Kamil Ruszała
Historian, studied at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, University of Vienna and Charles University in Prague. Currently Assistant Professor of Modern History at Institute of History, Jagiellonian University and Fellow at Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen in Vienna.
Current research projects:
- Refugees in the Habsburg Empire during the First World War (focus on Galician refugees, refugee camps; Sonata 17 NSC Research Grant);
- Society in the Transformation Period 1917-the 1920s. in East Central Europe and Postwar Life Reconstruction (“excluded people”, supported by IWM Vienna);
- Heritage of war 1914-1918 (Flagship Project of the CriHerStudies at the Jagiellonian University).
Teaching:
- Modern History of Europe, 1789-1920s. (undergraduate).
- Urban History Seminar (undergraduate).
- Experiences of both Wars. Socio-cultural Interpretations (graduate).
- Migration and Mobility in East-Central Europe 1900-1920s. (graduate).
- Modern History of Poland. From the Partition to the Independence (graduate).
-----
Address: Department of Modern History of Poland
Institute of History
Jagiellonian University
Gołębia 13
31-007 Krakow
Zakład Historii Polski Nowoczesnej
Instytut Historii
Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
ul. Gołębia 13
31-007 Kraków
Current research projects:
- Refugees in the Habsburg Empire during the First World War (focus on Galician refugees, refugee camps; Sonata 17 NSC Research Grant);
- Society in the Transformation Period 1917-the 1920s. in East Central Europe and Postwar Life Reconstruction (“excluded people”, supported by IWM Vienna);
- Heritage of war 1914-1918 (Flagship Project of the CriHerStudies at the Jagiellonian University).
Teaching:
- Modern History of Europe, 1789-1920s. (undergraduate).
- Urban History Seminar (undergraduate).
- Experiences of both Wars. Socio-cultural Interpretations (graduate).
- Migration and Mobility in East-Central Europe 1900-1920s. (graduate).
- Modern History of Poland. From the Partition to the Independence (graduate).
-----
Address: Department of Modern History of Poland
Institute of History
Jagiellonian University
Gołębia 13
31-007 Krakow
Zakład Historii Polski Nowoczesnej
Instytut Historii
Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
ul. Gołębia 13
31-007 Kraków
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Books by Kamil Ruszała
The Department was active from 1915 to 1918, focusing its work on the areas of former battlefields, as well as on the design and construction of cemeteries in West Galicia. Over 40 artists collaborated with the KGA: architects, painters, sculptors, graphic designers, and photographers from various countries of the monarchy.
An introduction to the history of the KGA comes with an essay by Dr. Kamila Ruszała, addressing the wartime history of Galicia. Ruszała discusses the exile of the civilians and their fear of the Russian army, but also the sources of the idea of making war cemeteries, later transformed into a vast imperial project.
The second essay, by Dr. Beata Nykiel, describes in detail the structure of the KGA, principles of its operation, and the idea behind the founding of the Department. It also presents the biographies of its administrators, in particular Rudolf Broch and Hans Hauptmann. Nykiel situates the history of the making of the Galician war cemeteries complex in the broader context of Austro-Hungarian propaganda and historical politics.
In the final essay, Partridge introduces the biographies of artists working for the KGA. The author discusses exhibitions of their work and describes the post-war history of these objects. She also describes the work of famous artists such as Dušan Jurkovič, Henryk Uziembło, Jan Szczepkowski, and Alfons Karpiński. The essay revives the memory of forgotten artists, whose wartime practice has been discovered and described only in the last decade. This group includes, among others, Hans Mayr, Gustav Ludwig, Heinrich Scholz, Adolf Kašpar, Robert Pochop, and Franz Poledne.
The catalogue is richly illustrated with reproductions of sketches, watercolours, gouaches, as well as photos of selected examples of medal art. The works’ subject matter includes the life in the barracks, views of battlefields, temporary burials sites, as well as genre scenes and views of Krakow.
“In the liberated western part of the province, dotted with thousands of soldiers’ graves, the effort of making war cemeteries was taken as a grand project of the Habsburg Empire. In this way, Galicia became a theatre of a perfectly designed and structured narrative about military operations, full of evocative monuments to fallen soldiers, with their originality and panache often contrasting with war ruins.” (Kamil Ruszała)
"Choć wojna niejedno ma oblicze, pewnym jest, iż w bilansie wygranych i przegranych zawsze przeważają ci ostatni. Nie inaczej było w wypadku I wojny światowej. Wśród ofiar błędnych kalkulacji wojskowych i polityków znalazły się również masy najczęściej bezimiennych uchodźców, zmuszonych do opuszczenia rodzinnych stron i świata, który dobrze znali. W swej najnowszej książce Kamil Ruszała ze znawstwem, na bazie dogłębnych badań w kilkunastu archiwach Europy Środkowej, maluje szeroką panoramę losów kilkuset tysięcy Galicjan różnych wyznań i narodowości, którzy jesienią 1914 r., w obliczu rosyjskiej inwazji, a także w wyniku późniejszych ruchów wojsk, szukali azylu w głębi monarchii habsburskiej. Część z nich uciekała w popłochu i chaosie na własną rękę, część zaś objęto, nierzadko przymusową, ewakuacją. W głębi państwa uchodźcy – poza biedą, niedożywieniem, chorobami, stłoczeniem w obozach, tęsknotą za stronami ojczystymi – często zamiast współczucia i pomocy, napotykali na mur niechęci i obojętności, czasem otwartej wręcz wrogości ze strony miejscowej ludności".
