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Remote Sensing II (SSC-604)
Presented to: Mr. Shahid Pervaiz
Presented by: Mr. Farhan Mustafa, Rahat Tufail, Fatima Tanveer, Fatima Mushtaq
Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Contents:
 Introduction
 Atmospheric Window & Absorption Band
 Fundamental Radiation Laws
 Atmospheric Effects
 Thermal Data Acquisition
 Applications
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Thermal Remote Sensing:
 Thermal Infrared Radiation refers to electromagnetic waves with a wavelength
of between 3 to 20 micrometers.
 Most remote sensing applications make use of 3-5 & 8-14 micrometer range.
(Due to absorption bands)
 The main difference between the thermal infrared and near infrared is that
thermal infrared is emitted energy and near infrared is reflected energy similar
to light.
Optical Remote Sensing:
 Examine abilities of objects to reflect the solar radiations. (Visible & Near IR)
Emissive Remote Sensing:
 Examine abilities of objects to absorb shortwave visible & near-IR radiations
and then to emit this energy at longer wavelengths. (Mid-IR & Microwave)
Thermal Infrared Spectrum:
Thermal IR
 Near IR: 0.7-1.3 μm
 Mid IR: 1.3 – 3.0 μm
 Thermal IR: 3 – 14 μm
Atmospheric Window & Absorption Bands:
Atmospheric Effects:
 The atmospheric intervention between the thermal sensor and the ground can
modify the apparent level of radiations coming from ground depending on
degree of atmospheric absorption, scattering and emission.
 Atmospheric absorption & scattering make the signal appear colder and
atmospheric emission make the object to be detected as warmer.
 There are some factors on which both of these effects depend upon given by:
Continue
 Atmospheric path length
 Meteorological conditions
 Site
 Altitude
 Local weather condition
Atmospheric Effects:
Sun
Incident
Absorbed
Transmitted
Reflected
target radiance
Emitted
path radiance
Emitted
target radiance
Reflected
path radiance
Fundamental Radiation Laws:
The following laws are obeyed in this phenomenon:
 Planck’ Radiation (Blackbody Law)
 Wein’s Displacement Law
 Stefan-Boltzman Law
Planck’s Radiation Law:
 Blackbody: A hypothetical body that completely absorbs all radiant energy
falling upon it, reaches some equilibrium temperature, and then reemits that
energy as quickly as it absorbs it.
 Planck explained the spectral-energy distribution of radiation emitted by a
blackbody.
 For a blackbody at temperatures up to several hundred degrees, the majority
of the radiation is in the infrared radiation region.
Stefan Boltzman Law:
 Stefan Boltzman Law gives the energy of a blackbody.
 The area under the Planck’s curve represents
the total energy emitted by an object at a
given temperature.
 “The amount of energy emitted from an
object is primarily a function of its
temperature”.
E = σT4
Wein’s Displacement Law:
 Wein calculated relationship b/w true temperature of blackcody (T) in degree
kelvins and its peak spectral extiance or dominant wavelength (λmax).
λmax = k/T and k=2898 μm k
How Wein’s Displacement Law is applicable in
Thermal Remote Sensing ?
Emissivity:
 The is no blackbody in nature.
 All natural objects are gray-bodies, they emit a fraction of their maximum
possible blackbody radiation at given temperature.
 Emissivity is the ratio b/w actual radiance emitted by a real world selected
radiating body (Mr) and a blackbody at the same thermodynamic temperature
(Mb)
ε = Mr/Mb
 If the emissivity of an object varies with wavelength, the object is said to be a
selective radiant. Continue
 A graybody has ε<1 but is constant at all wavelengths.
 A selectively radiating bodies have emissivity ranging 0 ≤ 1.
Continue
 Emissivity depends upon the following factors:
• Color
• Surface Roughness
• Moisture Content
• Compaction
• Field of View
• Viewing Angle
Thermal Image Acquisition:
 Many multispectral
(MSS) systems sense
radiations in the thermal
infrared as well as the
visible and reflected
infrared portions of the
spectrum.
