10℃、约0℃到约5℃、约5℃到约15℃、约10℃到约15℃或约5℃到约10℃的温度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在约10℃的温度(例如,8℃到12℃的温度或9℃到11℃的温度)下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。
在一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在具有高pH值(例如,约7或更高)的溶液中于低温(例如,约15℃或更低温度)下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为约7.5的溶液中于约15℃的温度下、在pH值为约7.8的溶液中于约10℃的温度下、在pH值为约8.2的溶液中于约0℃的温度下或在pH值为约8.5的溶液中于约0℃的温度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为7.0到8.5(例如,pH值为7.5到8.0)的溶液中于5℃到15℃的温度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。
在一个实施方案中,本发明方法进一步包含猝灭步骤以猝灭任何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂。猝灭步骤在纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂之前进行。举例来说,本发明方法包括(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物;(b)猝灭步骤(a)中所制备的混合物以猝灭任何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂;以及(c)纯化混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
在一个实施方案中,通过使混合物与猝灭剂接触来猝灭混合物。如本文中所用的“猝灭剂”是指与游离细胞毒性剂和/或双官能交联剂反应的试剂。
在一个实施方案中,马来酰亚胺或卤乙酰胺猝灭剂,如4-马来酰亚胺基丁酸、3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、碘乙酰胺或碘乙酰胺基丙酸,可以用于确保细胞毒性剂中的任何未反应的基团(如硫醇)都被猝灭。猝灭步骤可以有助于防止细胞毒性剂,特别是具有未反应的硫醇基的细胞毒性剂(如DM1)发生二聚。经过二聚的细胞毒性剂可能难以去除。猝灭步骤也可以使得与天然抗体二硫基发生的任何不需要的硫醇-二硫基互换反应减到最小。用极性的、带电荷的硫醇猝灭剂(如4-马来酰亚胺基丁酸或3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸)猝灭后,过量未反应的细胞毒性剂被转化成极性的、带电荷的水溶液加合物,它可以在纯化步骤期间容易地与经过共价连接的缀合物分离。也可以使用非极性和中性的硫醇猝灭剂进行猝灭。
在一个实施方案中,通过使混合物与猝灭剂接触来猝灭混合物,这种猝灭剂与未反应的双官能交联剂反应。举例来说,可以将亲核试剂加入到混合物中以猝灭任何未反应的双官能交联剂。亲核试剂优选地为含氨基的亲核试剂,如赖氨酸、氨基乙磺酸和羟胺。
在一个优选实施方案中,使反应(即,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触)进行到完成,随后使混合物与猝灭剂接触。就这一点而言,在包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官能交联剂接触之后约1小时到约48小时(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约11小时、约12小时、约13小时、约14小时、约15小时、约16小时、约17小时、约18小时、约19小时、约20小时、约21小时、约22小时、约23小时、约24小时,或约25小时到约48小时)将猝灭剂加入到混合物中。
本发明方法可以任选地包括将蔗糖加入到反应步骤(即,使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触)以增加细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的溶解度和回收率。理想地,蔗糖以约0.1%(重量/体积)到约20%(重量/体积)(例如,约0.1%(重量/体积)、1%(重量/体积)、5%(重量/体积)、10%(重量/体积)、15%(重量/体积)或20%(重量/体积))的浓度加入。优选地,蔗糖以约1%(重量/体积)到约10%(重量/体积)(例如,约0.5%(重量/体积)、约1%(重量/体积)、约1.5%(重量/体积)、约2%(重量/体积)、约3%(重量/体积)、约4%(重量/体积)、约5%(重量/体积)、约6%(重量/体积)、约7%(重量/体积)、约8%(重量/体积)、约9%(重量/体积)、约10%(重量/体积)或约11%(重量/体积))的浓度加入。另外,反应步骤还可以包含加入缓冲剂。可以使用本领域中已知的任何适合的缓冲剂。适合的缓冲剂包括(例如)柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂以及磷酸盐缓冲剂。在一个实施方案中,缓冲剂选自由以下组成的组:HEPPSO(N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-N'-(2-羟基丙烷磺酸))、POPSO(脱水哌嗪-1,4-双(2-羟基-丙烷-磺酸))、HEPES(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-乙烷磺酸)、HEPPS(EPPS)(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-丙烷磺酸)、TES(N-[三(羟甲基)甲基]-2-氨基乙烷磺酸)以及其组合。
在反应步骤之后,对细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物进行纯化步骤。就这一点而言,可以使用切向流过滤(tangential flow filtration,TFF)(它是基于膜的切向流过滤工艺)、非吸附性色谱、吸附性色谱、吸附性过滤、选择性沉淀,或任何其他适合的纯化工艺,以及其组合来从混合物的其他组分(例如,游离细胞毒性剂和反应副产物)中纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。在本发明的一个实施方案中,使用单一纯化步骤(例如,TFF)纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。优选地,使用单一纯化步骤(例如,TFF)将缀合物纯化并交换到适当制剂中。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,使用两个依序纯化步骤来纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。举例来说,首先通过选择性沉淀、吸附性过滤、吸附性色谱或非吸附性色谱来纯化缀合物,之后用TFF纯化。本领域技术人员应了解,纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物能够分离包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂的细胞结合剂的稳定缀合物。
任何适合的TFF系统都可以用于纯化,包括Pellicon型系统(Millipore,Billerica,MA)、Sartocon Cassette系统(Sartorius AG,Edgewood,NY)以及Centrasette型系统(Pall Corp.,East Hills,NY)。
任何适合的吸附性色谱树脂都可以用于纯化。优选的吸附性色谱树脂包括羟磷灰石色谱、疏水性电荷诱导色谱(hydrophobic chargeinduction chromatography,HCIC)、疏水性相互作用色谱(hydrophobicinteraction chromatography,HIC)、离子交换色谱、混合模式离子交换色谱、固定化金属亲和色谱(immobilized metal affinitychromatography,IMAC)、染料配体色谱、亲和色谱、反相色谱以及其组合。适合的羟磷灰石树脂的实例包括陶瓷羟磷灰石(I型和II型CHT;Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)、HA Ultrogel羟磷灰石(Pall Corp.,East Hills,NY)以及陶瓷氟磷灰石(I型和II型CFT;Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的HCIC树脂的一个实例为MEP Hypercel树脂(Pall Corp.,East Hills,NY)。适合的HIC树脂的实例包括丁基-琼脂糖、己基-琼脂糖、苯基-琼脂糖以及辛基琼脂糖树脂(全部来自GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ),以及Macro-prep甲基和Macro-Prep叔丁基树脂(Biorad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的离子交换树脂的实例包括SP-琼脂糖、CM-琼脂糖以及Q-琼脂糖树脂(全部来自GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ),和Unosphere S树脂(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的混合模式离子交换剂的实例包括Bakerbond ABx树脂(JT Baker,Phillipsburg NJ)。适合的IMAC树脂的实例包括螯合琼脂糖树脂(GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ)和Profinity IMAC树脂(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的染料配体树脂的实例包括蓝色琼脂糖树脂(GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ)和亲和蓝胶树脂(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的亲和树脂的实例包括蛋白质A琼脂糖树脂(例如MabSelect,GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ),其中细胞结合剂为抗体;和凝集素亲和树脂,例如扁豆凝集素琼脂糖树脂(GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ),其中细胞结合剂带有适当的凝集素结合位点。或者,可以使用对细胞结合剂具有特异性的抗体。这种抗体可以被固定于(例如)琼脂糖4快速流动树脂(GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ)。适合的反相树脂的实例包括C4、C8以及C18树脂(Grace Vydac,Hesperia,CA)。
任何适合的非吸附性色谱树脂都可以用于纯化。适合的非吸附性色谱树脂的实例包括(但不限于)SEPHADEXTMG-25、G-50、G-100、SEPHACRYLTM树脂(例如S-200和S-300)、SUPERDEXTM树脂(例如SUPERDEXTM75和SUPERDEXTM200)、树脂(例如P-6、P-10、P-30、P-60以及P-100),以及本领域技术人员已知的其他树脂。
