Current Issues in Molecular Biology

21 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 Through Integrated Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis

by Chieh-Ting Chen, Wen-Yu Chao, Chih-Hui Lin, Tsung-Wei Shih and Tzu-Ming Pan

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12354-12374; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110734 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2024

Abstract

Probiotics, as defined by the World Health Organization, are live microorganisms that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, provide health benefits to the host. Although some countries have approved specific probiotic species for use in food, safety concerns may still arise with individual strains. [...] Read more.

Probiotics, as defined by the World Health Organization, are live microorganisms that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, provide health benefits to the host. Although some countries have approved specific probiotic species for use in food, safety concerns may still arise with individual strains. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101), isolated from the gut of healthy infants, has demonstrated various probiotic effects and shown safety in a prior 28-day animal feeding study. To further verify its safety and mitigate potential risks, we performed a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic safety evaluation in accordance with the European Food Safety Authority guidelines for safety assessment through whole genome sequencing and related literature. In this research, minimum inhibitory concentration testing identified NTU 101’s resistance to chloramphenicol; however, subsequent gene analysis confirmed no associated risk of resistance. Assessments of safety, including biogenic amine content, hemolytic activity, mucin degradation, and D-lactic acid production, indicated a low level of risk. Additionally, a repeated-dose 90-day oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed no toxicity at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, further supporting the strain’s safety for consumption. Based on these comprehensive analyses, NTU 101 is considered safe for regular consumption as a health supplement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)

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11 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Opuntia ficus-indica Juice and Empagliflozin on Glycemic Control in Rats

by Sondos M. Alqudah, Mohammad Hailat, Zainab Zakaraya, Alaa Azeez Abu Dayah, Mohammad Abu Assab, Samia M. Alarman, Riad M. Awad, Mohammed F. Hamad, Laura Grațiela Vicaș and Wael Abu Dayyih

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12343-12353; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110733 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2024

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global health concern characterized by high blood glucose levels. This study investigates the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus) juice and empagliflozin, both alone and in combination, on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global health concern characterized by high blood glucose levels. This study investigates the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus) juice and empagliflozin, both alone and in combination, on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eighty Wistar albino male rats were divided into eight groups, with four groups being diabetic. Treatment options included cactus juice, empagliflozin, or both. HbA1c levels were measured at baseline and 100 days later using ELISA. In diabetic and non-diabetic rats treated with cactus juice or empagliflozin, HbA1c levels were significantly reduced, but diabetic rats had significantly lower HbA1c values than non-diabetic rats. The combined treatment provided no additional benefits over individual therapies. These findings indicate that cactus juice and empagliflozin effectively lower HbA1c levels, making their use a promising complementary approach to diabetes management. However, the combined treatment of Opuntia ficus-indica juice and empagliflozin did not yield additional reductions in HbA1c levels compared to individual treatments, with no significant synergistic effects observed throughout the study period. More research is needed to better understand the clinical applications and mechanisms in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Bioactivity of Natural Products, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 4909 KiB

Open AccessReview

Utilizing Flaxseed as an Antimicrobial Alternative in Chickens: Integrative Review for Salmonella enterica and Eimeria

by William C. Weston, Karen H. Hales and Dale B. Hales

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12322-12342; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110732 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

This review provides an integrative framework for understanding flaxseed (Linum utassitissimum) as an antimicrobial alternative for poultry production. We begin by familiarizing the reader with the global legislation of antibiotics in animal husbandry; highlighting gaps and current issues for Salmonella enterica [...] Read more.

This review provides an integrative framework for understanding flaxseed (Linum utassitissimum) as an antimicrobial alternative for poultry production. We begin by familiarizing the reader with the global legislation of antibiotics in animal husbandry; highlighting gaps and current issues for Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) and Eimeria (coccidiosis-inducing). We then discuss the natural, symbiotic characteristics of the Galliformes order (chicken-like birds) and Linum (the flaxes). The key immunological themes in this review include: (i) flaxseed’s regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in chickens, (ii) flaxseed’s ability to accelerate chicken recovery from infection with S. enterica and Eimeria, and (iii) flaxseed’s strengthening of immunity via vitamin B6 antagonism. Research indicates that whole flaxseed increases adaptive immune capacity by augmenting cecal Bacteroides and short-chain fatty acids while also attenuating the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in chickens. Moreover, flaxseed accelerates chicken recovery from infection with Salmonella Enteritidis or Eimeria tenella; however, future work is needed to better understand (i) defatted flaxseed’s superior performance against Eimeria species and (ii) Eimeria maxima’s resilience against whole flaxseed. In the context of vitamin B6 antagonism, we propose that 15% whole flaxseed overcomes S. enterica’s insult to estrogen synthesis by sustaining the activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) in liver. We also propose that 10% defatted flaxseed (as a metformin homologue) strengthens chicken immunity by safeguarding gonadal physiology and by increasing plasma thymidine bioavailability. The concepts in this review can be used as a template for conducting advanced immunological studies in poultry science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Food Science)

