厄

See also: 阨

厄 U+5384, 厄 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5384 ← 厃 [U+5383] CJK Unified Ideographs 厅 → [U+5385]

Translingual

Han character

厄 (Kangxi radical 27, 厂+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一尸山 (MSU), four-corner 7121₂, composition ⿸厂㔾)

Derived characters

• 伌, 呃, 𡛖, 𭜒, 扼, 𤜸, 阨, 𦙜, 枙, 砈, 𬡉, 蚅, 𭅻, 𮛊, 𮜯, 軛(轭), 鈪, 𩚚(𬲩), 𥝂, 𬪾, 𦷖, 𩵡, 𧠏, 頋(顾), 危, 𭖆, 苊, 𣐃

Further reading

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 160, character 18
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2893
• Dae Jaweon: page 367, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 68, character 5
• Unihan data for U+5384

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 厄
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (戹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
呃	*qreːɡs, *qreːɡ
阸	*qreːɡs, *qreːɡ
厄	*qreːɡ
蚅	*qreːɡ
扼	*qreːɡ
軛	*qreːɡ
戹	*qreːɡ
豟	*qreːɡ
呝	*qreːɡ
軶	*qreːɡ

Possibly an ideogram (指事) of a person kneeling (卩), and a small stroke to accentuate the knee (now 厂). Not cognate with 戹 (“yoke”) but eventually they shared meanings.

Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡ) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 卪 (“joint; node”) – wood knot.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		厄
alternative forms		戹 阨 𠂬 𭠀

Probably related to 嗌 (OC *qleɡ, “throat”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Or borrowed from Tocharian B räk- and Tocharian A räk- (“to stretch, to spread”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): è (e⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nge²

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aak¹ / ak¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ak²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ak
• Eastern Min (BUC): áik
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): eh / ek / iak

  (Teochew, Peng'im): êh⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸ngeq
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nge⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: è
    • Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: è
    • Wade–Giles: o⁴
    • Yale: è
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
    • Palladius: э (e)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: nge²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nge
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɛ²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: aak¹ / ak¹
    • Yale: āak / āk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: aak⁷ / ak⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: ag¹ / eg¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːk̚⁵/, /ɐk̚⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ak²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ak̚⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ak
    • Hakka Romanization System: ag^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ag⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ak̚²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: áik
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: eh
    • Tâi-lô: eh
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eq
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /eʔ⁵/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /eʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
    • Tâi-lô: ik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eg
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
    • Tâi-lô: iak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

• eh - vernacular;
• iak/ek - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: êh⁴
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: eh
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /eʔ²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸ngeq
    • MiniDict: ngeh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵ngeq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋəʔ¹²/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: nge⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɤ̞²⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 厄
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɤ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɤ⁴⁴/ /nɤ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/nɤ⁵³/
	Jinan	/ŋə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ɣə⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ɛ⁵³/
	Xi'an	/ŋɤ²¹/
	Xining	/ȵi⁴⁴/ /nɛ⁴⁴/ 新
	Yinchuan	/ə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ŋɤ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ŋe³¹/
	Guiyang	/ŋɛ²¹/
	Kunming	/ə³¹/
	Nanjing	/əʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʐɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɣaʔ²/
	Pingyao
	Hohhot	/ŋaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ŋəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ŋəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ʔɑʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/a²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ŋɛʔ²¹/
	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ŋə²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/ŋæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ak̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/ɑk̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ak̚⁵/
	Nanning	/ŋɐk̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/ak̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ik̚³²/ /eʔ³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/aiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/eʔ²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋɔk̚⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'eak

Rime
Character	厄
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	麥 (119)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	於革切
Baxter	'eak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɛk̚/
Wang Li	/æk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤ<r>[i]k/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qreːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	厄
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*qˁ<r>[i]k/
English	part of a yoke
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	厄
Reading #	1/1
No.	2707
Phonetic component	戹
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	戹
Old Chinese	/*qreːɡ/
Notes	同戹