- dr hab. Piotr Szlanta, prof. UW
https://www.universitas.com.pl/produkt/4074/Galicyjski-Eksodus-Uchodzcy-z-Galicji-podczas-I-wojny-swiatowej-w-monarchii-Habsburgow
The town of Gorlice, situated in the Małopolska (Lesser Poland) region, during the FWW a part of Galicia, was a significant point on the province map in the Habsburg monarchy, if only on account of its oil deposits. In the second part of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, i. e. during the so-called Galician autonomy, Gorlice was among quite important centers. In 1874 it was destroyed by a major fire, which was followed by a change in urban layout during its reconstruction. The second such change took place after the FWW, in which the town was completely destroyed.
Initially the people of Gorlice did not realize what war really meant; they had known it mainly from historical novels but had not experienced it themselves. That is why the news of its outbreak met at first with curiosity, which later turned into a fear for the future. The events of the autumn of 1914, among others mobilization, conscription, Austrian army marching through the town, the escape of some inhabitants and officials, all triggered off considerable panic. The town was deserted by the main authorities, along with the mayor. At that time a crucial role was played by Rev. Bronisław Świeykowski, who became a protector of the town and its residents – as a chairman of the Provisional Government of the Town – for the duration of the war. Some local people started to flee the town, in an attempt to escape from something they did not know or fully understand – the war. The richer ones left Gorlice for larger cities, including Vienna (mainly people of Jewish origin), others went to their friends deep in Western Galicia. Some of them returned after a few weeks only to see an even greater war scare. Then the residents had to be evacuated as part of a government-arranged refugee action. Many of them were placed in barrack camps, in the Moravia or deep in the Austro-Hungary, some settled in Austrian towns, where they worked for the sake of the refugees, e. g. as teachers. Some other Gorlice inhabitants stayed behind. In both cases the wartime was dramatic for the residents: the refugees had to face exile, hunger, terrible sanitary conditions; the ones who stayed in town faced the enemy troops and had problems with provisions, basic hygiene, felt constantly jeopardized due to remaining on the front line, etc.
The town saw a Russian invasion twice. Until the beginning of November 1914 Austrian soldiers had stationed here. After they had left the town, on 15 November there appeared the first Russian soldiers. Gorlice remained in their hands until 12 December 1914. Then the Third Army led by General Boroević drove back the Russian troops and the Austrians regained the town for over two weeks. Soon, however, the Third and Eight Russian armies repelled the Austrian troops and from 27 December until May the next year Gorlice was under Russian occupation. It found itself on the front line, which for the local people and the authorities meant living practically on the battlefield. For a few months the front ran from the Magura Małastowska peak, along the valley of the Sękówka river through the district of Dworzysko, the cemetery hill, Stróżowska Street towards Mszana, Łużna and further towards Gromnik.
The period of Russian occupation brought about a major destruction of the town, which, being on the front line and occupied by the Russians, was battered by the Austrian army. This changed with the military activities of early May 1915, when the German and Austro-Hungarian army drove back the Russians from the town and then gradually from Western Galicia. After the many months of occupation the town was free, yet the life of the inhabitants had not changed much. The town lay in ruins and needed measures to have it rebuilt, both short-term ones, like creating temporary shelters for the people, and long-term ones, to be carried out with the subsidies from Vienna for reconstructing residential houses, public utility buildings etc. Right after the liberation, still among the ruins, there appeared the Rescue Committee for the Town of Gorlice. Among the urgent problems were food shortages, spreading diseases, insufficient hygiene, lack of security, as well as false accusations of spying for the Russian army.
Special commissions were appointed in order to estimate the extent of the destruction. To rebuild the town a regulatory plan was prepared, drawn up by Stefan Stobiecki. The plan, however, went in for a lot of criticism and was rejected. Another one was prepared by the Professors Józef Gałęzowski and Kazimierz Wyczyński. The reconstruction took many years; it dragged on well into the interwar period and continued even after the Second World War. It took half a century to rebuild a town destroyed in only a few months.
In 1918 the local people took advantage of the general situation in the world and within the country and took to the streets in order to demonstrate their discontent with the war ruining their town for four years. Both in Gorlice and in the whole of Galicia numerous demonstrations took place, at first expressing dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The days of the Habsburg monarchy seemed to be numbered. In Gorlice Polish organs of local administration were set up. There appeared a commune council in the town and a Provisional District Council which later turned into the District Council of the Gorlice Region. The person who played a considerable role in establishing those structures was Władysław Długosz, a deputy to the Parliament in Vienna, who looked after the interests of his Galician electorate in the capital city. At the end of October, with the establishment of the Polish Liquidation Committee (PKL) in Cracow, which started to create its own local structures in the districts, also in the Gorlice district a PKL commissar was appointed. The year 1918 brought an increased hazard to public safety, that is why the security services were reorganized. Also Polish-Jewish antagonisms, which had appeared during the war, now grew stronger. The whole situation led to local changes; there started a long-term process in which the invaders’ rule was being replaced with Polish rule. Full restitution of the organs of local authority was yet to come.