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11 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study Identifies Tissue-Dependent Risk Genes in Autoimmune Diseases

by Ryan Chiu and Li Ma

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12311-12321; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110731 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are among the most prevalent diseases across the world with genetic and environmental factors that contribute to their etiology. Because the exact causes of autoimmune diseases are largely unknown, a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach is used here to examine the potential [...] Read more.

Autoimmune diseases are among the most prevalent diseases across the world with genetic and environmental factors that contribute to their etiology. Because the exact causes of autoimmune diseases are largely unknown, a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach is used here to examine the potential causal association between gene expression levels and disease risk across various tissues. Specifically, this study focuses on six autoimmune diseases including Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Several of these diseases are currently treatable with immunosuppressants that target specific genes, such as TNF-alpha, IL-23, CD20, and more. In this study, a two-sample MR analysis is performed with multitissue expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and large-scale genome-wide association studies to investigate how gene expression can influence the risk of developing these diseases. Our results show that genes HLA-DQA1/2, HLA-DRB1/6, HLA-DQB2, C4A, CYP21A2, and HLA-DQB1-AS1 have a high causal effect across several diseases and tissues, and almost all of these findings originate from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on Chromosome 6. Our findings support the current knowledge of genes associated with these diseases while also revealing novel genes that can be used for drug therapies in the future. Although several drug therapies currently exist to treat this selection of autoimmune diseases, we provide further insights into the main, common pathways responsible for autoimmune disease pathogenesis and discuss novel genes that lack research focus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics and Systems Biology)

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12 pages, 3771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Geranylgeraniol and Ginger on Satellite Cells Myogenic State in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

by Nigel C. Jiwan, Casey R. Appell, Raoul Sterling, Chwan-Li Shen and Hui-Ying Luk

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12299-12310; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110730 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in muscles, leading to basal satellite cell (SC) myogenic impairment (i.e., reduction in SC pool), which is critical for maintaining skeletal muscle mass. T2D may contribute to muscle atrophy, [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in muscles, leading to basal satellite cell (SC) myogenic impairment (i.e., reduction in SC pool), which is critical for maintaining skeletal muscle mass. T2D may contribute to muscle atrophy, possibly due to reductions in the SC pool. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and ginger can reduce inflammation and enhance SC myogenesis in damaged muscles, thereby alleviating muscle atrophy; however, their effect on basal SC myogenic state and muscle mass in T2D rats is limited. Rats consumed a control diet (CON), high-fat diet with 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin (HFD), a HFD with 800 mg/kg body weight of GGOH (GG), or a HFD with 0.75% ginger root extract (GRE). In the eighth week, their soleus muscles were analyzed for Pax7, MyoD, and MSTN gene and protein expression, SC myogenic state, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). The HFD group had a significantly lower number of Pax7⁺/MyoD⁻ and Pax7⁺/MSTN⁺ cells, less Pax7 and MyoD gene expression, and less MyoD and MSTN protein expression, with a smaller CSA than the CON group. Compared to the GG and GRE groups, the HFD group had a significantly lower number of Pax7⁺/MSTN⁺ cells, less MyoD protein expression, and smaller CSA. The GRE group also had a significantly lower number of Pax7⁻/MyoD⁺ and greater MSTN protein expression than the HFD group. Nevertheless, the CON group had a significantly greater number of Pax7⁺/MyoD⁻ than the GG and GRE groups, and a greater number of Pax7⁻/MyoD⁺ cells than the GRE group with a larger CSA than the GG group. GGOH and ginger persevered muscle CSA, possibly through increased MyoD and the ability to maintain the SC pool in T2D rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products as Potential Sources of Antidiabetic Compounds, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 6007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Taxonomy Reveals New Insights into the Species Validity of the Neocaridina davidi-N. denticulata-N. heteropoda Complex and Mitogenomic Phylogeny of Caridean Shrimps

by Mei Yang, Xiaodong Cui, Xinzheng Li, Dong Dong, Xianjiang Kang and Zhibin Gan

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12279-12298; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110729 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

The genus Neocaridina, originating from East Asia and representing a small-size landlocked shrimp group of the family Atyidae, is an important group of ornamental shrimps and plays significant ecological roles in their natural habitats. Owing to the considerable variability of the taxonomic [...] Read more.

