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Translingual
editHan character
edit患 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 中中心 (LLP), four-corner 50336, composition ⿱串心)
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 388, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10691
- Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2300, character 9
- Unihan data for U+60A3
Chinese
edit| simp. and trad. |
患 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𢠶 𢤒 | |
Glyph origin
editPhono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːns) : phonetic 串 (OC *kroːns, *kʰjons) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Since Shuowen does not have the character 串, it interprets the character as phonetic 吅 (OC *qʰon, *sqʰon, *sɢoŋs) + semantic 丨 + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to pierce through something from the heart. Duan Yucai claims in his commentary that older copies of Shuowen actually have phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to pierce through”) + semantic 心 (“heart”) instead.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): hūing
- Eastern Min (BUC): huâng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huang5 / huong5
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huàn
- Wade–Giles: huan4
- Yale: hwàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huann
- Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯än⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waan6
- Yale: waahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: waan6
- Guangdong Romanization: wan6
- Sinological IPA (key): /waːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: van5
- Sinological IPA (key): /van³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fam
- Hakka Romanization System: fam
- Hagfa Pinyim: fam4
- Sinological IPA: /fam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hūing
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: huâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /huɑŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huaŋ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huong5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huoŋ²¹/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- huam6 - Chaozhou;
- huang6 - Shantou, Chenghai, Raoping, Puning.
- Middle Chinese: hwaenH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤro[n]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːns/
Definitions
edit患
- to contract (an illness); to suffer from; to be afflicted with
- disease; illness
- to worry; to feel anxious
- 子曰：「不患人之不己知，患不知人也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ yuē: “Bù huàn rén zhī bù jǐ zhī, huàn bùzhī rén yě.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men."
- disaster; calamity; catastrophe
Synonyms
edit- (to contract an illness):
- (disease):
- (to worry):
- 怕
- 急 (jí)
- 急眼 (jíyǎn) (colloquial)
- 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
- 愁 (chóu)
- 憂心／忧心 (yōuxīn)
- 憂慮／忧虑 (yōulǜ)
- 懸心／悬心 (xuánxīn)
- 掛心／挂心 (guàxīn)
- 掛礙／挂碍 (guà'ài)
- 揪心 (jiūxīn)
- 提心 (tíxīn)
- 擔心／担心 (dānxīn)
- 擔憂／担忧 (dānyōu)
- 燒心／烧心 (shāoxīn) (regional or dated)
- 犯愁 (fànchóu)
- 疑慮／疑虑 (yílǜ)
- 發急／发急 (fājí)
- 發愁／发愁 (fāchóu)
- 發極／发极 (7faq 8jiq) (Wu)
- 著急／着急 (zháojí)
- 起急 (qǐjí) (colloquial)
- 顧慮／顾虑 (gùlǜ)
- (disaster):
- 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
- 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
- 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
- 劫煞 (Hokkien)
- 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
- 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
- 天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
- 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
- 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
- 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
- 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
- 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
- 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
- 沙𧐔 (sua1 sab4) (Teochew)
- 浩劫 (hàojié)
- 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
- 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
- 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
- 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
- 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
- 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
- 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
- 災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
- 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
- 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
- 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
- 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
- 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
- 禍息／祸息 (ho5 si6) (Xiang)
- 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
- 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)
Compounds
edit- 不患
- 人之患在好為人師／人之患在好为人师 (rén zhī huàn zài hàowéirénshī)
- 人滿為患／人满为患 (rénmǎnwéihuàn)
- 備嘗憂患／备尝忧患
- 傷患／伤患
- 內患／内患
- 內憂外患／内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)
- 共患
- 共患難／共患难 (gònghuànnàn)
- 分憂共患／分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
- 外患 (wàihuàn)
- 弭患
- 弭患無形／弭患无形
- 後患／后患 (hòuhuàn)
- 後患無窮／后患无穷 (hòuhuànwúqióng)
- 後顧之患／后顾之患
- 心腹之患 (xīnfùzhīhuàn)
- 心腹大患 (xīnfùdàhuàn)
- 心腹重患
- 患害
- 患得患失 (huàndéhuànshī)
- 患病 (huànbìng)
- 患者 (huànzhě)
- 患苦
- 患處／患处 (huànchù)
- 患難／患难 (huànnàn)
- 患難之交／患难之交 (huànnànzhījiāo)
- 患難夫妻／患难夫妻
- 患難相恤／患难相恤
- 患難相扶／患难相扶
- 患難相死／患难相死
- 患難與共／患难与共 (huànnànyǔgòng)
- 患難見真情／患难见真情 (huànnàn jiàn zhēnqíng)
- 慮患／虑患
- 憂患／忧患 (yōuhuàn)
- 憂患意識／忧患意识
- 救災恤患／救灾恤患
- 有備無患／有备无患 (yǒubèiwúhuàn)
- 未形之患
- 杜絕後患／杜绝后患
- 民患淡食
- 水患 (shuǐhuàn)
- 河患 (héhuàn)
- 河魚之患／河鱼之患
- 火患 (huǒhuàn)
- 災患／灾患
- 為民除患／为民除患
- 無患／无患 (wúhuàn)
- 無患子／无患子 (wúhuànzǐ)
- 疾患 (jíhuàn)
- 病患 (bìnghuàn)
- 病患狀／病患状
- 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
- 絕後患／绝后患
- 罹患 (líhuàn)
- 肘腋之患
- 腹心之患
- 西患
- 覆餗之患／覆𫗧之患
- 言出患入
- 辟惡除患
- 邊患／边患 (biānhuàn)
- 重患
- 防患未然 (fánghuànwèirán)
- 除患興利／除患兴利
- 陽侯之患／阳侯之患
- 隱患／隐患 (yǐnhuàn)
- 飽經憂患／饱经忧患
- 養癰成患／养痈成患
- 養癰自患／养痈自患
- 養癰貽患／养痈贻患
- 養癰遺患／养痈遗患
- 養虎留患／养虎留患
- 養虎貽患／养虎贻患
- 養虎遺患／养虎遗患 (yǎnghǔyíhuàn)
Further reading
edit- “患”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “患”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 93.
Japanese
editKanji
edit患
- afflicted
Readings
edit- Go-on: げん (gen)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kun: わずらう (wazurau, 患う, Jōyō)、うれえる (ureeru, 患える)、うれい (urei, 患い)
Etymology
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 患 |
| かん Grade: S |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 患 (MC hwaenH).
Pronunciation
editAffix
editNoun
editReferences
editKorean
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠n]
- Phonetic hangul: [환]
Hanja
edit
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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