Definitions

厄

1. harrowing; miserable
2. disaster; calamity; catastrophe
3. adversity; difficulty; distress
4. to be stranded
5. strategic point
6. Alternative form of 軛／轭 (è, “yoke”)

Synonyms

• (harrowing):

edit

• 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
• 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
• 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
• 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
• 困難／困难
• 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
• 宋凶 (Hokkien)
• 散 (Hokkien)
• 散凶 (Hokkien)
• 散赤 (Hokkien)
• 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
• 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
• 磽／硗 (Teochew)
• 䆀康 (Hokkien)
• 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
• 窄
• 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
• 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
• 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
• 窮／穷 (qióng)
• 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
• 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
• 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
• 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
• 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
• 艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
• 苦寒 (kǔhán)
• 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
• 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
• 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
• 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
• 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
• 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

 

• (disaster):

edit

• 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
• 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
• 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
• 劫煞 (Hokkien)
• 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
• 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
• 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
• 天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
• 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
• 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
• 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
• 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
• 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
• 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
• 沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
• 浩劫 (hàojié)
• 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
• 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
• 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
• 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
• 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
• 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
• 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
• 災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
• 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
• 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
• 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
• 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
• 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
• 禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
• 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
• 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

 

• (adversity):

edit

• 危境 (wēijìng)
• 困厄 (kùn'è) (literary)
• 困境 (kùnjìng)
• 地步 (dìbù)
• 時艱／时艰 (shíjiān) (difficult times at present)
• 溝壑／沟壑 (gōuhè) (literary)
• 畏景 (wèijǐng) (literary, figurative)
• 處境／处境 (chǔjìng)
• 逆境 (nìjìng)

 

Compounds

• 乘人之厄
• 兵厄 (bīng'è)
• 厄利垂亞／厄利垂亚 (Èlìchuíyà)
• 厄會／厄会
• 厄爾巴島／厄尔巴岛
• 厄瓜多 (Èguāduō)
• 厄臺／厄台
• 厄運／厄运 (èyùn)
• 厄難／厄难 (ènàn)
• 厄魯特族／厄鲁特族
• 困厄 (kùn'è)
• 在陳之厄／在陈之厄
• 央厄 (yāng'è)
• 水厄
• 消災解厄／消灾解厄
• 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è)
• 矜貧救厄／矜贫救厄
• 解厄
• 陳蔡之厄／陈蔡之厄
• 黃楊厄閏／黄杨厄闰

 

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.		厄

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): ě, è (e³, e⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄜˇ, ㄜˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: ě
    • Zhuyin: ㄜˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ě
    • Wade–Giles: o³
    • Yale: ě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ee
    • Palladius: э (e)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: è
    • Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: è
    • Wade–Giles: o⁴
    • Yale: è
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
    • Palladius: э (e)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/

Definitions

厄

1. ^‡ Used in 科厄.

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.		厄

From 惡／恶.

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): oh⁴

---

• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: oh⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: oh
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /oʔ²/

Definitions

厄

1. (Teochew) hard; difficult; challenging

Synonyms

edit

• 不容易 (bùróngyì)
• 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
• 困難／困难
• 疑難／疑难 (yínán)
• 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
• 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
• 艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
• 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
• 艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
• 苦難／苦难 (kǔnàn)
• 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
• 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
• 難／难

 

Japanese

Kanji

厄

(Jōyō kanji)

1. unlucky
2. misfortune
3. bad luck
4. disaster

Readings

• Go-on: やく (yaku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: あく (aku)
• On: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}
• Kun: やくしむ (yakushimu, 厄しむ)、わざわい (wazawai, 厄い)^{←わざはひ (wazafafi, 厄ひ, historical)}、くるしむ (kurushimu, 厄しむ)

Noun

Kanji in this term
厄
やく Grade: S
on'yomi

厄(やく) • (yaku) 

1. bad luck, evil

Korean

Hanja

厄 (eumhun 재앙 액 (jaeang aek))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Naver Hanja Dictionary: 厄

Vietnamese

Han character

厄: Hán Việt readings: ách
厄: Nôm readings: ách, ạch, ịch

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation