Application Notes: Smoke Value Measurement With The Filter-Paper-Method

SMOKE VALUE MEASUREMENT WITH THE
FILTER-PAPER-METHOD
Application Notes
June 2005
AT1007E, Rev. 02
Copyright 2005 by AVL List GmbH, Graz - Austria
The contents of this document may not be reproduced in any form or communicated to any third party without the
prior written consent of AVL.
While every effort is made to ensure its correctness, AVL assumes no responsibility neither for errors and omissions
which may occur in this document nor for damage caused by them.
All mentioned trademarks or registered trademarks are owned by their respective owners.
Printed in Austria at AVL.

All rights reserved.
Table of Contents 3
Table Of Contents
1 What You Should Know............................................................................................... 7

1.1 Safety Instructions .........................................................7
1.2 Intended Application ......................................................7
1.3 Introduction.....................................................................7
1.4 About this Documentation.............................................8
1.4.1 Typographic Conventions ............................................ 9
1.4.2 We Want to Hear from You.......................................... 9
2 Functional Principle................................................................................................... 11
2.1 General ..........................................................................11
2.1.1 Measuring Principle ................................................... 11
2.1.2 Effective Sampling Length ......................................... 11
2.1.3 Diaphragm Pump versus Reciprocating Pump .......... 13
2.1.4 "Auto Range" Measurement ...................................... 14
2.1.5 "Auto Range" Online Measurement ........................... 14
2.1.6 Optical Evaluation ...................................................... 15
2.2 Explanation of Terms ................................................... 16
2.2.1 Paper Blackening (PB), Blackening Number
(SZ and/or SZB) ......................................................... 16
2.2.2 Filter Smoke Number (FSN)
According to ISO 10054............................................. 17
2.2.3 Pollution Level (PL) According to JIS D 8004 ............ 18
2.3 AVL Smoke Meter 409 ..................................................20
2.4 AVL Smoke Meter 415 ..................................................21
2.5 AVL Smoke Meter 415S................................................22
3 Factors Influencing the Measurement Value........................................................... 23

3.1 General Guidelines for Smoke Value Measurements23
3.1.1 Choice of Sampled Volume ....................................... 23
3.1.2 Exhaust Gas Sampling .............................................. 24
3.1.3 Filter Paper ................................................................ 24
3.1.4 Maintenance .............................................................. 26
3.2 Recommended Test Setup .......................................... 26
3.3 Influence of Exhaust Gas Humidity, Device- and
Sampling Temperature.................................................28
3.3.1 Moisture Influence...................................................... 28
3.3.2 Temperature Influence............................................... 30
3.4 Influence of the Sampling Technique.........................35
3.4.1 Length and Material of the Sampling Line ................. 35
Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

Filter-Paper-Method – Application Notes
4 Table of Contents
4 Precision Measurements with Smoke Values < 0.5 FSN........................................ 37

4.1 Necessary Test Conditions .........................................37
4.1.1 Environment and Device Construction....................... 37
4.1.2 Engine and Exhaust System...................................... 37
4.1.3 Measuring System AVL 415S and Operation ............ 38
4.2 Zero Point Accuracy..................................................... 40
4.2.1 Dependency on the Sampling Length........................ 40
4.2.2 Checking of the Zero Point Accuracy......................... 41
4.3 Setting the Optimal Sampling Time ............................44
4.3.1 Paper Blackening with Soot Concentrations <10 mg/m³
respectively FSN <=1 – Dependence on the Sampling
Time ........................................................................... 44
4.3.2 Example for the Optimal Setting of the Sampling Time .
45
5 Comparison Measurements ...................................................................................... 49

5.1 Methodics......................................................................49
5.1.1 General ...................................................................... 49
5.1.2 Testing Equipment Layout ......................................... 50
5.1.3 Recommendation for the Statistical Evaluation of
Measured Data with Synchronous Arrangement
Measurements of two Devices................................... 51
5.2 Definitions .....................................................................53
5.2.1 Accuracy .................................................................... 53
5.2.2 Precision .................................................................... 53
5.2.3 Repeatability .............................................................. 53
5.2.4 Reproducibility ........................................................... 54
5.2.5 Comparison Measurements of Different Devices ...... 54
5.2.6 Reproducibility of the AVL 415S (Heated) ................. 55
5.3 Comparison of Measurement Values AVL 409, AVL 415
and AVL 415S................................................................ 57
5.3.1 Device Comparison AVL 409 / AVL 415 .................... 57
5.3.2 Device Comparison AVL 415S (G001 Unheated)
/ AVL 415S (G001 Heated) ........................................ 58
5.3.3 AVL 415 / AVL 415S Device Comparison
(unheated).................................................................. 61
5.3.4 Device Comparison AVL 415S G001
/ AVL 415S G002 ....................................................... 61
5.4 FSN-Opacity Correlation..............................................92
https://www.avl.com/emissions
Table of Contents 5
6 Smoke Value Measurement of Large Engines ........................................................ 97

6.1 Recommendations .......................................................97
6.2 Influences on the Measurement..................................99
7 Special Sampling ..................................................................................................... 101

7.1 Special Sampling Option 415S..................................101
7.1.1 General .................................................................... 101
7.1.2 Mode of Operation ................................................... 102
7.1.3 Installation................................................................ 104
8 Summary................................................................................................................... 105

6 Table of Contents
What You Should Know 7
1 What You Should Know
1.1 Safety Instructions

This documentation contains important warnings and safety instruc-
tions to be observed by the user. Smooth operation only is ensured, if
the necessary prerequisites and safety measures are kept.
1.2 Intended Application

The product is only intended for the area of application which is
described in the documentation. No warranty and/or liability is granted,
if the product is applied in areas other than those described, or if the
necessary prerequisites and safety measures are not met.
1.3 Introduction
Because of simple operability, the fast data availability and the clear
indication of the emitted soot concentration in the exhaust gas of
internal combustion engines, but also due to the cost efficiency, the
smoke measurement with the filter paper method has become the
standard for engine test bed applications.
This application paper describes the suitability of smoke meters for the
measurement of low particle emissions, as they are found in modern
diesel engines in cars, trucks and in direct injection otto engines.
Fundamental functional necessities for the smoke measurement at
very low soot emission levels will be shown, research results of factors
influencing the measurement data are going to be identified and
measures to guarantee the measurement accuracy will be presented.
Low emission levels of modern and future diesel engines require a
technological advancement of instruments for particle and smoke
measurement. With the rising demands on the measurement accuracy
of the smoke meter, the specifications of the sensor itself are no longer
the only decisive factor but also the control over the whole measuring
system is key to an increased reproducibility.

As a result of the advancement of the AVL Smoke Meter a heating

system for the unit and the sampling line was implemented. Because
of these measures to raise the accuracy, measuring differences
between the old and the new (AVL 409, 415, 415S) Filter Smoke
Meters were found. Also results differed between the heated and
non-heated units, between AVL 415S G001 and G002 and also for
different sample probe locations. In this application paper the results of
a research upon the influential impact of different units and different
probe locations upon the measuring results are shown. In addition, an
example shall be given with a detailed description of the experimental
setup, under which conditions the measurements of different equip-
ment types can be compared to each other.
In addition this application paper shall give recommendations for the
test setup and the application for special measurement tasks.
All represented numerical values the (deviations, differences between
the instruments) are connected closely to test carrier that has been
available for the examination.
Different combustion chamber geometries, burning methods etc. cause
for example different particle size distributions for different engine load
situations. An exact (quantitative) verification should therefore be
carried out with the corresponding emission sources themselves.
However the comparison of measurements between different test
carriers has shown that the obtained numerical values describe
different influences on the measurement results qualitatively well.
1.4 About this Documentation

Target group This documentation refers to application engineers and technicians in
measurement engineering.
Further For further information please refer to the following documentation:
information
AVL 415S Smoke Meter, Operating Manual
(material number AT1240E)
AVL 415S Smoke Meter, Special Sampling Option 415S
AVL 415S Smoke Meter, Calibration and Adjustment Procedure
What You Should Know 9
1.4.1 Typographic Conventions

This documentation uses the following icons (symbols) and standard
text styles:
ATTENTION!
Icon and text indicate a warning of situations or actions that could
potentially lead to personal injury, hardware damages and/or signifi-
cant data loss.
Important: Icon and text indicate very important information or

instructions. If these instructions are ignored, you will not be able, or
will have (significant) difficulties, to finish the actions described in this
documentation.
Note: Icon and text indicate specific or further information (e.g. tip,
other documentation).
1.4.2 We Want to Hear from You

Your comments and suggestions help us to improve our documenta-
tions.
Whether you want to suggest an improvement to a particular manual,
complain that a concept is not explained well enough or point out an
error, we want to know.
To this end, we have created the following e-mail address for all docu-
mentation-based correspondence:
[email protected]
We look forward to hearing from you!

Functional Principle 11
2 Functional Principle
2.1 General
2.1.1 Measuring Principle

A subset of the exhaust gas is taken from the exhaust gas line with a
probe and sucked through a filter paper. The blackening of the filter
paper caused thereby is measured with a reflectometer and indicates
the soot content in the exhaust gas.
The blackening of the filter paper primarily depends on the soot
concentration in the exhaust gas and the "effective filter length"
(exhaust gas volume related to the filter area.)
The value 0 is assigned to the unloaded, clean filter paper and the
absolutely black paper filter that is loaded with soot is assigned to the
value SZB 10 (blackening number according to Bosch), or 100 %
blackening (primarily in Asia shown as a pollution level PL).
2.1.2 Effective Sampling Length

The decisive parameter for the smoke meter is the exhaust gas volume
related to the loaded filter face, which is the "effective sampling length".
In order to create comparable conditions, this has to be related to norm
conditions.
ISO DP 10054 is defined:
sampled volume – dead volume – leakage volume
effective sampling length = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
filter area
whereas the volumes are to be related to 298 K and 1 bar (see Fig. 1
on page 12)
The effective length was standardized from ISO DP 10054 with
405 mm, because this value results of the nominal sizes of standard
smoke meters (Bosch hand pump), a sampled volume of 330 cm³ and
a loaded paper face of 8.15 cm² (Ø 32 mm).
That means, that the Filter Smoke Number (FSN) defined from ISO
with the effective sampling length of 405 mm under consideration of
pressure and temperature of the sampled volume (298 K, 1 bar) is
nothing else than a more precise defined Bosch Number.
The dead volume is the volume of the gas way from the sampling point
up to the filter paper (consists of the volume of the sampling probe, the
sampling line and the gas way in the device between the line connec-
tion and the filter paper). By purging the system with clean air immedi-
ately before the sampling it can be guaranteed that no soot particles
are present in the dead volume.

The leakage volume is caused mainly by transverse currents of the

filter at the suction unit, but also by leakages in the sampling system
(for example sampling reciprocating sealing).
Diagram showing the principal of exhaust gas sampling with FSN
measuring instruments (AVL 415, AVL 415S), relationship between
sampling volumes, effective length and filter area
1 Effective sampling length

2 Dead volume
3 Take out volume
4 Filter area
Fig. 1
2.1.3 Diaphragm Pump versus Reciprocating Pump

The AVL Smoke Meters 415 and 415S use, unlike the AVL 409, a new
sampling technique: The traditional reciprocating pump is replaced by
a continuously sampling diaphragm pump.
Through the use of the electronically operated diaphragm pump it is
possible to make a sampled volume and/or sampling time preselection.
Especially with smoke values in the low range (below 1 SZB, particu-
larly below 0.5 SZB) it is not possible to reach dependable results with
devices based on the reciprocating pump principle with a fixed
sampled volume. The reason for this is the small filter blackening close
to the white reference level that does not allow any precise optical
evaluation. The problem can be solved with an increased sampled
volume in a way that the filter loading is increased so far that the
optical evaluation is performed at optimal blackening degree.
Reciprocating pump versus diaphragm pump
1 Exhaust gas stream

Fig. 2
With the electronically operated diaphragm pump the sampled volume

can be varied. The speed of sample taking is constant.

2.1.4 "Auto Range" Measurement

The sampled volume preselection should be set in a way that the
current paper blackening is at 2.5 ± 1.5. The standard sampled volume
of 1 liter is to be increased for example to 3 liters at small engine load
levels, with high load levels a reduction has to be made for example to
1
/3 liters.
The AVL Smoke Meters 415 and 415S are equipped with "Auto Range"
functions, that suck up the ideal sampled volume for the evaluation of
the result . This is performed either by consideration of the pressure
drop ("Auto Range" Online), or based on the filter blackening of a first
pre-measurement with a defined sampled volume of 200 cm³ ("Auto
Range"). This is further described in section 5.7 of the Operating
Manual.
The "Auto Range" measurement with a pre-measurement guarantees
a paper blackening closer to the optimum value than the measurement
"Auto Range" Online does. Due to this it should generally be preferred.
The paper consumption in this case is higher than with the measure-
ment "Auto Range" Online.
In case the exhaust gas pressure may change at the sample location
during the measurement, the "Auto Range" Online measurement
should generally not be used.
2.1.5 "Auto Range" Online Measurement

As already mentioned above, with this type of measurement an optimal
filter loading is determined by the pressure difference over the filter.
After a certain threshold value is reached (upper and lower limit can be
set manually in order to protect the system) the measurement is
stopped and the result will be shown.
Since the device does not have the ability to recognize whether the
pressure drop is due to the filter loading or due to the the exhaust
system, the measurement may only be made at fixed points, the
exhaust gas temperature at the sampling point should be constant and
the venting system should work continuously in order to guarantee a
constant pressure at the sampling point.
2.1.6 Optical Evaluation

The filter blackening is measured with a reflectometer.
Filter paper loaded with soot reflects almost ideally diffuse and the
absorption characteristics are independent of the light’s wavelength to
a large extent. The influence on the reflectometer’s value through the
geometrical setup of the light source and sensor, the kind of light and
the spectral sensitiveness of the sensor can be neglected in general.
In contrast most gray value discs available on the market have oppo-
site qualities during the optical calibration. Their reflection is partly
directional and their absorption depends on the wavelength. These
gray standard discs can therefore not be used for the calibration of
different reflectometers.
Under the condition "Reflectometer value = 0" (this means a sample
with absorption = 100 % and reflection = 0 %) there are two different
definitions for the relative reflectometer value (radiance factor) and the
actual measured value of the filter smoke meters:
For Asia (JIS D 8004) the filter blackening is measured absolute,
this means according to an independent white value standard and
is shown as a pollution level (PL) in %.
In Europe and America (ISO 10054) the filter blackening is rela-
tive, this means it is compared to the unblackened filter paper and
shown as a Filter Smoke Number (FSN).

2.2 Explanation of Terms
2.2.1 Paper Blackening (PB), Blackening Number (SZ and/or SZB)

Under paper blackening PB, the blackening degree which is detected
on the filter paper is ment. PB is also often described as a blackening
number from 0 to 10. Since this value does not only depend on the
soot concentration in the exhaust gas but also on the effective
sampling length, such "raw blackening values" are related – for the
better comparability – to a sampling length of 405 mm (Bosch hand
pump) and shown as a blackening number according to Bosch (SZB).
The paper blackening is determined by diffuse reflection of the black-
ened filter paper. The measuring principle is shown in Fig. 3 on page
17.
Definition of the paper blackening value (PB):
100 – R R
PB = ----------------------- (1)
10
RP
RR = ⋅ 100 % (2)
RF
RP … reflectometer value of sample

RF … reflectometer value of the unblackened paper
RR … relative brightness of the sample (relative radiance factor)
Components of the reflectometer head and measuring principal of the

Smoke Meter.
1 Reflectometer
2 Light source
3 Detector
4 Clean filter
5 Blackened filter
Fig. 3
The following situation should be pointed out: The Bosch blackening

scale reaches, as already mentioned, from 0 to 10. At the old AVL
Smoke Meter 409 only values of SZ = 0 to SZ = 9 could be
measured.
The basis for that can be found in the sampled volume being 1 liter for
the AVL 409 (that is the triple sampled volume of the Bosch pump) and
the absolute blackening of the filter paper already occurs at SZ = 9.
The conversion of the 409 paper blackening with 1 liter sampled
volume to the value of SZB (for 330 cm3 sampled volume) was
performed either by the Lineariser 4011-A01, at the non-linear analog
scale or via compensation of the measurement data acquisition
(PUMA) for the test bed version 409-S.
2.2.2 Filter Smoke Number (FSN) According to ISO 10054

Definition of the measured value "Filter Smoke Number "(FSN):
FSN = PB, if the corresponding effective sampling length is 405 mm.
The sampled volume is related to 298 K and 1 bar.
Note: The filter blackening is relative, that means it is determined in

relation to the unblackened filter paper. Because of this the measured
value becomes virtually independent of the brightness of the unblack-
ened filter paper.

