Compressors

Types, Components, Operation, Maintenance, and

Troubleshooting

Prepared and Presented by

Eng. Ahmed Abdel-Rahman
 Objectives
At the end of the course you will know:
- What is the compressor.

- What are the compressor types.

- How to select your compressor.

- What is the principle of operation for each.

- What are the compressors mechanical components.

- How to operate the compressor.

- How to protect the compressor.

- How to trouble shoot the compressor problem.

- How to maintain the compressors.

 Course Agenda
Day I
- Introduction to compressors and its application.

- Types of compressors

* Intermittent Mode Compressors (Reciprocating)

* Continuous Compression Compressors (Ejector or Centrifugal)

* Comparison of Centrifugal Compressor VS. Reciprocating compressor

- How to select the best compressor type for your application.

Day II
- Centrifugal Compressor
* Principle of Operation
Description & Features
Classifications
Compression Cycle and Gas Path
Surge
Choking
* Components

* Thrust Load & Thrust Control

* Seals

* Bearings

* Prime Movers
Day III

- Positive Displacement Compressor (Reciprocating Compressor)

* Theoretical Considerations

* Principle of Operation “Description & Features”

* Main Components

- Axial Flow Compressor

* Principle of Operation

* Components
Day IV

- Theory of Compression on P- V and T-S diagram

- Performance curve for each type

- System curve and operating point for each compressor

- How to operate the compressor

- How to protect your compressor

- Compressor Maintenance and trouble shooting

Day V

- Cont. Compressor Maintenance and trouble shooting

- Standard and codes for compressors

 Lesson 1

Introduction to Compressors

and its Application.

Unit #1

Lesson 1: - Definition of Compressors and its application.

What is compressor?
A compressor is a device used to increase the pressure of a
compressible fluid.

The inlet pressure level can be any value from a deep vacuum to
a high positive pressure.
Introduction

Compressors Applications

► Field Gas Compressors (Gas Boosting)

► Gas Lift Compressor

► Export Compressors

► Re-injection Compressors

► Refrigeration Compressors

► Air Compressors
Compression method

There are two basic compression modes:

1. Intermittent

 It is cyclic in nature, in that a specific quantity of gas is

ingested by the compressor, acted upon, and discharged,
before the cycle is repeated.

 Compressors using the intermittent compression mode are

referred to as positive displacement compressors.
Compression method

There are two basic compression modes:

2. Continuous

 It is one in which the gas is moved into the compressor, is

acted upon, moved through the compressor, and discharged
without interruption of the flow at any point in the process.

 Compressors using the continuous compression mode are

characterized by two fundamental types:

 Dynamic (Centrifugal or axial flow)

 Ejector
 Lesson 2

Compressor Types
Compressors Types

Compressors

Intermittent Flow Continuous Flow

Positive Displacement Dynamic Ejector

Reciprocating Rotary Radial Mixed Axial

Flow Flow
Piston Helical Lobe (Screw)
Diaphragm Straight Lobe Centrifugal Mixed Axial
Sliding Vane Flow flow
Liquid ring
Scroll (Spiral)
Pressure
Generally

Positive
displacement

Centrifugal

Axial

Flow Rate
 Lesson 2

Positive Displacement Compressor

1.1. Rotary compressor

Displacement by rotary action of gear, screw or vanes.

Increasing the energy is exerted by the mechanical interaction
between the element and the gas. There are four types:

1. Helical Lobe (Screw)

2. Straight Lobe

3. Sliding Vane

4. Liquid ring (Liquid vane)

5. Scroll (Spiral)
 1.1.1. Screw compressor (Helical Lobe )

Used for wide range of flows and pressures, and wide range of gases

and molecular weights.

• API 619

• Moderate Flow rate

• High pressure

• Moderate efficiency
 HOW IT WORKS?
Two groups of helical screw compressors :

1- Dry helical screw compressors.

(driven by external timing gears).
2- Rotary helical screw oil injected compressors.

Both of them from mechanical point of view are similar

with minor changes. Rotary screw compressors employ
two intermeshing rotors with helical lobes.

The inlet is located at one end of the rotor.

1- As the rotors revolve, the space between the un-meshing
lobes increase allowing inlet air or gas to fill up the intervening
space, until the male lobe is disengaged from the female lobe
along its whole length.
 Oil – Flooded Rotary Screw Compressor
This type is similar to the type screw compressor.
The only difference is that:
The intake air is sprayed with oil at a ratio of one part per
thousand.