The genus Neocaridina, originating from East Asia and representing a small-size landlocked shrimp group of the family Atyidae, is an important group of ornamental shrimps and plays significant ecological roles in their natural habitats. Owing to the considerable variability of the taxonomic characters it employed, Neocaridina is constantly under revision, and the validation of several species is currently questionable. In the present study, several Neocaridina shrimps were collected from the Baiyangdian drainage area. Through morphological examination, they exhibited delicately diagnostical differences in the dactyli of the third pereiopod and the endopod of the first and second pleopod and were classified into morph A, morph B and morph C. According to the literature description, morph A and morph C were identified as N. denticulata denticulata and N. denticulata sinensis, respectively. Among them, morph B presents an intermediate state between morph A and morph C. Subsequently, we determined the mitogenomes of morph A, morph B and morph C. Based on the morphological characteristics, genetic variation and phylogenetic tree, we contend that N. davidi, N. d. denticulata, N. d. sinensis and N. heteropoda should belong to the same species, and we propose retaining the name N. denticulata. The reconstructed mitogenomic phylogeny indicated that the monophyly of several genera within Atyidae has been challenged, suggesting that the established classification of Atyidae requires substantial taxonomic revision at all taxonomic levels. Furthermore, the tree’s topologies supported Atyidae at a deeper base within Caridea. More comprehensive taxon sampling is still needed to resolve the explicit internal relationships among Caridea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Genome 2024)

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19 pages, 2420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Adaptive Mechanism of Ginseng Rhizomes in Response to Habitat Changes

by Meng Zhang, Yingxin Sun, Zeliang Lv, Hongmei Lin, Mei Han and Limin Yang

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12260-12278; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110728 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Panax ginseng, a perennial medicinal plant, utilizes its dried roots and rhizomes for medicinal purposes. Currently, in China, ginseng cultivation employs two methods: under-forest and farmland planting. These methods create distinct habitats, significantly influencing the ginseng’s rhizome morphology and, consequently, its economic [...] Read more.

Panax ginseng, a perennial medicinal plant, utilizes its dried roots and rhizomes for medicinal purposes. Currently, in China, ginseng cultivation employs two methods: under-forest and farmland planting. These methods create distinct habitats, significantly influencing the ginseng’s rhizome morphology and, consequently, its economic value. In this study, two-year-old ginsengs were transplanted into farmland (TCG), a larch forest (TLCG) and a Quercus mongolica forest (TQCG) to analyze the differences in rhizome phenotypes caused by habitat changes. The results showed that there were significant differences in light intensity and the soil’s available phosphorus and potassium contents between farmland and forest environments. The differences in habitats led to different adaptability of the ginseng’s rhizome morphology. Compared with TCG, the rhizomes of TLCG and TQCG were significantly elongated by 48.36% and 67.34%, respectively. After the rhizomes’ elongation in TLCG and TQCG, there was an increase in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents and a decrease in lignin contents. By analyzing the expression of key genes, we found that, compared with TCG, the expression of key enzymes of lignin biosynthesis genes such as PgCOMT and PgCCR4 were down-regulated. The difference in ginseng’s rhizome length is related to the signal transduction pathway of auxin and gibberellin. In addition, we preliminarily screened out transcription factors PgWRKY75, PgDIV, and PgbHLH93.1, which can actively respond to habitat changes and play important roles in the elongation of ginseng rhizomes. In summary, this study elucidates the phenotypic plasticity strategy of ginseng rhizomes in response to habitat changes and delineates the regulatory mechanism behind phenotypic adaptation, offering novel insights into ginseng’s morphogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism of Plant Growth, Development and Secondary Metabolism)

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16 pages, 1940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study on Lutetium-177 and Gold Nanoparticles: Apoptosis and Radiation Enhancement in Hepatic Cancer Cell Line

by Maria Anthi Kouri, Anastasios Georgopoulos, George E. Manios, Eirini Maratou, Aris Spathis, Sofia Chatziioannou, Kalliopi Platoni and Efstathios P. Efstathopoulos

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12244-12259; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110727 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study investigates a novel approach toward enhancing the efficacy of Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) radiopharmaceutical therapy by combining it with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the HepG2 hepatic cancer cell line. Lu-177, known for its effective β radiation, also emits gamma rays at energies (113 [...] Read more.