The war left tangible evidence behind: first of all, graves and war cemeteries – not only reminders of the bloody fights in the area but also grand war monuments. It had been planned to put up a large monument to the successful battle of Gorlice, but this was not carried out. Already during the war the people of Gorlice had established a museum of the battle, where they collected all possible keepsakes. A lot of local people showed their awareness of the significance of the 1914-1918 events by writing down memories, which have now been used by the author to prepare this publication.
Edited Volumes by Kamil Ruszała
This volume was planned as an academic and methodological exchange of views between historians and other scholars dealing with social history of World War I in East-Central Europe. Its main aim is an attempt to answer the question how the conflict affected intellectuals in certain clearly defined aspects (family, education, religion, gender, sexuality). Their wartime experiences were surely shaped by their whereabouts, everyday life matters, standard of living, and in the case of soldiers — the type of military service. We also took a closer look at members of the intelligentsia who fought in the trenches, those who worked in propaganda or those who held civil service posts in the belligerent countries. It still seems to be an important question whether the cooperation of intellectuals and scholars with the war apparatus was conscious, voluntary, whether it was a form of social mission carried out for the state or nation, or maybe an attempt by the governments and rulers to use the “naive clerks” instrumentally? Among many important issues there is also a reflection on the intellectuals’ stance towards militarism and the outbreak of war: their reactions, thoughts, predictions, and the way they interpreted the war events for society. That is why we also wanted to find out how the war was conceptualized by intellectuals, how it was commented upon and how the post-war reality was conceived.
Table of Contents:
Preface: The Great War and Intellectuals from East-Central Europe: Reflections from the Perspective of a Century (Tomasz Pudłocki and Kamil Ruszała)
I. CHALLENGES OF GREAT WAR: GENERAL STUDIES
PIETER M. JUDSON, War and the Habsburg Monarchy: A Revisionist View
MACIEJ GÓRNY, First Write, Then Shoot: East Central European Intellectuals and the Great War
VIKTORIIA VOLOSHENKO, Intellectuals and (Anti)Military Propaganda in the Popular Literature for Ukrainian Peasantry Before World War I
LIUBOV ZHVANKO, Ukrainian Intelligentsia and the Refugees of World War I
BELINDA DAVIS, “Going All the Way” for the People? Reading Traugott v. Jagow’s Wartime Transformations
ESZTER BALÁZS, The Intellectual’s Body in War: Hungarian Writers’ Cases in World War I
STEVO ĐURAŠKOVIĆ, Croatian Intellectuals and World War I: Between Croatia as Bulwark of Mitteleuropa Towards the West and the Other Way Around
KAMIL RUSZAŁA, Intellectuals and the Galician Refugees During World War I in Austria-Hungary: Disparate Attitudes
MARKO VUKIČEVIĆ, Architects of Zagreb: Careers and the Great War
II. CASE STUDIES
ANDRZEJ SYNOWIEC, The Social Involvement of the Jagiellonian University Professor Stefan Jentys During World War I
NATALIA KOLB, The Great War in the Light of Documents and Correspondence of the Galician Greek Catholic Parish Priest Isydor Hlynskyi
Andrea Griffante, Between Pain and Care: Once More on Gabrielė Petkevičaitė War Experience
SUSANNE KORBEL, The Österreichische Reiterlied by Dr. Zuckermann: A Nearly Forgotten History of a Jewish Intellectual in the Great War
ROBERT BLOBAUM, Noah Prylucki: Jewish Nationalist or Polish Democrat?
ANDREW KIER WISE AND PENNY MESSINGEr, Anna and Boris Reinstein and the Socialist Response to World War I
TOMASZ PUDŁOCKI, “Stranger in the Night”? A Canadian on the Czech-Polish Borderland During World War I: The Case of William John Rose
KUMRU TOKTAMIS, Yashar Khanum: The Woman for Whom the War Never Ended
III. BEYOND THE WAR YEARS
MICHAEL JUNG, Professors of the Technische Hochschule Hannover and the Great War: Attitudes and Their Political Impact Until the 1930s
IRYNA ORLEVYCH, The Talerhof Tragedy in the Intellectual Thought of Galician Russophiles in the Interwar Period
List of Contributors
For buying this item please go to Jagiellonian University Press website: https://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,3261,strona,Intellectuals_and_World_War_I,katid,31.html
For full version of this volume click here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329907385_Doswiadczenia_zolnierskie_Wielkiej_Wojny_Studia_i_szkice_z_frontu_wschodniego_I_wojny_swiatowej_Soldiers_Experience_of_the_Great_War_Essays_on_Eastern_Front_of_the_First_World_War_edited_by_Michal_Bac
Jarosław Centek – "Bitwa pod Gorlicami, małe Verdun czy operacja tarnowsko-gorlicka. Regionalna polityka historyczna"
Piotr Szlanta – "Pierwszowojenny lans. Kajzer Wilhelm II na froncie galicyjskim w maju 1915 roku"
Kamil Ruszała – "Komitet Ratunkowy miasta Gorlic. Zarys działalności w świetle protokołów w 1915 roku"
Martin Drobňák – "Cmentarze wojenne z pierwszej wojny światowej w powiecie Bardejov"
Kamil Ruszała – "Organizacja ogólnego dnia grobów bohaterów w Austrii w 1917 i 1918 roku"
„Polegli na polu chwały” - wybrane materiały z wystawy (ze zbiorów Roberta Kozłowskiego)."