在一个实施方案中,本发明方法进一步包含保持步骤以从细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子。保持步骤包含在纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物之前(例如,在反应步骤之后、在反应步骤与猝灭步骤之间,或在猝灭步骤之后)保持混合物。举例来说,本发明方法包括(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物;然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与提供连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物;(b)保持步骤(a)中所制备的混合物以从细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子;以及(c)纯化混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物;然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与提供连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物;(b)猝灭步骤(a)中所制备的混合物以猝灭任何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂;(c)保持步骤(b)中所制备的混合物以从细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子;以及(d)纯化混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
或者,保持步骤可以在纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物之后进行,之后进行额外的纯化步骤。
在一个优选实施方案中,使反应(即,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触)进行到完成,随后进行保持步骤。就这一点而言,可以在包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官能交联剂接触之后约1小时到约48小时(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约11小时、约12小时、约13小时、约14小时、约15小时、约16小时、约17小时、约18小时、约19小时、约20小时、约21小时、约22小时、约23小时、约24小时,或约24小时到约48小时)进行保持步骤。
保持步骤包含将溶液在适合的温度(例如,约0℃到约37℃)下维持适合的时间段(例如,约1小时到约1周、约1小时到约24小时、约1小时到约8小时,或约1小时到约4小时)以从细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子,而不会从细胞结合剂中实质上释放稳定结合的连接子。在一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约20℃或更低温度(例如,约0℃到约18℃、约4℃到约16℃)下、室温(例如,约20℃到约30℃或约20℃到约25℃)下或高温(例如,约30℃到约37℃)下。在一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约16℃到约24℃(例如,约15℃、约16℃、约17℃、约18℃、约19℃、约20℃、约21℃、约22℃、约23℃、约24℃或约25℃)的温度下。在另一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约2℃到约8℃(例如,约0℃、约1℃、约2℃、约3℃、约4℃、约5℃、约6℃、约7℃、约8℃、约9℃或约10℃)的温度下。在另一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约37℃(例如,约34℃、约35℃、约36℃、约37℃、约38℃、约39℃或约40℃)的温度下。
保持步骤的持续时间取决于进行保持步骤所处的温度和pH值。举例来说,保持步骤的持续时间可以实质上通过在高温下进行保持步骤而缩短,其中最高温度受细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的稳定性限制。保持步骤可以包含将溶液维持约1小时到约1天(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约12小时、约14小时、约16小时、约18小时、约20小时、约22小时或约24小时)、约10小时到约24小时、约12小时到约24小时、约14小时到约24小时、约16小时到约24小时、约18小时到约24小时、约20小时到约24小时、约5小时到约1周、约20小时到约1周、约12小时到约1周(例如,约12小时、约16小时、约20小时、约24小时、约2天、约3天、约4天、约5天、约6天或约7天),或约1天到约1周。
在一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液在约2℃到约8℃的温度下维持至少约12小时、至多1周的时段。在另一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液在约2℃到约8℃的温度下维持过夜(例如,约12到约24小时,优选地约20小时)。
保持步骤的pH值优选地为约4到约10。在一个实施方案中,保持步骤的pH值为约4或更大,但小于约6(例如,4到5.9);或者为约5或更大,但小于约6(例如,5到5.9)。在另一个实施方案中,保持步骤的pH值在约6到约10(例如,约6.5到约9、约6到约8)的范围内。举例来说,保持步骤的pH值可以为约6、约6.5、约7、约7.5、约8、约8.5、约9、约9.5或约10。
在具体实施方案中,保持步骤可以包含在25℃下于约6-7.5的pH值下孵育混合物约12小时到约1周,在4℃下于约4.5-5.9的pH值下孵育混合物约5小时到约5天,或在25℃下于约4.5-5.9的pH值下孵育混合物约5小时到约1天。
本发明提供一种制备包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂的细胞结合剂的稳定缀合物的组合物的方法,其中所述组合物实质上不含不稳定的缀合物。在这方面,本发明提供一种制备实质上高纯度和高稳定性的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法。所述组合物由于缀合物的高纯度和高稳定性而可以用于治疗疾病。包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂(如类美登素(maytansinoid))的细胞结合剂(如抗体)的组合物描述于(例如)美国专利7,374,762中,所述专利的全部教导内容以其全文引用的方式并入本文中。在本发明的一个方面,实质上高纯度的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物具有一个或多个下列特征:(a)大于约90%(例如,大于或等于约91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%)、优选地大于约95%的缀合物种类为单体;(b)缀合物制剂中未结合的连接子的水平小于约10%(例如,小于或等于约9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%或0%)(相对于总连接子);(c)小于10%的缀合物种类经过交联(例如,小于或等于约9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%或0%);(d)缀合物制剂中的游离细胞毒性剂的水平小于约2%(例如,小于或等于约1.5%、1.4%、1.3%、1.2%、1.1%、1.0%、0.9%、0.8%、0.7%、0.6%、0.5%、0.4%、0.3%、0.2%、0.1%或0%)(mol/mol,相对于总细胞毒性剂);和/或(e)存储后(例如,约1周、约2周、约3周、约1个月、约2个月、约3个月、约4个月、约5个月、约6个月、约1年、约2年、约3年、约4年或约5年后)游离细胞毒性剂的水平没有实质性增加。游离细胞毒性剂水平的“实质性增加”意味着在一定存储时间(例如,1周、约2周、约3周、约1个月、约2个月、约3个月、约4个月、约5个月、约6个月、约1年、约2年、约3年、约4年或约5年)之后,游离细胞毒性剂水平的增幅小于约0.1%、约0.2%、约0.3%、约0.4%、约0.5%、约0.6%、约0.7%、约0.8%、约0.9%、约1.0%、约1.1%、约1.2%、约1.3%、约1.4%、约1.5%、约1.6%、约1.7%、约1.8%、约1.9%、约2.0%、约2.2%、约2.5%、约2.7%、约3.0%、约3.2%、约3.5%、约3.7%或约4.0%。
如本文中所用的术语“未结合的连接子”是指与双官能交联剂共价连接的细胞结合剂,其中细胞结合剂并未经双官能交联剂的连接子共价偶合于细胞毒性剂(即,“未结合的连接子”可以由CBA-L表示,其中CBA表示细胞结合剂并且L表示双官能交联剂。相比之下,细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物可以由CBA-L-D表示,其中D表示细胞毒性剂)。
在一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物中细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂的平均摩尔比为约1到约10、约2到约7、约3到约5、约2.5到约4.5(例如,约2.5、约2.6、约2.7、约2.8、约2.9、约3.0、约3.1、约3.3、约3.4、约3.5、约3.6、约3.7、约3.8、约3.9、约4.0、约4.1、约4.2、约4.3、约4.4、约4.5)、约3.0到约4.0、约3.2到约4.2,或约4.5到5.5(例如,约4.5、约4.6、约4.7、约4.8、约4.9、约5.0、约5.1、约5.2、约5.3、约5.4或约5.5)。
本发明提供一种制备包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂的细胞结合剂的稳定缀合物的组合物的更有效方法。在一个实施方案中,与制备细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的缀合物的传统方法相比,达到缀合物的细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂的相同平均摩尔比所需的细胞毒性剂的量较少。
细胞结合剂可以是结合于细胞,通常并且优选地为动物细胞(例如人类细胞)的任何适合的试剂。细胞结合剂优选地为肽或多肽。适合的细胞结合剂包括(例如)抗体(例如,单克隆抗体和其片段)、干扰素(例如,α、β、γ)、淋巴因子(例如,IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-6)、激素(例如,胰岛素、TRH(促甲状腺素释放激素,thyrotropin releasinghormone)、MSH(黑素细胞刺激激素,melanocyte-stimulatinghormone)、类固醇激素(如雄激素和雌激素))、生长因子和集落刺激因子(如EGF、TGF-α、FGF、VEGF、G-CSF、M-CSF和GM-CSF(Burgess,Immunology Today5:155-158(1984)))、营养素转运分子(例如转铁蛋白)、维生素(例如叶酸),以及特异性地结合细胞表面上的靶分子的任何其他试剂或分子。