Thermal Sensors:
 Thermal sensors use photo detectors sensitive to the direct contact of photons
on their surface, to detect emitted thermal radiation.
 The detectors are cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero in order to
limit their own thermal emissions.
 Thermal sensors essentially measure the surface temperature and thermal
properties of targets.
Continue
 Thermal infrared remote sensor data
may be collected by:
• Across Track Thermal
Scanning
• Push broom linear area array
charged couple devices
(CCD) detectors
Across Track Thermal Scanner:
Characteristics of Photon Detectors in Common
Use
Type Abbreviation Useful Spectral
Range (um)
Mercury-doped
germanium
Ge:Hg 3-14
Indium antimonide InSb 3-5
Mercury cadmium telluride HgCdTe 8-14
Thermal IR Remote Sensing Based on
Multispectral Scanners:
 Daedalus DS-1268
Incorporates the Landsat Thematic
Mapper mid -IR(1.55-1.75)um and
(2.08-2.35) um.
Continue
 DS-1260
records data in 10 bands including a
thermal infrared channel(8.5-13.5um).
Continue
 Thermal infrared
Multispectral Scanner
(TIMS) which has six
bands ranging from (8.2-
12.2um)
 NASA ATLAS Has six
visible and near infrared
bands from (8.2-12.2um)
Continue
LANDSAT THERMAL
INFRARED
SENSOR(TIRS)
The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS):
 The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) will measure land surface temperature in two
thermal bands with a new technology that applies quantum physics to detect heat.
 TIRS was added to the satellite mission when it became clear that state water
resource managers rely on the highly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal
energy.
 TIRS uses Quantum Well Infrared Photo detectors (QWIPs) to detect long
wavelengths of light emitted by the Earth whose intensity depends on surface
temperature.
 The QWIPs TIRS uses are sensitive to two thermal infrared wavelength bands,
helping it separate the temperature of the Earth’s surface from that of the
atmosphere. Their design operates on the complex principles of quantum
mechanics.
TIRS Design:
 TIRS is a push broom sensor
employing a focal plane with long
arrays of photosensitive detectors.
 A refractive telescope focuses an
f/1.64 beam of thermal radiation
onto a cryogenically cooled focal
plane while providing a 15-degree
field-of-view matching the 185 km
across-track swath of the OLI.
TIRS Design:
 TIRS is a push broom sensor
employing a focal plane with long
arrays of photosensitive detectors.
 A refractive telescope focuses an
f/1.64 beam of thermal radiation
onto a cryogenically cooled focal
plane while providing a 15-degree
field-of-view matching the 185 km
across-track swath of the OLI.
 The focal plane holds three
modules with quantum-well-
infrared-photo-detector (QWIP)
arrays arranged in an alternating
pattern along the focal plane
centerline.
 A mechanical, two-stage cry-
cooler will cool the focal plane to
permit the QWIP detectors to
function at a required
temperature of 43 K.
Thermal remote sensing
Applications of Thermal Remote Sensing:
I. Forest Fires
II. Urban Heat Island (UHI)
III. Active Volcanoes
IV. Military Purposes
Thermal Remote Sensing Of Forest Fires:
Causes:
 Rising global temperature might cause forest fires
to occur on large scale, an more regularly.
 The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and
aerosols from fires are important climate forcing
factors, contributing on average between 25-35%
of total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, as well
as CO, methane and aerosols.
 Detection of active fires provides an indicator of
seasonal, regional and interannual variability in fire
frequency and shifts in geographic location and
timing of fire events.
Why we use Thermal Remote Sensing in
forest fires?
NASA's Ikhana Unmanned Research Aircraft Recorded Image of Fire Near Lake
in Southern California:
 The 3-D processed image is a colorized
mosaic of images draped over terrain,
looking east.