2.2.3 Pollution Level (PL) According to JIS D 8004

Definition:
PL = 100 − 1,15 ⋅ R A [% ] (3)
The corresponding effective sampling length is ~380 mm.
RP
RA = ⋅ 100 (4)
RS
RP … reflectometer value of the sample

RS … reflectometer value of a standard white value (for example
magnesium oxide)
RA … absolute brightness of the sample (absolute radiance factor)
Only at RA = 87 % for unblackened filter paper the measured value of a

"clean" exhaust gas (no soot) is at PL = 0.
JIS D 8004 defines, however, RA = 90 ± 1.5 % for the unblackened
filter paper.
Usually the measuring instrument is calibrated with gray standard discs
(RA = 43.5 % and therefore PL = 50 %).
Due brightness variations of gray standard discs and unblackened filter
paper, negative measured values (-2 % to … -10 %) may occur in prac-
tise for "clean" exhaust gas.
Remark:
The filter blackening is absolute; this means it is determined by an
independent standard. Due to this fact the measured value of a hardly
blackened sample becomes strongly dependent on the brightness of
the unblackened filter paper.
For a rough comparison SZB and FSN can be multiplied (for 405 mm
effective sampling length) with 10 in order to find a percentage value
for the pollution level (PL). Since the measured value depends also on
the brightness of the unblackened paper – with this absolute calibrated
procedure – in the practice, however, the following factors have to be
considered [CHR-94]:
If an AVL Smoke Meter is to be compared with a device that shows the
results as pollution level, the measured value of the AVL Smoke Meter
should be converted in following way:
1. Find the "offset" of the absolute optical evaluation of the compara-
tive instrument.
Offset = measurement value PL in % at unblackened filter paper
2. Calculate the equivalent pollution level (PLequi) of the AVL Smoke

Meter as follows:
100 – Offset
PL equi [%] = FSN × --------------------------------- + Offset (5)
10
Example:
From an offset = -6 % follows:
100 + 6
PL equi [%] = FSN × --------------------- – 6 (6)
10
Relationship between FSN and PL with an offset of -6 %
Fig. 4

2.3 AVL Smoke Meter 409

The AVL Smoke Meter 409 arose by improvement of the wide spread
Bosch hand pump. Due to this the AVL 409 shows the "blackening
number according to Bosch" as a non-linear measure of the soot
content in the exhaust gas. Between the smoke value (SZB) and the
soot content in gram/cubic meter an almost logarithmic connection
exists.
The AVL 409 instrument consists of the sampling- and measuring
instrument "409D2 Sampler", the electronic controlling and evalu-
ating-device "4010-A01 Smoke Meter" and the exhaust gas sampling
probe along with polyvinyl chloride sampling line. Sampling with the
reciprocating pump, filter paper transport and the paper fastening
device "sampler 409D2" the instrument acted pneumatically and was
controlled by the evaluation device "4010-A01" and an engine driven
cam controller mechanism with magnetic valves [AVL-87].
Mechanics on the inside of the AVL Smoke Meter 409
Fig. 5
The principle of sampling through a reciprocating pump is outlined.
2.4 AVL Smoke Meter 415

The AVL Smoke Meter 415 was developed as a succession device of
the AVL 409 around the increasing demand for accuracy and repeat-
ability of measurements with low smoke values and to minimize the
maintenance efforts.
The essential constructive change formed a new sampling technique:
The traditional reciprocating pump was replaced by a continuously
sampling, electronically operated diaphragm pump. This allows free
variation of the sample quantity (and sampling time) and therefore also
the measurement of very small soot concentrations. Recording of the
test gas pressure and temperature builds the basis for the comparison
of results to standards. According to ISO 10054 [ISO-98] the measured
value is defined in FSN (Filter Smoke Number) and no longer as SZB
(Bosch blackening number). The FSN is, unlike the SZB, defined,
among other things, by the thermodynamic state of the test gas with
25 °C and 1 bar for the sampled volume [CHR-93]. The sampling
speed is constant in this case and it is possible to determine correct,
reproducible integral values for transient engine applications.
Further differences to AVL 409 are the operation without compressed
air, the possibility of multiple measurements with automatic averaging
and the "Auto Range" feature [AVL-98].
The option two channel measurement provides the connection of a
second sampling line and increases the efficiency of the Smoke Meter.
AVL Smoke Meter 415 – sampling principle by using a diaphragm
pump
Fig. 6

2.5 AVL Smoke Meter 415S

The AVL Smoke Meter 415S operates with the same principles as the
already described AVL Smoke Meter 415. The improvements in
comparison to the AVL 415 concern the optionally integrated heating of
the device and sampling system as well as a raised filter paper
capacity including the recoiling system for the filter paper, which essen-
tially increases the number of tests that can be performed with one roll
of filter paper.
A further difference to AVL 415 is based in the improved operability
due to the modified device design (for example replacement of the filter
paper role).
As a new sampling line material Viton replaces the silicone material
used for the AVL 415.
The protection against intrusion of solid foreign bodies and water is
guaranteed in the AVL Smoke Meter 415S according to class IP34.
The control of the instrument can be performed via the operating
terminal interface of a test bed computer or via the Instrument
Controller AVL 4210 [AVL-02].
AVL Smoke Meter 415S, mechanics – sampling via a diaphragm pump
(principle)
Fig. 7
Factors Influencing the Measurement Value 23
3 Factors Influencing the

Measurement Value
3.1 General Guidelines for Smoke Value Measurements
3.1.1 Choice of Sampled Volume

Fundamentally the sampled volume is supposed to be chosen in a
way, that the value of the resulting paper blackening is not below
PB = 0.5 and not above PB = 8. A PB range of > 1 and < 5 is recom-
mended. In the "Auto Range" mode the sampled volume is chosen for
a paper blackening of PB ~2.5.
If the expected FSN level is near FSN > 1, the device should be oper-
ated with a sampled volume of 1 liter (corresponds to a sampling time
preselection of 6 s).
To measure very high soot concentrations (FSN > 6) the sampled
volume must be reduced down to 1/3 liters.
With smaller load levels (FSN < 1) the sampled volume has to be
increased in a way that the paper blackening is approximately 2.5.
Investigations on the device variance showed that a sampled volume
and/or sampling time increase affects the variance positively. A
comparison between heated and unheated smoke meters show
increasing measurement value differences at increasing sampled
volumes.
The reason therefore is the condensate loss inclination rising with
advancing sampling time which can be compensated by heating of the
sampling system and the device.
Details on this can be found in “Setting the Optimal Sampling Time” on
page 44.
The connection between suction time and sampled volumes is in given
by following relation:
6 sec of sampling time correspond to about 1 liter sampled volume
This connection partly depends on the measured value itself, the
particle kind and the particle composition.

24 Factors Influencing the Measurement Value
3.1.2 Exhaust Gas Sampling

The sampling probe is supposed to be mounted in a straight section of
the exhaust pipe. Curves in the exhaust pipe should not occur in a
minimum distance of 6 times the tube diameter and the triple diam-
eter's to the sampling probe.
The sampling probes and sampling line should be applied ascending
(condensate backflow is supposed to be possible).
The sampling line is supposed to be mounted with as few unnecessary
bends as possible. An exhaust gas connection as straight as possible
from the sampling point to the device prevents larger deposits.
The corresponding sampling line for the device types always has to be
used.
The sampling lines are supposed to be as short as possible and when
doing comparison measurements (also two channel measurements) of
the same length. With a long sampling line (>2 m) heated lines are
recommended.
In order to use the heating function of the sampling lines and the
device in the most efficient way, it should be noted that also the
exhaust gas and the components in front of the heated sampling
system (sampling probe, standard sampling line connection) should
have a temperature of at least 70 °C.
Even if the AVL 415S Smoke Meter is not in operation, by the time
condensate forms inside and particles deposit in the sampling probe
and lines. Therefore the probe should be dismantled from the exhaust
pipe, when no tests are performed for a longer period of time.
The sampling lines should be purged with compressed air on a regular
basis in order to remove condensate and particle deposits (use
cleaned, oil and condensate-free compressed air). For this purpose
see section 11.3 of the Operating Manual.
3.1.3 Filter Paper

In the AVL 415S Smoke Meter instrument AVL S&S type 597LA stan-
dard paper is used.
The filter paper used in smoke meters consists of cotton fibers whose
state is influenced by hardly controllable factors such as climatic condi-
tions during the growth of the cotton plant. Because of this AVL stan-
dard paper passes tight quality controls and only those paper charges
that correspond to the narrow specifications are accepted.
The segregation-efficiency of the AVL standard paper for diesel parti-
cles at the flow rate applied in the smoke meter is considered in the
correlation curve paper blackening versus filter loading for the determi-
nation of the Filter Smoke Number. If filter paper is used which does
not correspond to the AVL standard deviations of the measured value
have to be expected.
AVL paper type 597LA is specified with 50 % of segregation degrees

for normparticle DOP (DOP = Dioctylphtalate) for 0.3 µm (DOP. artifi-
cial particles with a homogeneous size of 0.3 µm). The filter effect for
soot particles is, however, practically 95 % (also for particle sizes of
100 nm and smaller). This means, that even particles that are smaller
than the spaces between the fibers of the paper is filtered.
Important: The quality of the filter paper has a considerable influence

on the measured FSN values. Only when using original filter paper
the results of the device can be guaranteed to be right!
Further warehouse conditions can influence certain filter paper
parameters during time.
Store the filter paper in a contamination-free environment, that is

protected against chemical influences, light, radiation, heat, cold, mois-
ture, dust etc.
Recommendations:
Temperatures in the range of 15 to 28 °C.
A relative air humidity in the range of 30 to 65 % and
The avoidance of sudden temperature and moisture variations.
Under these conditions the filter paper is sufficiently protected in its

original packing and will last for about 10 years.
According to differing environmental conditions the filter paper has to
be stored in corresponding containers, as for example:
Densely sealing metal, glass or plastic containers,
Glued or welded plastic or metal foils or plastic-coated paper.
Make sure, when choosing plastics, that chemical influences can be

avoided!
For the transportation and short storage (up to 14 days) the tempera-
ture and humidity conditions outside, when packed in its original
packing, may be outside of the specifications. However, condensation
moisture and wetness must be avoided. While handling with the filter
paper, pollution of any kind should/must be avoided.

3.1.4 Maintenance
To guarantee a high accuracy and repeatability of the instrument,
regular maintenance of the device is necessary. A more precise expla-
nation can be found in chapter 11 of the Operating Manuals of the
respective device [AVL-98], [AVL-02]. At this place only the most
important measures are supposed to be called into memory:
Regular calibration of the sampled volume
Regular leak check by performing external and internal leakage
tests
Control and cleaning of the optical measurement head
Regular check of the soot blackening at the filter paper
(diameter, homogeneousness and edges of the blackened area)
Regular cleaning or preferably replacement of sampling probe
and sampling lines
Regular exchange of the internal pre-filters of the instrument
Regular lubrication of all moving parts of the filter paper transport
and clamping device
3.2 Recommended Test Setup

Fig. 8 on page 27 shows a recommendation on how to locate the
sample probes of different exhaust gas analyzers into the exhaust pipe
of an engine. For certification, attention must be paid to laws and regu-
lations. The requirements of the individual systems must be considered
from the documentation.
Recommended order of sample probe locations of different exhaust

gas analyzers in the exhaust pipe
1 Engine
2 Catalyst
3 Analysis of exhaust gases plant pre-cat.
4 Analysis of exhaust gases plant post-cat.
5 Partial flow dilution tunnel for the gravimetric particle measurement
6 Opacity measuring instrument
7 Smoke Meter
Fig. 8
The measurements of the different instruments are supposed to be

coordinated in a way that no measurement is carried out while another
device is being purged which is mounted upstreams in the exhaust gas
line.
Devices that lead back the entire or even a part of their sample volume,
should do so downstreams all other sampling points.
During analysis of influencing factors onto a considered parameter a
reference must be available for comparison. Since combustion engines
(in this case used for the exhaust gas generation) already show varia-
tions, it is reasonable to capture the basis through the use of a refer-
ence device with constant settings. The influence of a parameter
variation can in this case be seen as the difference between to the test-
and the reference device.
Important: From our experience in particle measurement we noticed

that results measured on engines in different laboratories can show
deviations up to 15 % [STE-89].

3.3 Influence of Exhaust Gas Humidity, Device- and

Sampling Temperature
3.3.1 Moisture Influence

Definition and explanation of basic terms:
Relative Humidity [%]
The state of (unsaturated) moist air is defined by parameters such as
temperature, pressure and a variable that describes the vapor content
of the air (or of the sample gas).
A defined volume of moist air at a certain temperature can only absorb
a certain amount of water vapor. If this amount is exceeded, water
turns out as condensate (for example unheated sampling line, when its
state is under the point of condensation of the exhaust gas → conden-
sate falls out → the particles are held partly in the line and do not reach
the filter paper → measured value is smaller).
0 % relative humidity means dry air.
At 100 % of relative humidity the maximum vapor content is
reached (more water can not be absorbed and water begins to fall
out).
Definition [BAE-92]: Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the

absolute humidity to its maximum value at the prevalent temperature
(T).
The relative humidity ϕ is also indicated as a ratio between the partial
pressure of the water vapor pW and the saturation pressure of the
water vapor pWs.
p W (T )
ϕ= (7)
p Ws (T )
If one cools off unsaturated moist air, pW remains constant, until the
point of condensation is reached. At the same time the saturation pres-
sure of pWs is reduced, dependent on the air temperature.
3
Humidity Degree or Absolute Humidity g H 2 O /kgair or g H 2 O /m air
The relative humidity was defined as a partial pressure ratio according
to equation (7). The humidity degree is indicated as a mass ratio in
equation (8).
mW
xW = (8)
mL
mW indicates the – dependent on the respective state (p, T) – variable

water vapor mass. It is by definition based on the normally constant
mass of dry air (mL).
The range of values reaches from xW = 0 for dry air to xW → ∞ for pure
water.
During the investigation the relative humidity and the relevant air
temperatures were measured in the device interior in the exhaust gas
line after the filter paper. From both values the humidity degree can be
determined with the equation [PIS-89]:
p Ws (T)
x W = 0.622 p
ϕ − p Ws (T)
[kg H2O/ kg dry air] (9)
The greatest water vapor loading xWs for satisfied moist air with j = 1
(is equivalent to 100 % relative humidity). From equation “(9)” on
page 29 results:
p Ws (T)
x Ws (T, p) = 0.622
p − p Ws (T)
[kg H2O/ kg dry air] (10)
This value depends on the temperature T and the total pressure p.

Because xW > xWs is usually not possible, there is a condensate stage,
the water vapor content when in the exhaust gas [kg H2O/ kg dry
exhaust gas] is larger than this value xWs.
The connection between the relative humidity and the absolute FSN
difference above the test device temperature is shown in Fig. 9 on
page 32, Fig. 10 on page 33 and Fig. 11 on page 34.