在细胞结合剂为抗体的情况下,它结合于一种抗原,所述抗原为多肽或糖链(glycotope)并且可以是跨膜分子(例如受体)或配体,如生长因子。示范性的抗原包括分子,如肾素;生长激素,包括人生长激素和牛生长激素;生长激素释放因子;甲状旁腺激素;促甲状腺激素;脂蛋白;α-1-抗胰蛋白酶;胰岛素A链;胰岛素B链;胰岛素原;促卵泡激素;降血钙素;促黄体生成激素;胰高血糖素;凝血因子,如因子vmc、因子IX、组织因子(tissue factor,TF)以及冯·维勒布兰德因子(von Willebrands factor);抗凝血因子,如蛋白质C;心房利钠因子;肺表面活性剂;纤溶酶原激活剂,如尿激酶或人类尿液型或组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA);铃蟾素(bombesin);凝血酶;造血生长因子;肿瘤坏死因子-α和肿瘤坏死因子-β;脑啡肽酶(enkephalinase);RANTES(正常T细胞表达和分泌的调节性激活因子,regulated on activation normally T-cell expressed and secreted);人巨噬细胞炎性蛋白(MIP-1-α);血清白蛋白,如人血清白蛋白;缪勒管抑制物质(Muellerian-inhibiting substance);松弛素A链;松弛素B链;松弛素原;小鼠促性腺激素相关肽;微生物蛋白,如β-内酰胺酶;脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase);IgE;细胞毒性T-淋巴细胞相关抗原(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen,CTLA),如CTLA-4;抑制素(inhibin);激活素(activin);血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF);激素或生长因子的受体;蛋白质A或D;类风湿因子;神经营养因子,如骨源性神经营养因子(bone-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、神经营养素(neurotrophin)-3、神经营养素-4、神经营养素-5或神经营养素-6(NT-3、NT4、NT-5或NT-6),或神经生长因子,如NGF-β;血小板源性生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF);成纤维细胞生长因子,如aFGF和bFGF;表皮生长因子(EGF);转化生长因子(TGF),如TGF-α和TGF-β,包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β4或TGF-β5;胰岛素样生长因子-I和胰岛素样生长因子-II(IGF-I和IGF-II);脱(1-3)-IGF-I(脑IGF-I);胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白;EpCAM;GD3;FLT3;PSMA;PSCA;MUC1;MUC16;STEAP;CEA;TENB2;EphA受体;EphB受体;叶酸受体;FOLR1;间皮素(mesothelin);畸胎瘤衍化生长因子(crypto);αvβ6;整合素(integrin);VEGF、VEGFR;EGFR;转铁蛋白受体;IRTA1;IRTA2;IRTA3;IRTA4;IRTA5;CD蛋白质,如CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD8、CD11、CD14、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD25、CD26、CD28、CD30、CD33、CD36、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD52、CD55、CD56、CD59、CD70、CD79、CD80、CD81、CD103、CD105、CD134、CD137、CD138、CD152,或结合于一个或多个肿瘤相关抗原或细胞表面受体的抗体,其披露于美国专利申请公开号2008/0171040或美国专利申请公开号2008/0305044中并且以其全文引用的方式并入;促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin);骨生成诱导因子(osteoinductive factor);免疫毒素;骨形态发生蛋白(bonemorphogenetic protein,BMP);干扰素,如干扰素-α、干扰素-β以及干扰素-γ;集落刺激因子(CSF),例如M-CSF、GM-CSF以及G-CSF;白介素(interleukin,IL),例如IL-1到IL-10;超氧化物歧化酶;T细胞受体;表面膜蛋白;衰变加速因子;病毒抗原,如一部分HIV包膜;转运蛋白;归巢受体(homing receptor);地址素(addressin);调节蛋白;整合素,如CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD18、ICAM、VLA-4以及VCAM;肿瘤相关抗原,如HER2、HER3或HER4受体;内皮因子(endoglin);c-Met;IGF1R;前列腺抗原(如PCA3、PSA)、PSGR、NGEP、PSMA、PSCA、TMEFF2以及STEAP1;LGR5;B7H4;以及上文所列多肽中的任一种的片段。
另外,结合于骨髓细胞的GM-CSF可以用作针对来自急性骨髓性白血病的病变细胞的细胞结合剂。结合于经过激活的T细胞的IL-2可以用于预防移植排斥,用于治疗和预防移植物抗宿主疾病,并且用于治疗急性T细胞白血病。结合于黑素细胞的MSH可以用于治疗黑素瘤,针对黑素瘤的抗体同样可以。叶酸可以用于靶向在卵巢肿瘤和其他肿瘤上表达的叶酸受体。表皮生长因子可以用于靶向鳞癌,如肺和头颈的鳞癌。生长抑素(somatostatin)可以用于靶向成神经细胞瘤和其他肿瘤类型。
乳腺癌和睾丸癌可以用分别作为细胞结合剂的雌激素(或雌激素类似物)或雄激素(或雄激素类似物)成功地靶向。
如本文中所用的术语“抗体”是指任何免疫球蛋白、任何免疫球蛋白片段(如Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2、dsFv、sFv)、微型抗体(minibody)、双功能抗体(diabody)、三功能抗体(tribody)、四功能抗体(tetrabody)(Parham,J.Immunol.,131:2895-2902(1983);Spring等人J.Immunol.,113:470-478(1974);Nisonoff等人Arch.Biochem.Biophys.,89:230-244(1960);Kim等人,Mol.Cancer Ther.,7:2486-2497(2008);Carter,Nature Revs.,6:343-357(2006)),或可以结合于细胞表面上的抗原的免疫球蛋白嵌合体(例如,其含有互补决定区(complementaritydetermining region,CDR))。任何适合的抗体都可以用作细胞结合剂。本领域技术人员应了解,适当抗体的选择将取决于有待靶向的细胞群体。就这一点而言,选择性地在特定细胞群体(通常并且优选地为病变细胞群体)中表达的细胞表面分子(即,抗原)的类型和数目将主导用于本发明组合物中的适当抗体的选择。细胞表面表达谱对于众多细胞类型(包括肿瘤细胞类型)来说是已知的,或者,如果未知的话,那么可以使用常规分子生物学和组织化学技术来测定。
抗体可以是多克隆或单克隆的,但最优选地是单克隆抗体。如本文中所用的“多克隆”抗体是指在经过免疫的动物的血清中通常所含的抗体分子的异质群体。“单克隆”抗体是指对特定抗原具有特异性的抗体分子的同质群体。单克隆抗体通常由B淋巴细胞(“B细胞”)的单一无性系产生。单克隆抗体可以使用本领域技术人员已知的多种技术来获得,包括标准杂交瘤技术(参看例如和Milstein,Eur.J.Immunol.,5:511-519(1976);Harlow和Lane(编),Antibodies:ALaboratory Manual,CSH Press(1988);以及C.A.Janeway等人(编),Immunobiology,第5版,Garland Publishing,New York,NY(2001))。简单地说,产生单克隆抗体的杂交瘤方法通常涉及用抗原(即,“免疫原”)注射任何适合的动物,通常并且优选地为小鼠。随后处死动物,并且使从它的脾中分离出的B细胞与人骨髓瘤细胞融合。产生杂交细胞(即,“杂交瘤”),其无限增殖并且不断分泌高效价的在体外具有所需特异性的抗体。本领域中已知的任何适当方法都可以用于鉴别产生具有所需特异性的抗体的杂交瘤细胞。所述方法包括(例如)酶联免疫吸附分析法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、蛋白质印迹分析(Western blot analysis)以及放射免疫分析法(radioimmunoassay)。筛选杂交瘤的群体以分离出个别的无性系,每个无性系分泌针对抗原的单一抗体种类。因为每个杂交瘤是衍生自与单一B细胞融合的无性系,所以它产生的所有抗体分子在结构方面都相同,包括这些抗体分子的抗原结合位点和同型。单克隆抗体还可以使用其他适合的技术来产生,包括EBV-杂交瘤技术(参看例如Haskard和Archer,J.Immunol.Methods,74(2):361-67(1984);以及Roder等人,Methods Enzymol.,121:140-67(1986))、噬菌体载体表达系统(参看例如Huse等人,Science,246:1275-81(1989)),或包含抗体片段(如Fab和scFv(单链可变区))的噬菌体呈现文库(参看例如美国专利5,885,793和5,969,108;以及国际专利申请公开WO92/01047和WO99/06587)。
单克隆抗体可以从任何适合的动物中分离出或在任何适合的动物中产生,但优选地在哺乳动物中、更优选地在小鼠或人类中并且最优选地在人类中产生。在小鼠中产生抗体的方法为本领域技术人员所熟知并且描述于本文中。关于人类抗体,本领域技术人员应了解,多克隆抗体可以从经过适当抗原接种或免疫的人类受试者的血清中分离出。或者,人类抗体可以通过修改用于在非人类动物(如小鼠)中产生人类抗体的已知技术来产生(参看例如美国专利5,545,806、5,569,825和5,714,352;以及美国专利申请公开号2002/0197266A1)。
虽然理想的选择是用于在人类中进行治疗性应用,但人类抗体、特别是人类单克隆抗体,通常比小鼠单克隆抗体更难产生。然而,小鼠单克隆抗体在给予人类时诱导快速宿主抗体反应,这可能会降低抗体-细胞毒性剂缀合物的治疗或诊断潜力。为了避免这些并发状况(complication),单克隆抗体优选地不会被人类免疫系统识别成“外来的”。
为此,可以使用噬菌体呈现来产生抗体。就这一点而言,编码抗体的抗原结合可变(V)域的噬菌体文库可以使用标准分子生物学和重组DNA技术来产生(参看例如Sambrook等人(编),MolecularCloning,A Laboratory Manual,第3版,Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress,New York(2001))。选择编码具有所需特异性的可变区的噬菌体用于特异性地结合于所需抗原,并且重构包含所选可变域的完全人类抗体。将编码经过重构的抗体的核酸序列引入到适合的细胞系(如用于产生杂交瘤的骨髓瘤细胞)中,使得具有单克隆抗体特征的人类抗体由细胞分泌出(参看例如Janeway等人,同上;Huse等人,同上;以及美国专利6,265,150)。或者,单克隆抗体可以从对于特异性人类重链和轻链免疫球蛋白基因来说是转基因的小鼠中产生。所述方法在本领域中是已知的并且描述于(例如)美国专利5,545,806和5,569,825以及Janeway等人,同上中。
