-k
English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle English -ken, -kien, from Old English -cian, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukōn, *-ikōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ukōną, *-ikōną. Cognate with West Frisian -kje, German -chen, Danish -ke, Swedish -ka, Faroese -ka. Perhaps related to Old English diminutive suffix -uc, -oc. More at -ock.
Suffix
[edit]-k
- (rare, no longer productive) A suffix found in verbs of Middle English, Old English, usually with an intensive or frequentative effect.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle English -ke, from Old English -(u)c and -ca (diminutive suffix). More at -ock.
Suffix
[edit]-k
- (rare, no longer productive) A suffix found in nouns, usually with a diminutive effect.
Abenaki
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
Usage notes
[edit]- Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
- See the usage notes at -ak.
Afar
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
- Marks the ablative case: from
- Marks the elative case: out of
- Marks the perlative case: via, through
- Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
- Marks the subject of a comparison: than
- (+ én) Marks the material from which an object is made: -en
References
[edit]- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 361
Basque
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -ek (after consonants)
Etymology
[edit]Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.[1]
Suffix
[edit]-k
- Ergative indefinite suffix.
Declension
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “-k (2)” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk.
Chuukese
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
Estonian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Cognate with Finnish -kko.
Suffix
[edit]-k (genitive -ku, partitive -kut)
- Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
Declension
[edit]Declension of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -k | -kud | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -ku | ||
genitive | -kute | ||
partitive | -kut | -kuid | |
illative | -kusse | -kutesse -kuisse | |
inessive | -kus | -kutes -kuis | |
elative | -kust | -kutest -kuist | |
allative | -kule | -kutele -kuile | |
adessive | -kul | -kutel -kuil | |
ablative | -kult | -kutelt -kuilt | |
translative | -kuks | -kuteks -kuiks | |
terminative | -kuni | -kuteni | |
essive | -kuna | -kutena | |
abessive | -kuta | -kuteta | |
comitative | -kuga | -kutega |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-kkei. Cognate with Finnish -kki.
Suffix
[edit]-k (genitive -ki, partitive -kit)
- Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.
Declension
[edit]Declension of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -k | -kid | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -ki | ||
genitive | -kite | ||
partitive | -kit | -keid | |
illative | -kisse | -kitesse -keisse | |
inessive | -kis | -kites -keis | |
elative | -kist | -kitest -keist | |
allative | -kile | -kitele -keile | |
adessive | -kil | -kitel -keil | |
ablative | -kilt | -kitelt -keilt | |
translative | -kiks | -kiteks -keiks | |
terminative | -kini | -kiteni | |
essive | -kina | -kitena | |
abessive | -kita | -kiteta | |
comitative | -kiga | -kitega |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]May be the same as etymology 2.
Suffix
[edit]-k (genitive -gi, partitive -ki)
- Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
Finnish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]-k (dialectal)
- (Southwest Finnish, enclitic) Alternative form of -ko
Synonyms
[edit]- -ko (standard)
Hungarian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Probably related to Northern Mansi -ыг (-yg, “dual suffix”).
Suffix
[edit]-k
Usage notes
[edit]- (plural suffix) Variants:
- -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
- The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
- If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-k
- (personal suffix) Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).
Etymology 3
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-k
Etymology 4
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-k
- (obsolete, instantaneous verb-forming suffix) Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such as reszket, serken, sikolt, szerkeszt, -kol/-kel/-köl, -kod/-ked/-köd, -dokol/-dekel/-dököl.
See also
[edit]Ilocano
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]-k (pronoun-forming suffix)
See also
[edit]Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak, kuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
|
Ingrian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]-k
- Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
- 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:
- Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?
- Will you come to us tomorrow?
- Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.
- Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.
- Added to the indicative or the potential of a verb, used to form the deliberative aspect.
- 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- Näijen kamppanioin hyväst veemisest rippuu se, jot saammak möö täl vootta ohto leipää, ruuhtija ja toisia maatalohusproduktoja, saammakse ohto saahkaraa ja materiaa.
- On the good carrying out of these campaigns depends whether this year we get enough bread, vegetables and other agricultural products, whether we get enough sugar and fabric.
- (rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)
- 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:
- Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.
- The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.
Usage notes
[edit]- In the interrogative and deliberative functions, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant -t, the full forms -ka and -kä may be used.
Synonyms
[edit]- (deliberative): -kse
References
[edit]- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[2], →ISBN, page 18
Inupiaq
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
- dual number in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting
Kankanaey
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]-k (pronoun-forming suffix)
- Alternative form of -ko
See also
[edit]Person | Number | Class I (Single) |
Class II (Transitive actor) |
Class III (Transitive undergoer) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tripartite split | |||||||
First | singular | -ak | -ko, -k | sak-en | |||
plural | -kami | -mi | dakami | ||||
Second | singular | -ka | -mo, -m | sik-a | |||
plural | -kayo | -yo | dakayo | ||||
Accusative split | |||||||
Third | plural | -da | daida | ||||
First + second | singular | -ta | daita | ||||
plural | -tako | datako | |||||
Ergative split | |||||||
Third | singular | Ø1 / sisya | -na | Ø1 / sisya | |||
Fourth | impersonal singular/plural |
Ø1 | -na | Ø1 / siya | |||
Blends | |||||||
First + second | singular -ko + -ka |
-naka | – | ||||
Third + second | singular -na + -ka |
-daka | – | ||||
1Null morpheme. |
Kashubian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьkъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
- forms masculine diminutive nouns
- forms masculine nouns from verbs
Usage notes
[edit]- Palatalises a preceding velar:
Derived terms
[edit]Lower Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
Suffix
[edit]-k m
- used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
[edit]Maltese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Arabic ـكَ m (-ka), ـكِ f (-ki).