 Active fire is seen in yellow, while hot,
previously burned areas are in shades
of dark red and purple.
 Unburned areas are shown in green
hues.
Aster Image Of Wildfire in Northeast of Durango, Colorado:
Study area of Rujigou Coal Field:
 (a) shows the location and direction of
study area in Northwest China.
 (b) shows the Rujigou Coal Field
located in the Rujigou district, in
Shizuishan city.
 (c) is a 3-D FCC (False Color
Composite) image (generated by
coding ETM+6/4/2 in R/G/B) based on
Landsat ETM+ data.
Landsat 8 Images of California:
In NIR & MIR In TIR
Current Event:
Aster Image of Sulfur Plant Industry (Iraq):
Disaster in Iraq
Deschutes National Forest:
False Color Composite Thermal Image
September 11, 2001 (9/11):
 Through data one can make and send
emergency responders a thermal image
showing firefighters where fires were still
burning deep in the debris. In some areas,
temperatures were over 1300°F.
 The USGS team provided this information to
emergency response agencies on September
18, 2001.
 Another flyover on September 23 revealed
that by that date most of the hot spots had
been eliminated or reduced in intensity.
Thermal Remote Sensing of UHI:
Urban Heat Island (UHI):
Factors Affecting UHI:
Why we Thermal Remote
Sensing in urban Areas?
Surface UHI Measurements:
 Thermal remote sensing –uses non-contact
instruments that sense longwave or thermal
infrared radiation to estimate surface
temperature.
 Clear weather limitation (for satellites).
 Spatial view of the urban surface.
 Relative temperature measurement –for
comparison between images may require
correction for atmospheric and surface
effects.
Canopy Layer Urban Heat Island:
Day & Night Thermal Infrared:
MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE IN PARIS, FRANCE:
Volcanism in Thermal Remote Sensing:
Why we need Thermal remote sensing in active
volcanoes ???
 Active volcanoes exhibit many difficulties in being studied by in situ techniques.
 For example, during eruptions, high altitude areas are very hard to be accessed because of volcanic
hazards.
 We use thermal remote sensing techniques in mapping and monitoring the evolution of volcanic
activity.
Temperature Of Volcanoes:
 As Wien’s Law:
λmax = k/T where k=2898 μm k
Where T=700 k
So,
λmax =2898/700=4.27 μm
Hence, it’s a thermal infrared range. So we use Thermal remote sensing for active volcanoes.
Aster Image:
 Size: 7.5 x 7.5 km
 Orientation: North at top
 Image Data: ASTER bands.
Chiliques volcano, Chile:
True Color Image Thermal Image
Landsat Image:
 Size: 5km x 5km
 Orientation: North at the top
 Image Data: landsat bands
Paluweh volcano:
True Color Image Thermal Image
Most Active Volcanoes:
True Color Image Thermal Image
Thermal remote sensing in Military:
Thermal remote sensing in Military:
Thermal remote sensing
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Advantages
 We can detect true temperature
of objects.
 Feature cannot be detected by
optical RS may be detected with
Thermal IR.
Disadvantages
 It is pretty difficult to maintain
the sensors at required
temperatures.
 Image interpretation of thermal
image is difficult.
References:
 “Remote Sensing of the Environment ” , John. R Jensen, Edition 6th.
 “Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation ” , Thomas M. Lillisand, Ralph W. Kiefer, Jonathan W.
Chipman, Edition 6th.
 www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/.../remote_sensing/thermal/thermalirinfo.html
 www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/infrared.htm
 earth.esa.int/landtraining09/D1Lb3_Su_SEBBasics.pdf
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy
Thanks 

More Related Content

Thermal remote sensing

  • 1. Remote Sensing II (SSC-604) Presented to: Mr. Shahid Pervaiz Presented by: Mr. Farhan Mustafa, Rahat Tufail, Fatima Tanveer, Fatima Mushtaq Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore
  • 2. Contents:  Introduction  Atmospheric Window & Absorption Band  Fundamental Radiation Laws  Atmospheric Effects  Thermal Data Acquisition  Applications  Advantages & Disadvantages
  • 3. Thermal Remote Sensing:  Thermal Infrared Radiation refers to electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of between 3 to 20 micrometers.  Most remote sensing applications make use of 3-5 & 8-14 micrometer range. (Due to absorption bands)  The main difference between the thermal infrared and near infrared is that thermal infrared is emitted energy and near infrared is reflected energy similar to light.