抗体最优选地是人源化抗体。如本文中所用的“人源化”抗体是如下抗体:其中小鼠单克隆抗体的互补决定区(CDR)(它们形成抗体的抗原结合环)接枝到人类抗体分子的构架上。由于小鼠和人类抗体的构架的相似性,因此本领域中一般公认这种方法产生与人类抗体的抗原性一致,但与CDR序列所来源的小鼠单克隆抗体结合相同抗原的单克隆抗体。产生人源化抗体的方法在本领域中是众所周知的并且详细描述于(例如)Janeway等人,同上;美国专利5,225,539、5,585,089和5,693,761;欧洲专利号0239400B1;以及英国专利号2188638中。人源化抗体还可以使用美国专利5,639,641和Pedersen等人,J.Mol.Biol.,235:959-973(1994)中所描述的抗体表面重塑技术来产生。虽然本发明组合物的缀合物中所采用的抗体最优选地是人源化单克隆抗体,但如上文所描述的人类单克隆抗体和小鼠单克隆抗体也在本发明的范围内。
具有至少一个抗原结合位点,并且因此识别并结合于靶细胞的表面上所存在的至少一个抗原或受体的抗体片段也在本发明的范围内。在这方面,完整抗体分子的蛋白酶剪切可以产生多种保留识别并结合抗原的能力的抗体片段。举例来说,用木瓜蛋白酶对抗体分子进行限制性消化通常产生三个片段,其中两个片段相同并且被称作Fab片段,因为它们保留了母抗体分子的抗原结合活性。用胃蛋白酶使抗体分子裂解通常产生两个抗体片段,其中一个片段保留了抗体分子的两个抗原结合臂,并且因此被称作F(ab')2片段。用二硫苏糖醇或巯基乙胺还原F(ab')2片段产生了被称作Fab'片段的片段。由包含经由合成肽连接于抗体轻链可变(V)域的抗体重链V域的截短的Fab片段组成的单链可变区片段(sFv)抗体片段可以使用常规重组DNA技术来产生(参看例如Janeway等人,同上)。类似地,经过二硫键稳定的可变区片段(dsFv)可以通过重组DNA技术来制备(参看例如Reiter等人,Protein Engineering,7:697-704(1994))。然而,在本发明的背景下,抗体片段并不限于抗体片段的这些示范性的类型。可以采用识别并结合于所需细胞表面受体或抗原的任何适合的抗体片段。抗体片段进一步描述于(例如)Parham,J.Immunol.,131:2895-2902(1983);Spring等人,J.Immunol.,113:470-478(1974);以及Nisonoff等人,Arch.Biochem.Biophys.,89:230-244(1960)中。抗体-抗原结合可以使用本领域中已知的任何适合的方法来分析,例如放射免疫分析法(RIA)、ELISA、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)、免疫沉淀法以及竞争性抑制分析法(参看例如Janeway等人,同上;和美国专利申请公开号2002/0197266A1)。
另外,抗体可以是嵌合抗体或其抗原结合片段。“嵌合”意味着抗体包含至少两个免疫球蛋白或其片段,它们获自或衍生自至少两个不同种类(例如,两个不同免疫球蛋白,如与鼠类免疫球蛋白可变区组合的人类免疫球蛋白恒定区)。抗体还可以是域抗体(domainantibody,dAb)或其抗原结合片段,例如新型骆驼抗体(camelidantibody)(参看例如Desmyter等人,Nature Struct.Biol.,3:752,(1996)),或鲨鱼抗体(shark antibody),例如新抗原受体(IgNAR)(参看例如Greenberg等人,Nature,374:168(1995);和Stanfield等人,Science,305:1770-1773(2004))。
在本发明的背景下可以使用任何适合的抗体。举例来说,单克隆抗体J5是对急性成淋巴细胞性白血病共同抗原(Common AcuteLymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen,CALLA)具有特异性的鼠类IgG2a抗体(Ritz等人,Nature,283:583-585(1980)),并且可以用于靶向表达CALLA的细胞(例如,急性成淋巴细胞性白血病细胞)。单克隆抗体MY9是特异性地结合于CD33抗原的鼠类IgG1抗体(Griffin等人,Leukemia Res.,8:521(1984)),并且可以用于靶向表达CD33的细胞(例如,急性骨髓性白血病(AML)细胞)。
类似地,单克隆抗体抗B4(也称作B4)是结合于B细胞上的CD19抗原的鼠类IgG1抗体(Nadler等人,J.Immunol.,131:244-250(1983)),并且可以用于靶向B细胞或表达CD19的病变细胞(例如,非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphoma)细胞和慢性成淋巴细胞性白血病细胞)。N901是结合于神经内分泌起源的细胞(包括小细胞肺肿瘤)上所见的CD56(神经细胞粘着分子)抗原的鼠类单克隆抗体,它可以用于缀合物中以使药物靶向神经内分泌起源的细胞。J5、MY9以及B4抗体优选地在它们用作缀合物的一部分之前经过表面重塑或人源化。抗体的表面重塑或人源化描述于(例如)Roguska等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,91:969-73(1994)中。
另外,单克隆抗体C242结合于CanAg抗原(参看例如美国专利5,552,293),并且可以用于使缀合物靶向表达CanAg的肿瘤,如结肠直肠癌、胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌以及胃癌。HuC242是单克隆抗体C242的人源化形式(参看例如美国专利5,552,293)。产生HuC242的杂交瘤以ECACC识别编号90012601保藏。HuC242可以使用CDR接枝法(参看例如美国专利5,585,089、5,693,761和5,693,762)或表面重塑技术(参看例如美国专利5,639,641)来制备。HuC242可以用于使缀合物靶向表达CanAg抗原的肿瘤细胞,如结肠直肠癌、胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌以及胃癌细胞。
为了靶向卵巢癌和前列腺癌细胞,抗MUC1抗体可以用作缀合物中的细胞结合剂。抗MUC1抗体包括(例如)抗HMFG-2(参看例如Taylor-Papadimitriou等人,Int.J.Cancer,28:17-21(1981))、hCTM01(参看例如van Hof等人,Cancer Res.,56:5179-5185(1996))以及DS6。前列腺癌细胞也可以通过使用抗前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)作为细胞结合剂(如J591)而用缀合物靶向(参看例如Liu等人,Cancer Res.,57:3629-3634(1997))。此外,表达Her2抗原的癌细胞,如乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及卵巢癌,可以通过使用抗Her2抗体(例如曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab))作为细胞结合剂而用缀合物靶向。表达表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和其变体(如III型缺失突变体EGFRvIII)的细胞可以通过使用抗EGFR抗体而用缀合物靶向。抗EGFR抗体描述于国际专利申请号PCT/US11/058385和PCT/US11/058378中。抗EGFRvIII抗体描述于美国专利7,736,644和7,628,986以及美国申请公开2010/0111979、2009/0240038、2009/0175887、2009/0156790和2009/0155282中。结合于胰岛素样生长因子受体的抗IGF-IR抗体(如美国专利7,982,024中所描述的那些抗体)也可以用于缀合物中。结合于CD27L、畸胎瘤衍化生长因子、CD138、CD38、EphA2、整合素、CD37、叶酸、CD20、PSGR、NGEP、PSCA、TMEFF2、STEAP1、内皮因子以及Her3的抗体也可以用于缀合物中。
在一个实施方案中,抗体选自由以下组成的组:huN901;huMy9-6;huB4;huC242;抗HER2抗体(例如曲妥珠单抗);比伐珠单抗(bivatuzumab);昔洛珠单抗(sibrotuzumab);利妥昔单抗(rituximab);huDS6;国际专利申请公开WO2010/124797中所描述的抗间皮素抗体(如MF-T);美国专利申请公开2010/0093980中所描述的抗畸胎瘤衍化生长因子抗体(如huB3F6);美国专利申请公开2007/0183971中所描述的抗CD138抗体(如huB-B4);国际专利申请号PCT/US11/058385和PCT/US11/058378中所描述的抗EGFR抗体(如EGFR-7);美国专利7,736,644和7,628,986以及美国专利申请公开2010/0111979、2009/0240038、2009/0175887、2009/0156790和2009/0155282中所描述的抗EGFRvIII抗体;国际专利申请公开WO2011/039721和WO2011/039724中所描述的人源化EphA2抗体(如2H11R35R74);国际专利申请公开WO2008/047242中所描述的抗CD38抗体(如hu38SB19);国际专利申请公开WO2011/106528和美国专利申请公开2012/0009181中所描述的抗叶酸抗体(例如huMov19);美国专利5,958,872、6,596,743和7,982,024中所描述的抗IGF1R抗体;美国专利申请公开2011/0256153中所描述的抗CD37抗体(例如huCD37-3);美国申请公开2006/0127407中所描述的抗整合素αvβ6抗体(例如CNTO95);以及国际专利申请公开WO2012/019024中所描述的抗Her3抗体。
特别优选的抗体是本文所描述的人源化单克隆抗体。实例包括(但不限于)huN901、huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、人源化单克隆抗Her2抗体(例如曲妥珠单抗)、比伐珠单抗、昔洛珠单抗、CNTO95、huDS6以及利妥昔单抗(参看例如美国专利5,639,641和5,665,357;美国临时专利申请号60/424,332(其与美国专利7,557,189相关);国际(PCT)专利申请公开WO02/16401;Pedersen等人,同上;Roguska等人,同上;Liu等人,同上;Nadler等人,同上;Colomer等人,CancerInvest.,19:49-56(2001);Heider等人,Eur.J.Cancer,31A:2385-2391(1995);Welt等人,J.Clin.Oncol.,12:1193-1203(1994);以及Maloney等人,Blood,90:2188-2195(1997))。其他人源化单克隆抗体在本领域中是已知的并且可以与本发明相结合使用。
在一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂是特异性地结合人类叶酸受体1的人源化抗叶酸抗体或其抗原结合片段,其中所述抗体包含:(a)包含GYFMN的重链CDR1;包含RIHPYDGDTFYNQXaa1FXaa2Xaa3的重链CDR2;以及包含YDGSRAMDY的重链CDR3;和(b)包含KASQSVSFAGTSLMH的轻链CDR1;包含RASNLEA的轻链CDR2;以及包含QQSREYPYT的轻链CDR3;其中Xaa1选自K、Q、H和R;Xaa2选自Q、H、N和R;并且Xaa3选自G、E、T、S、A和V。优选地,重链CDR2序列包含RIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQG。