This study investigates a novel approach toward enhancing the efficacy of Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) radiopharmaceutical therapy by combining it with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the HepG2 hepatic cancer cell line. Lu-177, known for its effective β radiation, also emits gamma rays at energies (113 keV and 208 keV) near the photoelectric absorption range, suggesting potential for targeted and localized radiation enhancement when used in conjunction with AuNPs. Thus, HepG2 cells were treated at two different activity levels (74 MBq and 148 MBq), with Lu-177 alone, with a combination of Lu-177 and AuNPs in two sizes (10 nm and 50 nm), while some received no treatment. Treatment efficacy was assessed by quantifying the radiation enhancement ratio (RER) and the apoptosis levels. The results reveal that combining Lu-177 with AuNPs significantly increases cell death and apoptosis compared to Lu-177 alone, with 10 nm AuNPs demonstrating superior effectiveness. Additionally, varying Lu-177 activity levels influenced the treatment outcomes, with higher activity levels further augmenting the therapeutic impact of combined therapy. These findings underscore the potential of utilizing Lu-177’s beta, but also gamma, emissions, traditionally considered non-therapeutic, for localized radiation enhancement when combined with AuNPs. This novel strategy leverages Lu-177 as an internal irradiator to exploit gamma radiation for a targeted therapeutic advantage without requiring nanoparticle functionalization. The study provides a promising approach to improving radionuclide therapy and sets the stage for future research aimed at optimizing cancer treatments through the combined use of Lu-177 and AuNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Radiation Oncology)

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14 pages, 1180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Salivary Alpha-Amylase as a Biomarker in Periodontitis: A Comparative Analysis of Disease Stages and Clinical Correlations

by Nada Tawfig Hashim, Sadiah Fathima, Nurain Mohammad Hisham, Pooja Shivappa, Michael V. Magaogao, Md Sofiqul Islam, Sara Faisal Ahmed, Rasha Babiker and Muhammed Mustahsen Rahman

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12230-12243; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110726 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Periodontal disease, characterized by bacterial plaque accumulation and subsequent immune response, can lead to gingivitis and periodontitis if untreated. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has emerged as a potential biomarker with implications in periodontal disease progression. Objectives: This study aimed to assess and compare salivary [...] Read more.

Periodontal disease, characterized by bacterial plaque accumulation and subsequent immune response, can lead to gingivitis and periodontitis if untreated. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has emerged as a potential biomarker with implications in periodontal disease progression. Objectives: This study aimed to assess and compare salivary alpha-amylase levels in individuals with periodontitis and healthy controls and to investigate its relationship with clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Forty-five participants were categorized into periodontally healthy (n = 13), Stage I and II Periodontitis (n = 17), and Stage III and IV periodontitis (n = 15) groups. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA kits. Statistical analyses included tests for normality, group comparisons, post hoc analysis, and correlation analysis. Significant differences in salivary alpha-amylase levels were observed among severity groups (p < 0.05), with higher levels in periodontitis patients than healthy controls. Spearman correlation revealed moderate positive associations between alpha-amylase levels and probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Elevated salivary alpha-amylase levels were found to be associated with more severe periodontal disease, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for periodontitis severity. These findings support the utility of salivary biomarkers in periodontal disease diagnosis and monitoring, although further validation and standardization are warranted for clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Medicine)

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16 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting PGK1: A New Frontier in Breast Cancer Therapy Under Hypoxic Conditions

by Jiayong Cui, Shengjun Chai, Rui Liu and Guoshuang Shen

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12214-12229; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110725 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Breast cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignant neoplasms affecting women, and its pathogenesis has garnered significant scholarly interest. Research indicates that the progression of breast cancer is intricately regulated by glucose metabolism. Under hypoxic conditions within the tumor microenvironment, breast cancer [...] Read more.