3.3.2 Temperature Influence

The temperature influence was investigated on an arrangement of two
devices in synchronous measurements:
Reference device
– AVL 415S
– Sampling line and measuring instrument kept on 65 °C
– Sampling line length = 1 m
Test device
– AVL 415S
– Temperature of sampling line and measuring instrument vari-
able
– Sampling line length = 1 m
The following table shows a survey of the examined and FSN levels
and sampling times (see Fig. 9 on page 32, Fig. 10 on page 33 and
Fig. 11 on page 34).
Variation of sampling times at different FSN levels
FSN-level Sampling Time [s]

0.4 FSN (6) (12) 18 24 30
0.8 FSN 6 12 18 24 30
2 FSN 6 12 18
Tab. 1
Fig. 9 on page 32, Fig. 11 on page 34 and Fig. 10 on page 33 show the
absolute FSN-differences between the test device and the reference
device that was kept on constant 65 °C.
FSN difference = (11)

measured value of test device – measured value of reference
device
If the FSN difference is negative, that means that the test device indi-
cates less than the reference device.
The test device was thermally conditioned departing from 75 °C to
65 °C (same temperature as the reference device) in steps of 10 °C to
35 °C. Next to the variation of device and sampling temperature also
the influence of the sampling time (the sampled volume) is shown in
the diagrams.
The measured value differences are greatest when the test device is
unheated. With the FSN levels 0.4 and 0.8 – the water content in the
exhaust gas is very small at these FSN – significant differences do not
occur before a device temperature below 45 °C. With a FSN level of 2
and high sampling time (30 s corresponds to 5 l of sampled volume) a
noticeable measure value difference is shown already at temperatures
under 55 °C.
The absolute humidity in the exhaust gas of the test volume has about
doubled from FSN 0.4 on to FSN 0.8 and also from FSN 0.8 to FSN 2.
The graph of the relative humidity shows the states in the device
depending on the temperature. With low device temperatures the rela-
tive humidity is higher in the device than at instruments conventionally
heated (65 °C). The probability, that water trops out in parts of the gas
path (in the line and/or in the device interior), is of course higher. The
decreasing FSN level correlates to the raising humidity values. This
relation is caused by the absorptive effect of the condensate – per test
performed – less particles reach the measurement point.
Under standard conditions (exhaust gas back pressure <500 mbar) the
point of condensation of water is below 55 °C for diesel exhaust gases.
On one hand a heating of the sampling system and the device at 65 °C
guarantees a positive temperature effect on the measuring accuracy
and reduces on the other hand the thermal stress of the Smoke Meter
components. Since the humidity was measured after the filter paper it
must be reckoned, that with measured values above 50 % humidity,
condensate already occurs at local cold spots in the sampling path.

Absolute FSN difference in dependence of the device and sampling

temperature and the relative humidity with a FSN level of ~0.4
Fig. 9
A temperature varied test device was compared to a reference device

with 65 °C. The abscissa is scaled with the test device temperature.
temperature and the relative humidity with a FSN level of ~0.8
Fig. 10


temperature and the relative humidity with a FSN level on ~2
Fig. 11

3.4 Influence of the Sampling Technique

The length of the sampling line, when unheated, showed the greatest
influence on the result.
3.4.1 Length and Material of the Sampling Line

The results of the sampling line length influence with an unheated
sampling system were found in a comparison measurement with an
unheated AVL 415 and an unheated AVL 415S.
Different sampling situations (Fig. 12 on page 36)
Test device Reference device

AVL 415, unheated AVL 415S, unheated
Sampling line
1) 2 m Silicone / 1 m Silicone 2 m Silicone 1 m Silicone
2) 2 m Viton / 1 m Silicone 2 m Viton 1 m Silicone
3) 1 m Silicone / 1 m Silicone 1 m Silicone 1 m Silicone
4) 1 m Viton / 1 m Silicone 1 m Viton 1 m Silicone
Tab. 2
Bars 1) and 2) show the influence of 1 m difference in length. The devi-

ation when using different sampling line materials was below the
repeatability limit of the instruments (this means no material influence
has to be observed).
Variant 3) was measured, in order to determine the device deviation
(for both devices with the same sampling line: 1 m of Silicone). Here
also bars 3) and 4) show no noteworthy difference concerning the
material choice.
From Fig. 12 on page 36 it becomes clear, that a length difference of
the sampling line of 1 m already causes a significant reduction (4 % at
2 FSN) of soot particles that reach the measuring point. Due to this
fact, it is recommended to use short sampling lines, to reduce the
amount of soot deposits in the sampling lines.

Absolute FSN difference with a variable line length in an unheated

state.
Fig. 12
From the picture no appreciable hose material influence can be seen

(Viton vs. Silicone). An extension of the sampling lines from 1 m to 2 m
can cause, when unheated, the deviation shown at FSN level by ~2.
The two right bars (1 m vs. 1 m) correspond in the order of magnitude
to the device deviation.
Precision Measurements with Smoke Values < 0.5 FSN 37
4 Precision Measurements with

Smoke Values < 0.5 FSN
4.1 Necessary Test Conditions
4.1.1 Environment and Device Construction

The ambient temperature is supposed to be as stable as possible.
Probe, sampling line and measuring system are not supposed to
be exposed to any vibrations.
The ambient air may not be contaminated. The contamination
should be smaller than 10 µg/m³ (corresponds to approximately
0.001 FSN). This value corresponds to approximately 1/5 of the
currently permissible maximum immission limit (PM10 particulate
material: 50 µg/m³ day average).
4.1.2 Engine and Exhaust System

Deposits of particles can occur in the whole exhaust system of an
engine. These can cause, at low emissions, measurement arti-
facts.
Magnitude of the effect: to approximately 1 % of the former mea-
surement value in FSN for a duration of some minutes up to
approximately 20 min. typically for the next 5 to 20 measurement
values.
The pressure pulsations of the exhaust gas are supposed to be as
small as possible at the sampling point. Great pressure pulsations
can increase the break away of particles which were deposited
from former measurements on the tube walls (exhaust system,
probe and sampling line) and cause a degradation of the repeat-
ability.
No exhaust gas is supposed to escape into the ambient air
because it could contaminate it.
Important: Statistical or also systematical measurement value vari-

abilities that come from the engine itself or from the exhaust tract can
not be reduced through the measuring system or – with long sampling
times – only rudimentarily changed.

38 Precision Measurements with Smoke Values < 0.5 FSN
If during a test run measurements are performed simultaneously

before and after an exhaust gas after-treatment system such as a cata-
lyst or particle filter, it is recommended to use two different instruments.
This should prevent that remaining exhaust gases in the sampling
system or in the measuring instrument with very different emission
levels before and after the exhaust gas after-treatment system can
influence measurement values behind the after-treatment system or
falsify them.
4.1.3 Measuring System AVL 415S and Operation

Preparation:
The measuring system must be serviced very well (see Operating
Manual: maintenance chapter).
The probe and the sampling line, possibly also the sampling head,
the reflectometer head, the paper management of the AVL 415S
is supposed to be cleaned if emissions with FSN >0.5 have been
measured before. Cleaning of the hoses and probe should be
done with pulsating compressed air, as described in the Operating
Manual (chapter: maintenance / sampling probe and sampling
lines).
Important: The compressed air used for purging must show

"breathing air quality" and may not contain particles, water droplets or
oil.
The internal fine filters (see also Fig. 3 in the Operating Manual)
are supposed to be in a "as good as new" state or are to be
exchanged.
If the device is off, but the engine is turned on, the probe of the
instrument always has to be removed from the connection to the
exhaust gas line. Otherwise the measuring system (probe, line,
suction unit, reflectometer head, clamping lever …) must be
cleaned before precision measurements. (see above).
Standard configuration (device heated at standard temperature of
65 °C, sampling line with standard length and standard probe).
Other line lengths and probes can be used, but influences on the
repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement values are
possible.
The device must be a heated measuring system (heated sampling
line and measuring device).
Check internal protection filters (see Operating Manual, chapter
maintenance / General and Fig. 3) and exchange them if they are
colored gray or black. Exchange hoses if they are contaminated
with particles.
Measurement:
The instrument must be continuously heated.
Only correctly stored filter paper type AVL SS 597LA may be used
for the measurements.
If a new filter paper roll is/was inserted, a thermal conditioning
time of at least 30 min must be kept for paper and device to adapt.
The automatic purging is supposed to be carried out.
Approximately 5 to 10 pre measurements with sampling times of
approximately 5 to 10 s are recommended in order to avoid the
biggest offsets if detailed cleaning is not supposed to be/or can’t
be done.
It should – if possible – be measured in ranges with a paper black-
ening of (PB) 2 to 5, in any case however PB >1 and PB < 6.
The used sampling times are supposed to be longer than 10 s.
The "Auto Range" functions can be used as long as the paper
blackening does not become smaller than 1. For very small soot
concentrations the parameterization of the maximum sampled
volume of the "Auto Range" function is editable. The "Auto
Range" default setting of 5 liters corresponds in about a maximum
sampling time of 30 s.
If automatic test cycles with very different soot concentrations are
supposed to be run (partly high and partly very low concentra-
tions): perform forced purging between the test modes.

4.2 Zero Point Accuracy
4.2.1 Dependency on the Sampling Length

With the following formalisms or graph it can be estimated, with which
sampling length settings, which repeatability of the zero point signal
can be achieved with very well cleaned systems. The values are valid
for a cleaned, heated device when using the unit in clean air environ-
ment (ambient air contamination smaller than 3 µg/m³ soot).
The zero point deviation (95 % confidence interval, 2 × standard devia-
tion σN) is typically given by:
zero point deviation in FSN = ± 0.1 FSN/sampling time (12)
zero point deviation in mg/m³ = ± 1.5 mg/m³/sampling time (13)
(sampling time in s)
zero point repeatability (1σ value):

(14)
σN = zero point deviation/2
Zero point deviation (FSN) as a function of the sampling time
Fig. 13
Fig. 13 on page 40 shows 2 sigma, 95 % confidence interval of the

typical, only in clean ambient air (contamination of the ambient air
smaller 3 µg/m³) measurable, zero point value deviation of the FSN
value in dependence of the sampling times.
The graph or formulas “(12)” on page 40 to “(14)” on page 40 can be
used to estimate the minimum sampling time for measurements where
very small values are anticipated in order to achieve a required repeat-
ability of the measurement values. The sampling time can be parame-
terized by 1 to 120 s in ranges from 1 s, the sampled volume from
50 ml to 20000 ml.
6 s of sampling time correspond to about a sampled volume of
1000 ml.
4.2.2 Checking of the Zero Point Accuracy

While working at engine test beds, or also during sampling, or due to
environmental impurities, contaminations can occur in the sampling
lines, ambient air etc. This chapter gives an overview on how the
repeatability can be verified with the zero point, this means to see if the
device is "clean" enough for measurements of very small values or if
for the expected value the device needs to be cleaned respectively if
the ambient air is contaminated with too many particles.
In “Setting the Optimal Sampling Time” on page 44 it will be shown
(with an example) how the device parameters must be set for a "clean"
system to keep the device deviation small.
Test Setup:
Measuring system is at the correct temperature.
Remove the probe from the probe connection and make sure that
no impurities (Soot, dust, dirt …) from the floor or from other sur-
faces or from other gaseous origin may be sucked in.
Measurements are carried out with ambient air. The ambient air
should be "clean" <10 µg/m³ particles.
During this test the paper blackening is checked at different sam-
pling times.
Approximately 10 measurements with a sampling time of 1 to 3 s
Approximately 10 measurements with a sampling time of approxi-
mately 50 to 100 s

Criteria/Analysis:
If the ambient air is not contaminated, and the measuring device
(probe, line, sampling head) is clean enough and the device is working
correctly, the deviation of the measured paper blackening is in general
not dependent on the sampling time. It is symmetrical to the zero value
PB = 0 and 95 % of all values can be found within an interval of
PB = 0 ± 0.06 (see also example in Fig. 14 on page 42).
Typical zero point deviation with a clean, correctly operating system
when no contamination of the ambient air is present
Fig. 14
When the deviation of the paper blackening, in particular at the

short sampling times (1 to <5 s) shows more positive than nega-
tive values, this indicates an impurity in probe, line or sampling
head. Clean the system and carry out again approximately 10 to
30 measurements with short sampling times and observe the
evaluation. The last 10 measurement values are supposed to be
symmetrical around the zero point.
When the deviation of the paper blackening is asymmetrically
shifted for all sampling times to positive values and more than
10 % of these PB values are >0.06, then an adherent remaining
contamination is present: Clean the probes and lines with clean
compressed air.
If the deviation of the paper blackening is statistical around the
zero point, but more than 10 % of all values are outside of the
range of ±0.06 or if systematic deviations to negative values show
up, check the measuring system (clean, leakage test, paper, con-
taminations, change filter …).
When the measurement value deviation at short and long sam-

pling times is approximating in a range of ±0.06, or the measure-
ment value deviation increases with longer sampling time and in
addition an, with longer sampling times, increasing positive offset
(average of all values) can be found, a contamination of the
ambient air with particles is existing (see Fig. 15 on page 43).
Example of measurements with an ambient air contamination of

20 µg/m³ due to a weather inversion. In addition small offsets due to
particle deposits were seen in the first few measurement values.
Fig. 15
In Fig. 15 on page 43 all paper blackenings are shifted asymmetrically

to the zero line, and the middle paper blackening increases with
increasing sampling time: The "clean" ambient air is contaminated. The
contamination of the ambient air can show influences in this magnitude
on the test results.
The first 5-10 measurement values at 3 s sampling time were clearly
higher than the following measurement values: The cause was a small
remaining contamination in the probe, line or reflectometer head since
no cleaning with compressed air has been carried out.

4.3 Setting the Optimal Sampling Time
4.3.1 Paper Blackening with Soot Concentrations <10 mg/m³

respectively FSN <=1 – Dependence on the Sampling Time
In order to measure low soot concentrations with high accuracy and
repeatability, it is necessary, to examine the connection between
sampling times, FSN (or concentrations in mg/m³) and paper black-
ening. From these connections – see Fig. 16 on page 44 and Fig. 17
on page 45 – the suitable settings for optimal measurement results can
be determined. This is also valid for those cases in which due to the
test sequence attention must be paid to boundary conditions for
example if the sampling time per sample is supposed to be restricted,
or the measurement values can vary during the test over a large
range.
Typical connection between sampling times, FSN and paper black-
ening.
Parameter: paper blackening (PB = 0.5 to 7)
Fig. 16
Fig. 16 on page 44 shows – approximately – the connection between

FSN and the sampling time at the Smoke Meter which is necessary in
order to receive a certain paper blackening PB (represented as a
parameter by 0.5 to 7). For example if a FSN = 0.1 should be obtained,
a sampling time of 55 s is required to reach PB = 2. For such or smaller
concentrations sampling times of >50 s are to be recommended.
The thick lines indicate the field for measurements in the "Auto Range",
at which the black crossline represents the maximum sampling time
set by default in the "Auto Range" mode. This maximum can be param-
eterized via the setting of the maximum sampled volume.
Fig. 17 on page 45 shows the equivalent dependence on the soot

concentration in the exhaust gas.
Typical connection between sampling times, concentrations in mg/m³
and paper blackening. Parameter: paper blackening (PB = 0.5 to 7)
Fig. 17
4.3.2 Example for the Optimal Setting of the Sampling Time

Repeatability of the measurement value (as standard deviation)
The device-conditional repeatability of the measurement value (1σtot),
the repeatability at absolute constant emission levels, is according to
specification 3 % of the measurement value (MW), plus the (sampling
length dependable) zero point repeatability σN. Since the repeatability
of the zero point and the measurement value is statistically indepen-
dent, this means:
σ tot = (0.03 ∗ MW ) 2 + σ N2 (15)
Assumption:
At a test series mainly FSN 0.01 to 0.1 are expected, which are to be
measured as precise as possible. But it is possible that for individual
test points levels of FSN = 1 are reached. These can be significant for
the total emissions.
Demand:
Necessary device-conditional repeatability of the measurement values:
±5 % of the measurement value or ±0.005 FSN (the higher value has
to be used)
Notice that this demand can only be valid for completely stable emis-
sions, which are not given in general. In order to eliminate the vari-
ability of the emissions, the experimental setup suggested in the
chapter "comparison measurements" must be chosen.