• Jan Schubert, Wiedeński architekt Hans Mayr i jego twórczość w latach 1903-1914,
• Agnieszka Partridge, Projekt nowego cmentarza ewangelickiego Hansa Mayra w Bielsku-Białej i jego echa w elementach galicyjskich cmentarzy wojennych okręgów Gorlice i Kraków,
• Jerzy Pałosz, Cmentarze wojenne z I wojny światowej w północnej Małopolsce. Studium destrukcji przestrzeni pamięci,
• Katarzyna Chrudzimska-Uhera, O dylematach Polaka, artysty, żołnierza. Jan Szczepkowski jako projektant cmentarzy I wojny w Galicji,
• Jarosław Centek, 1. Dywizja Piechoty Gwardii w bitwie pod Gorlicami,
• Andrzej Ćmiech, Zniszczenia Gorlic podczas Bitwy Gorlickiej i powojenna odbudowa
• Marcin Mikulski, Austro-węgierskie fortyfikacje polowe w Galicji i Królestwie Kongresowym (1914 -1916)"
Special Issues by Kamil Ruszała
Papers (selected) by Kamil Ruszała
The Department was active from 1915 to 1918, focusing its work on the areas of former battlefields, as well as on the design and construction of cemeteries in West Galicia. Over 40 artists collaborated with the KGA: architects, painters, sculptors, graphic designers, and photographers from various countries of the monarchy.
An introduction to the history of the KGA comes with an essay by Dr. Kamila Ruszała, addressing the wartime history of Galicia. Ruszała discusses the exile of the civilians and their fear of the Russian army, but also the sources of the idea of making war cemeteries, later transformed into a vast imperial project.
The second essay, by Dr. Beata Nykiel, describes in detail the structure of the KGA, principles of its operation, and the idea behind the founding of the Department. It also presents the biographies of its administrators, in particular Rudolf Broch and Hans Hauptmann. Nykiel situates the history of the making of the Galician war cemeteries complex in the broader context of Austro-Hungarian propaganda and historical politics.
In the final essay, Partridge introduces the biographies of artists working for the KGA. The author discusses exhibitions of their work and describes the post-war history of these objects. She also describes the work of famous artists such as Dušan Jurkovič, Henryk Uziembło, Jan Szczepkowski, and Alfons Karpiński. The essay revives the memory of forgotten artists, whose wartime practice has been discovered and described only in the last decade. This group includes, among others, Hans Mayr, Gustav Ludwig, Heinrich Scholz, Adolf Kašpar, Robert Pochop, and Franz Poledne.
The catalogue is richly illustrated with reproductions of sketches, watercolours, gouaches, as well as photos of selected examples of medal art. The works’ subject matter includes the life in the barracks, views of battlefields, temporary burials sites, as well as genre scenes and views of Krakow.
“In the liberated western part of the province, dotted with thousands of soldiers’ graves, the effort of making war cemeteries was taken as a grand project of the Habsburg Empire. In this way, Galicia became a theatre of a perfectly designed and structured narrative about military operations, full of evocative monuments to fallen soldiers, with their originality and panache often contrasting with war ruins.” (Kamil Ruszała)
"Choć wojna niejedno ma oblicze, pewnym jest, iż w bilansie wygranych i przegranych zawsze przeważają ci ostatni. Nie inaczej było w wypadku I wojny światowej. Wśród ofiar błędnych kalkulacji wojskowych i polityków znalazły się również masy najczęściej bezimiennych uchodźców, zmuszonych do opuszczenia rodzinnych stron i świata, który dobrze znali. W swej najnowszej książce Kamil Ruszała ze znawstwem, na bazie dogłębnych badań w kilkunastu archiwach Europy Środkowej, maluje szeroką panoramę losów kilkuset tysięcy Galicjan różnych wyznań i narodowości, którzy jesienią 1914 r., w obliczu rosyjskiej inwazji, a także w wyniku późniejszych ruchów wojsk, szukali azylu w głębi monarchii habsburskiej. Część z nich uciekała w popłochu i chaosie na własną rękę, część zaś objęto, nierzadko przymusową, ewakuacją. W głębi państwa uchodźcy – poza biedą, niedożywieniem, chorobami, stłoczeniem w obozach, tęsknotą za stronami ojczystymi – często zamiast współczucia i pomocy, napotykali na mur niechęci i obojętności, czasem otwartej wręcz wrogości ze strony miejscowej ludności".
- dr hab. Piotr Szlanta, prof. UW
https://www.universitas.com.pl/produkt/4074/Galicyjski-Eksodus-Uchodzcy-z-Galicji-podczas-I-wojny-swiatowej-w-monarchii-Habsburgow
The town of Gorlice, situated in the Małopolska (Lesser Poland) region, during the FWW a part of Galicia, was a significant point on the province map in the Habsburg monarchy, if only on account of its oil deposits. In the second part of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, i. e. during the so-called Galician autonomy, Gorlice was among quite important centers. In 1874 it was destroyed by a major fire, which was followed by a change in urban layout during its reconstruction. The second such change took place after the FWW, in which the town was completely destroyed.
