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Do Multinational Firms Use Tax Havens to the Detriment of Other Countries?

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  • Dhammika Dharmapala

Abstract

The use of tax havens by multinational corporations (MNCs) has attracted increasing attention and scrutiny in recent years. This paper provides an exposition of the academic literature on this topic. It begins with an overview of the basic facts regarding MNCs’ use of havens, which are consistent with the location of holding companies, intellectual property, and financial activities in havens. However, there is also evidence of significant frictions that limit MNCs’ use of havens. These limits can be attributed to nontax frictions (such as the legal and business environment in different jurisdictions), to tax law provisions limiting profit shifting, and to the costs of tax planning. There is evidence consistent with the relevance of each of these channels. The paper also argues that nonhaven countries have available a range of powerful tax law instruments to neutralize the impact of MNCs’ use of havens. To the extent that it is not due to political dysfunction, their failure to deploy these instruments more extensively can be viewed as a deliberate policy choice, attributable either to collective action problems among nonhavens or to the possibility that in certain circumstances MNCs’ use of havens increases the welfare of nonhaven countries. In either case, MNCs’ use of havens is facilitated in crucial respects by the laws of nonhaven countries. Finally, the paper discusses how the distinction commonly drawn in public finance theory between “tax avoidance” and “behavioral responses to taxation” can illuminate current debates about the magnitude and implications of MNCs’ profit shifting to havens.

Suggested Citation

  • Dhammika Dharmapala, 2020. "Do Multinational Firms Use Tax Havens to the Detriment of Other Countries?," CESifo Working Paper Series 8275, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8275
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    3. Sebastián Bustos & Dina Pomeranz & Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato & José Vila-Belda & Gabriel Zucman, 2022. "The Race Between Tax Enforcement and Tax Planning: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Chile," NBER Working Papers 30114, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Dutt, Verena & Spengel, Christoph & Vay, Heiko, 2021. "Der EU-Vorschlag zum Country-by-Country Reporting im Internet: Kosten, Nutzen, Konsequenzen," Studien, Stiftung Familienunternehmen / Foundation for Family Businesses, number 250010.
    5. DOBRESCU, Edith Mihaela & DOBRESCU, Emilian M., 2021. "Free Trade Areas And The Fiscal Haven," Journal of Financial and Monetary Economics, Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", vol. 9(1), pages 23-29, October.
    6. Lejour, Arjan, 2023. "The rise of tax havens and conduit countries from the early 2000s," Other publications TiSEM fe0b39a6-1216-4449-862f-b, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    multinational firms; tax havens; international taxation; foreign direct investment; CFC rules; thin capitalization rules;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business

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