Breast cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignant neoplasms affecting women, and its pathogenesis has garnered significant scholarly interest. Research indicates that the progression of breast cancer is intricately regulated by glucose metabolism. Under hypoxic conditions within the tumor microenvironment, breast cancer cells generate ATP and essential biosynthetic precursors for growth via the glycolytic pathway. Notably, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) is intimately associated with the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors in breast cancer and plays a crucial role in modulating glycolytic processes. Further investigation into the role of PGK1 in breast cancer pathogenesis is anticipated to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies. This review consolidates current research on the regulation of glucose metabolism and the function of PGK1 in breast cancer within hypoxic conditions. It aims to offer a significant theoretical foundation for elucidating the mechanisms underlying breast cancer progression and metastasis, thereby facilitating the development of innovative treatment approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies to Prevent Tumor Development, Progression and Treatment Resistance)

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18 pages, 2289 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbial Dynamics in Periodontal Regeneration: Understanding Microbiome Shifts and the Role of Antifouling and Bactericidal Materials: A Narrative Review

by Nada Tawfig Hashim, Rasha Babiker, Sivan Padma Priya, Riham Mohammed, Nallan CSK Chaitanya, Vivek Padmanabhan, Shadi El Bahra, Muhammed Mustahsen Rahman and Bakri Gobara Gismalla

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12196-12213; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110724 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Periodontal regeneration is a multifaceted therapeutic approach to restore the tooth-supporting structures lost due to periodontal diseases. This manuscript explores the intricate interactions between regenerative therapies and the oral microbiome, emphasizing the critical role of microbial balance in achieving long-term success. While guided [...] Read more.

Periodontal regeneration is a multifaceted therapeutic approach to restore the tooth-supporting structures lost due to periodontal diseases. This manuscript explores the intricate interactions between regenerative therapies and the oral microbiome, emphasizing the critical role of microbial balance in achieving long-term success. While guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone grafting, and soft tissue grafting offer promising outcomes in terms of tissue regeneration, these procedures can inadvertently alter the oral microbial ecosystem, potentially leading to dysbiosis or pathogenic recolonization. Different grafting materials, including autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts, influence microbial shifts, with variations in the healing timeline and microbial stabilization. Biologics and antimicrobials, such as enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD), play a key role in promoting microbial homeostasis by supporting tissue repair and reducing pathogenic bacteria. Emerging strategies, such as enzyme-based therapies and antifouling materials, aim to disrupt biofilm formation and enhance the effectiveness of periodontal treatments. Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for optimizing regenerative therapies and improving patient outcomes. The future of periodontal therapy lies in the development of advanced materials and strategies that not only restore lost tissues but also stabilize the oral microbiome, ultimately leading to long-term periodontal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Contribution and Application of Molecular Biology in the Applied Biosciences — Focusing on Medicine, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Fields)

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13 pages, 3255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) Complex—Partial Loss in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A High-Grade Morphology Impact and Progression

by Roberto Onner Cruz-Tapia, Ana María Cano-Valdez, Abelardo Meneses-García, Lorena Correa-Arzate, Adriana Molotla-Fragoso, Guillermo Villagómez-Olea, Diana Brisa Sevilla-Lizcano and Javier Portilla-Robertson

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12183-12195; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110723 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Sinonasal carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms that present a high morbidity and mortality rate with an unfavorable prognosis. This group of tumors exhibits morphological and genetic diversity. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in these neoplasms are the current targets for diagnosis and treatment. The most [...] Read more.

Sinonasal carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms that present a high morbidity and mortality rate with an unfavorable prognosis. This group of tumors exhibits morphological and genetic diversity. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in these neoplasms are the current targets for diagnosis and treatment. The most common type of cancer originating in the sinonasal tract is sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas (SNSCCs), which present different histological patterns and variable histological aggressiveness. A significant number of alterations have been reported in sinonasal tumors, including deficiencies in the Switch/Sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex. In the sinonasal tract, deficiencies of the subunits SMARCB1/INI1, SMARCA4/BRG1, and SMARCA2 have been noted in carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and soft tissue tumors with a distinctive high-grade morphology and a fatal prognosis. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the status of the SWI/SNF complex using immunohistochemistry in sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas and their association with morphology and survival. Methods: A total of 103 sinonasal carcinomas with different grades of squamous differentiation were analyzed; the selection was based on those cases with high-grade morphology. The carcinomas were then evaluated immunohistochemically for SMARCB1 and SMARCA4 proteins. Their expression was compared with the biological behavior and survival of the patients. Results: Among the SNSCCs, 47% corresponded to the non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (NKSCC) type with high-grade characteristics, 40% were keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (KSCCs), 9% were SMARCB1-deficient carcinomas, and 4% were SMARCA4-deficient carcinomas. Mosaic expression for SMARCB1 (NKSCC—33%; KSCC—21.9%) and SMARCA4 (NKSCC—14.6%; KSCC—12.2%) was identified, showing an impact on tumor size and progression. Conclusions: We identified that that the partial loss (mosaic expression) of SMARCB1 in SNSCCs is associated with high-grade malignant characteristics and a negative effect on patient survival; meanwhile, SMARCA4-mosaic expression in SNSCCs is associated with high-grade malignant characteristics and an increase in tumor size concerning the intact SMARCA4. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adhesion, Metastasis and Inhibition of Cancer Cells, 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Pilot Study of the Total Cholesterol/High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio as a Prognostic Indicator of Hyperlipidemia-Related Diseases in Dogs and Cats