Initially the people of Gorlice did not realize what war really meant; they had known it mainly from historical novels but had not experienced it themselves. That is why the news of its outbreak met at first with curiosity, which later turned into a fear for the future. The events of the autumn of 1914, among others mobilization, conscription, Austrian army marching through the town, the escape of some inhabitants and officials, all triggered off considerable panic. The town was deserted by the main authorities, along with the mayor. At that time a crucial role was played by Rev. Bronisław Świeykowski, who became a protector of the town and its residents – as a chairman of the Provisional Government of the Town – for the duration of the war. Some local people started to flee the town, in an attempt to escape from something they did not know or fully understand – the war. The richer ones left Gorlice for larger cities, including Vienna (mainly people of Jewish origin), others went to their friends deep in Western Galicia. Some of them returned after a few weeks only to see an even greater war scare. Then the residents had to be evacuated as part of a government-arranged refugee action. Many of them were placed in barrack camps, in the Moravia or deep in the Austro-Hungary, some settled in Austrian towns, where they worked for the sake of the refugees, e. g. as teachers. Some other Gorlice inhabitants stayed behind. In both cases the wartime was dramatic for the residents: the refugees had to face exile, hunger, terrible sanitary conditions; the ones who stayed in town faced the enemy troops and had problems with provisions, basic hygiene, felt constantly jeopardized due to remaining on the front line, etc.
The town saw a Russian invasion twice. Until the beginning of November 1914 Austrian soldiers had stationed here. After they had left the town, on 15 November there appeared the first Russian soldiers. Gorlice remained in their hands until 12 December 1914. Then the Third Army led by General Boroević drove back the Russian troops and the Austrians regained the town for over two weeks. Soon, however, the Third and Eight Russian armies repelled the Austrian troops and from 27 December until May the next year Gorlice was under Russian occupation. It found itself on the front line, which for the local people and the authorities meant living practically on the battlefield. For a few months the front ran from the Magura Małastowska peak, along the valley of the Sękówka river through the district of Dworzysko, the cemetery hill, Stróżowska Street towards Mszana, Łużna and further towards Gromnik.
The period of Russian occupation brought about a major destruction of the town, which, being on the front line and occupied by the Russians, was battered by the Austrian army. This changed with the military activities of early May 1915, when the German and Austro-Hungarian army drove back the Russians from the town and then gradually from Western Galicia. After the many months of occupation the town was free, yet the life of the inhabitants had not changed much. The town lay in ruins and needed measures to have it rebuilt, both short-term ones, like creating temporary shelters for the people, and long-term ones, to be carried out with the subsidies from Vienna for reconstructing residential houses, public utility buildings etc. Right after the liberation, still among the ruins, there appeared the Rescue Committee for the Town of Gorlice. Among the urgent problems were food shortages, spreading diseases, insufficient hygiene, lack of security, as well as false accusations of spying for the Russian army.
Special commissions were appointed in order to estimate the extent of the destruction. To rebuild the town a regulatory plan was prepared, drawn up by Stefan Stobiecki. The plan, however, went in for a lot of criticism and was rejected. Another one was prepared by the Professors Józef Gałęzowski and Kazimierz Wyczyński. The reconstruction took many years; it dragged on well into the interwar period and continued even after the Second World War. It took half a century to rebuild a town destroyed in only a few months.
In 1918 the local people took advantage of the general situation in the world and within the country and took to the streets in order to demonstrate their discontent with the war ruining their town for four years. Both in Gorlice and in the whole of Galicia numerous demonstrations took place, at first expressing dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The days of the Habsburg monarchy seemed to be numbered. In Gorlice Polish organs of local administration were set up. There appeared a commune council in the town and a Provisional District Council which later turned into the District Council of the Gorlice Region. The person who played a considerable role in establishing those structures was Władysław Długosz, a deputy to the Parliament in Vienna, who looked after the interests of his Galician electorate in the capital city. At the end of October, with the establishment of the Polish Liquidation Committee (PKL) in Cracow, which started to create its own local structures in the districts, also in the Gorlice district a PKL commissar was appointed. The year 1918 brought an increased hazard to public safety, that is why the security services were reorganized. Also Polish-Jewish antagonisms, which had appeared during the war, now grew stronger. The whole situation led to local changes; there started a long-term process in which the invaders’ rule was being replaced with Polish rule. Full restitution of the organs of local authority was yet to come.
The war left tangible evidence behind: first of all, graves and war cemeteries – not only reminders of the bloody fights in the area but also grand war monuments. It had been planned to put up a large monument to the successful battle of Gorlice, but this was not carried out. Already during the war the people of Gorlice had established a museum of the battle, where they collected all possible keepsakes. A lot of local people showed their awareness of the significance of the 1914-1918 events by writing down memories, which have now been used by the author to prepare this publication.