This oil is used to perform three jobs:

1- To fill the clearance space to seal the internal clearances.

2- To lubricate the rotors of which can drive the other rotor

(i.e. eliminating the timing gear).

3- Provide cooling medium for the air (or gas) during

compression.
The oil may be either air or water cooled using suitable heat
20
exchanger.
1.1.1. Screw compressor (Helical Lobe)
Advantages
 Can handle dirty gas

 Less pulsating effect

 Higher Efficiency compared to reciprocating at low pressure

levels.

 About one-half the capital cost of a reciprocating compressor.

Disadvantages

 In hydrocarbon service needs seal oil with after-cooler and

separator to recycle oil
1.1.2. Lobe Compressor (Straight lobe)

Displacement by rotary action of lobes. Increasing the energy is

exerted by the mechanical interaction between the lobe and the gas.
 THREE LOBE
COMPRESSORS
 TWO LOBE
COMPRESSOR
1.1.3. Slide vane compressor

Displacement by rotary action of sliding vane. Increasing the energy is

exerted by the mechanical interaction between the vanes and the gas.
1.1.3. Sliding vane compressor

Advantages

 Good in vacuum service.

 No pulsating flow.

 Less space .

 Inexpensive for low hp vapor recovery or vacuum service.

Disadvantages

 Must have clean air or gas.

 Uses ten times the oil of reciprocating. Usually install after-cooler

and separator to recycle oil.
 1.1.4. Liquid ring compressor

► A liquid ring compressor is a rotary pump that can be used as vacuum

pump and also as a gas compressor.

► liquid is put under pressure to

form compression chambers
against the impeller vanes.
Gas is then, added into the
pump by an opened port in
the casing. This gas will be
blocked into the moving
compression chambers until it
reaches the discharge port in
the end of the casing.
Advantages:
• it works with liquids, gases and even small solid particles.
• The compression is isotherm, it means that you can safely use it for heat
sensitive, explosive, or flammable products.
1.1.5. Spiral (Scroll) compressor

Displacement by rotary action of spiral. Increasing the energy is

exerted by the mechanical interaction between the spiral and the gas.
1.1.5. Scroll compressor (Spiral)

Advantages
 Can handle moderate amounts of gases, but no slugs`

 Less pulsating effect.

 No metal to metal contact.

Disadvantages

 In hydrocarbon service needs seal oil with after-cooler and

separator to recycle oil
Compressors Types

Compressors

Intermittent Flow Continuous Flow

Positive Displacement Dynamic Ejector

Reciprocating Rotary Radial Mixed Axial

Flow Flow
Piston Helical Lobe (Screw)
Diaphragm Straight Lobe Centrifugal Mixed Axial
Sliding Vane Flow flow
Liquid ring
Scroll (Spiral)
 1.2. Reciprocating compressor
1.2.1. Piston compressor

 Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger cause a quantity of

gas to enter the cylinder where it is in turn compressed and
discharged. The valve should be acted as a check valve.

• API 618

• Used for Low Flow rate

• Used for High pressure

• Moderate efficiency
Reciprocating Piston

PRESSURE
RINGS
RIDER
RINGS
How can you solve the pressure fluctuation problems

• Duplex or triple pistons

• Double acting piston

Single piston
 Single Plunger compressor

PRESSURE

Bar

T time

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Duplex compressor
 Duplex compressor

PRESSURE

Mean discharge pressure

Bar

T time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tipple compressor
 Triplex compressor

PRESSURE

Bar
Mean discharge pressure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T time
1.2.2. Diaphragm compressor (membrane )

The compression of gas occurs by means of a flexible membrane,

instead of an intake element.

1. Compressor types
Compressors Types

Compressors

Intermittent Flow Continuous Flow

Positive Displacement Dynamic Ejector

Reciprocating Rotary Radial Mixed Axial

Flow Flow
Piston Helical Lobe (Screw)
Diaphragm Straight Lobe Centrifugal Mixed Axial
Sliding Vane Flow flow
Liquid ring
Scroll (Spiral)
2. Dynamic compressor

The energy is continuously added by a rotating impeller to increase

the fluid energy then convert the kinetic energy to pressure energy

inside the machine.

Dynamic compressor Classification

 2.1. Axial compressor

The gas in an axial flow compressor flows in an axial direction through

a series of rotating blades (rotor disc) and stationary vanes (stator)

that Me attached to the casing.

• API 617

• Used for high Flow rate

• Used for low pressure

• Very high efficiency

 2.2. Centrifugal compressor

 Energy is transferred from a moving set of blades to the gas.