by Kyuhyung Choi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12174-12182; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110722 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

In veterinary medicine, the significance of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) measurements is not as well documented as it is in humans. The HDL level can be measured in dogs as well and, through referring to the normal range, it is possible to find out [...] Read more.

In veterinary medicine, the significance of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) measurements is not as well documented as it is in humans. The HDL level can be measured in dogs as well and, through referring to the normal range, it is possible to find out what this means in relation to various endocrine diseases and hyperlipidemia diseases. The aim of this study is to measure the HDL levels in dogs with various conditions and to evaluate whether the total cholesterol (TC)-to-HDL ratio is effective as a prognostic indicator in various hyperlipidemia and endocrine diseases, which is significant since it is the first trial in dogs. Through a retrospective study design, sixteen client-owned dogs and cats visiting a local private practice were divided into three groups: five dogs without hyperlipidemia or metabolic disease (Group 1), eight dogs with Cushing’s, hypothyroidism, and gallbladder sludge (Group 2), and three cats, including one with diabetes, one with a urinary disorder, and one healthy cat (Group 3). In two dogs, the TC/HDL values were between 2 and 3; in two dogs, the values were between 3 and 4; and in two dogs, the values were between 4 and 5. In three dogs, the TC/HDL values were between 5 and 6 and in three dogs the ratio values were between 6 and 7. The other value was higher than 8. Except for two dogs that showed lower values than 3, all dogs in Group 1 and Group 2 had concurrent endocrine disease. This means that TC/HDL values can be an excellent indicator of endocrine disease in dogs as well. In cats, although it is a very small batch of samples, a high TC/HDL value of 9 points was shown in the cat that had diabetes mellitus. However, for more statistically significant results, a larger sample group for further investigation is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hyperlipidemia and Molecular Mechanism in Human and Animals)

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22 pages, 1862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNA Gene’s Basic Structure as a Nonperturbative Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics: Is RNA Polymerase II the Quantum Bus of Transcription?

by Raul Riera Aroche, Yveth M. Ortiz García, Esli C. Sánchez Moreno, José S. Enriquez Cervantes, Andrea C. Machado Sulbaran and Annie Riera Leal

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12152-12173; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110721 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Previously, we described that Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleobases were superconductors in a quantum superposition of phases on each side of the central hydrogen bond acting as a Josephson Junction. Genomic DNA has two strands wrapped helically around one another, but during [...] Read more.

Previously, we described that Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleobases were superconductors in a quantum superposition of phases on each side of the central hydrogen bond acting as a Josephson Junction. Genomic DNA has two strands wrapped helically around one another, but during transcription, they are separated by the RNA polymerase II to form a molecular condensate called the transcription bubble. Successive steps involve the bubble translocation along the gene body. This work aims to modulate DNA as a combination of n-nonperturbative circuits quantum electrodynamics with nine Radio-Frequency Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) inside. A bus can be coupled capacitively to a single-mode microwave resonator. The cavity mode and the bus can mediate long-range, fast interaction between neighboring and distant DNA SQUID qubits. RNA polymerase II produces decoherence during transcription. This enzyme is a multifunctional biomolecular machine working like an artificially engineered device. Phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases constitutes the driving force. The coupling between

n

-phosphorylation pulses and any particular SQUID qubit can be obtained selectively via frequency matching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology)

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19 pages, 7937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Benefits of Herbal Medicine Composite 5 (HRMC5) for Skin Health Enhancement

by Rira Ha, Won Kyong Cho, Euihyun Kim, Sung Joo Jang, Ju-Duck Kim, Chang-Geun Yi and Sang Hyun Moh

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12133-12151; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110720 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

The skin, as the body’s largest organ, is vital for protecting against environmental stressors, regulating temperature, and preventing water loss. Here, we examined the potential of a mixture of five traditional Korean herbal extracts—Cimicifuga racemosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Phellodendron amurense, [...] Read more.