This volume was planned as an academic and methodological exchange of views between historians and other scholars dealing with social history of World War I in East-Central Europe. Its main aim is an attempt to answer the question how the conflict affected intellectuals in certain clearly defined aspects (family, education, religion, gender, sexuality). Their wartime experiences were surely shaped by their whereabouts, everyday life matters, standard of living, and in the case of soldiers — the type of military service. We also took a closer look at members of the intelligentsia who fought in the trenches, those who worked in propaganda or those who held civil service posts in the belligerent countries. It still seems to be an important question whether the cooperation of intellectuals and scholars with the war apparatus was conscious, voluntary, whether it was a form of social mission carried out for the state or nation, or maybe an attempt by the governments and rulers to use the “naive clerks” instrumentally? Among many important issues there is also a reflection on the intellectuals’ stance towards militarism and the outbreak of war: their reactions, thoughts, predictions, and the way they interpreted the war events for society. That is why we also wanted to find out how the war was conceptualized by intellectuals, how it was commented upon and how the post-war reality was conceived.
Table of Contents:
Preface: The Great War and Intellectuals from East-Central Europe: Reflections from the Perspective of a Century (Tomasz Pudłocki and Kamil Ruszała)
I. CHALLENGES OF GREAT WAR: GENERAL STUDIES
PIETER M. JUDSON, War and the Habsburg Monarchy: A Revisionist View
MACIEJ GÓRNY, First Write, Then Shoot: East Central European Intellectuals and the Great War
VIKTORIIA VOLOSHENKO, Intellectuals and (Anti)Military Propaganda in the Popular Literature for Ukrainian Peasantry Before World War I
LIUBOV ZHVANKO, Ukrainian Intelligentsia and the Refugees of World War I
BELINDA DAVIS, “Going All the Way” for the People? Reading Traugott v. Jagow’s Wartime Transformations
ESZTER BALÁZS, The Intellectual’s Body in War: Hungarian Writers’ Cases in World War I
STEVO ĐURAŠKOVIĆ, Croatian Intellectuals and World War I: Between Croatia as Bulwark of Mitteleuropa Towards the West and the Other Way Around
KAMIL RUSZAŁA, Intellectuals and the Galician Refugees During World War I in Austria-Hungary: Disparate Attitudes
MARKO VUKIČEVIĆ, Architects of Zagreb: Careers and the Great War
II. CASE STUDIES
ANDRZEJ SYNOWIEC, The Social Involvement of the Jagiellonian University Professor Stefan Jentys During World War I
NATALIA KOLB, The Great War in the Light of Documents and Correspondence of the Galician Greek Catholic Parish Priest Isydor Hlynskyi
Andrea Griffante, Between Pain and Care: Once More on Gabrielė Petkevičaitė War Experience
SUSANNE KORBEL, The Österreichische Reiterlied by Dr. Zuckermann: A Nearly Forgotten History of a Jewish Intellectual in the Great War
ROBERT BLOBAUM, Noah Prylucki: Jewish Nationalist or Polish Democrat?
ANDREW KIER WISE AND PENNY MESSINGEr, Anna and Boris Reinstein and the Socialist Response to World War I
TOMASZ PUDŁOCKI, “Stranger in the Night”? A Canadian on the Czech-Polish Borderland During World War I: The Case of William John Rose
KUMRU TOKTAMIS, Yashar Khanum: The Woman for Whom the War Never Ended
III. BEYOND THE WAR YEARS
MICHAEL JUNG, Professors of the Technische Hochschule Hannover and the Great War: Attitudes and Their Political Impact Until the 1930s
IRYNA ORLEVYCH, The Talerhof Tragedy in the Intellectual Thought of Galician Russophiles in the Interwar Period
List of Contributors
For buying this item please go to Jagiellonian University Press website: https://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,3261,strona,Intellectuals_and_World_War_I,katid,31.html
For full version of this volume click here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329907385_Doswiadczenia_zolnierskie_Wielkiej_Wojny_Studia_i_szkice_z_frontu_wschodniego_I_wojny_swiatowej_Soldiers_Experience_of_the_Great_War_Essays_on_Eastern_Front_of_the_First_World_War_edited_by_Michal_Bac
Jarosław Centek – "Bitwa pod Gorlicami, małe Verdun czy operacja tarnowsko-gorlicka. Regionalna polityka historyczna"
Piotr Szlanta – "Pierwszowojenny lans. Kajzer Wilhelm II na froncie galicyjskim w maju 1915 roku"
Kamil Ruszała – "Komitet Ratunkowy miasta Gorlic. Zarys działalności w świetle protokołów w 1915 roku"
Martin Drobňák – "Cmentarze wojenne z pierwszej wojny światowej w powiecie Bardejov"
Kamil Ruszała – "Organizacja ogólnego dnia grobów bohaterów w Austrii w 1917 i 1918 roku"
„Polegli na polu chwały” - wybrane materiały z wystawy (ze zbiorów Roberta Kozłowskiego)."
• Jan Schubert, Wiedeński architekt Hans Mayr i jego twórczość w latach 1903-1914,
• Agnieszka Partridge, Projekt nowego cmentarza ewangelickiego Hansa Mayra w Bielsku-Białej i jego echa w elementach galicyjskich cmentarzy wojennych okręgów Gorlice i Kraków,
• Jerzy Pałosz, Cmentarze wojenne z I wojny światowej w północnej Małopolsce. Studium destrukcji przestrzeni pamięci,
• Katarzyna Chrudzimska-Uhera, O dylematach Polaka, artysty, żołnierza. Jan Szczepkowski jako projektant cmentarzy I wojny w Galicji,
• Jarosław Centek, 1. Dywizja Piechoty Gwardii w bitwie pod Gorlicami,
• Andrzej Ćmiech, Zniszczenia Gorlic podczas Bitwy Gorlickiej i powojenna odbudowa
• Marcin Mikulski, Austro-węgierskie fortyfikacje polowe w Galicji i Królestwie Kongresowym (1914 -1916)"
Jaslo have three cemeteries in which dead soldiers are buried from the era of WW1 (1914 – 1918). Unfortunately, all of these soldiers are neglected. The three cemeteries are referred to as Cemetery number 22, Cemetery number 23 and Cemetery number 24.