 The energy takes the form of velocity and pressure in the rotating
element, with further pressure conversion taking place in the stationary
elements.
Theory of operation for single stage compressor
Theory of operation for multistage compressor
OPPOSITE IMPELLERS
MULTI-STAGE
2.2. Centrifugal compressor

Advantages

• Continuous operation

• Low initial costs per horsepower

• Lower maintenance cost than reciprocating

• High horsepower per unit of space and weight

Disadvantages

• Lower compressor efficiency compared with axial

Comparison of centrifugal vs. Reciprocating compressors

Factor Centrifugal Reciprocating

Initial Cost low High

Maintenance Cost less More

Efficiency Medium High

Space Requirements Less More

Relocation Less Difficult More Difficult

3. Ejector Compressor

 The ejector has no moving parts.

 It is not as efficient as most of the mechanical compressors.
Driving
Fluid

Nozzle Throat Venturi

(Diffuser)

Ejector
Ejector Compressor

Driving Fluid

Ejected Fluid
Different Types of Compressors

Type Advantages Disadvantages

- Wide operating range
Centrifugal - Low maintenance - Unstable at low flow
- High reliability - Moderate efficiency

- High efficiency - Low pressure ratio per stage

- High speed capability
Axial - Higher flow for a given
- Narrow flow range
- Fragile and expensive balding
size

- Good efficiencies at low - Limited capacity

specific speed - High weight to capacity ratio
- Pressure ratio capability - Higher maintenance requirements
Positive not affected by gas - Introduces vibrations into the system
displacement properties compared with - Bigger foundation requirements
other types.
2. Compressor Selection
How to select the Compressor type

Positive D.P. Centrifugal Axial Flow

V. HIGH HIGH LOW

Pressure P
LOW HIGH V. HIGH
Flow Rate Q

S .R .V YES NO NO

Efficiency HIGH MEDIUM V. HIGH

V. HIGH LOW LOW

Maint. cost

Pulsation YES NO NO
Compressor Selection

► Application

► Operating parameter

► Space limitation / weight

► Availability

► Reliability

► maintenance

► drivers
 Day I: 4 hrs
Lesson 3

How to select the best compressor type

for your application.
 10,000 Multi cylinder plunger 10,000

5000 5000
Centrifugal multistage

2000 2000

1000 1000
Pressure

Screw Centrifugal
double suct.
500 500

PSIg
Centrifugal single stage

200 200

100 100

50 50

20 20
GPM Axial flow

10 100 1000 10000

2 5 20 50 200 500 5000
3. Centrifugal Compressor
1. Description & Features

• Small footprint and weight

• High speed (3000 rpm – 20 000 rpm)

• Generally used in high volumetric rate applications

(> 500 acfm [850 m3/h])

• Lower maintenance cost

• Most common drivers—gas turbine, electric motor

• Gas properties, e.g. T, MW, affects performance

• Variable speed operation preferred for maximum flexibility

• Surge at low flow rates

2. Classifications

* Single Stage
 2. Classifications
* Multi Stage

* High Flow rate * Medium pressure

Multi Stage
3. Gas path
Video
16
Flow path
Diffusers
Discharge Suction

Gas enters the compressor

through the suction nozzle

Work is done by a rotating

shaft
▲
▲
The rotating impellers increase ▲
the velocity and pressure of ▲▲
the gas

Impellers
Flow path
Diffusers
Discharge Suction

After leaving the impeller, the gas

flows through the diffuser where
velocity is converted to pressure

Return vanes guide the flow ▲

to the next impeller ▲
▲

▲▲

After passing all the stages the gas

leaves the compressor
Impellers
Considered part of the compressor casing

Volute function is to
convert most of the
Velocity energy
to pressure P

(v2/2g)

Volute
 FLUIDS FLOW
P2
KINAMATIC ENERGY

P1

2
2 V2 P2
V1 P1 CONSTANT +
2g
+ 2g

v <v
2 1 P >P
2 1
3. Gas path “One more”
3. Gas path

Inlet Section

- Suction nozzle

- Fin

- Inlet guide vane

Inlet Section

- Suction plenum to impeller

Impeller

The impeller blades and shroud are arranged to straighten the gas flow in radial direction
Intermediate diaphragm

- Return passage direct the flow to second impeller through the guide vanes
Discharge Section

- From Impeller to a diffuser to increase the pressure energy

Discharge Section
4. Components
1- Rotor (Shaft, Impellers, spacers, and thrust Collars)