在另一个实施方案中,抗叶酸抗体是特异性地结合人类叶酸受体1的人源化抗体或其抗原结合片段,它包含具有以下氨基酸序列的重链:QVQLVQSGAEVVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTGYFMNWVKQSPGQSLEWIGRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQGKATLTVDKSSNTAHMELLSLTSEDFAVYYCTRYDGSRAMDYWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK。
在另一个实施方案中,抗叶酸抗体是由2010年4月7日保藏于ATCC并且具有ATCC保藏编号PTA-10772和PTA-10773或10774的质粒DNA编码的人源化抗体或其抗原结合片段。
在另一个实施方案中,抗叶酸抗体是人源化抗体或其抗原结合片段,它包含至少约90%、95%、99%或100%与QVQLVQSGAEVVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTGYFMNWVKQSPGQSLEWIGRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQGKATLTVDKSSNTAHMELLSLTSEDFAVYYCTRYDGSRAMDYWGQGTTVTVSS一致的重链可变域,和至少约90%、95%、99%或100%与DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLNISPVEAEDAATYYCQQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIKR或DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLTISPVEAEDAATYYCQQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIKR一致的轻链可变域。
虽然细胞结合剂优选地是抗体,但细胞结合剂也可以是非抗体分子。适合的非抗体分子包括(例如)干扰素(例如,α、β或γ干扰素)、淋巴因子(例如,白介素2(IL-2)、IL-3、IL-4或IL-6)、激素(例如,胰岛素)、生长因子(例如,EGF、TGF-α、FGF和VEGF)、集落刺激因子(例如,G-CSF、M-CSF和GM-CSF(参看例如Burgess,Immunology Today,5:155-158(1984)))、生长抑素以及转铁蛋白(参看例如O'Keefe等人,J.Biol.Chem.,260:932-937(1985))。举例来说,结合于骨髓细胞的GM-CSF可以用作细胞结合剂以靶向急性骨髓性白血病细胞。另外,结合于经过激活的T细胞的IL-2可以用于预防移植排斥,用于治疗和预防移植物抗宿主疾病,并且用于治疗急性T细胞白血病。表皮生长因子(EGF)可以用于靶向鳞癌,如肺癌和头颈癌。生长抑素可以用于靶向成神经细胞瘤细胞和其他肿瘤细胞类型。
缀合物可以包含任何适合的细胞毒性剂。如本文中所用的“细胞毒性剂”是指引起细胞死亡,诱导细胞死亡,或降低细胞活力的任何化合物。适合的细胞毒性剂包括(例如)类美登素和可结合的安丝菌素(ansamitocin)(参看例如2011年11月3日提交的国际专利申请号PCT/US11/59131)、类紫杉烷(taxoid)、CC-1065和CC-1065类似物,以及尾海兔素(dolastatin)和尾海兔素类似物。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,细胞毒性剂是类美登素,包括美登醇(maytansinol)和美登醇类似物。类美登素是抑制微管形成并且对哺乳动物细胞极具毒性的化合物。适合的美登醇类似物的实例包括具有经过修饰的芳香环的那些类似物和在其他位置具有修饰的那些类似物。所述类美登素描述于(例如)美国专利4,256,746、4,294,757、4,307,016、4,313,946、4,315,929、4,322,348、4,331,598、4,361,650、4,362,663、4,364,866、4,424,219、4,371,533、4,450,254、5,475,092、5,585,499、5,846,545以及6,333,410中。
具有经过修饰的芳香环的美登醇类似物的实例包括:(1)C-19-脱氯(美国专利4,256,746)(通过安丝菌素P2的LAH还原来制备),(2)C-20-羟基(或C-20-脱甲基)+/-C-19-脱氯(美国专利4,361,650和4,307,016)(通过使用链霉菌(Streptomyces)或放线菌(Actinomyces)脱甲基或使用LAH脱氯来制备),以及(3)C-20-脱甲氧基,C-20-酰氧基(-OCOR),+/-脱氯(美国专利4,294,757)(通过使用酰氯酰化来制备)。
在除芳香环以外的位置具有修饰的美登醇类似物的实例包括:(1)C-9-SH(美国专利4,424,219)(通过美登醇与H2S或P2S5的反应来制备),(2)C-14-烷氧基甲基(脱甲氧基/CH2OR)(美国专利4,331,598),(3)C-14-羟甲基或酰氧基甲基(CH2OH或CH2OAc)(美国专利4,450,254)(从诺卡氏菌(Nocardia)制备),(4)C-15-羟基/酰氧基(美国专利4,364,866)(通过由链霉菌使美登醇转化来制备),(5)C-15-甲氧基(美国专利4,313,946和4,315,929)(从滑桃树(Trewia nudiflora)中分离出),(6)C-18-N-脱甲基(美国专利4,362,663和4,322,348)(通过由链霉菌使美登醇脱甲基来制备),以及(7)4,5-脱氧(美国专利4,371,533)(通过美登醇的三氯化钛/LAH还原来制备)。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,缀合物利用含硫醇的类美登素DM1,也称为N2'-脱乙酰基-N2'-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素,作为细胞毒性剂。DM1的结构由式(I)表示:
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,缀合物利用含硫醇的类美登素DM4,也称为N2'-脱乙酰基-N2'-(4-甲基-4-巯基-1-氧代戊基)-美登素,作为细胞毒性剂。DM4的结构由式(II)表示:
在本发明的背景下可以使用其他类美登素,包括(例如)含硫醇和二硫键的类美登素,其在带有硫原子的碳原子上具有单烷基或二烷基取代。特别优选的是在C-3位置具有以下的类美登素:(a)C-14羟甲基、C-15羟基或C-20脱甲基官能团,和(b)具有带有受阻巯基的酰基的酰化氨基酸侧链,其中带有硫醇官能团的酰基的碳原子具有一个或两个取代基,所述取代基为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链或支链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且另外其中所述取代基中的一个可以为H,并且其中酰基在羰基官能团与硫原子之间具有至少三个碳原子的直链长度。
在本发明的背景下使用的额外的类美登素包括由式(III)表示的化合物:
其中Y'表示
(CR7R8)l(CR9=CR10)p(C≡C)qAo(CR5R6)mDu(CR11=CR12)r(C≡C)sBt(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可以为H,
其中A、B、D为具有3-10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基、简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t各自独立地为0或1到5的整数,其条件为l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t中的至少两个在任何时候都不为0,并且
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基。
式(III)的优选实施方案包括如下式(III)化合物:其中(a)R1为H,R2为甲基,并且Z为H;(b)R1和R2为甲基,并且Z为H;(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,并且Z为-SCH3;以及(d)R1和R2为甲基,并且Z为-SCH3。
这些额外的类美登素还包括由式(IV-L)、(IV-D)或(IV-D,L)表示的化合物:
其中Y表示(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可以为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立地为1到5的整数,并且另外n可以为0,
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链或支链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基,或简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且
其中May表示带有C-3处的侧链、C-14羟甲基、C-15羟基或C-20脱甲基的类美登素。
式(IV-L)、(IV-D)和(IV-D,L)的优选实施方案包括如下式(IV-L)、(IV-D)和(IV-D,L)化合物,其中(a)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z为H;(b)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,并且Z为H;(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3;或(d)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3。
优选地,细胞毒性剂由式(IV-L)表示。
额外优选的类美登素还包括由式(V)表示的化合物:
其中Y表示(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可以为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立地为1到5的整数,并且另外n可以为0,并且
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基。
式(V)的优选实施方案包括如下式(V)化合物:其中(a)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z为H;(b)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,并且Z为H;(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3;或(d)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3。
其他优选的类美登素包括由式(VI-L)、(VI-D)或(VI-D,L)表示的化合物:
其中Y2表示(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ2,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可以为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链环状烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立地为1到5的整数,并且另外n可以为0,
其中Z2为SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且
其中May为类美登素的大环结构。
额外优选的类美登素包括由式(VII)表示的化合物:
其中Y2'表示