Articles and other fundamental sources were used to compile this article. Material from State Archives in Cracow, Rzeszow, Przemysl, Regional Museum in Jaslo and the book Die Westgalizische Heldengraber were drawn upon.
The military cemetery located in Jaslo was designed by Johann Jäger (born in 1884 – date of death unknown) he is also the author of “cemetery in Jaslo District II”. Main timber was a stone, but also he projected simple wooden crosses with metal glory or with motif swords. The most interesting cemetery of his designer there are in Cieklin, Osobnica, Bierowka, Slawecin, Olpiny, Podzamcze, Sieklowka.
Cemetery number 22 in Jaslo (Ulaszowice Street) is located alongside parish cemetery, established in 1915. Today we could see old civil gravestones on this area. Originally, this war cemetery has a two piece that was separated by aforementioned civil gravestone. Soldiers from the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German, Serbs army are buried here. Central element of architecture is monument with inscription and antique helmet (nowadays impair). Condition of this object is wrong. There are not any one cross, on this area is located shop and the worst - piece of cemetery is actually under the street.
Cemetery number 23 in Jaslo (Zielona Street) is located in parish old cemetery established in XVIII century. It was one of the largest cemeteries in West Galicia, with enormous number of buried soldiers; 1568 from Russian Army, 11 from Austro-Hungarian Army and 3 for German Army. Many graves were destroyed during the Second World War and only a few graves survived. Today, all the graves have been wiped out, however the cemetery still exists; soldiers have never been exhumed. Only stone cross with marble table, wooden cross and original inscription in chapel are a testament to war cemetery here.
Cemetery number 24 in Jaslo (Florianska Street) is located in Jewish cemetery established in XIX century. Likewise cemetery number 23 was destroyed during second world war and it is not possible to find where the graves of over 20 Jewish soldiers were buried. These Jewish graves were dispersal on the oldest part in this cemetery.
Condition this cemeteries are abysmal. It is caused from a many years ago. For example: after second world war elements of architecture cemetery number 22 was steal. In 70s Polish local authority tried to buy a new kindergarten in that area. Gradually cemeteries was damaged. Few years ago refurbished railing and cleansed monument at number 22, but did not about soldiers graves. In 2008 repaired wooden cross at number 23. This article is plea for interests out of condition military graves died during first world war in Jaslo.
The keynote lecture will be delivered by Professor Jay Winter from Yale University and Aaron J. Cohen from California State University, Sacramento.
The organization of this conference falls under the research group "Heritage of War 1914-1918," led by Principal Investigator and Research Group Coordinator Kamil Ruszała. The event is part of the Critical Heritage Studies Hub's Flagship Project, which receives funding from the Research University – Excellence Initiative.
The first panel will explore flight and migration during both World Wars in Europe. The panelists include Piotr Szlanta from the University of Warsaw and the Polish Academy of Sciences – Scientific Centre in Vienna, Jochen Böhler from the Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien, and Michal Frankl from the Czech Academy of Sciences. The panel will be moderated by Katarzyna Nowak from the Central European University.
The second panel will concentrate on Ukraine and the experiences of war refugees, encompassing both historical and contemporary perspectives. The panelists will include Kamil Ruszała from Jagiellonian University, Peter Ruggenthaler and Dieter Bacher from the Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Kriegsfolgenforschung, and Malwina Talik from the Institut für den Donauraum und Mitteleuropa. The panel will be chaired by Christoph Augustynowicz from the University of Vienna.
The event will conclude with a roundtable discussion on projects documenting modern wars and the experiences of contemporary war refugees. The participants in this roundtable will be Katherine Younger from the Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, Sofia Dyak from the Lviv Centre for Urban History, Anne von Oswald from Minor – Projektkontor für Bildung und Forschung, and Kamil Ruszała from Jagiellonian University.
This conference is part of the R2R project funded by the Research University – Excellence Initiative as part of the research group "Humans in Motion: Refugees in Europe 1914–1923" (PI and research group coordinator: Kamil Ruszała, Jagiellonian University).
This conference is part of the R2R project, which is funded by the Research University – Excellence Initiative. It falls under the research group "Humans in Motion: Refugees in Europe 1914–1923" led by Dr. Kamil Ruszała from Jagiellonian University. The project is implemented in partnership with the Milko Kos Historical Institute, Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The research group comprises an interdisciplinary and international team of experts who focus on the issues of war refugees in Europe during the early 20th century. The aim is to engage, integrate, and stimulate debates among scientists affiliated with various research centers worldwide. By creating a platform for the exchange of thoughts in Krakow, the conference seeks to involve scholars at different levels, ranging from PhD students and PostDocs to experienced researchers. This endeavor showcases Jagiellonian University's role as a facilitator of international dialogue and debates on current issues through the lens of past experiences.