Possibilities (from of Fig. 16 on page 44 and Fig. 13 on page 40):

Measurement with "Auto Range", – pre-measurement – , at which
the default boundary value for the maximum sampled volume
must be changed to approximately 15 liters (corresponds to
approximately 100 s of sampling time) in order to achieve good
accuracy for all measurement values.
According to Fig. 16 on page 44 and under the assumption that in
"Auto Range" the system chooses its sampling time in a way that
a PB ≈2.5 or smaller is reached, the duration per measurement
value varies between approximately 6 s (at FSN = 1) and 100 s
(at FSN <0.08).
According to equation “(15)” on page 45 and Fig. 13 on page 40
respectively equation “(12)” on page 40 and “(14)” on page 40 the
repeatability is then σtot: always within the necessary boundaries
(notice that Fig. 13 on page 40 shows the curve for 2σN):
For FSN = 1:
2 2
σ tot = ( 0.03 ) + 0.009 = 0.032, is smaller 5 % of FSN = 1
For FSN = 0.1:

2 2
σ tot = ( 0.003 ) + 0.0007 = 0.0031, is smaller 5 % of FSN = 0.1
For FSN = 0.01:

2 2
σ tot = ( 0.0003 ) + 0.0005 <0.001, is smaller than FSN = 0.005
If for any reasons the sampling time is supposed to be as short as

possible, it must be evaluated (see Figure 13), at which sampling
time the required measurement value repeatability is still sufficient
for all cases. The crucial range is located around FSN ≈0.1.
The equation
2 2
σ tot = ( 0.003 ) + σ N <0.005 (0.005 FSN = 5 % of 0,1 FSN)
must be solved, from this a sampling time of >12.5 with σN <0.004

and with Fig. 13 on page 40 respectively from equation (12) – (half
zero point deviation – only 1σN!) results. Nicely the sampling time
is to be set at a constant 15 s, respectively the sampled volume at
2.5 l. to guarantee a repeatability for small values (1 sigma, 63 %
confidence interval) of FSN = 0.005.
If a constant sampling time is supposed to be set and the mea-
surement sequence allows to extend the time calculated in b) to
improve the accuracy, it should be set to a maximum of 30 s (5 l of
sampled volume), in order not to exceed a paper blackening of
PB = 5 at FSN = 1 (see Fig. 16 on page 44).
It must be pointed out, not only for the given example, that after a
sampling with FSN = 1 the following 5 to 15 measurement values can
show a hang-up of approximately 1 % of the former measurement
value, here at approximately FSN = 0.01, with an exponentially
declining tendency.

Comparison Measurements 49
5 Comparison Measurements
5.1 Methodics
5.1.1 General
If results of different devices are compared, same test conditions
are fundamentally necessary.
Devices perfectly maintained and calibrated (permanent controls)
Comparing only heated or unheated devices to each other
Using sampling lines of the same length
Paying attention to recommended test setup (see Fig. 18 on page
50)
Possible influence of the filter paper (Exchange the filter paper
roles) has to be considered.
Possible influence of the exhaust gas sampling connections
(swap sampling probe and sampling lines)
Using same respectively comparable operating modes (sampling
times, sampled volumes, time of start and end of the measure-
ment and of the purging cycle)
Avoiding mutual influencing of the measurement (apply sampling
probes in a plane of the cross section of the exhaust line)
In the case of simultaneous metering synchronized measure-
ments have to be carried out in order to avoid influences through
the sample purging system. While one device is being purged the
other device may not conduct any measurements because the
measurement values may be influenced.
Carry out comparison tests only with preset sampling times or
sampled volumes, because otherwise the purging of a device – at
the end of the test – can influence the measurement values of the
second device.
Note: After closing the instrument’s door a heating stage of about

15 min must be kept for the thermal stabilization of the heated smoke
meter.

5.1.2 Testing Equipment Layout

In Fig. 18 on page 50 a suggestion for the layout of the testing equip-
ment for comparison measurements is shown for investigations of the
influencing parameters. The tests were performed at a stationary
engine test bed. A modern 4-cylinder DI-diesel engine with an common
rail injecting system was used for the test. The exhaust gas was led
through a standard pre-catalytic converter and a muffler system.
Several sampling probes were applied at the same place (without
mutual influence) in increasing angles in the exhaust line. That way it
was possible to compare two (in the examined case different parame-
terized) smoke meters synchronously to each other and to get cross
comparisons.
Suggestion of an experimental setup for a device comparison on influ-
encing parameters, schematic view of the sampling point and align-
ment of the Smoke Meters
1 Reference device
2 Test device
3 Engine
4 Sampling probe
5 Exhaust line
Fig. 18
Detailed view of the application of the sampling probes in the exhaust

line
1 45°-inclined against the flow direction

2 Flow direction
3 Sampling probe and sampling lines have to be mounted with upward incline (condensate backflow!)
4 Straight exhaust line section
5 Align sampling probes in one plane
Fig. 19
5.1.3 Recommendation for the Statistical Evaluation of

Measured Data with Synchronous Arrangement
Measurements of two Devices
The device deviation is an important measure for the judgement of the
measurement accuracy. Within the framework of this investigation the
deviation is indicated as standard deviation according to equation
“(16)” on page 51.
n ∑ x 2 − (∑ x )
2
s= (16)
n (n − 1)
s … Standard deviation taken from a spot sample (variation, uncer-

tainty of measurement). The here calculated standard deviation is an
accurate universal estimation of the standard deviation (for an infinite
number of measurements).
n … Number of the measurements. The correct evaluation of standard
deviations requires at least more than 10 sample results, recom-
mended are >20 results. With too few measurement values the prob-
able deviation of the obtained average value is to be corrected (with
different deviation tables).

x … Value of the argument (measurement value difference between

test and reference device)
In Fig. 20 on page 55 the measurement value differences of a heated

AVL Smoke Meter 415S to a reference device are shown as deviation
bands. This illustration shows a deviation of the measurement value
differences. For the presented comparison the fraction of the device
itself was determined according to the following considerations.
Assumption:
The measurement value M is a combination of the true physical value
W and a random device influence G. Then the following can be defined
for device 1 and 2:
M1 = W + G1 (17)
M2 = W + G2 (18)
The difference "D" of the two measurement values then is:
D = M1 - M2 = (W + G1) - (W + G2) = G1 - G2 (19)
The standard uncertainty s is then:
sD2 = sG12 + sG22 (20)
(The deviation of the two devices is uncorrelated)

After the introduction of the average device deviation
s G12 + sG2 2 (21)

sG2 =
2
results:
sD2 = 2 · sG2 (22)
respectively
sD
sG = (23)
2
In words:
1
"The device’s share on the entire deviation is 2 - times the devia-
tion of the difference values" (shown as a transparent line in Fig. 20 on
page 55, placed over the measurement points).
5.2 Definitions
The definitions and descriptions were taken from ISO 5725-1
[ISO5725].
5.2.1 Accuracy
The accuracy is a measure of the correlation of a measurement value
with an "accepted reference value".
The trueness is a measure of the correlation of the average value from
a great number of measurement values with an "accepted reference
value".
An accepted reference value is a value accepted for a comparison,
derived from:
a scientifically well-founded theoretical or established value,
a certified or approved value, of an international standard for
example a calibration gas or a calibration standard (with certifi-
cate),
a consensus or certifying-value, being based on experimental sci-
entific research under surveillance of an expert group,
the anticipated value of a measurable parameter, for example the
average value of a specified number of measurements (if none of
the above mentioned reference values are available).
5.2.2 Precision
Precision is a measure of the correlation of independent test results,
which is obtained under agreed/defined conditions.
5.2.3 Repeatability
Repeatability is the accuracy, which is reached under the conditions for
repeatability measurements.

Conditions for repeatability measurements are:

an identical test method (points and general conditions)
identical test objects (calibration gases, engine, …)
the same laboratory
the same operating personnel
the use of the same test equipment (device)
the execution of the tests within a short period of time
The standard deviation of these single measurements is the standard

deviation under repeatability conditions.
Note: The correct evaluation of standard deviations requires at least

more than 10 sample results, recommended are >20 sample results.
With only a few measurement values the probable deviation of the
obtained average value is to be corrected with different deviation
tables.
5.2.4 Reproducibility
Reproducibility is the accuracy, which is reached under the conditions
for reproducibility measurements.
Conditions for the repeatability measurements are:
an identical test method (points and general conditions)
identical test objects (calibration gases, engine, …)
different laboratories
different operating personnel
the use of different test equipment (devices, …)
The standard deviation of these measurements is the standard devia-

tion under reproducibility conditions.
5.2.5 Comparison Measurements of Different Devices

These fall into the general term of reproducibility.
Important basic conditions for comparison measurements (for example
probe, heating, sampling hose material and line length), that can influ-
ence the measurements and measurement values, must be defined in
the protocol of the test method.
5.2.6 Reproducibility of the AVL 415S (Heated)

Fig. 20 on page 55 shows an example of a reproducibility measure-
ment:
Test with:
Two different AVL 415S devices
Both devices heated, normally maintained (that means: devices
were not cleaned especially before the test, were, however, in
good maintained shape)
Test on an engine, maintained in a normal way
Sampling with 1 m of sampling line
Sample probe and setup as in Fig. 18 on page 50 and Fig. 19 on
page 51
Synchronous measurements
Sampled volume pre-selection: 1 liter sampled volume/sample
Engine and measuring instruments fully heated up and stabilized.
Reproducibility test results of a synchronous comparison test at low

measurement values around 0.2 FSN.
Fig. 20

The anticipated reproducibility depends on various factors such as the

device settings, the test setup, the contamination of the measuring
system and last but not least on the engine.
Results of these examples:
The average values were virtually identical for both devices:
0.23 FSN
Standard deviation of the measurement values of each device:
σSingle-test: 0.034 FSN or approximately 15 % of the measurement
value (same deviation for both devices within <0.001 FSN)
As can be seen in Fig. 20 on page 55, this variation was caused prima-
rily only by the engine itself.
Standard deviation of the differences of the measurement values:
σ(Differences): 0.009 FSN or approximately 4 % of the measurement
value
This is the combined standard deviation of both devices during this
test.
Standard deviation which was caused by one device on the average:

σ(1 system): 0.006 FSN (= 0.009/root (2)) or approximately 2.5 % of the
measurement value
The anticipated value of the standard deviation of the reproducibility is
(under the condition that the emission of the engine is better 1.5 % of
the value and constant):
σ = ± (σN +6 % of the measurement value) = ± 0.023 FSN
σN from Fig. 13 on page 40 is 0.009 FSN for 1 liter sampled volume
(corresponds to a sampling time approximately 6 s)
6 % of the measured average value = 0.014 FSN
The standard deviation of the individual tests lies indeed above these
values, but the value is primarily dominated by the variability of the
emission of the engine itself.
Since a parallel measurement with the two devices was carried out, the
variability due to the engine can be calculated from the differences of
the simultaneously measured FSN values:
The reproducibility of the devices themselves, with a σ(Differences) of
0.009 is smaller than the anticipated value, this means both devices
measure completely equivalent and reproducible.
5.3 Comparison of Measurement Values AVL 409, AVL

415 and AVL 415S
5.3.1 Device Comparison AVL 409 / AVL 415

For comparison measurements with an AVL 409 attention must be
paid, besides the above mentioned requirements, on the use of a 6 V
lamp (changed in 1989 from 12 V to 6 V).
The deviations when comparing the AVL 409 to the unheated AVL 415
(in Fig. 21 on page 58) explain themselves to temperature and pres-
sure influences, that are compensated at the AVL 415, mainly through
the fact that the AVL 415 records the actual momentary sampled
volume (throughput measuring pipe) along with the temperature and
pressure and therefore they are included in the measurement, while
the reciprocating pump with its suction effect (that also depends on the
pressure situation at the sampling point) only fills the free sampled
cylinder volume. The main influence derives from the fact that the
aerodynamic resistance inclines at the filter paper with increasing
particle loading and thereby worsens the volumetric efficiency in the
sampling cylinder. Because of this at increased blackening (loading
levels), less test gas can pass the filter paper and thus the indicated
smoke value can turn out to be a lot smaller. [AVL-95].
Beside these different general conditions, other detectors, which also
contribute to the deviations, are used for the reflectometer head of the
AVL 409.
The relation between SZ (measured with AVL 409) and FSN
(measured with AVL 415) shows the measurement value depending on
the FSN level.

Fig. 21
5.3.2 Device Comparison AVL 415S (G001 Unheated)/ AVL 415S

(G001 Heated)
With introduction of heated sampling systems and heated reflecto-
meter head it was proved that substantial soot amounts deposit them-
selves in unheated systems. Up to a heating of all exhaust gas leading
parts of 65 °C the amount of the soot deposited on the filter paper
increases. The effect is in general >10 %.
This means, that in order to receive the same FSN value, it requires a
a lot higher soot loading for unheated systems than for heated
systems.
Comparison of soot loading heated/unheated for different FSN levels
FSN mg/ mg/ FSN mg/ mg/ FSN mg/ mg/

m³ m³ m³ m³ m³ m³
heated unheated heated unheated heated unheated
1 17.84 17.87 5.2 336 458 9.5 3908 6709
1.1 20.24 20.42 5.3 353 485 9.6 5261 9343
1.2 22.76 23.14 5.4 371 514 9.7 7655 14038
1.3 25.43 26.04 5.5 389 543 9.8 11840 22265
1.4 28.23 29.13 5.6 409 575 9.9 19027 36384
1.5 31.19 32.42 5.7 429 608 10 31127 60098
Tab. 3
Further details see also chapter "Measurement and calculation method

of FSN" in the appendix of the Operating Manual.
In Fig. 22 on page 60 a-c a unheated AVL415 is compared, for different
load levels (FSN levels), to an unheated and a heated AVL415S. From
all smoke meters (AVL 415 and AVL 415S) the unheated AVL 415S
shows the lowest measurement value level.
Measurement:
The devices to be compared (in each case 2 devices of the same type)
were measured synchronously with a (third) reference device type
(AVL 415S, heated). The dotted line in Fig. 22 on page 60 a-c indicates
the FSN level of the reference device. Per series of measurements 15
single measurements were performed. Between the single measure-
ments the pulsated purging was awaited until the next measurement
was triggered.
The heated AVL 415S is a G001-device and uses the conversion
formula of the AVL 415 ("unheated function").
Generally the following can be stated about comparison measure-
ments:
Values obtained with an unheated Smoke Meter cannot be converted
into values of a heated Smoke Meter (and vice versa) because the
water vapor content of the exhaust gas and the ambient temperature of
the unheated sampling line during the unheated measurement are
usually not known due to condensed exhaust gases and their influence
on the particle depositing in the sampling hose.
In case FSN values, that were measured with an unheated AVL Smoke
Meter 415, are supposed to be compared with values of a Smoke
Meter 415S, an unheated 415S is to be used. The same sampling
probes and the same sampling lines (material, length) are supposed to
be used as are used for the AVL Smoke Meter 415.

Absolute FSN difference for a comparison between the Smoke Meter

models AVL 415S unheated / AVL 415 unheated / AVL 415S heated at
a level of (a) ~0.4 FSN, (b) ~0.8 FSN and (c) ~2 FSN for an optimal
sampling time
Fig. 22
5.3.3 AVL 415 / AVL 415S Device Comparison (unheated)

Because the AVL Smoke Meters 415S G001 and G002, as the AVL
Smoke Meter 415 use, for unheated measurements, the same correla-
tion curve for the calculation of the blackening number, there are no
measurement result differences.
5.3.4 Device Comparison AVL 415S G001/ AVL 415S G002

If measurements with the unheated AVL Smoke Meter 415S are done,
both device types use the same (old) correlation curve for the calcula-
tion of the blackening number.
For this reason there should not be any different measurement
results between the AVL Smoke Meter 415S G001 (unheated) and
the AVL Smoke Meter 415S G002 (unheated).
For "heated" measurements the AVL Smoke Meter 415S G002 uses a
different (new) correlation curve than the AVL Smoke Meter 415S
G001. This curve was developed out of the fact that less particles
deposit in the sampling lines if they are heated. Thus more particles
reach the filter paper and the blackening number is higher.
A new correlation between FSN and soot loading (mg/m³) of the exhaust
gases was needed. More precise, the correlation curve represents a
connection between paper blackening (PB), measuring volume, FSN
and soot loading.
It was found for the heated Smoke Meter 415S that the indicated FSN
value depends on the former correlation of the sampled volume.
Therefore it became necessary to come up with a "new" correlation
which indicates a constant FSN value for heated tests with different
test volumes.
When comparing the AVL Smoke Meter G001 and G002 the calcula-
tion with the new curve for the G002 device shows, in most cases (but
not in all), lower FSN values than with the old correlation in the G001 -
system. However still more than with unheated measurements.
Due to the fact, that the correlation is based on mathematics the possi-
bility to convert FSN values that were found with the old curve from
FSN values that were found through the new correlation exists. For
that the paper blackening (PB) must be known. Unfortunately these
values are not always known.
When using the "Auto Range" function the values, however, can be
approximately converted very easy, because the "Auto Range" func-
tion uses a value of around PB = 2.5 ± 1.