(CR7R8)l(CR9=CR10)p(C≡C)qAo(CR5R6)mDu(CR11=CR12)r(C≡C)sBt(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ2,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链或支链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且另外R2可以为H,
其中A、B和D各自独立地为具有3到10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基、简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t各自独立地为0或1到5的整数,其条件为l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t中的至少两个在任何时候都不为0,并且
其中Z2为SR或-COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基。
式(VII)的优选实施方案包括如下式(VII)化合物:其中R1为H并且R2为甲基。
除了类美登素以外,缀合物中所用的细胞毒性剂可以是紫杉烷(taxane)或其衍生物。紫杉烷是一类化合物,其包括细胞毒性天然产物太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel,)和半合成衍生物多西紫杉醇(docetaxel,),这两者都被广泛用于治疗癌症。紫杉烷是抑制微管蛋白解聚,从而引起细胞死亡的有丝分裂纺锤体毒物。虽然多西紫杉醇和太平洋紫杉醇是适用于治疗癌症的药剂,但它们的抗肿瘤活性由于其对正常细胞的非特异性毒性而受限制。此外,如太平洋紫杉醇和多西紫杉醇的化合物本身对于在细胞结合剂的缀合物中使用并不充分有效。
用于制备细胞毒性缀合物的优选紫杉烷为式(VIII)的紫杉烷:
用于合成可以在本发明的背景下使用的紫杉烷的方法连同用于使紫杉烷结合于细胞结合剂(如抗体)的方法一起详细描述于美国专利5,416,064、5,475,092、6,340,701、6,372,738、6,436,931、6,596,757、6,706,708、6,716,821以及7,390,898中。
细胞毒性剂也可以是CC-1065或其衍生物。CC-1065是从泽耳链霉菌(Streptomyces zelensis)的肉汤培养物中分离出的有效抗肿瘤抗生素。CC-1065在体外的效力是通常所用的抗癌药(如阿霉素(doxorubicin)、甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)以及长春新碱(vincristine))的约1000倍(Bhuyan等人,Cancer Res.,42:3532-3537(1982))。CC-1065和其类似物披露于美国专利5,585,499、5,846,545、6,340,701以及6,372,738中。CC-1065的细胞毒性效能已经与它的烷基化活性和它的DNA结合或DNA嵌入活性相关联。这两种活性存在于分子的独立部分中。在这方面,烷基化活性包含在环丙烷并吡咯并吲哚(cyclopropapyrroloindole,CPI)子单元中,并且DNA结合活性存在于CC-1065的两个吡咯并吲哚子单元中。
若干种CC-1065类似物在本领域中是已知的并且也可以用作缀合物中的细胞毒性剂(参看例如Warpehoski等人,J.Med.Chem.,31:590-603(1988))。已经开发出一系列CC-1065类似物,其中CPI部分被环丙烷并苯并吲哚(cyclopropabenzindole,CBI)部分取代(Boger等人,J.Org.Chem.,55:5823-5833(1990);和Boger等人,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,1:115-120(1991))。这些CC-1065类似物保留了母药的高体外效能,而不会在小鼠中引起迟发性毒性。如同CC-1065一样,这些化合物是共价结合于DNA的小沟以引起细胞死亡的烷基化剂。
可以通过经由靶向递送到肿瘤部位而改变体内分布,从而使得对非靶向组织的毒性较低并且由此使得全身毒性较低来大大提高CC-1065类似物的治疗功效。为此,已经产生CC-1065的类似物和衍生物与特异性地靶向肿瘤细胞的细胞结合剂的缀合物(参看例如美国专利5,475,092、5,585,499以及5,846,545)。这些缀合物通常在体外展现出高标靶特异性细胞毒性,并且在小鼠的人类肿瘤异种移植模型中展现出抗肿瘤活性(参看例如Chari等人,Cancer Res.,55:4079-4084(1995))。
合成CC-1065类似物的方法详细描述于美国专利5,475,092、5,585,499、5,846,545、6,534,660、6,586,618、6,756,397以及7,329,760中。
如甲氨蝶呤、道诺霉素(daunorubicin)、阿霉素、长春新碱、长春碱(vinblastine)、美法仑(melphalan)、丝裂霉素C(mitomycinC)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、卡里奇霉素(calicheamicin)、土布莱新(tubulysin)和土布莱新类似物、倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)和倍癌霉素类似物、尾海兔素和尾海兔素类似物也可以用作本发明的细胞毒性剂。阿霉素和道诺霉素化合物(参看例如美国专利6,630,579)也可以用作细胞毒性剂。
细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物可以通过体外方法来制备。为了使细胞毒性剂连接于抗体,使用连接基团。适合的连接基团在本领域中是众所周知的并且包括二硫基、酸不稳定基团、光不稳定基团、肽酶不稳定基团和酯酶不稳定基团,以及不可裂解的连接基团。举例来说,细胞结合剂可以经由化学键化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,所述化学键选自由以下组成的组:二硫键、酸不稳定键、光不稳定键、肽酶不稳定键、硫醚不稳定键以及酯酶不稳定键。
根据本发明,细胞结合剂经由双官能交联剂与细胞毒性剂连接。如本文中所用的“双官能交联剂”是指具有两个反应性基团的试剂;其中一个基团能够与细胞结合剂反应,而另一个基团能够与细胞毒性剂反应以使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂连接,从而形成缀合物。
任何适合的双官能交联剂都可以与本发明相结合使用,只要连接子试剂分别为细胞毒性剂和细胞结合剂保留了治疗性特征(例如细胞毒性)和靶向特征,而不会产生异常毒性。优选地,连接子分子使细胞毒性剂经化学键接合于细胞结合剂(如上文所描述),使得细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂彼此化学偶合(例如共价键结)。
在一个实施方案中,双官能交联剂包含不可裂解的连接子。不可裂解的连接子是能够使细胞毒性剂(如类美登素、紫杉烷或CC-1065类似物)以稳定的共价方式连接于细胞结合剂的任何化学部分。因此,不可裂解的连接子在细胞毒性剂或细胞结合剂保持呈活性的条件下实质上抵抗酸诱导的裂解、光诱导的裂解、肽酶诱导的裂解、酯酶诱导的裂解以及二硫键裂解。
在细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂之间形成不可裂解的连接子的适合交联剂在本领域中是众所周知的。在一个实施方案中,细胞毒性剂经硫醚键连接于细胞结合剂。不可裂解的连接子的实例包括具有用来与细胞毒性剂反应的基于马来酰亚胺基或基于卤代乙酰基的部分的连接子。所述双官能交联剂在本领域中是众所周知的(参看美国专利申请公开号2010/0129314、2009/0274713、2008/0050310、20050169933、2009/0274713、2010/0129314;以及可获自Pierce Biotechnology Inc.P.O.Box117,Rockland,IL61105,USA的那些双官能交联剂),并且包括(但不限于)4-(马来酰亚胺基甲基)环己烷甲酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SMCC)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚胺基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-酰胺基己酸酯)(它是SMCC的“长链”类似物,LC-SMCC)、κ-马来酰亚胺基十一烷酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚胺基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(GMBS)、ε-马来酰亚胺基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(EMCS)、间马来酰亚胺基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚胺基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯(AMAS)、琥珀酰亚胺基-6-(β-马来酰亚胺基丙酰胺基)己酸酯(SMPH)、4-(对马来酰亚胺基苯基)-丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SMPB)以及N-(对马来酰亚胺基苯基)异氰酸酯(PMPI)。包含基于卤代乙酰基的部分的交联剂包括N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(碘乙酰基)-氨基苯甲酸酯(SIAB)、碘乙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SIA)、溴乙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SBA)以及3-(溴乙酰胺基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SBAP)、双马来酰亚胺基聚乙二醇(BMPEO)、BM(PEO)2、BM(PEO)3、N-(β-马来酰亚胺基丙氧基)琥珀酰亚胺酯(BMPS)、5-马来酰亚胺基戊酸NHS、HBVS、4-(4-N-马来酰亚胺基苯基)-丁酸酰肼·HCl(MPBH)、琥珀酰亚胺基-(4-乙烯基磺酰基)苯甲酸酯(SVSB)、二硫基双马来酰亚胺基乙烷(DTME)、1,4-双马来酰亚胺基丁烷(BMB)、1,4-双马来酰亚胺基-2,3-二羟基丁烷(BMDB)、双马来酰亚胺基己烷(BMH)、双马来酰亚胺基乙烷(BMOE)、4-(N-马来酰亚胺基-甲基)环己烷-1-甲酸磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-SMCC)、(4-碘代-乙酰基)氨基苯甲酸磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-SIAB)、间马来酰亚胺基苯甲酰基-N-羟基磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-MBS)、N-(γ-马来酰亚胺基丁酰氧基)磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-GMBS)、N-(ε-马来酰亚胺基己酰氧基)磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-EMCS)、N-(κ-马来酰亚胺基十一烷酰氧基)磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-KMUS)、4-(对马来酰亚胺基苯基)丁酸磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-SMPB)、CX1-1、磺基-Mal以及PEGn-Mal。优选地,双官能交联剂为SMCC。
