Tool to analyze trigram appearance frequency in a message. A trigram is the association of 3 characters, usually 3 letters that appear consecutively in a message.
Trigrams - dCode
Tag(s) : Cryptanalysis
dCode is free and its tools are a valuable help in games, maths, geocaching, puzzles and problems to solve every day!
A suggestion ? a feedback ? a bug ? an idea ? Write to dCode!
Trigrams
Trigrams Frequency Analysis
Answers to Questions (FAQ)
What is a trigram? (Definition)
Trigrams are groups of three 3 characters (often 3 letters).
How to analyse trigrams?
In cryptography, there are 2 main modes of appearance of trigrams:
— A trigram can appear when a single character (or a bigram) is encrypted by 3 characters.
Example: A can become 'BCD', or AB can become CDE
In this case, the number of distinct trigrams is much less than the total number of possible trigrams.
— A trigram can be derived from the substitution/encryption of another trigram
Example: ABC can become DEF
In this case, there will be as many trigrams as there are trigrams in the plain text.
What are the most common trigrams in english?
The top 100 trigrams that appear in the english language are:
| THE | 1.87% | AND | 0.78% | ING | 0.69% | HER | 0.42% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THA | 0.37% | ENT | 0.36% | ERE | 0.33% | ION | 0.33% |
| ETH | 0.32% | NTH | 0.32% | HAT | 0.31% | INT | 0.29% |
| FOR | 0.28% | ALL | 0.27% | STH | 0.26% | TER | 0.26% |
| EST | 0.26% | TIO | 0.26% | HIS | 0.25% | OFT | 0.24% |
| HES | 0.24% | ITH | 0.24% | ERS | 0.24% | ATI | 0.24% |
| OTH | 0.23% | FTH | 0.23% | DTH | 0.23% | VER | 0.22% |
| TTH | 0.22% | THI | 0.22% | REA | 0.21% | SAN | 0.21% |
| WIT | 0.21% | ATE | 0.2% | ARE | 0.2% | EAR | 0.19% |
| RES | 0.19% | ONT | 0.18% | TIN | 0.18% | ESS | 0.18% |
| RTH | 0.18% | WAS | 0.18% | SOF | 0.18% | EAN | 0.17% |
| YOU | 0.17% | SIN | 0.17% | STO | 0.17% | IST | 0.17% |
| EDT | 0.16% | EOF | 0.16% | EVE | 0.16% | ONE | 0.16% |
| AST | 0.16% | ONS | 0.16% | DIN | 0.16% | OME | 0.16% |
| CON | 0.16% | ERA | 0.16% | STA | 0.15% | OUR | 0.15% |
| NCE | 0.15% | TED | 0.15% | GHT | 0.15% | HEM | 0.15% |
| MAN | 0.15% | HEN | 0.15% | NOT | 0.15% | ORE | 0.15% |
| OUT | 0.15% | ORT | 0.15% | ESA | 0.15% | ERT | 0.15% |
| SHE | 0.14% | ANT | 0.14% | NGT | 0.14% | EDI | 0.14% |
| ERI | 0.14% | EIN | 0.14% | NDT | 0.14% | NTO | 0.14% |
| ATT | 0.14% | ECO | 0.13% | AVE | 0.13% | MEN | 0.13% |
| HIN | 0.13% | HEA | 0.13% | IVE | 0.13% | EDA | 0.13% |
| INE | 0.13% | RAN | 0.13% | HEC | 0.13% | TAN | 0.13% |
| RIN | 0.13% | ILL | 0.13% | NDE | 0.13% | THO | 0.13% |
| HAN | 0.13% | COM | 0.12% | IGH | 0.12% | AIN | 0.12% |
For information/comparison, in French language it is:
| ENT | 0.84% | LES | 0.77% | QUE | 0.62% | EDE | 0.61% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DES | 0.56% | RES | 0.43% | EST | 0.42% | ELA | 0.41% |
| EME | 0.41% | ELE | 0.41% | SDE | 0.4% | ION | 0.39% |
| LLE | 0.38% | ERE | 0.37% | TRE | 0.37% | ESE | 0.37% |
| ANT | 0.37% | MEN | 0.36% | OUR | 0.35% | AIT | 0.34% |
| DEL | 0.33% | UNE | 0.33% | NTE | 0.32% | PAR | 0.31% |
| EUR | 0.3% | ESD | 0.3% | TIO | 0.29% | TDE | 0.28% |
| IEN | 0.28% | ESA | 0.28% | ONT | 0.28% | QUI | 0.27% |
| SSE | 0.27% | ANS | 0.27% | ITE | 0.27% | IRE | 0.26% |
| SLE | 0.26% | ESP | 0.25% | CON | 0.25% | SON | 0.25% |
| ESS | 0.25% | ONS | 0.25% | NDE | 0.25% | ECO | 0.24% |
| TES | 0.24% | ATI | 0.24% | EQU | 0.23% | DAN | 0.23% |
| AIS | 0.23% | IQU | 0.22% | ETE | 0.22% | TER | 0.22% |
| CHE | 0.22% | OND | 0.21% | ELL | 0.21% | IER | 0.21% |
| RLE | 0.21% | ESC | 0.21% | TLE | 0.21% | TEN | 0.2% |
| PRE | 0.2% | INE | 0.2% | UEL | 0.2% | EAU | 0.2% |
| NES | 0.2% | POU | 0.2% | ILL | 0.2% | URE | 0.2% |
| ISE | 0.2% | CES | 0.2% | EET | 0.2% | SQU | 0.2% |
| SEN | 0.2% | ETA | 0.19% | OUS | 0.19% | SET | 0.19% |
| ESO | 0.19% | ECE | 0.19% | EPA | 0.19% | NCE | 0.19% |
| TOU | 0.19% | SES | 0.19% | DEC | 0.19% | COM | 0.19% |
| ONN | 0.19% | NNE | 0.18% | ERA | 0.18% | REN | 0.18% |
| NTD | 0.17% | SER | 0.17% | URS | 0.17% | MME | 0.17% |
| NTA | 0.17% | ALE | 0.17% | ETR | 0.16% | OUT | 0.16% |
| RAI | 0.16% | RAN | 0.16% | AIN | 0.16% | RDE | 0.16% |
Source code
dCode retains ownership of the "Trigrams" source code. Except explicit open source licence (indicated Creative Commons / free), the "Trigrams" algorithm, the applet or snippet (converter, solver, encryption / decryption, encoding / decoding, ciphering / deciphering, breaker, translator), or the "Trigrams" functions (calculate, convert, solve, decrypt / encrypt, decipher / cipher, decode / encode, translate) written in any informatic language (Python, Java, PHP, C#, Javascript, Matlab, etc.) and all data download, script, or API access for "Trigrams" are not public, same for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app!
Reminder : dCode is free to use.
Cite dCode
The copy-paste of the page "Trigrams" or any of its results, is allowed (even for commercial purposes) as long as you credit dCode!
Exporting results as a .csv or .txt file is free by clicking on the export icon
Cite as source (bibliography):
Trigrams on dCode.fr [online website], retrieved on 2024-11-05,