2- Guide Elements

3- Diffuser

4- Casings (Horizontally Split, Vertically Split)

5- Diaphragm

6- Thrust force balancing

7- Inter Stage Seal and barrier seal

8- End Shaft Seal

9- Coupling

10- Bearings

11- Lube oil system

12- Driver
Design

Flow path
Impeller + Diaphragm
Inner Barrel + Bal. drum
Shaft
Rotor parts - Bearing
Casing
 1. Compressor Rotor

(Shaft, Impellers, Sleeves, Thrust Collar)

1. Compressor Rotor

1.1. Compressor Shaft

Purpose
The basic function of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques
encountered when starting and during operation while supporting the impeller
and other rotating parts.
1. Compressor Rotor

1.1. Compressor Shaft

The proximity probes area used must receive extra attention to minimize
mechanical and electrical run out.

Shaft types

Rigid shaft: it means one with an operating speed lower than its first critical

speed.

Flexible shaft: is one with an operating speed higher than its first critical speed
1.2. Compressor Impeller and Spacer

• Purpose

The basic function of the impeller is to transmit the mechanical energy to

the fluid to be pumped toward the discharge direction.

Impellers contain eye, shroud , and blades.

Very high Head
Very Low Flow Impellers Classification

High Head
High Flow

Very high Flow

Very Low Head
 Impellers Design

 Impellers are available in many

different vane designs and

configurations, depending on their

application and use. They fall into

three basic styles:

 Open

 Semi-closed

 Closed.
 Semi-Closed Impeller

 Semi-closed impellers are used in a many compressors, and may be used in a

single stage or multi-stage or even as the final stage in an axial compressor.
The blades can be straight radial , backward leaning , forward leaning, or a
combination of the blades depending on compressor design requirements.
 Closed Impeller

 Used extensively in single and multi-stage units, with up to twelve stages also
found on axial compressors as the last stage. The enclosure of the vane
permits higher pressure ratios to be achieved and the close tolerances
between impeller and diffusers minimizes leakage, resulting in higher
efficiencies
Impeller parts
1.3. Thrust collar

• Purpose

The basic function is to act the axial load on the thrust bearing to prevent
excessive axial load displacement.
2. Guide Elements
2. Guide Vanes

Guide vanes are used to direct the flow to second impeller to have the best attack

angle to minimize the effect of recirculation.

3. Compressor Diffuser
3. Compressor Volute

Considered part of the compressor casing

Volute function is to
convert most of the
Velocity energy
to pressure P

(v2/2g)

Volute
 FLUIDS FLOW
P2
KINAMATIC ENERGY

P1

2
2 V2 P2
V1 P1 CONSTANT +
2g
+ 2g

v <v
2 1 P >P
2 1
Diffusers
Diffusers
Diffusers
4. Compressor Casing
4. Compressor casing

Purpose: This casing section collects the gas discharged by the impeller and

converts velocity energy to pressure energy by volute section.

There are many types of casing.

1. Sectional split 2. Horizontally split 3. Vertically split

4. Compressor casing

1. Sectional split: They consist of a number of sections, each bolting to another

by means of tie rods.

It is usually found on small units with low-pressure ratios and small volumes.
4. Compressor casing

2. Horizontally split: The casing is split along the centre line of the housing and

bolted together by means of a large flanged area. Sealing is metal to metal,

which presents a problem when higher pressures are required. For this reason,

horizontally split casings are usually limited to less than 1000 psig
4. Compressor casing

3. Vertically split (barrel split): The casing is made up of a cylindrical or barrel

casing with a removable front cover. The compressor rotor and impellers are

housed inside a horizontally split casing which is then contained within the barrel.
3. Vertically split (barrel split): The casing is used in high-pressure applications

(up to 10 000 psig). The barrel casing is sealed by the front cover, which is bolted

and sealed with an O-ring. Some designs incorporate a single end cover whereas

others allow the removal of both ends.

5. Diaphragm
5. Compressor Diaphragm
it is the stationary members
located inside a multistage
casing.
Purpose:
The function of the diaphragm
is to act as a diffuser for the
impeller and a channel to redirect
the gas into the following stage.

The diaphragm also acts as the

carrier for the impeller eye seal
and the interstage shaft seal.

Most cast diaphragms are made

of iron
Diaphragms
5. Compressor Diaphragm
The diaphragm can be as a one unit or may be two halves.

