Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning is a very interesting research area, which has strong connections with single-agent RL, multi-agent systems, game theory, evolutionary computation and optimization theory.

This is a collection of research and review papers of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). The Papers are sorted by time. Any suggestions and pull requests are welcome.

The sharing principle of these references here is for research. If any authors do not want their paper to be listed here, please feel free to contact Lantao Yu (Email: lantaoyu [AT] hotmail.com).

• Tutorial
• Review Papers
• Research Papers
  • Framework
  • Joint action learning
  • Cooperation and competition
  • Coordination
  • Security
  • Self-Play
  • Learning To Communicate
  • Transfer Learning
  • Inverse Reinforcement Learning
  • Application

• Multi-Agent Machine Learning: A Reinforcement Approach by H. M. Schwartz, 2014.
• Multiagent Reinforcement Learning by Daan Bloembergen, Daniel Hennes, Michael Kaisers, Peter Vrancx. ECML, 2013.
• Multiagent systems: Algorithmic, game-theoretic, and logical foundations by Shoham Y, Leyton-Brown K. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

• Deep Reinforcement Learning Variants of Multi-Agent Learning Algorithms by Castaneda A O. 2016.
• Evolutionary Dynamics of Multi-Agent Learning: A Survey by Bloembergen, Daan, et al. JAIR, 2015.
• Game theory and multi-agent reinforcement learning by Nowé A, Vrancx P, De Hauwere Y M. Reinforcement Learning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
• Multi-agent reinforcement learning: An overview by Buşoniu L, Babuška R, De Schutter B. Innovations in multi-agent systems and applications-1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010
• A comprehensive survey of multi-agent reinforcement learning by Busoniu L, Babuska R, De Schutter B. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C Applications and Reviews, 2008
• If multi-agent learning is the answer, what is the question? by Shoham Y, Powers R, Grenager T. Artificial Intelligence, 2007.
• From single-agent to multi-agent reinforcement learning: Foundational concepts and methods by Neto G. Learning theory course, 2005.
• Evolutionary game theory and multi-agent reinforcement learning by Tuyls K, Nowé A. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 2005.
• An Overview of Cooperative and Competitive Multiagent Learning by Pieter Jan ’t HoenKarl TuylsLiviu PanaitSean LukeJ. A. La Poutré. AAMAS's workshop LAMAS, 2005.
• Cooperative multi-agent learning: the state of the art by Liviu Panait and Sean Luke, 2005.

• Mean Field Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning by Yaodong Yang, Rui Luo, Minne Li, Ming Zhou, Weinan Zhang, and Jun Wang. arXiv, 2017.
• Multi-Agent Actor-Critic for Mixed Cooperative-Competitive Environments by Lowe R, Wu Y, Tamar A, et al. arXiv, 2017.
• Deep Decentralized Multi-task Multi-Agent RL under Partial Observability by Omidshafiei S, Pazis J, Amato C, et al. arXiv, 2017.
• Multiagent Bidirectionally-Coordinated Nets for Learning to Play StarCraft Combat Games by Peng P, Yuan Q, Wen Y, et al. arXiv, 2017.
• Robust Adversarial Reinforcement Learning by Lerrel Pinto, James Davidson, Rahul Sukthankar, Abhinav Gupta. arXiv, 2017.
• Stabilising Experience Replay for Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning by Foerster J, Nardelli N, Farquhar G, et al. arXiv, 2017.
• Multiagent reinforcement learning with sparse interactions by negotiation and knowledge transfer by Zhou L, Yang P, Chen C, et al. IEEE transactions on cybernetics, 2016.
• Decentralised multi-agent reinforcement learning for dynamic and uncertain environments by Marinescu A, Dusparic I, Taylor A, et al. arXiv, 2014.
• CLEANing the reward: counterfactual actions to remove exploratory action noise in multiagent learning by HolmesParker C, Taylor M E, Agogino A, et al. AAMAS, 2014.
• Bayesian reinforcement learning for multiagent systems with state uncertainty by Amato C, Oliehoek F A. MSDM Workshop, 2013.
• Multiagent learning: Basics, challenges, and prospects by Tuyls, Karl, and Gerhard Weiss. AI Magazine, 2012.
• Classes of multiagent q-learning dynamics with epsilon-greedy exploration by Wunder M, Littman M L, Babes M. ICML, 2010.
• Conditional random fields for multi-agent reinforcement learning by Zhang X, Aberdeen D, Vishwanathan S V N. ICML, 2007.
• Multi-agent reinforcement learning using strategies and voting by Partalas, Ioannis, Ioannis Feneris, and Ioannis Vlahavas. ICTAI, 2007.
• A reinforcement learning scheme for a partially-observable multi-agent game by Ishii S, Fujita H, Mitsutake M, et al. Machine Learning, 2005.
• Asymmetric multiagent reinforcement learning by Könönen V. Web Intelligence and Agent Systems, 2004.
• Adaptive policy gradient in multiagent learning by Banerjee B, Peng J. AAMAS, 2003.
• Reinforcement learning to play an optimal Nash equilibrium in team Markov games by Wang X, Sandholm T. NIPS, 2002.
• Multiagent learning using a variable learning rate by Michael Bowling and Manuela Veloso, 2002.
• Value-function reinforcement learning in Markov game by Littman M L. Cognitive Systems Research, 2001.
• Hierarchical multi-agent reinforcement learning by Makar, Rajbala, Sridhar Mahadevan, and Mohammad Ghavamzadeh. The fifth international conference on Autonomous agents, 2001.
• An analysis of stochastic game theory for multiagent reinforcement learning by Michael Bowling and Manuela Veloso, 2000.