  • 4. Optical Remote Sensing:  Examine abilities of objects to reflect the solar radiations. (Visible & Near IR) Emissive Remote Sensing:  Examine abilities of objects to absorb shortwave visible & near-IR radiations and then to emit this energy at longer wavelengths. (Mid-IR & Microwave)
  • 5. Thermal Infrared Spectrum: Thermal IR  Near IR: 0.7-1.3 μm  Mid IR: 1.3 – 3.0 μm  Thermal IR: 3 – 14 μm
  • 6. Atmospheric Window & Absorption Bands:
  • 7. Atmospheric Effects:  The atmospheric intervention between the thermal sensor and the ground can modify the apparent level of radiations coming from ground depending on degree of atmospheric absorption, scattering and emission.  Atmospheric absorption & scattering make the signal appear colder and atmospheric emission make the object to be detected as warmer.  There are some factors on which both of these effects depend upon given by: Continue
  • 8.  Atmospheric path length  Meteorological conditions  Site  Altitude  Local weather condition
  • 10. Fundamental Radiation Laws: The following laws are obeyed in this phenomenon:  Planck’ Radiation (Blackbody Law)  Wein’s Displacement Law  Stefan-Boltzman Law
  • 11. Planck’s Radiation Law:  Blackbody: A hypothetical body that completely absorbs all radiant energy falling upon it, reaches some equilibrium temperature, and then reemits that energy as quickly as it absorbs it.  Planck explained the spectral-energy distribution of radiation emitted by a blackbody.  For a blackbody at temperatures up to several hundred degrees, the majority of the radiation is in the infrared radiation region.
  • 12. Stefan Boltzman Law:  Stefan Boltzman Law gives the energy of a blackbody.  The area under the Planck’s curve represents the total energy emitted by an object at a given temperature.  “The amount of energy emitted from an object is primarily a function of its temperature”. E = σT4
  • 13. Wein’s Displacement Law:  Wein calculated relationship b/w true temperature of blackcody (T) in degree kelvins and its peak spectral extiance or dominant wavelength (λmax). λmax = k/T and k=2898 μm k How Wein’s Displacement Law is applicable in Thermal Remote Sensing ?
  • 14. Emissivity:  The is no blackbody in nature.  All natural objects are gray-bodies, they emit a fraction of their maximum possible blackbody radiation at given temperature.  Emissivity is the ratio b/w actual radiance emitted by a real world selected radiating body (Mr) and a blackbody at the same thermodynamic temperature (Mb) ε = Mr/Mb  If the emissivity of an object varies with wavelength, the object is said to be a selective radiant. Continue
  • 15.  A graybody has ε<1 but is constant at all wavelengths.  A selectively radiating bodies have emissivity ranging 0 ≤ 1. Continue
  • 16.  Emissivity depends upon the following factors: • Color • Surface Roughness • Moisture Content • Compaction • Field of View • Viewing Angle
  • 17. Thermal Image Acquisition:  Many multispectral (MSS) systems sense radiations in the thermal infrared as well as the visible and reflected infrared portions of the spectrum.