在一个实施方案中,连接试剂是可裂解的连接子。适合的可裂解的连接子的实例包括二硫化物连接子、酸不稳定连接子、光不稳定连接子、肽酶不稳定连接子以及酯酶不稳定连接子。含二硫化物的连接子为经二硫化物交换而可裂解的连接子,所述二硫化物交换可以在生理条件下发生。酸不稳定连接子为在酸性pH值下可裂解的连接子。举例来说,某些细胞内区室(如核内体和溶酶体)具有酸性pH值(pH4-5),并且提供适于使酸不稳定连接子裂解的条件。光不稳定连接子适用于体表和光可到达的许多体腔。此外,红外光可以穿透组织。肽酶不稳定连接子可以用于使细胞内部或外部的某些肽裂解(参看例如Trouet等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,79:626-629(1982);和Umemoto等人,Int.J.Cancer,43:677-684(1989))。在一个实施方案中,可裂解的连接子在温和条件下,即,在细胞内细胞毒性剂的活性不受影响的条件下裂解。
在另一个实施方案中,细胞毒性剂经二硫键连接于细胞结合剂。连接子分子包含可以与细胞结合剂反应的反应性化学基团。用来与细胞结合剂反应的优选的反应性化学基团为N-琥珀酰亚胺酯和N-磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯。另外,连接子分子包含可以与细胞毒性剂反应形成二硫键的反应性化学基团,优选地为二硫基吡啶基。能够使细胞结合剂经由二硫键与细胞毒性剂连接的双官能交联剂在本领域中是已知的,并且包括(例如)3-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPDP)(参看例如Carlsson等人,Biochem.J.,173:723-737(1978))、4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPDB)(参看例如美国专利4,563,304)、4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPP)(参看例如CAS登记号341498-08-6)以及N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)2-磺基丁酸酯(磺基-SPDB)(参看例如美国申请公开2009/0274713)。可以用于引入二硫基的其他双官能交联剂在本领域中是已知的并且描述于美国专利6,913,748、6,716,821以及美国专利申请公开2009/0274713和2010/0129314中,所有专利都以其全文引用的方式并入本文中。
缺乏硫原子并且形成不可裂解的连接子的其他交联剂也可以用于本发明方法中。所述连接子可以衍生自基于二羧酸的部分。适合的基于二羧酸的部分包括(但不限于)通式(IX)的α,ω-二羧酸:
HOOC-Xl-Yn-Zm-COOH
(IX)
其中X为具有2到20个碳原子的直链或支链烷基、烯基或炔基,Y为带有3到10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基,Z为经过取代或未经取代的带有6到10个碳原子的芳香基,或经过取代或未经取代的杂环基,其中杂原子选自N、O或S,并且其中l、m和n各自为0或1,其条件为l、m和n不同时都为0。
本文所披露的许多不可裂解的连接子详细描述于美国专利申请公开号2005/0169933A1中。
以下实施例进一步说明本发明,但当然不应该被解释为以任何方式限制其范围。
实施例1
使用先前所描述的方法(例如,美国专利5,208,020)以及作为本申请的主题的一步法,使人源化CD37-3抗体与异双官能交联剂SMCC和类美登素DM1反应。
对于先前所描述的方法来说,首先使huCD37-3(15mg/mL)与SMCC(相对于抗体的量为6.5倍摩尔过量)反应,以形成经过修饰的抗体。修饰反应在16℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH6.9)中进行了90分钟。用1M乙酸盐猝灭反应以将pH值调节到4.5,并且使用在含有2mM EDTA的20mM乙酸钠(pH4.5)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化经过修饰的抗体。纯化之后,使经过修饰的抗体(5mg/mL)与类美登素DM1(相对于抗体的量为6.8倍摩尔过量;相对于抗体上连接子的测得量为1.3倍过量)反应,以形成经过结合的抗体。结合反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和5%DMA的20mM乙酸钠缓冲液(pH5.0)中进行了约20小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于本发明方法来说,使huCD37-3(2.5mg/mL)与DM1(相对于抗体的量为6.2倍摩尔过量)混合,然后与SMCC(相对于抗体的量为5.2倍过量)混合。反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS[4-(2-羟乙基)-1-哌嗪丙烷磺酸]缓冲液(pH8.1)中进行了约4小时。通过加入1M乙酸盐来猝灭反应以将pH值调节到5.0。然后将反应混合物在2-8℃下保持约20小时。保持后,经0.2μm PVDF过滤器过滤反应混合物,并且使用切向流过滤(TFF)纯化并渗滤到10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中。
通过以下方法分析由这两种方法得到的缀合物:UV光谱法用于分析浓度和细胞毒性剂负荷(类美登素与抗体的比率,MAR);质谱法用于测定未结合的连接子的水平;还原型SDS PAGE电泳用于测定不可还原性物质的水平;SEC-HPLC用于测定缀合物单体;以及就缀合物单体和游离类美登素释放来说的存储稳定性。
通过在UV-VIS分光光度计中测量在252nm和280nm下缀合物的吸光度并且使用在这两个波长下DM1和抗体的摩尔消光系数以计算抗体和DM1的摩尔浓度来测定浓度和类美登素与抗体的比率(MAR)。
缀合物的未结合的连接子的水平通过质谱法来分析:测量个别缀合物种类(包括含有或不含未结合的连接子的缀合物)的峰面积;由含有未结合的连接子的面积的总和(以连接子的数目加权)与所有缀合物种类的面积的总和(也以连接子的数目加权)的比率来计算未结合的连接子的水平。
缀合物的不可还原性物质的水平通过还原型SDS凝胶电泳来分析:测量个别经过还原的缀合物种类(包括经过还原的轻链、经过还原的重链、经过交联的轻链-轻链、经过交联的轻链-重链等)的峰面积;由不可还原性物质的面积的总和与所有物质的面积的总和的比率来计算不可还原性物质的水平。
缀合物的单体水平通过尺寸排阻HPLC来分析:使用设定于252nm或280nm波长的吸光度检测器来测量单体、二聚体、聚集体以及低分子量物质的峰面积;由单体面积与总面积的比率来计算单体水平。
存在于缀合物中的游离类美登素的量通过双柱(HiSep和C18柱)HPLC来分析:使用设定于252nm波长的吸光度检测器来测量总游离类美登素物质(按梯度洗脱并且通过与已知标准物比较洗脱时间而鉴别)的峰面积;使用由已知量的标准物的峰面积生成的标准曲线来计算游离类美登素的量。
如下表1中所示,使用本发明方法制造的缀合物就未结合的连接子、不可还原性物质和缀合物单体来说优于使用先前所描述的方法制造的缀合物。另外,通过本发明方法制造的缀合物的稳定性就在4℃下存储五个月之后的游离类美登素释放来说显著较优。通过两种方法制造的缀合物的单体水平都是稳定的。
表1.通过本发明方法制造的CD37-3缀合物的关键特性
相较于先前方法的比较
本实施例中所反映的实验结果展示了一种制备实质上高纯度的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的改进方法。除了通过使用本发明方法改善缀合物纯度和稳定性以外,由于除去了两个处理步骤(修饰反应和纯化经过修饰的抗体),所以处理时间和便利性也得到改善。
实施例2
使用两种先前所描述的方法以及作为本申请的主题的改进方法,使人源化叶酸受体抗体huMov19(参看美国申请公开2012/0009181)与异双官能交联剂磺基-SPDB和类美登素DM4反应。
对于先前所描述的方法A(两步法,例如Chari等人,US5,208,020)来说,首先使huMov19抗体(20mg/mL)与磺基-SPDB(相对于抗体的量为5.7倍摩尔过量,溶解于二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)中)反应,以形成经过修饰的抗体。修饰反应在20℃下于含有5%DMA的50mM EPPS(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-丙烷磺酸)缓冲液(pH8.1)中进行了180分钟。使用在含2mM EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)的50mMEPPS(pH8.1)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化经过修饰的抗体。纯化之后,使经过修饰的抗体(5.0mg/mL)与类美登素DM4(溶解于DMA中;相对于抗体的量为9.7倍摩尔过量;相对于抗体上连接子的测得量为1.7倍过量)反应,以形成经过结合的抗体。结合反应在室温下于含有2mM EDTA和5%DMA的50mM EPPS(pH8.1)中进行了约18小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于先前所描述的方法B(一锅法,Dai等人,美国专利7,811,572)来说,首先使huMov19抗体(10mg/mL)与磺基-SPDB(相对于抗体的量为4.9倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)反应,以形成经过修饰的抗体。修饰反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH7.5)中进行了60分钟。在结合反应之前不纯化经过修饰的抗体。而是,使10mg/mL未经纯化的经过修饰的抗体与类美登素DM4(相对于抗体的量为8.3倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)反应,以形成经过结合的抗体。结合反应在室温下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH7.5)中进行了约18小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于使用Sephadex G-25(方法C,一步法)来纯化缀合物的本发明方法来说,使huMov19抗体(6.0mg/mL)与DM4(相对于抗体的量为9.7倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)混合,然后加入磺基-SPDB(相对于抗体的量为5.7倍过量,溶解于DMA中)。反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH8.1)中进行了约20小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于使用切向流过滤(TFF)(方法D,一步法)来纯化缀合物的本发明方法来说,使huMov19抗体(5.0mg/mL)与DM4(相对于抗体的量为10.2倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)混合,然后与磺基-SPDB(相对于抗体的量为6.0倍过量,溶解于DMA中)混合。反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH8.5)中进行了约20小时。然后,使用TFF将反应混合物纯化并渗滤到10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中。