Differences for different FSN values
"old" → "new" Difference "new" → "old" Difference

1 0.92 8.0 % 1 1.08 8.0 %
2 1.92 4.0 % 2 2.08 4.0 %
3 2.89 3.7 % 3 3.12 4.0 %
4 3.85 3.8 % 4 4.16 4.0 %
5 4.82 3.6 % 5 5.18 3.6 %
Tab. 4
The following section contains tables for the conversion between the
old and new FSN values.
Comparison/correlation of the FSN values:

FSN old function (for unheated system) with FSN new function (for
heated system)
The correlation data was calculated under the following considerations:
Identical measurement settings for AVL Smoke Meter 415S with
the same settings:
Same probe, same sampling point, same length of sampling line
Always heated measurements
One measurement with the old, the other with the new function
The set point for the Presample Check is a paper blackening
degree of PB of 2.5
Important: The here shown comparison/correlation is only valid for

measurements done in "Presample Auto Range" mode.
"Standard Presample Auto Range":

mode with standard limits of 0.5 liters minimal and of 5 liters of
maximum sampled volume
Calculation/Fit functions:
Calculation accuracy of +/- 0.01 FSN for bandwidths of 0 to 6 and for
bandwidths of +/- 0.03 FSN
For "Standard Auto Range":

Please note that these are non linear functions. The limits for the calcu-
lating bandwidths (for example 0 to 6.2) must be mentioned.
Num. for calculations of FSN old (y) from FSN new (=x):
(1) from FSN 0 to FSN 6: y = (a + c*x + e*x^2 + g*x^3)/(1 + b*x + d*x^2 + f*x^3)
(2) from FSN 6 to 10: y =( a + b*x + c*x^2 + d*x^3 + e*x^4)
for calculations of FSN new (y) from FSN old (=x):

(3) from FSN 0 to FSN 6.2: y = (a + c*x + e*x^2 + g*x^3)/(1 + b*x + d*x^2 + f*x^3)
(4) from FSN 6.2 to 10: y = [(a + c*x + e*x^2)/(1 + b*x + d*x^2 + f*x^3)]^2
Fit function no.: (1) (2) (3) (4)

Parameters:
a -0.0044456 -93.099.775 0.003655612 1.807.437

b -10.347.996 49.466.055 -10.944.798 -0.29456416
c 1.172.588 -92.928.208 0.85538965 -0.45910517
d 0.90592598 0.77953234 0.78728895 0.027119458
e -12.113.938 -0.02418909 -0.94762894 0.030390954
f 0.0053316 -0.00413149 -0.00068582
g 0.9889387 0.72208241
Tab. 5

FSN with "Standard Presample FSN with "Standard Presample FSN with "Standard Presample
Auto Range" Auto Range" Auto Range"
FSN new FSN old FSN new FSN old FSN old FSN old
function function function function function function
0.00 -0.004 0.50 0.567 1.00 1.079
0.01 0.007 0.51 0.578 1.01 1.089
0.02 0.019 0.52 0.589 1.02 1.099
0.03 0.031 0.53 0.600 1.03 1.108
0.04 0.042 0.54 0.611 1.04 1.118
0.05 0.054 0.55 0.621 1.05 1.128
0.06 0.066 0.56 0.632 1.06 1.138
0.07 0.077 0.57 0.643 1.07 1.148
0.08 0.089 0.58 0.653 1.08 1.157
0.09 0.101 0.59 0.664 1.09 1.167
0.10 0.112 0.60 0.675 1.10 1.177
0.11 0.124 0.61 0.685 1.11 1.187
0.12 0.136 0.62 0.696 1.12 1.197
0.13 0.147 0.63 0.706 1.13 1.207
0.14 0.159 0.64 0.717 1.14 1.216
0.15 0.171 0.65 0.727 1.15 1.226
0.16 0.182 0.66 0.738 1.16 1.236
0.17 0.194 0.67 0.748 1.17 1.246
0.18 0.205 0.68 0.758 1.18 1.256
0.19 0.217 0.69 0.769 1.19 1.265
0.20 0.229 0.70 0.779 1.20 1.275
0.21 0.240 0.71 0.789 1.21 1.285
0.22 0.252 0.72 0.800 1.22 1.295
0.23 0.263 0.73 0.810 1.23 1.305
0.24 0.275 0.74 0.820 1.24 1.315
0.25 0.286 0.75 0.830 1.25 1.325
0.26 0.298 0.76 0.840 1.26 1.334
0.27 0.309 0.77 0.850 1.27 1.344
0.28 0.321 0.78 0.861 1.28 1.354
0.29 0.332 0.79 0.871 1.29 1.364
0.30 0.344 0.80 0.881 1.30 1.374
0.31 0.355 0.81 0.891 1.31 1.384
0.32 0.366 0.82 0.901 1.32 1.394
0.33 0.378 0.83 0.911 1.33 1.404
0.34 0.389 0.84 0.921 1.34 1.414
Tab. 6
FSN new FSN old FSN new FSN old FSN old FSN old
0.35 0.400 0.85 0.931 1.35 1.424
0.36 0.412 0.86 0.941 1.36 1.434
0.37 0.423 0.87 0.951 1.37 1.443
0.38 0.434 0.88 0.961 1.38 1.453
0.39 0.446 0.89 0.971 1.39 1.463
0.40 0.457 0.90 0.980 1.40 1.473
0.41 0.468 0.91 0.990 1.41 1.483
0.42 0.479 0.92 1.000 1.42 1.493
0.43 0.490 0.93 1.010 1.43 1.503
0.44 0.501 0.94 1.020 1.44 1.513
0.45 0.512 0.95 1.030 1.45 1.523
0.46 0.523 0.96 1.040 1.46 1.533
0.47 0.534 0.97 1.049 1.47 1.543
0.48 0.545 0.98 1.059 1.48 1.553
0.49 0.556 0.99 1.069 1.49 1.563
Tab. 6

FSN new FSN old FSN new FSN old FSN new FSN old
1.50 1.573 2.00 2.082 2.50 2.599
1.51 1.583 2.01 2.092 2.51 2.609
1.52 1.593 2.02 2.103 2.52 2.620
1.53 1.603 2.03 2.113 2.53 2.630
1.54 1.614 2.04 2.123 2.54 2.641
1.55 1.624 2.05 2.134 2.55 2.651
1.56 1.634 2.06 2.144 2.56 2.661
1.57 1.644 2.07 2.154 2.57 2.672
1.58 1.654 2.08 2.164 2.58 2.682
1.59 1.664 2.09 2.175 2.59 2.693
1.60 1.674 2.10 2.185 2.60 2.703
1.61 1.684 2.11 2.195 2.61 2.713
1.62 1.694 2.12 2.206 2.62 2.724
1.63 1.704 2.13 2.216 2.63 2.734
1.64 1.714 2.14 2.226 2.64 2.744
1.65 1.725 2.15 2.237 2.65 2.755
1.66 1.735 2.16 2.247 2.66 2.765
1.67 1.745 2.17 2.257 2.67 2.776
1.68 1.755 2.18 2.268 2.68 2.786
1.69 1.765 2.19 2.278 2.69 2.796
1.70 1.775 2.20 2.288 2.70 2.807
1.71 1.785 2.21 2.299 2.71 2.817
1.72 1.796 2.22 2.309 2.72 2.828
1.73 1.806 2.23 2.319 2.73 2.838
1.74 1.816 2.24 2.330 2.74 2.848
1.75 1.826 2.25 2.340 2.75 2.859
1.76 1.836 2.26 2.350 2.76 2.869
1.77 1.847 2.27 2.361 2.77 2.879
1.78 1.857 2.28 2.371 2.78 2.890
1.79 1.867 2.29 2.381 2.79 2.900
1.80 1.877 2.30 2.392 2.80 2.911
1.81 1.887 2.31 2.402 2.81 2.921
1.82 1.898 2.32 2.412 2.82 2.931
1.83 1.908 2.33 2.423 2.83 2.942
1.84 1.918 2.34 2.433 2.84 2.952
Tab. 7
1.85 1.928 2.35 2.444 2.85 2.963
1.86 1.938 2.36 2.454 2.86 2.973
1.87 1.949 2.37 2.464 2.87 2.983
1.88 1.959 2.38 2.475 2.88 2.994
1.89 1.969 2.39 2.485 2.89 3.004
1.90 1.979 2.40 2.495 2.90 3.015
1.91 1.990 2.41 2.506 2.91 3.025
1.92 2.000 2.42 2.516 2.92 3.035
1.93 2.010 2.43 2.526 2.93 3.046
1.94 2.020 2.44 2.537 2.94 3.056
1.95 2.031 2.45 2.547 2.95 3.066
1.96 2.041 2.46 2.558 2.96 3.077
1.97 2.051 2.47 2.568 2.97 3.087
1.98 2.062 2.48 2.578 2.98 3.098
1.99 2.072 2.49 2.589 2.99 3.108
Tab. 7

3.00 3.118 3.50 3.637 4.00 4.155
3.01 3.129 3.51 3.648 4.01 4.165
3.02 3.139 3.52 3.658 4.02 4.175
3.03 3.150 3.53 3.668 4.03 4.186
3.04 3.160 3.54 3.679 4.04 4.196
3.05 3.170 3.55 3.689 4.05 4.206
3.06 3.181 3.56 3.700 4.06 4.217
3.07 3.191 3.57 3.710 4.07 4.227
3.08 3.202 3.58 3.720 4.08 4.237
3.09 3.212 3.59 3.731 4.09 4.247
3.10 3.222 3.60 3.741 4.10 4.258
3.11 3.233 3.61 3.751 4.11 4.268
3.12 3.243 3.62 3.762 4.12 4.278
3.13 3.253 3.63 3.772 4.13 4.289
3.14 3.264 3.64 3.782 4.14 4.299
3.15 3.274 3.65 3.793 4.15 4.309
3.16 3.285 3.66 3.803 4.16 4.320
3.17 3.295 3.67 3.813 4.17 4.330
3.18 3.305 3.68 3.824 4.18 4.340
3.19 3.316 3.69 3.834 4.19 4.351
3.20 3.326 3.70 3.844 4.20 4.361
3.21 3.337 3.71 3.855 4.21 4.371
3.22 3.347 3.72 3.865 4.22 4.382
3.23 3.357 3.73 3.876 4.23 4.392
3.24 3.368 3.74 3.886 4.24 4.402
3.25 3.378 3.75 3.896 4.25 4.412
3.26 3.388 3.76 3.907 4.26 4.423
3.27 3.399 3.77 3.917 4.27 4.433
3.28 3.409 3.78 3.927 4.28 4.443
3.29 3.420 3.79 3.938 4.29 4.454
3.30 3.430 3.80 3.948 4.30 4.464
3.31 3.440 3.81 3.958 4.31 4.474
3.32 3.451 3.82 3.969 4.32 4.485
3.33 3.461 3.83 3.979 4.33 4.495
3.34 3.471 3.84 3.989 4.34 4.505
Tab. 8
3.35 3.482 3.85 4.000 4.35 4.515
3.36 3.492 3.86 4.010 4.36 4.526
3.37 3.503 3.87 4.020 4.37 4.536
3.38 3.513 3.88 4.031 4.38 4.546
3.39 3.523 3.89 4.041 4.39 4.557
3.40 3.534 3.90 4.051 4.40 4.567
3.41 3.544 3.91 4.062 4.41 4.577
3.42 3.554 3.92 4.072 4.42 4.587
3.43 3.565 3.93 4.082 4.43 4.598
3.44 3.575 3.94 4.093 4.44 4.608
3.45 3.586 3.95 4.103 4.45 4.618
3.46 3.596 3.96 4.113 4.46 4.629
3.47 3.606 3.97 4.124 4.47 4.639
3.48 3.617 3.98 4.134 4.48 4.649
3.49 3.627 3.99 4.144 4.49 4.659
Tab. 8

4.50 4.670 5.00 5.182 5.50 5.692
4.51 4.680 5.01 5.192 5.51 5.702
4.52 4.690 5.02 5.203 5.52 5.713
4.53 4.700 5.03 5.213 5.53 5.723
4.54 4.711 5.04 5.223 5.54 5.733
4.55 4.721 5.05 5.233 5.55 5.743
4.56 4.731 5.06 5.244 5.56 5.753
4.57 4.742 5.07 5.254 5.57 5.763
4.58 4.752 5.08 5.264 5.58 5.774
4.59 4.762 5.09 5.274 5.59 5.784
4.60 4.772 5.10 5.284 5.60 5.794
4.61 4.783 5.11 5.295 5.61 5.804
4.62 4.793 5.12 5.305 5.62 5.814
4.63 4.803 5.13 5.315 5.63 5.824
4.64 4.813 5.14 5.325 5.64 5.834
4.65 4.824 5.15 5.335 5.65 5.845
4.66 4.834 5.16 5.346 5.66 5.855
4.67 4.844 5.17 5.356 5.67 5.865
4.68 4.854 5.18 5.366 5.68 5.875
4.69 4.865 5.19 5.376 5.69 5.885
4.70 4.875 5.20 5.387 5.70 5.895
4.71 4.885 5.21 5.397 5.71 5.906
4.72 4.896 5.22 5.407 5.72 5.916
4.73 4.906 5.23 5.417 5.73 5.926
4.74 4.916 5.24 5.427 5.74 5.936
4.75 4.926 5.25 5.438 5.75 5.946
4.76 4.937 5.26 5.448 5.76 5.956
4.77 4.947 5.27 5.458 5.77 5.966
4.78 4.957 5.28 5.468 5.78 5.977
4.79 4.967 5.29 5.478 5.79 5.987
4.80 4.978 5.30 5.489 5.80 5.997
4.81 4.988 5.31 5.499 5.81 6.007
4.82 4.998 5.32 5.509 5.82 6.017
4.83 5.008 5.33 5.519 5.83 6.027
4.84 5.018 5.34 5.529 5.84 6.037
Tab. 9
4.85 5.029 5.35 5.539 5.85 6.048
4.86 5.039 5.36 5.550 5.86 6.058
4.87 5.049 5.37 5.560 5.87 6.068
4.88 5.059 5.38 5.570 5.88 6.078
4.89 5.070 5.39 5.580 5.89 6.088
4.90 5.080 5.40 5.590 5.90 6.098
4.91 5.090 5.41 5.601 5.91 6.108
4.92 5.100 5.42 5.611 5.92 6.118
4.93 5.111 5.43 5.621 5.93 6.129
4.94 5.121 5.44 5.631 5.94 6.139
4.95 5.131 5.45 5.641 5.95 6.149
4.96 5.141 5.46 5.651 5.96 6.159
4.97 5.152 5.47 5.662 5.97 6.169
4.98 5.162 5.48 5.672 5.98 6.179
4.99 5.172 5.49 5.682 5.99 6.189
6.00 6.199
Tab. 9

6.00 6.185 6.50 6.708 7.00 7.116
6.01 6.197 6.51 6.717 7.01 7.124
6.02 6.210 6.52 6.726 7.02 7.131
6.03 6.222 6.53 6.735 7.03 7.139
6.04 6.234 6.54 6.743 7.04 7.147
6.05 6.246 6.55 6.752 7.05 7.154
6.06 6.258 6.56 6.761 7.06 7.162
6.07 6.270 6.57 6.769 7.07 7.170
6.08 6.281 6.58 6.778 7.08 7.177
6.09 6.293 6.59 6.787 7.09 7.185
6.10 6.304 6.60 6.795 7.10 7.193
6.11 6.316 6.61 6.804 7.11 7.200
6.12 6.327 6.62 6.812 7.12 7.208
6.13 6.339 6.63 6.821 7.13 7.216
6.14 6.350 6.64 6.829 7.14 7.223
6.15 6.361 6.65 6.837 7.15 7.231
6.16 6.372 6.66 6.846 7.16 7.239
6.17 6.383 6.67 6.854 7.17 7.246
6.18 6.394 6.68 6.862 7.18 7.254
6.19 6.405 6.69 6.871 7.19 7.262
6.20 6.416 6.70 6.879 7.20 7.269
6.21 6.426 6.71 6.887 7.21 7.277
6.22 6.437 6.72 6.895 7.22 7.285
6.23 6.447 6.73 6.903 7.23 7.293
6.24 6.458 6.74 6.911 7.24 7.300
6.25 6.468 6.75 6.920 7.25 7.308
6.26 6.478 6.76 6.928 7.26 7.316
6.27 6.489 6.77 6.936 7.27 7.323
6.28 6.499 6.78 6.944 7.28 7.331
6.29 6.509 6.79 6.952 7.29 7.339
6.30 6.519 6.80 6.960 7.30 7.347
6.31 6.529 6.81 6.968 7.31 7.354
6.32 6.539 6.82 6.976 7.32 7.362
6.33 6.549 6.83 6.983 7.33 7.370
6.34 6.559 6.84 6.991 7.34 7.378
Tab. 10
6.35 6.568 6.85 6.999 7.35 7.385
6.36 6.578 6.86 7.007 7.36 7.393
6.37 6.588 6.87 7.015 7.37 7.401
6.38 6.597 6.88 7.023 7.38 7.409
6.39 6.607 6.89 7.031 7.39 7.417
6.40 6.616 6.90 7.038 7.40 7.425
6.41 6.626 6.91 7.046 7.41 7.432
6.42 6.635 6.92 7.054 7.42 7.440
6.43 6.644 6.93 7.062 7.43 7.448
6.44 6.653 6.94 7.070 7.44 7.456
6.45 6.663 6.95 7.077 7.45 7.464
6.46 6.672 6.96 7.085 7.46 7.472
6.47 6.681 6.97 7.093 7.47 7.480
6.48 6.690 6.98 7.101 7.48 7.488
6.49 6.699 6.99 7.108 7.49 7.496
Tab. 10