  • 18. Thermal Sensors:  Thermal sensors use photo detectors sensitive to the direct contact of photons on their surface, to detect emitted thermal radiation.  The detectors are cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero in order to limit their own thermal emissions.  Thermal sensors essentially measure the surface temperature and thermal properties of targets. Continue
  • 19.  Thermal infrared remote sensor data may be collected by: • Across Track Thermal Scanning • Push broom linear area array charged couple devices (CCD) detectors
  • 21. Characteristics of Photon Detectors in Common Use Type Abbreviation Useful Spectral Range (um) Mercury-doped germanium Ge:Hg 3-14 Indium antimonide InSb 3-5 Mercury cadmium telluride HgCdTe 8-14
  • 22. Thermal IR Remote Sensing Based on Multispectral Scanners:  Daedalus DS-1268 Incorporates the Landsat Thematic Mapper mid -IR(1.55-1.75)um and (2.08-2.35) um. Continue
  • 23.  DS-1260 records data in 10 bands including a thermal infrared channel(8.5-13.5um). Continue
  • 24.  Thermal infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) which has six bands ranging from (8.2- 12.2um)  NASA ATLAS Has six visible and near infrared bands from (8.2-12.2um) Continue
  • 26. The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS):  The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) will measure land surface temperature in two thermal bands with a new technology that applies quantum physics to detect heat.  TIRS was added to the satellite mission when it became clear that state water resource managers rely on the highly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal energy.  TIRS uses Quantum Well Infrared Photo detectors (QWIPs) to detect long wavelengths of light emitted by the Earth whose intensity depends on surface temperature.  The QWIPs TIRS uses are sensitive to two thermal infrared wavelength bands, helping it separate the temperature of the Earth’s surface from that of the atmosphere. Their design operates on the complex principles of quantum mechanics.
  • 27. TIRS Design:  TIRS is a push broom sensor employing a focal plane with long arrays of photosensitive detectors.  A refractive telescope focuses an f/1.64 beam of thermal radiation onto a cryogenically cooled focal plane while providing a 15-degree field-of-view matching the 185 km across-track swath of the OLI.
  • 28. TIRS Design:  TIRS is a push broom sensor employing a focal plane with long arrays of photosensitive detectors.  A refractive telescope focuses an f/1.64 beam of thermal radiation onto a cryogenically cooled focal plane while providing a 15-degree field-of-view matching the 185 km across-track swath of the OLI.
  • 29.  The focal plane holds three modules with quantum-well- infrared-photo-detector (QWIP) arrays arranged in an alternating pattern along the focal plane centerline.
  • 30.  A mechanical, two-stage cry- cooler will cool the focal plane to permit the QWIP detectors to function at a required temperature of 43 K.
  • 32. Applications of Thermal Remote Sensing: I. Forest Fires II. Urban Heat Island (UHI) III. Active Volcanoes IV. Military Purposes
  • 33. Thermal Remote Sensing Of Forest Fires:
  • 34. Causes:  Rising global temperature might cause forest fires to occur on large scale, an more regularly.  The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols from fires are important climate forcing factors, contributing on average between 25-35% of total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, as well as CO, methane and aerosols.  Detection of active fires provides an indicator of seasonal, regional and interannual variability in fire frequency and shifts in geographic location and timing of fire events.
  • 35. Why we use Thermal Remote Sensing in forest fires?
  • 36. NASA's Ikhana Unmanned Research Aircraft Recorded Image of Fire Near Lake in Southern California:  The 3-D processed image is a colorized mosaic of images draped over terrain, looking east.  Active fire is seen in yellow, while hot, previously burned areas are in shades of dark red and purple.  Unburned areas are shown in green hues.
  • 37. Aster Image Of Wildfire in Northeast of Durango, Colorado:
  • 38. Study area of Rujigou Coal Field:  (a) shows the location and direction of study area in Northwest China.  (b) shows the Rujigou Coal Field located in the Rujigou district, in Shizuishan city.  (c) is a 3-D FCC (False Color Composite) image (generated by coding ETM+6/4/2 in R/G/B) based on Landsat ETM+ data.