The diaphragm assembly makes up an inner barrel. The assembly and rotor are
removed from the barrel casing as a unit using a special fixture
5. Compressor Diaphragm
On horizontally split casing compressors, the diaphragm assembly
are assembled as halves, fitted in each casing half.
6. Thrust Force Balancing
6. Compressor thrust force balance

Pd
BALANCED
Pd ZONE

PS Pd UNBALANCED
ZONE

UNBALANCED
PS Pd Pd ZONE

BALANCED
Pd ZONE
 Balancing Room
1. BALANCING DRUM

BALANCING LINE

Balancing Drum
P1 P2 P3 P4

P4 P0
P0 P1 – P0
+
P2 – P1
+
P3 – P2
+
P4 – P3 P4 – P0
P4 P0

P1 – P0 + P2 – P1 + P3 – P2 + P4 – P3

P4 – P0 P4 – P0
 Balancing Room

BALANCING LINE

Balancing Drum
12 22 32 42

42 2
2 12 – 2
+
22 – 12
+
32– 22
+
42 – 32 42 – 2
42 2

12 –2+ 22 – 12 + 32 – 22 + 42 – 32

40 40
2. BALANCING Piston

Video 10
3. Impeller arrangement

OPPOSITE IMPELLERS
MULTI STAGE
OPPOSITE IMPELLERS
MULTI-STAGE
3. Impeller arrangement (Back to Back)
7. Inter Stage Seal and barrier seal
7. Inter-stage Seal

1. Labyrinth Seal

Labyrinth seal consists of a series of knife edges blades which are

designated limits gas leakage axially along a shaft. They will not provide
a tight seal but can reduce leakage to acceptable limits. They are
frequently used between the impellers and diaphragm.
1. Labyrinth Seal
Labyrinth types
 2- Buffer Seals (External buffer source)

 The contact seal can be used under 1,000 psig.

Seal gas nitrogen

nitrogen
oil

Equipment
2- Buffer Seals (External buffer source)
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal
- Carbon Ring Seal components
8. End Shaft Seal
8. End Shaft Seal

Dry Gas Seal

• Dry gas seal are designed much

like the mechanical seal in pumps,
except that the rotating seal face
has a spiral groove.

• This grooves compressor a small

gap which keeps the seal faces
separated.

• The leakage through the seal

less than 0.1% of the compressor
flow.
Dry Gas Seal

Theory of Operation- 1

Loose ring set screwed to the shaft

Theory of Operation- 2

Wear here will create leakage.

O-ring prevents leakage through the bore

Theory of Operation- 3

Leak path Large component.

Heat generated here

Spring ensures automatic adjustment

Theory of Operation- 4

Recirculation Gasket or O-ring

for cooling

Secondary Seal Tertiary Seal.

Primary Seal
Theory of Operation- 5

Spring or Spring Force. Seat or Mating Ring

Face or Primary Ring

Theory of Operation- 6

Uneven spring pressure

Face driven by spring
(Positive drive preferred)

Uni-directional Spring force unstable.

Excessive length
2- Dry Gas Seal

Main Components

Stationary ring: has a flat and smooth inner surface

•Rotating ring: has a special grooves on its surface
•Springs: to accommodate the axial movement of the shaft
 Dry gas seal

With rotation filtered process gas is drawn inwards towards

the root of the groove. Flowing towards the root of the
groove the gas gains pressure.

Rotating ring
Dry Gas Seal

Design Features

► We do not loose any power for friction due to the contact but we find a gas
leakage.
► Clearance during operation ~ 5 Microns
► Spiral Grooves depth ~ 10 Microns “Human hair: 50-75 Microns”.
► Spiral grooves have a several designs
Dry Gas Seal

Operating Condition Parameter Dependency

• Gas type

• Pressure

• Temperature

• Speed

• Clearance between rings

• Materials
Dry Gas Seal

Seal Arrangement

•Single seal

•Tandem seal

•Tandem seal with

intermediate labyrinth

•Double opposed seal

•Triple seal
Dry Gas Seal

Seal Arrangement

•Single seal: Used at moderate pressure up to 100 barg.

Dry Gas Seal

Seal Arrangement

•Tandem seal (Back up for safety battery): used for pressure up to 320 barg.
Dry Gas Seal

Seal Arrangement

•Tandem seal with intermediate labyrinth: Use inert gas at the secondary

seal.
Dry Gas Seal

Seal Arrangement

•Double opposed seal: Used for pressure up to 50 barg and suitable

for contaminated gas.

Dry Gas Seal

Seal Arrangement

•Triple seal: Used for high pressure application but need axial space.