7.50 7.504 8.00 7.930 8.50 8.417
7.51 7.512 8.01 7.939 8.51 8.427
7.52 7.520 8.02 7.948 8.52 8.438
7.53 7.528 8.03 7.958 8.53 8.448
7.54 7.536 8.04 7.967 8.54 8.459
7.55 7.544 8.05 7.976 8.55 8.469
7.56 7.552 8.06 7.985 8.56 8.479
7.57 7.560 8.07 7.995 8.57 8.490
7.58 7.568 8.08 8.004 8.58 8.500
7.59 7.577 8.09 8.013 8.59 8.511
7.60 7.585 8.10 8.023 8.60 8.521
7.61 7.593 8.11 8.032 8.61 8.532
7.62 7.601 8.12 8.041 8.62 8.542
7.63 7.609 8.13 8.051 8.63 8.553
7.64 7.618 8.14 8.060 8.64 8.563
7.65 7.626 8.15 8.070 8.65 8.574
7.66 7.634 8.16 8.079 8.66 8.584
7.67 7.643 8.17 8.089 8.67 8.595
7.68 7.651 8.18 8.098 8.68 8.606
7.69 7.659 8.19 8.108 8.69 8.616
7.70 7.668 8.20 8.118 8.70 8.627
7.71 7.676 8.21 8.127 8.71 8.638
7.72 7.685 8.22 8.137 8.72 8.648
7.73 7.693 8.23 8.147 8.73 8.659
7.74 7.701 8.24 8.156 8.74 8.670
7.75 7.710 8.25 8.166 8.75 8.680
7.76 7.719 8.26 8.176 8.76 8.691
7.77 7.727 8.27 8.186 8.77 8.702
7.78 7.736 8.28 8.195 8.78 8.713
7.79 7.744 8.29 8.205 8.79 8.723
7.80 7.753 8.30 8.215 8.80 8.734
7.81 7.761 8.31 8.225 8.81 8.745
7.82 7.770 8.32 8.235 8.82 8.756
7.83 7.779 8.33 8.245 8.83 8.766
7.84 7.787 8.34 8.255 8.84 8.777
Tab. 11
7.85 7.796 8.35 8.265 8.85 8.788
7.86 7.805 8.36 8.275 8.86 8.799
7.87 7.814 8.37 8.285 8.87 8.810
7.88 7.823 8.38 8.295 8.88 8.820
7.89 7.831 8.39 8.305 8.89 8.831
7.90 7.840 8.40 8.315 8.90 8.842
7.91 7.849 8.41 8.325 8.91 8.853
7.92 7.858 8.42 8.335 8.92 8.864
7.93 7.867 8.43 8.345 8.93 8.875
7.94 7.876 8.44 8.356 8.94 8.886
7.95 7.885 8.45 8.366 8.95 8.896
7.96 7.894 8.46 8.376 8.96 8.907
7.97 7.903 8.47 8.386 8.97 8.918
7.98 7.912 8.48 8.397 8.98 8.929
7.99 7.921 8.49 8.407 8.99 8.940
Tab. 11

FSN with "Standard Presample FSN with "Standard Presample Auto Range"
Auto Range"
FSN new FSN old FSN new FSN old
function function function function
9.00 8.951 9.50 9.481
9.01 8.962 9.51 9.491
9.02 8.972 9.52 9.501
9.03 8.983 9.53 9.511
9.04 8.994 9.54 9.520
9.05 9.005 9.55 9.530
9.06 9.016 9.56 9.540
9.07 9.027 9.57 9.550
9.08 9.038 9.58 9.560
9.09 9.048 9.59 9.569
9.10 9.059 9.60 9.579
9.11 9.070 9.61 9.589
9.12 9.081 9.62 9.598
9.13 9.092 9.63 9.608
9.14 9.102 9.64 9.617
9.15 9.113 9.65 9.627
9.16 9.124 9.66 9.636
9.17 9.135 9.67 9.646
9.18 9.146 9.68 9.655
9.19 9.156 9.69 9.664
9.20 9.167 9.70 9.673
9.21 9.178 9.71 9.682
9.22 9.189 9.72 9.692
9.23 9.199 9.73 9.701
9.24 9.210 9.74 9.710
9.25 9.221 9.75 9.718
9.26 9.231 9.76 9.727
9.27 9.242 9.77 9.736
9.28 9.253 9.78 9.745
9.29 9.263 9.79 9.754
9.30 9.274 9.80 9.762
9.31 9.284 9.81 9.771
9.32 9.295 9.82 9.779
9.33 9.305 9.83 9.788
9.34 9.316 9.84 9.796
Tab. 12
Auto Range"
9.35 9.326 9.85 9.804
9.36 9.337 9.86 9.813
9.37 9.347 9.87 9.821
9.38 9.358 9.88 9.829
9.39 9.368 9.89 9.837
9.40 9.379 9.90 9.845
9.41 9.389 9.91 9.853
9.42 9.399 9.92 9.860
9.43 9.409 9.93 9.868
9.44 9.420 9.94 9.876
9.45 9.430 9.95 9.883
9.46 9.440 9.96 9.891
9.47 9.450 9.97 9.898
9.48 9.460 9.98 9.906
9.49 9.470 9.99 9.913
10.00 9.920
Tab. 12

FSN old FSN new FSN old FSN new FSN old FSN new
0.00 0.004 0.50 0.439 1.00 0.920
0.01 0.012 0.51 0.448 1.01 0.930
0.02 0.021 0.52 0.457 1.02 0.940
0.03 0.029 0.53 0.466 1.03 0.950
0.04 0.038 0.54 0.475 1.04 0.960
0.05 0.047 0.55 0.484 1.05 0.971
0.06 0.055 0.56 0.493 1.06 0.981
0.07 0.064 0.57 0.502 1.07 0.991
0.08 0.072 0.58 0.512 1.08 1.001
0.09 0.081 0.59 0.521 1.09 1.011
0.10 0.090 0.60 0.530 1.10 1.021
0.11 0.098 0.61 0.539 1.11 1.032
0.12 0.107 0.62 0.549 1.12 1.042
0.13 0.115 0.63 0.558 1.13 1.052
0.14 0.124 0.64 0.567 1.14 1.062
0.15 0.132 0.65 0.577 1.15 1.072
0.16 0.141 0.66 0.586 1.16 1.082
0.17 0.150 0.67 0.596 1.17 1.093
0.18 0.158 0.68 0.605 1.18 1.103
0.19 0.167 0.69 0.614 1.19 1.113
0.20 0.176 0.70 0.624 1.20 1.123
0.21 0.184 0.71 0.634 1.21 1.133
0.22 0.193 0.72 0.643 1.22 1.143
0.23 0.201 0.73 0.653 1.23 1.154
0.24 0.210 0.74 0.662 1.24 1.164
0.25 0.219 0.75 0.672 1.25 1.174
0.26 0.227 0.76 0.682 1.26 1.184
0.27 0.236 0.77 0.691 1.27 1.194
0.28 0.245 0.78 0.701 1.28 1.204
0.29 0.253 0.79 0.711 1.29 1.215
0.30 0.262 0.80 0.721 1.30 1.225
0.31 0.271 0.81 0.730 1.31 1.235
0.32 0.279 0.82 0.740 1.32 1.245
0.33 0.288 0.83 0.750 1.33 1.255
0.34 0.297 0.84 0.760 1.34 1.265
Tab. 13
0.35 0.306 0.85 0.770 1.35 1.275
0.36 0.314 0.86 0.780 1.36 1.286
0.37 0.323 0.87 0.790 1.37 1.296
0.38 0.332 0.88 0.799 1.38 1.306
0.39 0.341 0.89 0.809 1.39 1.316
0.40 0.349 0.90 0.819 1.40 1.326
0.41 0.358 0.91 0.829 1.41 1.336
0.42 0.367 0.92 0.839 1.42 1.346
0.43 0.376 0.93 0.849 1.43 1.356
0.44 0.385 0.94 0.859 1.44 1.366
0.45 0.394 0.95 0.869 1.45 1.376
0.46 0.403 0.96 0.880 1.46 1.386
0.47 0.412 0.97 0.890 1.47 1.396
0.48 0.421 0.98 0.900 1.48 1.406
0.49 0.430 0.99 0.910 1.49 1.416
Tab. 13

1.50 1.427 2.00 1.920 2.50 2.405
1.51 1.437 2.01 1.930 2.51 2.414
1.52 1.447 2.02 1.940 2.52 2.424
1.53 1.457 2.03 1.949 2.53 2.434
1.54 1.467 2.04 1.959 2.54 2.443
1.55 1.477 2.05 1.969 2.55 2.453
1.56 1.487 2.06 1.979 2.56 2.462
1.57 1.497 2.07 1.988 2.57 2.472
1.58 1.506 2.08 1.998 2.58 2.482
1.59 1.516 2.09 2.008 2.59 2.491
1.60 1.526 2.10 2.018 2.60 2.501
1.61 1.536 2.11 2.027 2.61 2.511
1.62 1.546 2.12 2.037 2.62 2.520
1.63 1.556 2.13 2.047 2.63 2.530
1.64 1.566 2.14 2.056 2.64 2.540
1.65 1.576 2.15 2.066 2.65 2.549
1.66 1.586 2.16 2.076 2.66 2.559
1.67 1.596 2.17 2.086 2.67 2.568
1.68 1.606 2.18 2.095 2.68 2.578
1.69 1.616 2.19 2.105 2.69 2.588
1.70 1.626 2.20 2.115 2.70 2.597
1.71 1.636 2.21 2.124 2.71 2.607
1.72 1.645 2.22 2.134 2.72 2.617
1.73 1.655 2.23 2.144 2.73 2.626
1.74 1.665 2.24 2.153 2.74 2.636
1.75 1.675 2.25 2.163 2.75 2.645
1.76 1.685 2.26 2.173 2.76 2.655
1.77 1.695 2.27 2.182 2.77 2.665
1.78 1.705 2.28 2.192 2.78 2.674
1.79 1.715 2.29 2.202 2.79 2.684
1.80 1.724 2.30 2.211 2.80 2.694
1.81 1.734 2.31 2.221 2.81 2.703
1.82 1.744 2.32 2.231 2.82 2.713
1.83 1.754 2.33 2.241 2.83 2.722
1.84 1.764 2.34 2.250 2.84 2.732
Tab. 14
1.85 1.773 2.35 2.260 2.85 2.742
1.86 1.783 2.36 2.270 2.86 2.751
1.87 1.793 2.37 2.279 2.87 2.761
1.88 1.803 2.38 2.289 2.88 2.771
1.89 1.813 2.39 2.298 2.89 2.780
1.90 1.823 2.40 2.308 2.90 2.790
1.91 1.832 2.41 2.318 2.91 2.799
1.92 1.842 2.42 2.327 2.92 2.809
1.93 1.852 2.43 2.337 2.93 2.819
1.94 1.862 2.44 2.347 2.94 2.828
1.95 1.871 2.45 2.356 2.95 2.838
1.96 1.881 2.46 2.366 2.96 2.848
1.97 1.891 2.47 2.376 2.97 2.857
1.98 1.901 2.48 2.385 2.98 2.867
1.99 1.910 2.49 2.395 2.99 2.876
Tab. 14

3.00 2.886 3.50 3.368 4.00 3.850
3.01 2.896 3.51 3.377 4.01 3.860
3.02 2.905 3.52 3.387 4.02 3.870
3.03 2.915 3.53 3.396 4.03 3.879
3.04 2.925 3.54 3.406 4.04 3.889
3.05 2.934 3.55 3.416 4.05 3.899
3.06 2.944 3.56 3.425 4.06 3.908
3.07 2.953 3.57 3.435 4.07 3.918
3.08 2.963 3.58 3.445 4.08 3.928
3.09 2.973 3.59 3.454 4.09 3.937
3.10 2.982 3.60 3.464 4.10 3.947
3.11 2.992 3.61 3.474 4.11 3.957
3.12 3.002 3.62 3.483 4.12 3.966
3.13 3.011 3.63 3.493 4.13 3.976
3.14 3.021 3.64 3.503 4.14 3.986
3.15 3.030 3.65 3.512 4.15 3.995
3.16 3.040 3.66 3.522 4.16 4.005
3.17 3.050 3.67 3.531 4.17 4.015
3.18 3.059 3.68 3.541 4.18 4.025
3.19 3.069 3.69 3.551 4.19 4.034
3.20 3.079 3.70 3.560 4.20 4.044
3.21 3.088 3.71 3.570 4.21 4.054
3.22 3.098 3.72 3.580 4.22 4.063
3.23 3.107 3.73 3.589 4.23 4.073
3.24 3.117 3.74 3.599 4.24 4.083
3.25 3.127 3.75 3.609 4.25 4.092
3.26 3.136 3.76 3.618 4.26 4.102
3.27 3.146 3.77 3.628 4.27 4.112
3.28 3.156 3.78 3.638 4.28 4.121
3.29 3.165 3.79 3.647 4.29 4.131
3.30 3.175 3.80 3.657 4.30 4.141
3.31 3.184 3.81 3.667 4.31 4.151
3.32 3.194 3.82 3.676 4.32 4.160
3.33 3.204 3.83 3.686 4.33 4.170
3.34 3.213 3.84 3.696 4.34 4.180
Tab. 15
3.35 3.223 3.85 3.705 4.35 4.189
3.36 3.233 3.86 3.715 4.36 4.199
3.37 3.242 3.87 3.725 4.37 4.209
3.38 3.252 3.88 3.734 4.38 4.218
3.39 3.262 3.89 3.744 4.39 4.228
3.40 3.271 3.90 3.754 4.40 4.238
3.41 3.281 3.91 3.763 4.41 4.248
3.42 3.290 3.92 3.773 4.42 4.257
3.43 3.300 3.93 3.783 4.43 4.267
3.44 3.310 3.94 3.792 4.44 4.277
3.45 3.319 3.95 3.802 4.45 4.286
3.46 3.329 3.96 3.812 4.46 4.296
3.47 3.339 3.97 3.821 4.47 4.306
3.48 3.348 3.98 3.831 4.48 4.316
3.49 3.358 3.99 3.841 4.49 4.325
Tab. 15