  • 39. Landsat 8 Images of California: In NIR & MIR In TIR
  • 41. Aster Image of Sulfur Plant Industry (Iraq): Disaster in Iraq
  • 42. Deschutes National Forest: False Color Composite Thermal Image
  • 43. September 11, 2001 (9/11):  Through data one can make and send emergency responders a thermal image showing firefighters where fires were still burning deep in the debris. In some areas, temperatures were over 1300°F.  The USGS team provided this information to emergency response agencies on September 18, 2001.  Another flyover on September 23 revealed that by that date most of the hot spots had been eliminated or reduced in intensity.
  • 47. Why we Thermal Remote Sensing in urban Areas?
  • 48. Surface UHI Measurements:  Thermal remote sensing –uses non-contact instruments that sense longwave or thermal infrared radiation to estimate surface temperature.  Clear weather limitation (for satellites).  Spatial view of the urban surface.  Relative temperature measurement –for comparison between images may require correction for atmospheric and surface effects.
  • 49. Canopy Layer Urban Heat Island:
  • 50. Day & Night Thermal Infrared:
  • 51. MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE IN PARIS, FRANCE:
  • 52. Volcanism in Thermal Remote Sensing:
  • 53. Why we need Thermal remote sensing in active volcanoes ???  Active volcanoes exhibit many difficulties in being studied by in situ techniques.  For example, during eruptions, high altitude areas are very hard to be accessed because of volcanic hazards.  We use thermal remote sensing techniques in mapping and monitoring the evolution of volcanic activity.
  • 54. Temperature Of Volcanoes:  As Wien’s Law: λmax = k/T where k=2898 μm k Where T=700 k So, λmax =2898/700=4.27 μm Hence, it’s a thermal infrared range. So we use Thermal remote sensing for active volcanoes.
  • 55. Aster Image:  Size: 7.5 x 7.5 km  Orientation: North at top  Image Data: ASTER bands.
  • 56. Chiliques volcano, Chile: True Color Image Thermal Image
  • 57. Landsat Image:  Size: 5km x 5km  Orientation: North at the top  Image Data: landsat bands
  • 58. Paluweh volcano: True Color Image Thermal Image
  • 59. Most Active Volcanoes: True Color Image Thermal Image
  • 60. Thermal remote sensing in Military:
  • 61. Thermal remote sensing in Military:
  • 63. Advantages & Disadvantages: Advantages  We can detect true temperature of objects.  Feature cannot be detected by optical RS may be detected with Thermal IR. Disadvantages  It is pretty difficult to maintain the sensors at required temperatures.  Image interpretation of thermal image is difficult.
  • 64. References:  “Remote Sensing of the Environment ” , John. R Jensen, Edition 6th.  “Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation ” , Thomas M. Lillisand, Ralph W. Kiefer, Jonathan W. Chipman, Edition 6th.  www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/.../remote_sensing/thermal/thermalirinfo.html  www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/infrared.htm  earth.esa.int/landtraining09/D1Lb3_Su_SEBBasics.pdf  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy

Editor's Notes

  1. Here we use the prism tecnology which splits the in coming radiation into separate wavelength ,,,on borad computer on off the arrays of detectors if we on the thermal arrays detecters we sense the thermal part and we on the visible and reflected arrays then we sense these radiation .
  2. This is the schematic diagram of an across track thermal scanner which is operates in either or both 3-5 and 8-14 um range of wavelength .in this scanner we use quantum or photon detectors which have a very rapid response less then 1usec.these detectors have a direct interaction with photon radiation and for maximum sensitivity these detectors cooled to temp approaching absolute 0 to minimize their own thermal emssions….. 1 Thermal IR from the ground 2 is received at rotating scanner mirror additional optics. 3 Focuses the incoming energy on the thermal infrared radiation detector. 4 which is encased by a Dewar filled with a liquid nitrogen coolant. 5 the detectors converts the incoming radiation level to an electric signal. 6 that is amplified by the system electronics.
  3. This sensor incorporates with the landsat band 10 and 11 With a thermal range of 10.60-11.19 and 11.50-12.51