Suffix
[edit]-k
Related terms
[edit]Mohawk
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
- continuative suffix
References
[edit]- Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 442
- Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018) Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page 92
Northern Ohlone
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare Southern Ohlone -ka.
Pronoun
[edit]-k
- I (first-person, singular, subject pronoun)
- 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes[3]:
- nommok roote
- here I am
See also
[edit]Number | Person | Subject | Object | Possesive | ||||
Disjunctive1 | Proclitic |
Enclitic | Disjunctive1 | Proclitic | Enclitic | |||
Singular | First | kaana | ek- | -ek, -k | kiš, kaaniš | kiš- | -kiš | ek-, kaanak |
Second | meene | em-, im- | -em, -im, -m | miš | emiš-, imiš-, miš- | -miš | em-, meenem | |
Third | waaka | Ø-2 | -Ø2 | wiš | Ø-2, eš- | -Ø2, -eš | i-, waakai- | |
Plural | First | makkin | mak- | -mak | makkiš, makkinše | — | — | mak-, makkinmak |
Second | makkam | kam- | -kam | makkamše | — | — | kam-, makkam | |
Third | waakamak | ya- | -ya | yaṭiš | — | — | ya-, waakamak | |
1Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). 2Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle + -eš + -ek |
References
[edit]- María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)[4], Unpublished
Ojibwe
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
- Alternative form of -g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
- A suffix denoting the second-person plural to third person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending
Usage notes
[edit]In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the final d merges with -g to produce -k.
See also
[edit]Old Norse
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]-k (enclitic)
- enclitic form of ek
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
- Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi […]- I know that the best / nickname
under the blue sky / that a king might have […]
- I know that the best / nickname
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
See also
[edit]Onondaga
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-North Iroquoian *h (present suffix).
Suffix
[edit]-k
- continuative suffix
References
[edit]- Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 104
Pipil
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k
- (no longer productive) locative suffix (meaning "in") used after a vowel
Further reading
[edit]- Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.47
Slovincian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьkъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-k m
- forms masculine diminutive nouns
- forms masculine nouns from verbs
Derived terms
[edit]Turkish
[edit]preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ık | -ik | -uk | -ük |
postvocalic | -k |
Suffix
[edit]-k
- Post-vocalic form of -ık.
Upper Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
Suffix
[edit]-k m
- Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.
Derived terms
[edit]Veps
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle
[edit]-k
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
[edit]- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English terms with rare senses
- English diminutive suffixes
- Abenaki lemmas
- Abenaki suffixes
- Afar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afar lemmas
- Afar suffixes
- Basque terms with unknown etymologies
- Basque lemmas
- Basque suffixes
- Basque inflectional suffixes
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian suffixes
- Estonian noun-forming suffixes
- Estonian õpik-type nominals
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish particles
- Finnish dialectal terms
- Southwest Finnish
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian inflectional suffixes
- Hungarian diminutive suffixes
- Hungarian terms with obsolete senses
- Ilocano lemmas
- Ilocano suffixes
- Ilocano pronoun-forming suffixes
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian particles
- Ingrian clitics
- Ingrian terms with quotations
- Ingrian terms with rare senses
- Inupiaq lemmas
- Inupiaq suffixes
- Kankanaey terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kankanaey lemmas
- Kankanaey suffixes
- Kankanaey pronoun-forming suffixes
- Kankanaey personal pronouns
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kashubian lemmas
- Kashubian suffixes
- Kashubian noun-forming suffixes
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian suffixes
- Lower Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Lower Sorbian noun-forming suffixes
- Lower Sorbian masculine suffixes
- Maltese terms inherited from Arabic
- Maltese terms derived from Arabic
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese suffixes
- Maltese personal pronouns
- Mohawk lemmas
- Mohawk suffixes
- Northern Ohlone lemmas
- Northern Ohlone pronouns
- Northern Ohlone terms with quotations
- Northern Ohlone compound terms
- Ojibwe lemmas
- Ojibwe suffixes
- Ojibwe verb suffixes
- Ojibwe imperative verb suffixes
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse pronouns
- Old Norse clitics
- Old Norse terms with quotations
- Onondaga terms inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian
- Onondaga terms derived from Proto-North Iroquoian
- Onondaga lemmas
- Onondaga suffixes
- Pipil lemmas
- Pipil suffixes
- Slovincian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovincian lemmas
- Slovincian suffixes
- Slovincian noun-forming suffixes
- Slovincian masculine suffixes
- Turkish non-lemma forms
- Turkish suffix forms
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian suffixes
- Upper Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Upper Sorbian noun-forming suffixes
- Upper Sorbian masculine suffixes
- Veps lemmas
- Veps particles