Used for toxic application

Dry Gas Seal

Seal System
2- Dry Gas Seal

Seal System
9. Compressor Coupling
9. Compressor Coupling

► What are power transmission couplings?

► Why flexible couplings?

► Types of couplings

► Coupling selection
What are power transmission couplings?
Coupling Types

► Rigid

► Flexible

- Mechanical

- Elastomeric

- Metal Membrane

- Resilient
Flexible coupling Types

1. Mechanical

1.1. Gear

1.2. Spring grid

2. Elastomeric

2.1. Jaw - compression and shear types

2.2. Pin & Bush

3. Membrane

1. disc
1.1. Gear Coupling “Mechanical”

► Requires Lubrication

► Transmits very high torques through splines

► Accommodates misalignment by clearance between splines

► Wears out, needs regular spares

1.2. Grid-type Coupling “Mechanical”

► Requires lubrication

► Accommodates misalignment axial sliding and bending of spring

2.1. Jaw Coupling “Elastomeric”

► Low torque Capacity So, it is limited power capacity

► Accommodate misalignment by elastomers deformation/sliding

► No lubrication needed

► Lower cost
2.2. Pin & bush Coupling “Elastomeric”

► Accommodates misalignment by elastomer deformation and sliding

► No lubrication

► Not suited to high powers or speeds

3. Disc type Coupling “Membrane “

► Excellent inherent balance

► Infinite life

► Accommodates misalignment by deformation/bending of thin

membranes

► Can be used from low kW to highest powers and speeds

3. Disc type Coupling “Membrane “
10. Bearings
Bearings

• Purpose: is a machine element that constrains relative motion and reduces friction

between moving parts to only the desired motion.

a. loads
b. Types: Plain, antifriction, and magnetic

• 1. Plain bearing, also known by the specific styles: bushing, journal bearing,

sleeve bearing, tilted pad bearing.

• Tilted pad bearings for thrust loads
• Tilted pad bearings for radial loads
2. Antifriction bearing

Ball Bearings
2. Antifriction bearing

Roller Bearings
3. Magnetic bearing, in which the load is carried by a magnetic field.
A magnetic bearing is a bearing that supports a load
using magnetic levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving parts without
physical contact. For instance, they are able to levitate a rotating shaft and permit
relative motion with very low friction and no mechanical wear.
c. Lubrication oil or grease
11. Lube Oil System
 Oil REFRENCE
System SEAL OIL
HEAD TANK
LINE

and Opened
Sealing
System

FILTERS
Gas to flare

Drain Drain
pot pot

Oil to disposal

OIL PUMPS

SEAL OIL COOLER

SEAL OIL TANK

HEATER
 In case of
REFRENCE
power failure SEAL OIL
HEAD TANK
LINE

Closed

FILTERS
Gas to flare

Drain Drain
pot pot

Oil to disposal

OIL PUMPS

SEAL OIL COOLER

SEAL OIL TANK

HEATER
 To Lube Oil Reservoir
LUBE OIL
Rundown 7000 mm Above
SYSTEM Tank Machine C/L

Lube Supply Oil Header

From Lube
Oil Control Electric
Valve Motor

LSC

G box HSC

Centrifugal
Compressor

To Main Lube Oil Reservoir Lube Oil Drain Header

12. Compressor Driver
Rotating Machinery “Driver”

► Turbines

Gas

Steam

Water

Wind

► Reciprocating or Hydraulic

Diesel/ Gas

Hydraulic or air operated Motors

► Electric Motors

Variable speed/variable frequency

13. Protection System
Process Side

• Pressure: PSL, PSH, PSLL, PSHH on discharge and suction

• Flow: FSL, FSLL, FSH, FSHH

• Liquid level in suctio : LSHH

• Temperature on suction/discharge: TSH, TSL, TSHH, TSLL

Seal Gas circuit

• Primary seal gas leakage: PSH, PSHH, FSH, FSHH

• Secondary seal gas leakage: PSH, PSHH, FSH, FSHH

Oil circuit

• Pressure: PSL, PSLL

• Flow: FSL, FSLL, FSH, FSHH

• Level in tank: LSL, LSLL

• Temperature “oil”: TSL, TSH, TSHH

• Bearing metal temperature: TSH, TSHH

Buffer gas

• Pressure: PSL, PSLL

Vibration

• X - direction: XIH, XIHH

• Y- direction: TIH, YIHH

• Axial - direction: SDH, SDHH

Overload

• Motor power: IH, IHH

• Soft starter: SCF not synchronizing