• AWESOME: A general multiagent learning algorithm that converges in self-play and learns a best response against stationary opponents by Conitzer V, Sandholm T. Machine Learning, 2007.
• Extending Q-Learning to General Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems by Tesauro, Gerald. NIPS, 2003.
• Multiagent reinforcement learning: theoretical framework and an algorithm. by Hu, Junling, and Michael P. Wellman. ICML, 1998.
• The dynamics of reinforcement learning in cooperative multiagent systems by Claus C, Boutilier C. AAAI, 1998.
• Markov games as a framework for multi-agent reinforcement learning by Littman, Michael L. ICML, 1994.

• Emergent complexity through multi-agent competition by Trapit Bansal, Jakub Pachocki, Szymon Sidor, Ilya Sutskever, Igor Mordatch, 2018.
• Learning with opponent learning awareness by Jakob Foerster, Richard Y. Chen2, Maruan Al-Shedivat, Shimon Whiteson, Pieter Abbeel, Igor Mordatch, 2018.
• Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning in Sequential Social Dilemmas by Leibo J Z, Zambaldi V, Lanctot M, et al. arXiv, 2017. [Post]
• Opponent Modeling in Deep Reinforcement Learning by He H, Boyd-Graber J, Kwok K, et al. ICML, 2016.
• Multiagent cooperation and competition with deep reinforcement learning by Tampuu A, Matiisen T, Kodelja D, et al. arXiv, 2015.
• Emotional multiagent reinforcement learning in social dilemmas by Yu C, Zhang M, Ren F. International Conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, 2013.
• Multi-agent reinforcement learning in common interest and fixed sum stochastic games: An experimental study by Bab, Avraham, and Ronen I. Brafman. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2008.
• Combining policy search with planning in multi-agent cooperation by Ma J, Cameron S. Robot Soccer World Cup, 2008.
• Collaborative multiagent reinforcement learning by payoff propagation by Kok J R, Vlassis N. JMLR, 2006.
• Learning to cooperate in multi-agent social dilemmas by de Cote E M, Lazaric A, Restelli M. AAMAS, 2006.
• Learning to compete, compromise, and cooperate in repeated general-sum games by Crandall J W, Goodrich M A. ICML, 2005.
• Sparse cooperative Q-learning by Kok J R, Vlassis N. ICML, 2004.

• Coordinated Multi-Agent Imitation Learning by Le H M, Yue Y, Carr P. arXiv, 2017.
• Reinforcement social learning of coordination in networked cooperative multiagent systems by Hao J, Huang D, Cai Y, et al. AAAI Workshop, 2014.
• Coordinating multi-agent reinforcement learning with limited communication by Zhang, Chongjie, and Victor Lesser. AAMAS, 2013.
• Coordination guided reinforcement learning by Lau Q P, Lee M L, Hsu W. AAMAS, 2012.
• Coordination in multiagent reinforcement learning: a Bayesian approach by Chalkiadakis G, Boutilier C. AAMAS, 2003.
• Coordinated reinforcement learning by Guestrin C, Lagoudakis M, Parr R. ICML, 2002.
• Reinforcement learning of coordination in cooperative multi-agent systems by Kapetanakis S, Kudenko D. AAAI/IAAI, 2002.

• Markov Security Games: Learning in Spatial Security Problems by Klima R, Tuyls K, Oliehoek F. The Learning, Inference and Control of Multi-Agent Systems at NIPS, 2016.
• Cooperative Capture by Multi-Agent using Reinforcement Learning, Application for Security Patrol Systems by Yasuyuki S, Hirofumi O, Tadashi M, et al. Control Conference (ASCC), 2015
• Improving learning and adaptation in security games by exploiting information asymmetry by He X, Dai H, Ning P. INFOCOM, 2015.

• A Unified Game-Theoretic Approach to Multiagent Reinforcement Learning by Marc Lanctot, Vinicius Zambaldi, Audrunas Gruslys, Angeliki Lazaridou, Karl Tuyls, Julien Perolat, David Silver, Thore Graepel. NIPS 2017.
• Deep reinforcement learning from self-play in imperfect-information games by Heinrich, Johannes, and David Silver. arXiv, 2016.
• Fictitious Self-Play in Extensive-Form Games by Heinrich, Johannes, Marc Lanctot, and David Silver. ICML, 2015.