4.50 4.335 5.00 4.822 5.50 5.311
4.51 4.345 5.01 4.832 5.51 5.321
4.52 4.354 5.02 4.841 5.52 5.331
4.53 4.364 5.03 4.851 5.53 5.341
4.54 4.374 5.04 4.861 5.54 5.351
4.55 4.384 5.05 4.871 5.55 5.360
4.56 4.393 5.06 4.881 5.56 5.370
4.57 4.403 5.07 4.890 5.57 5.380
4.58 4.413 5.08 4.900 5.58 5.390
4.59 4.422 5.09 4.910 5.59 5.400
4.60 4.432 5.10 4.920 5.60 5.409
4.61 4.442 5.11 4.929 5.61 5.419
4.62 4.452 5.12 4.939 5.62 5.429
4.63 4.461 5.13 4.949 5.63 5.439
4.64 4.471 5.14 4.959 5.64 5.449
4.65 4.481 5.15 4.968 5.65 5.459
4.66 4.491 5.16 4.978 5.66 5.468
4.67 4.500 5.17 4.988 5.67 5.478
4.68 4.510 5.18 4.998 5.68 5.488
4.69 4.520 5.19 5.008 5.69 5.498
4.70 4.529 5.20 5.017 5.70 5.508
4.71 4.539 5.21 5.027 5.71 5.518
4.72 4.549 5.22 5.037 5.72 5.527
4.73 4.559 5.23 5.047 5.73 5.537
4.74 4.568 5.24 5.056 5.74 5.547
4.75 4.578 5.25 5.066 5.75 5.557
4.76 4.588 5.26 5.076 5.76 5.567
4.77 4.598 5.27 5.086 5.77 5.577
4.78 4.607 5.28 5.096 5.78 5.586
4.79 4.617 5.29 5.105 5.79 5.596
4.80 4.627 5.30 5.115 5.80 5.606
4.81 4.637 5.31 5.125 5.81 5.616
4.82 4.646 5.32 5.135 5.82 5.626
4.83 4.656 5.33 5.145 5.83 5.636
4.84 4.666 5.34 5.154 5.84 5.645
Tab. 16
4.85 4.676 5.35 5.164 5.85 5.655
4.86 4.685 5.36 5.174 5.86 5.665
4.87 4.695 5.37 5.184 5.87 5.675
4.88 4.705 5.38 5.194 5.88 5.685
4.89 4.715 5.39 5.203 5.89 5.695
4.90 4.724 5.40 5.213 5.90 5.705
4.91 4.734 5.41 5.223 5.91 5.714
4.92 4.744 5.42 5.233 5.92 5.724
4.93 4.754 5.43 5.243 5.93 5.734
4.94 4.763 5.44 5.252 5.94 5.744
4.95 4.773 5.45 5.262 5.95 5.754
4.96 4.783 5.46 5.272 5.96 5.764
4.97 4.793 5.47 5.282 5.97 5.774
4.98 4.802 5.48 5.292 5.98 5.783
4.99 4.812 5.49 5.301 5.99 5.793
6.00 5.803
Tab. 16

6.00 5.803 6.50 6.286 7.00 6.846
6.01 5.813 6.51 6.296 7.01 6.858
6.02 5.823 6.52 6.306 7.02 6.871
6.03 5.833 6.53 6.316 7.03 6.883
6.04 5.843 6.54 6.326 7.04 6.896
6.05 5.852 6.55 6.336 7.05 6.908
6.06 5.862 6.56 6.347 7.06 6.921
6.07 5.872 6.57 6.357 7.07 6.933
6.08 5.882 6.58 6.367 7.08 6.946
6.09 5.892 6.59 6.378 7.09 6.959
6.10 5.902 6.60 6.388 7.10 6.971
6.11 5.912 6.61 6.399 7.11 6.984
6.12 5.922 6.62 6.409 7.12 6.997
6.13 5.931 6.63 6.420 7.13 7.009
6.14 5.941 6.64 6.430 7.14 7.022
6.15 5.951 6.65 6.441 7.15 7.035
6.16 5.961 6.66 6.452 7.16 7.048
6.17 5.971 6.67 6.463 7.17 7.061
6.18 5.981 6.68 6.474 7.18 7.074
6.19 5.991 6.69 6.485 7.19 7.086
6.20 6.001 6.70 6.495 7.20 7.099
6.21 6.015 6.71 6.506 7.21 7.112
6.22 6.024 6.72 6.518 7.22 7.125
6.23 6.032 6.73 6.529 7.23 7.138
6.24 6.041 6.74 6.540 7.24 7.151
6.25 6.050 6.75 6.551 7.25 7.164
6.26 6.059 6.76 6.562 7.26 7.177
6.27 6.068 6.77 6.574 7.27 7.190
6.28 6.077 6.78 6.585 7.28 7.203
6.29 6.086 6.79 6.596 7.29 7.216
6.30 6.095 6.80 6.608 7.30 7.229
6.31 6.104 6.81 6.619 7.31 7.242
6.32 6.113 6.82 6.631 7.32 7.255
6.33 6.123 6.83 6.642 7.33 7.269
6.34 6.132 6.84 6.654 7.34 7.282
Tab. 17
6.35 6.141 6.85 6.666 7.35 7.295
6.36 6.150 6.86 6.677 7.36 7.308
6.37 6.160 6.87 6.689 7.37 7.321
6.38 6.169 6.88 6.701 7.38 7.334
6.39 6.179 6.89 6.713 7.39 7.347
6.40 6.188 6.90 6.725 7.40 7.360
6.41 6.198 6.91 6.737 7.41 7.373
6.42 6.207 6.92 6.749 7.42 7.386
6.43 6.217 6.93 6.761 7.43 7.399
6.44 6.227 6.94 6.773 7.44 7.412
6.45 6.236 6.95 6.785 7.45 7.425
6.46 6.246 6.96 6.797 7.46 7.438
6.47 6.256 6.97 6.809 7.47 7.451
6.48 6.266 6.98 6.821 7.48 7.464
6.49 6.276 6.99 6.834 7.49 7.477
Tab. 17

7.50 7.490 8.00 8.090 8.50 8.582
7.51 7.503 8.01 8.101 8.51 8.591
7.52 7.516 8.02 8.112 8.52 8.600
7.53 7.529 8.03 8.123 8.53 8.609
7.54 7.542 8.04 8.133 8.54 8.618
7.55 7.554 8.05 8.144 8.55 8.627
7.56 7.567 8.06 8.154 8.56 8.636
7.57 7.580 8.07 8.165 8.57 8.645
7.58 7.593 8.08 8.175 8.58 8.654
7.59 7.605 8.09 8.186 8.59 8.663
7.60 7.618 8.10 8.196 8.60 8.672
7.61 7.631 8.11 8.207 8.61 8.681
7.62 7.643 8.12 8.217 8.62 8.690
7.63 7.656 8.13 8.227 8.63 8.699
7.64 7.668 8.14 8.237 8.64 8.708
7.65 7.681 8.15 8.248 8.65 8.717
7.66 7.693 8.16 8.258 8.66 8.726
7.67 7.706 8.17 8.268 8.67 8.735
7.68 7.718 8.18 8.278 8.68 8.744
7.69 7.730 8.19 8.288 8.69 8.753
7.70 7.743 8.20 8.298 8.70 8.762
7.71 7.755 8.21 8.308 8.71 8.771
7.72 7.767 8.22 8.318 8.72 8.780
7.73 7.779 8.23 8.327 8.73 8.789
7.74 7.792 8.24 8.337 8.74 8.798
7.75 7.804 8.25 8.347 8.75 8.807
7.76 7.816 8.26 8.357 8.76 8.816
7.77 7.828 8.27 8.367 8.77 8.825
7.78 7.840 8.28 8.376 8.78 8.834
7.79 7.852 8.29 8.386 8.79 8.843
7.80 7.863 8.30 8.395 8.80 8.852
7.81 7.875 8.31 8.405 8.81 8.861
7.82 7.887 8.32 8.415 8.82 8.870
7.83 7.899 8.33 8.424 8.83 8.879
7.84 7.910 8.34 8.434 8.84 8.888
Tab. 18
7.85 7.922 8.35 8.443 8.85 8.897
7.86 7.934 8.36 8.452 8.86 8.906
7.87 7.945 8.37 8.462 8.87 8.915
7.88 7.957 8.38 8.471 8.88 8.924
7.89 7.968 8.39 8.481 8.89 8.933
7.90 7.979 8.40 8.490 8.90 8.942
7.91 7.991 8.41 8.499 8.91 8.951
7.92 8.002 8.42 8.508 8.92 8.960
7.93 8.013 8.43 8.518 8.93 8.969
7.94 8.024 8.44 8.527 8.94 8.978
7.95 8.035 8.45 8.536 8.95 8.988
7.96 8.047 8.46 8.545 8.96 8.997
7.97 8.058 8.47 8.554 8.97 9.006
7.98 8.068 8.48 8.564 8.98 9.015
7.99 8.079 8.49 8.573 8.99 9.024
Tab. 18

Auto Range"
9.00 9.033 9.50 9.520
9.01 9.043 9.51 9.530
9.02 9.052 9.52 9.541
9.03 9.061 9.53 9.551
9.04 9.070 9.54 9.562
9.05 9.080 9.55 9.572
9.06 9.089 9.56 9.583
9.07 9.098 9.57 9.593
9.08 9.108 9.58 9.604
9.09 9.117 9.59 9.614
9.10 9.126 9.60 9.625
9.11 9.136 9.61 9.636
9.12 9.145 9.62 9.646
9.13 9.155 9.63 9.657
9.14 9.164 9.64 9.668
9.15 9.173 9.65 9.679
9.16 9.183 9.66 9.690
9.17 9.192 9.67 9.700
9.18 9.202 9.68 9.711
9.19 9.212 9.69 9.722
9.20 9.221 9.70 9.733
9.21 9.231 9.71 9.744
9.22 9.240 9.72 9.755
9.23 9.250 9.73 9.766
9.24 9.260 9.74 9.777
9.25 9.269 9.75 9.788
9.26 9.279 9.76 9.800
9.27 9.289 9.77 9.811
9.28 9.299 9.78 9.822
9.29 9.308 9.79 9.833
9.30 9.318 9.80 9.844
9.31 9.328 9.81 9.856
9.32 9.338 9.82 9.867
9.33 9.348 9.83 9.878
9.34 9.358 9.84 9.890
Tab. 19
Auto Range"
9.35 9.368 9.85 9.901
9.36 9.378 9.86 9.913
9.37 9.388 9.87 9.924
9.38 9.398 9.88 9.936
9.39 9.408 9.89 9.947
9.40 9.418 9.90 9.959
9.41 9.428 9.91 9.970
9.42 9.438 9.92 9.982
9.43 9.448 9.93 9.994
9.44 9.458 9.94 10.006
9.45 9.469 9.95 10.017
9.46 9.479 9.96 10.029
9.47 9.489 9.97 10.041
9.48 9.499 9.98 10.053
9.49 9.510 9.99 10.065
10.00 10.077
Tab. 19

5.4 FSN-Opacity Correlation

FSN and opacity of the exhaust gas of a combustion engine are based
mainly on particle emissions. Particles of the combustion have a
complex construction of elementary carbon ("C", "black soot"),
condensed hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur particles (SO4; main sulfuric acid
and attached water) and ashes (Metallic oxides, etc.). Schematically
this is shown in the following illustration.
Particle emissions and their reference to different measuring principals
Fig. 23
It was shown, that the Filter Smoke Number, measured with a Smoke
Meter as the AVL 415S, represents the "C" part of the particles. This is
expressed through the correlation equation:
From the physical principle it is clear that the opacity N [%] which is the
attenuation of the strength of a ray of light is also mainly influenced by
"C". Because of that it is logical to asume that also a correlation
between FSN and opacity exists. Experiments around this assumption
were performed in order to verify it. The results of the experiments are
encouraging: a quite good correlation that was confirmed from several
laboratories was found.
Relationship between FSN and opacity (measured in 5 different labora-

tories)
Fig. 24
Some questions remain, however:

1. What is the background for this correlation?
2. Is this correlation valid in all cases?
3. If yes, what are the statistical characteristics of this correlation?
4. If not, are there FSN/opacity -range, where this correlation is
always valid?
5. If not, for which case is the correlation definitely not valid?
The answers are:

1. The background for the correlation is the fact, that FSN is virtually
only, and opacity is mainly influenced by "black soot", "C". The
specific light attenuation, for example the attenuation per metering
unit, is for "C" many times higher than for example for "HC".
2. The correlation can not be guaranteed for all cases. The correla-
tion is an empirical discovery which is only valid for a certain
number of engines, and is for example not restricted to a certain
particle property. But some combustion procedures can produce
particles for which the correlation is not valid anymore. Physical
backgrounds for effects, that can influence the correlation will be
shown further down.
3. A statistical evaluation of the measuring data does not make
sense, since no strict physical-mathematical relationship between
FSN and opacity exists. The measured values of these two
parameters have indeed a common physical basis, but there are
also differences.

4. From the physical basics which are explained further down it is

clear that a deviation from the shown correlation is basically pos-
sible over the whole range of the relation between FSN and
opacity.
5. From Fig. 25 on page 95 it becomes clear that the inaccuracy of
the relationship between FSN and opacity for values of FSN ≤ 1,
or N ≤ 5 % increases. That has a simple reason: the low soot
emissions (low FSN) are usually connected to high parts of HC.
Opacity, unlike FSN, reacts sensitively on certain parameters to
condensed HC particles. The opacity signal of a certain mass of
HC particles will turn out considerably smaller, than the signal of
the same mass of "C". But for great amounts of "HC" it can not be
neglected. This is also shown by Fig. 24 on page 93.
Yet more: it must be taken into account that N is influenced by
every exhaust gas component which absorbs or scatters light.
There is one gaseous component in the exhaust gas which
absorbs light, NO2. Usually the concentration is low, because the
nitrogen oxides are emitted to 95 % as NO. In spite of that the
concentrations can become, after a catalytic transformation, so
high, that a opacity of up to a few percent can occur. And that
although, the specific absorption of NO2 is many times smaller
than the specific absorption of "C".
SO42- -particles can weaken light through scattering. However,
the effect is, due to the fact that SO42- -particles are very small,
negligible, except when fuels with a high sulfur content are used,
as for some marine applications.
Validity at low smoke values

With the Combustion Aerosol Standard ("CAST") of the Swiss institute
for metrology comparisons were done between FSN and opacity with
the AVL Smoke Meter 415S, and the AVL 439 Opacimeter.
The CAST supplies particles which are similar to diesel particles.
Some particles that were found exist of soot, and also of condensed
hydrocarbons with a percentage by weight of hydrocarbons of up
85 %.
The correlation is shown by the next diagram.
Relationship between FSN and opacity for low soot emissions gener-
ated with CAST
Fig. 25
The coefficients of the best polynomial adaptation differ from those,

which were measured from the engine. The opacity values of this
adaptation are among those from Fig. 24 on page 93, and the curves
intersect each other at FSN = 2.
We assume, that this, rather than the small interference of light scat-
tering particles, could be a reason for the boundaries of the measuring
accuracy, because data that shows the almost same correlation with
low diesel soot concentrations exist.

Smoke Value Measurement of Large Engines 97
6 Smoke Value Measurement of

Large Engines
6.1 Recommendations
When performing measurements on large engines attention has to be
paid concerning the use of fuels with high sulfur or ash content, water
injection and the appearance of large particles respectively aerosol
fragments, to guidelines for the test setup in order to avoid measure-
ment errors or even the destruction of the measuring device.
Sampling probe:
Use the sampling probe with the screw cap (sampling probe of the
AVL 415) whereas it is supposed to be mounted.
Sampling lines:
Use only the material Viton for the sampling lines. This material is
much more resistant against acidic exhaust gas components than
silicone. An AVL 415S Viton sampling line with an especially
smooth inner surface, an internal diameter of 4 mm and a wall
thickness of 2 mm, is recommended.
Always choose the maximum length of the sampling lines, which
is necessary, to receive a reproducible result. With exhaust gases
with a high sulfur content a minimum length of 4 m is recom-
mended (however not longer than 7 or 8 m), in order to already
completely condense all sulfate acidic parts in the line.
Use an unheated and not isolated sampling line so that all
unwanted substances (sulfuric acid, ash, water) are already taken
out at this point.
Always use the same set of sampling lines even if different smoke
meter models are used.
Never mix different probes and sampling lines, when doing com-
parison measurement at different sampling points or sites.