The skin, as the body’s largest organ, is vital for protecting against environmental stressors, regulating temperature, and preventing water loss. Here, we examined the potential of a mixture of five traditional Korean herbal extracts—Cimicifuga racemosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Phellodendron amurense, Rheum rhaponticum, and Scutellaria baicalensis—referred to as herbal medicine composite 5 (HRMC5) for enhancing skin health and managing menopausal symptoms. High-performance liquid chromatography identified 14 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthraquinones, and alkaloids. In vitro studies revealed an optimal concentration of 0.625 g/L for cell survival and UV protection, with the mixture demonstrating significant wound-healing properties comparable to epidermal growth factor. HRMC5 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating COX2 expression and upregulating the key skin barrier proteins. A 4-week clinical trial involving 20 postmenopausal women showed significant improvements in skin redness, hemoglobin concentration, and skin moisture content. Visual analog scale assessments indicated substantial reductions in facial flushing severity and the associated sweating. The topical application of HRMC5 cream offered potential advantages over ingested phytoestrogens by reducing the systemic side effects. These findings suggest that HRMC5 is a promising non-invasive treatment for vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women and overall skin health, warranting further research on its long-term efficacy and safety in larger populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Action of Natural Products)

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14 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium-Binding Protein and Polymorphism in Musa spp. Somaclones Resistant to Fusarium oxysporum

by Juliana Rodrigues Sampaio, Wanderley Diaciso dos Santos Oliveira, Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento, Luiz Carlos de Souza Junior, Tamyres Amorim Rebouças, Ricardo Franco Cunha Moreira, Andresa Priscila de Souza Ramos, Janay Almeida dos Santos-Serejo, Edson Perito Amorim and Claudia Fortes Ferreira

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12119-12132; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110719 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

The fresh fruits of ‘Grande Naine’ (Cavendish AAA—Musa spp.) dominate the world market, especially in countries with a population in a situation of social vulnerability. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4 Subtropical (Foc ST4), emerges [...] Read more.

The fresh fruits of ‘Grande Naine’ (Cavendish AAA—Musa spp.) dominate the world market, especially in countries with a population in a situation of social vulnerability. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4 Subtropical (Foc ST4), emerges as a serious threat to banana production, requiring the development of resistant cultivars based on biotechnological strategies, such as the induction of mutation in tissue culture. This study aimed to identify and characterize genetic variation in somaclones resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense subtropical race 4 (Foc ST4), derived from ‘Grand Naine’ bananas, by molecular markers based on retrotransposons IRAP (Inter-retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism) and REMAP (Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism). Nine combinations of IRAP and six combinations of REMAP primers were used. The low number of polymorphic bands did not allow for genetic diversity studies; however, ten polymorphic bands between the somaclones and control were sequenced. Of these, three presented good base calling and were aligned, namely, 1AF, 2AF, and 3AF bands. Only the 1AF band presented function related to stress response with homology to a calcium-binding protein. These proteins act early in plant infection as secondary messengers activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), initiating the cascade of plant defense signals. The fact that this band is present in all somaclones reinforces previous assessments of their resistance to Foc ST4. The use of markers IRAP and REMAP produced polymorphic bands that can, through future primer design and field validations, accelerate the identification of resistant banana genotypes for use in banana genetic breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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20 pages, 3045 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Antiviral and Antimalarial Prodrug Artemisinin from the Artemisia Species: A Review

by Gitishree Das, Han-Seung Shin and Jayanta Kumar Patra

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12099-12118; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110718 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Artemisinin is a truly fascinating drug in many ways. Since the unrestrained procedure of its detection, as an antimalarial drug, artemisinin has received a great deal of consideration. Recently, application of artemisinin-based combination therapy has been broadly applied for treating numerous ailments. Moreover, [...] Read more.