• Emergent Communication through Negotiation by Kris Cao, Angeliki Lazaridou, Marc Lanctot, Joel Z Leibo, Karl Tuyls, Stephen Clark, 2018.
• Emergence of Linguistic Communication From Referential Games with Symbolic and Pixel Input by Angeliki Lazaridou, Karl Moritz Hermann, Karl Tuyls, Stephen Clark
• EMERGENCE OF LANGUAGE WITH MULTI-AGENT GAMES: LEARNING TO COMMUNICATE WITH SEQUENCES OF SYMBOLS by Serhii Havrylov, Ivan Titov. ICLR Workshop, 2017.
• Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents with Deep Reinforcement Learning by Abhishek Das, Satwik Kottur, et al. arXiv, 2017.
• Emergence of Grounded Compositional Language in Multi-Agent Populations by Igor Mordatch, Pieter Abbeel. arXiv, 2017. [Post]
• Cooperation and communication in multiagent deep reinforcement learning by Hausknecht M J. 2017.
• Multi-agent cooperation and the emergence of (natural) language by Lazaridou A, Peysakhovich A, Baroni M. arXiv, 2016.
• Learning to communicate to solve riddles with deep distributed recurrent q-networks by Foerster J N, Assael Y M, de Freitas N, et al. arXiv, 2016.
• Learning to communicate with deep multi-agent reinforcement learning by Foerster J, Assael Y M, de Freitas N, et al. NIPS, 2016.
• Learning multiagent communication with backpropagation by Sukhbaatar S, Fergus R. NIPS, 2016.
• Efficient distributed reinforcement learning through agreement by Varshavskaya P, Kaelbling L P, Rus D. Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems, 2009.

• Transfer Learning for Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Systems by da Silva, Felipe Leno, and Anna Helena Reali Costa. IJCAI, 2016.
• Accelerating multi-agent reinforcement learning with dynamic co-learning by Garant D, da Silva B C, Lesser V, et al. Technical report, 2015
• Transfer learning in multi-agent systems through parallel transfer by Taylor, Adam, et al. ICML, 2013.
• Transfer learning in multi-agent reinforcement learning domains by Boutsioukis, Georgios, Ioannis Partalas, and Ioannis Vlahavas. European Workshop on Reinforcement Learning, 2011.
• Transfer Learning for Multi-agent Coordination by Vrancx, Peter, Yann-Michaël De Hauwere, and Ann Nowé. ICAART, 2011.

• Cooperative inverse reinforcement learning by Hadfield-Menell D, Russell S J, Abbeel P, et al. NIPS, 2016.
• Comparison of Multi-agent and Single-agent Inverse Learning on a Simulated Soccer Example by Lin X, Beling P A, Cogill R. arXiv, 2014.
• Multi-agent inverse reinforcement learning for zero-sum games by Lin X, Beling P A, Cogill R. arXiv, 2014.
• Multi-robot inverse reinforcement learning under occlusion with interactions by Bogert K, Doshi P. AAMAS, 2014.
• Multi-agent inverse reinforcement learning by Natarajan S, Kunapuli G, Judah K, et al. ICMLA, 2010.

• MAgent: A Many-Agent Reinforcement Learning Platform for Artificial Collective Intelligence by Zheng L et al. NIPS 2017 & AAAI 2018 Demo. (Github Page)
• Collaborative Deep Reinforcement Learning for Joint Object Search by Kong X, Xin B, Wang Y, et al. arXiv, 2017.
• Multi-Agent Stochastic Simulation of Occupants for Building Simulation by Chapman J, Siebers P, Darren R. Building Simulation, 2017.
• Extending No-MASS: Multi-Agent Stochastic Simulation for Demand Response of residential appliances by Sancho-Tomás A, Chapman J, Sumner M, Darren R. Building Simulation, 2017.
• Safe, Multi-Agent, Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving by Shalev-Shwartz S, Shammah S, Shashua A. arXiv, 2016.
• Applying multi-agent reinforcement learning to watershed management by Mason, Karl, et al. Proceedings of the Adaptive and Learning Agents workshop at AAMAS, 2016.
• Crowd Simulation Via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning by Torrey L. AAAI, 2010.
• Traffic light control by multiagent reinforcement learning systems by Bakker, Bram, et al. Interactive Collaborative Information Systems, 2010.
• Multiagent reinforcement learning for urban traffic control using coordination graphs by Kuyer, Lior, et al. oint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 2008.
• A multi-agent Q-learning framework for optimizing stock trading systems by Lee J W, Jangmin O. DEXA, 2002.
• Multi-agent reinforcement learning for traffic light control by Wiering, Marco. ICML. 2000.

• Continuous Adaptation via Meta-Learning in Nonstationary and Competitive Environments by l-Shedivat, M. 2018.