98 Smoke Value Measurement of Large Engines
Smoke Meter:
Use the Smoke Meter in an unheated condition. Comparisons
between measuring data of heated and unheated measurements
are not possible.
The heating is supposed to prevent the condensing of water vapor
(and the adherence of particles to these water droplets) and par-
ticularly condensation at the filter paper. A high sulfur content of
more than 1 percent of the weight has, however, a great influence
on the dew point of the steam. It can exceed temperatures of over
130 °C. Since for hardware reasons temperatures of more than
65 °C may not be reached with the heating system (cotton paper,
detector,…) a standard heating would be counterproductive. High
ash concentrations could, together with water vapor and acidic
components, form big particle agglomerates. In connection with
some carbon these can also have an influence on the absorptive
effect of these particles. Also similar effects can occur if water
vapor condenses within the device and reaches the filter paper (a
slightly gray paper always appears darker when wet than when
dry). Components of sulphate acid (whether with or without water
and/or ash content) are very aggressive and may not in any case
reach the measuring device. The condensation is supposed to
occur in the sampling line and the line is supposed to be cleaned
regularly. It is supposed to be avoided that water droplets can
reach the probe of the Smoke Meter.
Use the same device-model – if possible –, when comparison
measurements are supposed to be carried out at different sites.
Use the same test setup, if the same device is used for compar-
ison purposes at different sites.
Clean the lines at least once a day when using fuels with high sul-
phur or ash content. This is supposed to happen at a certain point
in time.
Prefer the "Auto Range" function or define the same sampling
time, or the same sampled volume. When, however, you want to
compare measurement values of AVL 409 with those of AVL 415,
respectively 415S (both unheated), you should use a constant
sampled volume of 1 liter for measurements with the AVL 415.
Important: Use the same sampling lines.
Use the purging-function as often as possible, but always at the

same test points(for example: before or after a measurement).
Smoke Value Measurement of Large Engines 99
6.2 Influences on the Measurement

Ambient conditions:
Lower ambient temperatures cause more condensate in the
unheated lines, and particle losses are therefore higher.
The humidity has besides high ambient temperatures a great
influence on the amount of particles.
Engine state:
The temperature, the pressure and the moisture of the air sucked
up by the engine can have great influence on the particle output of
an engine.
The fuel composition (sulfur and ash content) have together with
the water vapor an influence on the particle composition, cluster
formation and the particle size distribution. High sulfur contents
have, in addition, a great influence on the dew point of the vapor.
Transportation conditions:
The type of the probe does usually not have any influence on the
measuring results at particle sizes under 200 nm. At sizes above
400 nm, however, the effect can be dominant, because such big
particle agglomerates are usually sucked into the probe with the
screw cap.
With unheated sampling lines condensation can occur. The
amount of condensation mainly depends on the following condi-
tions:
– Dew point of the water vapor (depends on the engine state,
kind of fuel and on the sulfur content)
– Ambient temperature
– Humidity
– Heat transportation of the measured gas to the surroundings
(mainly dependent on the line wall thickness).
With sampling lines heated at 65 °C the above-mentioned effects
occur to a smaller extent, except when fuels with a high sulfur or
ash content are used.
If the sampling line is isolated, but not heated, mixed effects,
about which no precise statements can be made, occur.

100 Smoke Value Measurement of Large Engines
Special Sampling 101
7 Special Sampling
7.1 Special Sampling Option 415S
7.1.1 General
The standard layout of an AVL Smoke Meter 415S is designed for
exhaust gas back pressures of -100 mbar to 400 mbar. Moreover the
purging of ambient air into the exhaust gas system can also lead to
problems. The Special Sampling option facilitates the use of the
Smoke Meter through its special construction under the following
crucial conditions:
Measurements at exhaust gas back pressures of up to +750 mbar
or negative pressures of up to -200 mbar at the sampling point.
Measurements with two sampling lines (if already installed in the
standard device)
No purging into the exhaust gas
Purging into the exhaust gas with for example nitrogen (from gas
bottles or generators)
Effective purging of the sampling probe by means of compressed
air or nitrogen possible (in this case flushing into the exhaust gas
tract)
High exhaust gas temperatures of up to 600 °C (800 °C with long
sampling probe)
Exhaust gas over pressures of >900 (device turned on or in
stand-by). With the Special Sampling option the system is safe-
guarded up to top pressures of 1500 mbar (fixed 1000 mbar).
Option Heating usable, respectively recommended
The Special Sampling option should only be mounted, however, if the

exhaust gas shows a state (temperature, pressure) for which the stan-
dard device is not designed, or no purging air may reach the exhaust
gas (for example not to influence the values of a lambda probe).
Unlike the standard sampling the sampling lines of the Special
Sampling option are through their characteristic construction (valves;
corrugated line and sampling probe are only purged with external
compressed air if required) not suitable for highly precise measure-
ments of very low soot concentrations (< 0.5 FSN). Moreover the
obtained data can not be compared with data that was obtained without
the option. Due to the deposits the measurement results can deviate
up to 10 %.

102 Special Sampling
7.1.2 Mode of Operation

Construction of the option at the exhaust gas system and at the
measuring instrument
Fig. 26
Measurement at Higher Pressures

The primary function of the Special Sampling option is to increase the
possible exhaust gas back pressures. This is possible through leading
the exhaust gas sample back into the exhaust gas system after the
measurement. Through this measure approximately the same pres-
sure is present throughout the entire process of sampling and that way
device internal and/or relative pressures are approximately kept
constant. It is important that both sampling in probe and the sample out
probe are mounted upstreams the pressure producing component
(DPF, flaps).
Special Sampling 103
Purging
To avoid ambient air being brought into the exhaust gas system the
sample-in- and the sample-out box were developed. In the purging
mode the valve "purging air in" is opened at the sample-out box and
ambient air is sucked in. This air is then pulsated through the sampling
lines and is used to purge them. The sampling probe and the flexible
corrugated line are not purged in this case. This must then occur
manually in regular intervals (according to soot loading) with cleaned
compressed air (oil and water-free). The compressed-air inlet is avail-
able by default.
A further possibility is to purge the lines with nitrogen. This way the
entire sampling line including sampling probe and corrugated line can
be purged without the possible risk of influencing any exhaust gas after
treatment systems that might be installed.
Possible crucial components in the exhaust line
Fig. 27

104 Special Sampling
7.1.3 Installation
1. Install the sampling probes same as for the standard device 415S
(see device manual 415S).
2. Install the sample-out-probes in analogue to the installation of the
sampling probes, at least 150 mm downstream of the sampling
probes, however, in a region of approximately the same pressure.
No pressure drop producing elements such as flaps, particle filters
or similar things may exist between the sampling probe and the
"recirculation" connection.
3. Support the sample-in box in such a way, that the flexible line can
be mounted between probe and sample-in box and, that the hori-
zontal engraved line on the box is about kept horizontally. Only
this way a proper purging can be guaranteed. A strong thermal
strain through radiation heat of the exhaust pipe is supposed to be
avoided. If necessary attach a metallic shield between the
exhaust pipe and the sample-in box.
4. Connect probe and sample-in box with the flexible line.
5. Install the sampling line.
6. Connect the compressed air (2 bar ±0.5 bar; max. 3 bar) and the
power supply according to the application.
7. Install the sample-out line and probe. These are materially the
same components as the sampling lines (are in most cases
heated is) and -probes.
The Special Sampling option can be ordered directly with the Smoke
Meter or also as a retrofit kit. The installation of the retrofit kit needs
more manipulations and is described in detail in the manual.
Summary 105
8 Summary
In addition to the sampling time, the length of the sampling lines and
the hose material, particularly the influence of the thermal conditioning
and the differences between heated and unheated sampling were
examined. The subsequently mentioned parameters could be identified
as main influencing factors:
Thermal conditioning of device and sampled system
Choice of sampling time (and/or sampled volume)
Sampling line length in unheated operation
The deposit of particles and condensate on the inside of the sampling

lines can be seen as the explanation for the measuring value differ-
ences due to the told influencing factors.
The condensate formation and the resulting deviations of the measure-
ment result are determined through parameters such as relative
humidity and temperature in the device and the sampling system. With
the heating also a new correlation curve between soot loading and
FSN was needed. With the help of an equation it is, however, not a
problem to convert the values of the individual functions if the
measurements were done in the "Presample Auto Range" mode.
Unfavorable combinations of the mentioned performance-influencing
factors can affect the measurement results more or less strongly.
Since for example with increasing engine load the exhaust gas
humidity increases and the condensate formation tendency increases
with an unheated longer sampling time the combination of these two
parameters can already cause noticeable measurement value differ-
ences [NÖS-00].
The accuracy of the Smoke Value measurement with small measure-
ment values is affected both by the measuring device and by the
sampling technique. The engine can have a great influence on the
measurement quality through its instability, particularly in the partial
load operation.
It was also shown, that for special applications, specific measurement
layouts and methods are needed.
The low smoke value levels to be determined, under compliance of the
described boundary conditions, in future can only be determined with a
heated instrument with sufficient accuracy. In order to increase the
repeatability from smoke value measurements with small FSN levels, a
sampled volume increase is recommended.
Both conditions are fulfilled by the Smoke Meter 415S in the heated
version.

106 Summary
Symbols and Indexes
SZ, SZB Bosch blackness number

FSN Filter Smoke Number
PB Paper blackening
PL Pollution level
s Standard deviation (deviation, uncertainty of
measurement)
n Number of arguments
x Value of argument
(measured value difference between test and
reference device)
AVL 409 Type designation of the first AVL Smoke Meter
(1965)
AVL 415 Type designation of the AVL 409 succession model
(1992)
AVL 415S Type designation of the new AVL Smoke Meter
(1999)
M1, M2 Measurement value (Device 1, 2)
G1, G2 Device influence on the measurement value
W True physical value
sD 2
Variation of the measured value difference
(= square of the standard deviation)
sG12, sG22 Device variation
pW Partial pressure of steam
pWs Saturation pressure of steam
mW Steam mass
mL Mass of dry air
xW Absolute humidity
xWs Maximum absolute humidity
p Air pressure
j Relative humidity
Summary 107
Literature
[BAE-92] H. D. Baehr, Thermodynamik, Springer Verlag,

Berlin. 1992
[CHR-93] R. Christian, F. Knopf, A. Jaschek, W. Schindler.
Eine neue Meßmethodik der Boschzahl mit
erhöhter Empfindlichkeit, MTZ 54, Stuttgart, 1993
[ISO-98] ISO DP 10054, Internal Combustion Compression
Ignition Engines-Apparatus for Measurement of
Smoke from Diesel Engines Operating under
Steady State Conditions – Filter Type Smoke
Meter, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1998
[SIN-00] W. Singer, E. Unger, E. Schiefer, M. Nöst, A.
Wimmer, Reproduzierbare meßtechnische Erfas-
sung niedriger Rußkonzentrationen mit der Filter-
papiermethode, Forum Partikelemissionen,
Darmstadt, 2000
[PIS-89] R. Pischinger, G. Kraßnig, G. Taucar, Thermody-
namik der Verbrennungskraftmaschine, Springer
Verlag, Wien, New York, 1989
[AVL-87] AVL 409 Smoke Meter, Operating Manual,
AVL List GmbH, Graz, 1987
[AVL-98] AVL 415 Smoke Meter, Operating Manual ,
[AVL-02] AVL 415S Smoke Meter, Operating Manual ,
[KAL-97a] Calibration Procedure for AVL 409,
Material Number AT0354E, AVL List GmbH, Graz,
1997
[KAL-97b] Calibration Procedure for Smoke Meter AVL 415,
1997
[KAL-99] Calibration Procedure for Rauchwertmeßgerät AVL
415S.
1999
[VOL-97] Information – Volume Tester AVL 408S,
Identnummer AZ1384, AVL List GmbH, Graz, 1997
[AVL-95] Vergleich 409 / 415, Informationspapier,
[NÖS-00] M. Nöst, A. Wimmer, AVL 415S, 415: Untersu-
chung der Einflußgrößen auf das FSN-Niveau,
Technische Universität, Graz, 2000
[CHR-94] R. Christian, Grundlagen für die Vergleichbarkeit
des AVL 415 mit anderen Rauchwertmeßgeräten,
Application Note MMG-001-94, AVL List GmbH,
Graz, 1994
[ISO-5725] ISO 5725, Teil 1-6, Accuracy (trueness and preci-
sion) of measurement methods and results
[STE-89] H.J. Stein, A.I. Ekermo, P.J.H. Treiber; SAE Tech-
nical Paper Series 892492. SAE 1989

108 Summary
Index 109
Index
Symbols I Special Sampling option 415S
"Auto Range" measurement 14 influence of the sampling 101
"Auto Range" Online technique 35
measurement 14 installation 104 T
temperature influence 30
A M test setup 26
accuracy 53 maintenance 26
AVL Smoke Meter 409 20 measurement at higher pressures Z
AVL Smoke Meter 415 21 102 zero point accuracy 40
AVL Smoke Meter 415S 22 measuring principle 11 checking of the zero point accuracy
moisture influence 28 41
B dependency on the sampling length
blackening number 11, 16 N 40
necessary test conditions zero point deviation 40
C engine and exhaust system 37
environment and device
choice of sampled volume 23 construction 37
comparison measurements measuring system AVL 415S and
comparison of measurement values operation 38
57
definitions 53
FSN-opacity correlation 92
O
methodics 49 optical evaluation 15
comparison measurements of
different devices 54 P
paper blackening 16
D paper blackening with soot
diaphragm pump 13 concentrations 44
diaphragm pump versus pollution level 11
reciprocating pump 13 pollution level (PL) according to
JIS D 8004 18
precision 53
E precision measurements with
effective sampling length 11 smoke values 37, 40, 44
evaluation 15 purging 103
exhaust gas sampling 24
R
F reciprocating pump 13
factors influencing the recommended test setup 26
measurement 23, 26, reflectometer value 15
28, 35 relative humidity 28
filter paper 24 repeatability 53
Filter Smoke Number 17 reproducibility 54
FSN 17 reproducibility measurement 55
FSN-opacity correlation 92 reproducibility of the AVL 415S
functional principle (heated) 55
AVL Smoke Meter 409 20
AVL Smoke Meter 415 21
AVL Smoke Meter 415S 22
S
explanation of terms 16 sampling length 40
general 11 sampling line 35
sampling technique 35
setting the optimal sampling time
G example 45
general guidelines for smoke paper blackening with soot
value measurements concentrations 44
choice of sampled volume 23 smoke value measurement of
exhaust gas sampling 24 large engines
filter paper 24 influences on the measurement 99
maintenance 26 recommendations 97
special sampling 101
Measurement
Measurement of the of the Smoke
Smoke Valuethe
Value with with the
Filter-Pa-
per-Method
110 Index
AVL List GmbH
Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria
Phone: +43 316 787-0, Fax: +43 316 787-400
https://www.avl.com

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SMOKE VALUE MEASUREMENT WITH THE

Printed in Austria at AVL.

1 What You Should Know............................................................................................... 7

3 Factors Influencing the Measurement Value........................................................... 23

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

4 Precision Measurements with Smoke Values < 0.5 FSN........................................ 37

5 Comparison Measurements ...................................................................................... 49

6 Smoke Value Measurement of Large Engines ........................................................ 97

7 Special Sampling ..................................................................................................... 101

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

1 What You Should Know

1.1 Safety Instructions

1.2 Intended Application

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

As a result of the advancement of the AVL Smoke Meter a heating

1.4 About this Documentation

1.4.1 Typographic Conventions

Important: Icon and text indicate very important information or

1.4.2 We Want to Hear from You

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

2.1.1 Measuring Principle

2.1.2 Effective Sampling Length

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

The leakage volume is caused mainly by transverse currents of the

1 Effective sampling length

2.1.3 Diaphragm Pump versus Reciprocating Pump

1 Exhaust gas stream

With the electronically operated diaphragm pump the sampled volume

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

2.1.4 "Auto Range" Measurement

2.1.5 "Auto Range" Online Measurement

2.1.6 Optical Evaluation

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

2.2 Explanation of Terms

2.2.1 Paper Blackening (PB), Blackening Number (SZ and/or SZB)

Definition of the paper blackening value (PB):

RP … reflectometer value of sample

Components of the reflectometer head and measuring principal of the

The following situation should be pointed out: The Bosch blackening

2.2.2 Filter Smoke Number (FSN) According to ISO 10054

Note: The filter blackening is relative, that means it is determined in

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

2.2.3 Pollution Level (PL) According to JIS D 8004

PL = 100 − 1,15 ⋅ R A [% ] (3)

The corresponding effective sampling length is ~380 mm.

RP … reflectometer value of the sample

Only at RA = 87 % for unblackened filter paper the measured value of a

2. Calculate the equivalent pollution level (PLequi) of the AVL Smoke

Relationship between FSN and PL with an offset of -6 %

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

2.3 AVL Smoke Meter 409

The principle of sampling through a reciprocating pump is outlined.

2.4 AVL Smoke Meter 415

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

2.5 AVL Smoke Meter 415S

3 Factors Influencing the

3.1 General Guidelines for Smoke Value Measurements

3.1.1 Choice of Sampled Volume

Measurement of the Smoke Value with the

When the deviation of the paper blackening, in particular at the

When the measurement value deviation at short and long sam-