Artemisinin is a truly fascinating drug in many ways. Since the unrestrained procedure of its detection, as an antimalarial drug, artemisinin has received a great deal of consideration. Recently, application of artemisinin-based combination therapy has been broadly applied for treating numerous ailments. Moreover, as an antimalarial compound, artemisinin and its associated compounds have abundant healing efficacy and can be repurposed for additional symptoms, like autoimmune infections, cancer, and viral contaminations. Recently a number of studies have highlighted the significance of the artemisinin-related compounds in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. The current review purposes to present a concise account of the history of the antiviral and antimalarial prodrugs—Artemisinin, from the Artemisia species. It is followed by its antiviral, antimalarial prospective, chemical nature and extraction procedure, photochemistry, mechanism of action, and its clinical trials and patents, and accentuates the significance of the mechanistic studies concerned for therapeutic results, both in viral and malarial circumstances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical Composition and Activity of Medicinal Plants and Food)

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11 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessReview

Zinc in Dermatology: Exploring Its Emerging Role in Enhancing Botulinum Toxin Formulations and Clinical Efficacy

by Lacey Foster, Jose A. Foppiani, Helen Xun, Daniela Lee, Begum Utz, Angelica Hernandez Alvarez, Maria J. Domingo-Escobar, Iulianna C. Taritsa, Dominika Gavlasova, Theodore C. Lee, Gavin J. Lin, Umar Choudry and Samuel J. Lin

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12088-12098; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110717 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

This literature review provides a novel exploration of zinc’s multifaceted roles in dermatology, with a particular focus on its potential integration into botulinum toxin formulations—an area that remains relatively underexplored in clinical practice. Zinc is widely recognized for its critical functions in skin [...] Read more.

This literature review provides a novel exploration of zinc’s multifaceted roles in dermatology, with a particular focus on its potential integration into botulinum toxin formulations—an area that remains relatively underexplored in clinical practice. Zinc is widely recognized for its critical functions in skin health, including morphogenesis, regeneration, and protection, and its use in aesthetic medicine offers a unique opportunity for innovation. Specifically, incorporating zinc into botulinum toxin formulations could enhance the efficacy and stability of these treatments. Although zinc has historically been used in topical dermatological products and systemic health interventions, its potential in cosmetic preparations, such as anti-aging therapies or non-invasive aesthetic treatments, remains under-researched. Emerging patents suggest promising formulations combining zinc with botulinum toxin that may improve product stability and extend therapeutic effects. While current studies on oral zinc supplementation present mixed results concerning its ability to prolong botulinum toxin effects, this underscores the need for more rigorous investigation in the realm of aesthetic medicine. Zinc’s well-established role in stabilizing dermatological products, such as sunscreens, and its applications in wound healing and skin regeneration, further highlights its potential for broader therapeutic uses beyond cosmetic applications. This review identifies a critical gap in the literature and calls for future research to optimize zinc concentrations and delivery methods specifically for aesthetic medical procedures, offering new insights into improving dermatological treatments beyond the scope of traditional cosmetic preparations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

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13 pages, 2294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Digital Transcriptomics Between Pre- and Post-Treatment Samples of Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Preliminary Study

by Sunhwa Baek, Fabian Dominik Mairinger, Sabrina Borchert, Yue Zhao, Dominik Ratiu, Peter Konrad Mallmann, Henryk Pilch and Ka-Won Noh

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12075-12087; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110716 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide, with limited treatment options for advanced stages and therapy-resistant cases. Despite advances in treatment, the variability in the patient response to standard therapies underscores the need for molecular biomarkers to guide [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide, with limited treatment options for advanced stages and therapy-resistant cases. Despite advances in treatment, the variability in the patient response to standard therapies underscores the need for molecular biomarkers to guide personalized treatment strategies. This study aimed to explore the transcriptomic changes associated with the therapeutic response in locally advanced cervical cancer, focusing on 770 immune-related genes. We employed a digital multiplexed gene expression analysis, comparing gene expression profiles between matching pre- and post-treatment samples. The results revealed the significant upregulation of C7 and EGR2 in the post-treatment samples, suggesting that enhanced immune activity is a key factor in therapeutic success. Conversely, IL17RB, S100A7, and SAA1 were upregulated in the pre-treatment samples, potentially indicating resistance mechanisms. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted that the immune response and apoptosis pathways are crucial to post-treatment changes. These findings suggest that C7, EGR2, and IL17RB may serve as biomarkers for predicting therapeutic outcomes and could inform the development of more effective, individualized treatment strategies for cervical cancer. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying treatment response and resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Analysis of Common Disease)

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