通过以下方法分析由这些不同方法得到的缀合物:UV光谱法(用于分析浓度和类美登素与抗体的比率(MAR));反相HPLC用于测定游离类美登素;质谱法用于测定未结合的连接子的水平和质量分布概况;还原型SDS PAGE电泳用于测定不可还原性物质的水平;非还原型SDS PAGE电泳用于测定片段化的水平;SEC-HPLC用于测定缀合物单体。就缀合物单体和游离类美登素释放来评估存储稳定性。关于分析方法的更多细节提供于实施例1中。
如下表2中所示,使用本发明方法制造的缀合物就单体来说优于使用先前所描述的方法制造的缀合物。使用Sephadex G-25进行缀合物的最终纯化的一锅法和一步法(分别是方法B和C)制造的缀合物较使用两步法(方法A)制造的缀合物具有较高水平的游离类美登素。然而,当使用不同的最终纯化工艺TFF(方法D)时,游离类美登素的水平极低并且可比得上两步法所见的结果,在初始纯化之后和在4℃下存储六周之后都是如此。就其他重要的缀合物属性(例如,片段化、不可还原性物质、质量分布概况以及未结合的连接子)来说,使用本发明方法制造的缀合物与通过先前所描述的方法制造的缀合物相当。
表2.通过本发明方法制造的huMov19缀合物的关键特性
相较于先前方法的比较
*用Sephadex G-25纯化
**使用TFF纯化
本实施例中所反映的实验结果展示了一种制备实质上高纯度的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的改进方法。除了通过使用本发明方法改善缀合物纯度和稳定性以外,由于除去了两个处理步骤(修饰反应和纯化经过修饰的抗体),所以处理时间和便利性也得到改善。
实施例3
本实施例展示了本文所描述的一步法可以用于以多种连接子和类美登素细胞毒性剂起始来制造缀合物。
使人源化huN901抗体与类美登素(DM1或DM4)混合,然后与连接子(磺基-SMCC、SMCC、SPDB或SPP)混合。反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.5)中进行了约20-24小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH5.0)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
如下表3中所示,可以对不同连接子和类美登素组合进行一步反应,并且得到具有良好MAR和单体水平的缀合物。
表3.通过使用不同连接子和类美登素组合制造缀合物
本文所引用的所有参考文献(包括出版物、专利申请和专利)都特此以引用的方式并入,其程度如同个别并特定地指示每个参考文献都以引用的方式并入并且在本文中以其全文阐述一样。
除非本文中另有指示或上下文明显有矛盾,否则在描述本发明的背景下(特别是在以下权利要求书的背景下)使用术语“一个(种)”和“所述”被解释为涵盖单数和复数。除非另有说明,否则术语“包含”、“具有”、“包括”和“含有”被解释为开放式术语(即,意味着“包括(但不限于)”)。除非本文中另有指示,否则在本文中叙述值的范围仅仅打算充当个别地提到属于所述范围的每个单独值的速记法,并且每个单独值并入本说明书中,如同它在本文中被个别地叙述一样。除非本文中另有指示或上下文另外明显有矛盾,否则本文所描述的所有方法都可以按任何适合的次序进行。除非另有要求,否则使用本文所提供的任一种和所有实施例或示范性语言(例如,“如”)仅仅打算更好地阐明本发明并且不会限制本发明的范围。本说明书中没有任何语言应该被解释为指示任何未要求的要素是实施本发明所必需的。
本文中描述本发明的优选实施方案,包括本发明者已知的用于执行本发明的最佳模式。那些优选实施方案的变化可以在本领域技术人员阅读前述描述之后变得显而易见。本发明者预期熟练的技术人员适当时采用这些变化,并且本发明者打算以除了本文特定描述以外的其他方式来实施本发明。因此,本发明包括适用法律所许可的在所附权利要求书中叙述的主题的所有修改和等效物。此外,除非本文中另有指示或上下文另外明显有矛盾,否则呈所有可能变化形式的上述要素的任何组合都被本发明所涵盖。
Claims (27)
1.一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含所述细胞结合剂和所述细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使所述第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的第二混合物:(i)所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中所述细胞结合剂经所述连接子化学偶合于所述细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括以下步骤:
(b)纯化包含所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的所述第二混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中通过对所述第二混合物进行切向流过滤、选择性沉淀、吸附性过滤、吸附性色谱、非吸附性色谱或其组合来纯化所述混合物,以从所述游离细胞毒性剂和反应副产物中纯化所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中通过对所述第二混合物进行切向流过滤来纯化所述混合物。
5.根据权利要求1到4中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述接触通过以下实现:在反应容器中提供所述细胞结合剂,将所述细胞毒性剂加入到所述反应容器中以形成包含所述细胞结合剂和所述细胞毒性剂的所述第一混合物,然后将所述双官能交联剂加入到所述第一混合物中。
6.根据权利要求2到5中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括在步骤(a)-(b)之间保持所述第二混合物以从所述细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述第二混合物在约2℃到约8℃的温度下保持约20小时。
8.根据权利要求2到7中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括在步骤(a)-(b)之间猝灭所述第二混合物以猝灭任何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中通过使所述第二混合物与猝灭剂接触来猝灭所述混合物,所述猝灭剂与所述游离细胞毒性剂反应。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述猝灭剂选自由以下组成的组:4-马来酰亚胺基丁酸、3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、碘乙酰胺以及碘乙酰胺基丙酸。
11.根据权利要求1到10中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述接触在pH值为约7到约9的溶液中发生。
12.根据权利要求1到11中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述接触在约16℃到约24℃的温度下发生。
13.根据权利要求1到11中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述接触在约0℃到约15℃的温度下发生。
14.根据权利要求1到13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞结合剂为抗体。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述抗体为单克隆抗体。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述抗体为人源化单克隆抗体。
17.根据权利要求14到16中任一项所述的方法,其中所述抗体选自由以下组成的组:huN901、huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、曲妥珠单抗、比伐珠单抗、昔洛珠单抗、CNTO95、huDS6、利妥昔单抗、抗Her2、抗EGFR、抗CD27L、抗EGFRvIII、畸胎瘤衍化生长因子(Cripto)、抗CD138、抗CD38、抗EphA2、整合素靶向抗体、抗CD37、抗叶酸、抗Her3以及抗IGFIR。
18.根据权利要求1到17中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞毒性剂为类美登素。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述类美登素包含硫醇基。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述类美登素为N2'-脱乙酰基-N2'-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素(DM1)。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述类美登素为N2'-脱乙酰基-N2'-(4-甲基-4-巯基-1-氧代戊基)-美登素(DM4)。
22.根据权利要求1到21中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞结合剂经由化学键化学偶合于所述细胞毒性剂,所述化学键选自由以下组成的组:二硫键、酸不稳定键、光不稳定键、肽酶不稳定键、硫醚不稳定键以及酯酶不稳定键。
23.根据权利要求1到22中任一项所述的方法,其中所述双官能交联剂包含N-琥珀酰亚胺酯部分、N-磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯部分、基于马来酰亚胺基的部分或基于卤代乙酰基的部分。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述双官能交联剂选自由以下组成的组:SPDP、SPP、SPDB、磺基-SPDB、SMCC、PEG-mal、磺基-Mal以及CX1-1。
25.根据权利要求1到24中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述溶液包含蔗糖。
26.根据权利要求1到25中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述溶液包含选自由以下组成的组的缓冲剂:柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂以及磷酸盐缓冲剂。
27.根据权利要求1到25中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述溶液包含选自由以下组成的组的缓冲剂:HEPPSO(N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-N'-(2-羟基丙烷磺酸))、POPSO(脱水哌嗪-1,4-双(2-羟基-丙烷-磺酸))、HEPES(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-乙烷磺酸)、HEPPS(EPPS)(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-丙烷磺酸)、TES(N-[三(羟甲基)甲基]-2-氨基乙烷磺酸)以及其组合。
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