The research conducted by the group emphasizes that contemporary migration processes are not unprecedented for Europe and its inhabitants. Floating borders and people in motion have always been an integral but often forgotten part of the continent's history and heritage. The challenges faced by war refugees form an essential aspect of both academic discourse and social awareness. The experience of refugeedom teaches valuable lessons in humanitarianism, tolerance, understanding, and providing assistance with a rational approach from all parties involved. These lessons should be conveyed to a wider audience. Therefore, the objective of the conference is to explore and understand contemporary problems by examining past experiences. This approach serves to fulfill the educational function of historical narratives.
Venue: Jagiellonian University, Kraków; field trip to historical sites throughout Małopolska
Date: June 29 – July 1, 2022 (Wednesday–Friday)
Application deadline: February 1, 2022
Notification: February 15, 2022
Form of abstracts: electronic file (doc, docx, pdf), up to 300 words
Applications to be sent to: [email protected] (Kamil Ruszała); [email protected] (Petra Svoljšak)
Working language: English
An International Conference and Research Workshop
Organiser: Institute of History, Jagiellonian University; Pratt Institute
Venue: Poland, Kraków, Institute of History, Jagiellonian University
Date: October 24–26, 2019 (Thursday–Saturday)
Application deadline: June 1, 2019
Form of abstracts: electronic file (doc, docx, rtf, pdf), 300 words max in English
Applications to be sent to: [email protected]
Workshop fee: 250 PLN
www: https://postwarconference.wordpress.com/
Call for Papers
In 1914, imploding European powers committed murder and mayhem on an unforeseen scale around the world with enormous and irreversible global consequences. This bloody, sometimes even fratricidal, struggle wrought unprecedented destruction and death; by the time this disaster was “over,” a new world emerged beyond the imaginations of the perpetrators, participants and witnesses of this era. Post-armistice humanity around the globe was changed and was left heavily scarred, anxious, and full of economic, political, and cultural uncertainty. Many reflected about the recent catastrophe and sought to engage entire societies in the formation of a new order. This re-building and re-imagining could be seen from the local to the national to international levels, and included the process of constructing a lasting memory of 1914–1918 and of creating narratives about the conflict. Undoubtedly, the years of the Great War are an important caesura in the historiography of the new world.
The centuries-old empires of Europe collapsed following the 1918 truce, but the agile colonial powers insisted on clinging to their overseas territories and their colonial clashes continued.
For some historians there were not two world wars, but a twenty-year-long intermission that festered with uncertainties and anxieties. What is more, despite the fact that the Great War was over in the West, warfare continued for months and even years in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe, including the territories of the former Ottoman Empire.
The War That Never Ended Conference invites papers engaging with the multilayered complexities, lasting and prolonged global contributions of this period, including the cultural, political, and social history of the immediate and prolonged aftermath of the First World War, its revolutions and birth of nations and states. We invite:
• a particular focus on the responses of the politicians, intellectuals, artists, as well as ordinary citizens with the expectation that social history profoundly informs political and economic history;
• papers focusing on and revealing the ensuing violence, mayhem and destruction in the aftermath of the war;
• papers considering the creation of new cultural and political trends in the hothouse of the period;
• a consideration of whether the term “Lost Generation” coined by Ernest Hemingway can be used in reference to East-Central Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
• papers on post-imperial settlements, adjustments and consolidations within the geographies of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires to further our comparative understanding of post-imperial national projects and practices. Comparisons may consider areas and issues such the rule of law, the role of religion, minorities, (de)democratization, governance, as well as cultural, economic and political clashes in the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
• explorations of the post-Great War formation of new states and their relationships with cultural diversity, de/colonization, democracy, and how they all interfaced with the impending clashes of World War II.
Together, these inquiries can enhance our understanding of contemporary brutal conflicts such as the refugee crisis, the obstacles for democratization and the impending rise of authoritarianism in post-Empire geographies. While illuminating the post-Great War period, we hope The War That Never Ended Conference will also contribute to our understanding of the present.
Accompanying events
The conference will be accompanied by keynote lectures delivered by experienced scholars in this field, as well as a source-studies seminar in the Kraków Archives and Museums.
As a part of our workshop, we are planning to prepare a special tour to WWI battlefields in order to visit selected military cemeteries created to commemorate the fallen soldiers in Galicia, and to see some of the splendid examples of war monuments designed by then famous artists. The excursion will only take place in favourable weather conditions. As an alternative, we are planning a visit to Kraków’s museums.
Procedure
Abstracts, no longer than 300 words (including title, research questions, a brief description of sources and methods), as well as contact details, name and institutional affiliation, should be sent to: [email protected]. The deadline for abstract submission is 1st June 2019. The complete lineup of speakers will be announced by the end of June 2019.
Conference fee
The conference fee is 250 PLN (=€60/$65), which includes: participation, conference materials, participation in the planned excursion, refreshments, lunches and dinners. Please note that neither the costs of travels to and from Kraków nor of accommodation are covered by the organizers (however, we will be happy to assist you in looking for a hotel near the conference venue).
Organizing Committee
Tomasz Pudłocki, Jagiellonian University ([email protected])
Kamil Ruszała, Jagiellonian University ([email protected])
Kumru Toktamis, Pratt Institute ([email protected])