Soil Foundations

So far, drying systems have not been classified systematically. However, drying methods can be broadly classified on the basis of either the mode of heat transfer to the wet solid or the handling characteristics and physical properties of the wet material. The first method of classification reveals differences in dryer design and operation, while the second method is most useful in the selection of a group of dryers for preliminary consideration in a given drying problem. According to the mode of heat transfer, drying methods can be divided into: (a) conduction drying, (b) convection drying, and (c) radiation drying. There are other methods of drying also, namely, dielectric drying, chemical or sorption drying, vacuum dryi ng, freeze drying, etc. Of them, convection drying is commonly used for drying of all types of grain and conduction drying can be employed for drying of parboiled grain. Conduction drying When the heat for drying is transferred to the wet solid mainly by conduction through a solid surface (usually metallic) the phenomenon is known as conduction or contact drying. In this method, conduction is the principal mode of heat transfer and the vaporised moisture is removed independently of the heating media. Conduction drying is characterised by: (a) Heat transfer to the wet solid takes place by conduction through a solid surface, usually metallic. The source of heat may be hot water, steam, flue gases, hot oil, etc.; (b) Surface temperatures may vary widely; (c) Contact dryers can be operated under low pressure and in inert atmosphere; (d) Dust and dusty materials can be removed very effectively; and (e) When agitation is done, more uniform dried product and increased drying rate are achieved by using conduction drying. Conduction drying can be carried out either continuously or batch-wise. Cylinder dryers, drum dryers, steam tube rotary dryers are some of the continuous conduction dryers. Vacuum tray dryers, freeze dryers, agitated pan dryers are the examples of batc h conduction dryers. Convection drying In convection drying, the drying agent (hot gases) in contact with the wet solid is used to supply heat and carry away the va porised moisture and the heat is transferred to the wet solid mainly by convection. The characteristics of convection drying are: (a) Drying is dependent upon the heat transfer from the drying agent to the wet material, the former being the carrier of vaporis ed moisture; (b) Steam heated air, direct flue gases of agricultural waste, etc., can be used as drying agents; (c) Drying temperature varies widely; (d) At gas temperatures below the boiling point, the vapour content of the gas affects the drying rate and the final moisture content of the solid; (e) If the atmospheric humidities are high, natural air drying needs dehumidification; and (f) Fuel consumption per kg of moisture evaporated is always higher than that of conduction drying. Convection drying is most popular in grain drying. It can be carried out either continuously or batch-wise. Continuous tray dryers, continuous sheeting dryers, pneumatic conveying dryers, rotary dryers, tunnel dryers come under the continuous system, wherea s tray and compartment dryers, batch through circulation dryers are the batch dryers. Convection drying can be further classified as follows: Pneumatic or fluidised bed drying: When the hot gas (drying agent) is supplied at a velocity higher than the terminal velocity of the wet solid, the drying of the wet solid occurs in a suspended or fluidised state. This phenomenon is known as fluidised bed drying. Drying may be carried out in a semi-suspended state or spouted bed condition also. Generally, the convection drying is conducted under ordinary state, i.e., drying agent is supplied at a velocity much lower than the terminal velocity of the wet m aterial. In natural air drying, the unheated air as supplied by the nature is utilized. In drying with supplemental heat just sufficient amount of heat (temperature rise within 5 to 10°C) only, is supplied to the drying air to reduce its relative humidity so that drying can ta ke place. In heated air drying, the drying air is heated to a considerable extent. The natural air drying and drying with supplemental heat methods which may require one to four weeks or even more to reduce the grain moisture content to safe levels, are generally used to dry grain for short-term storage in the farm. Heated air drying is most useful when large quantity of grain is to be dried within a short time and marketed at once. It is used for both short and long-term storage. Comparative advantages and disadvantages of the three convective drying methods are given as follows: NATURAL AIR DRYING: Advantages: (1) Lowest initial investment and maintenance cost. (2) No fuel cost. (3) No fire hazard. (4) Least supervision. (5) Least mould growth compared to supplemental heat. Disadvantages: (1) Very slow drying rate, drying period may be extended to several weeks. (2) Weather dependent. (3) More drying space necessary in comparison to heated air drying. (4) Useful particularly for short-term storage in the farm. (5) Not useful for humid tropics. SUPPLIMENTAL HEAT DRYING: Advantages: (1) Lower cost of equipment and maintenance. (2) Independent of weather. (3) Requires less supervision. (4) Most Convection drying Drying under Fluidised state Drying under Spouted bed condition Drying under ordinary state Natural / unheated air drying Heated air drying Air drying with supplemental heat

The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950's. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.

This paper examines biocementation via the microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) process as an appropriate and promising new technology for stabilisation of loose sand and silty sand deposits as a method to mitigate wind erosion. The technique involves spray treating the sand surface layer with a mixture of cementation and bacterial-cell solutions, the ensuing reactions causing calcite precipitation to occur between the sand grains, thereby lightly cementing them together over time. The bench-scale experimental programme presented investigates the proposed technique's effectiveness for stabilisation of silica and carbonate sands with different gradations, determination of the optimal reagent concentrations, the time-dependent shear strength development for the crustal sand layer following single-and double-MICP spray treatments, as well as wind tunnel experiments. Of particular novelty were investigations of the effect of dew formation on crustal shear strength development with curing period and the efficiency of the MICP treatment for the outdoor environment compared to laboratory-controlled test conditions. The wind tunnel experiments demonstrated that 28-day cured singly MICP-spray-treated crustal sand layers were stable to simulated 20 m·s−1 winds measured at 20 cm above the layer surface.

The existing practice in India is to decide the thickness of well foundation based on the formula given by Indian Roads Congress Code (IRC:78-2014) which is based on the assumption that steining should be rigid and thickness of steining should be sufficient for self-sinking of well to reduce sinking efforts and to avoid excessive loading during sinking. However the formula given by the code results in pretty high thickness which increases the cost of project especially in the case of large wells. Indian Railway code on " design & construction of well & pile foundation " mentions that the steining thickness should be sufficient to enable sinking without excessive kentledge and provide adequate strength against forces acting on the steining both during sinking and service. However no formula for well steining is provided in Indian Railway code. In this paper it is shown that considerable reduction in thickness of well can be achieved when the thickness of well is calculated using the first principle methodology followed by the authors like Terzaghi & W.C.Teng compared to the thickness calculated by the formula given by IRC:78-2014.

The authors should be commended for presenting such an innovative approach to the estimation of the collapse potential in unsaturated soils. This is a pioneering work that sets the basis for further developments on the use of pressuremeter tests for the mechanical characterization of unsaturated soils in the framework of advanced constitutive models. This area has not been adequately investigated to date, mainly due to the lack of a methodology for pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soils and the complexity of constitutive models. The present discussion intends to offer the opportunity for a debate with the authors on some

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Die Planung und Ausführung von tiefen Baugruben in weichen Böden im innerstädtischen Bereich ist für alle Beteiligten eine große Herausforderung. In diesem Beitrag wird die Herstellung einer 8 m tiefen Baugrube mit unmittelbarer Nachbarbebauung in Konstanz vorgestellt. Hierzu werden umfangreiche Messergebnisse gezeigt, die im Rahmen der bei Baugruben in weichen Böden unverzichtbaren Beobachtungsmethode erfasst wurden, und mit den Ergebnissen einer numerischen Analyse unter Berücksichtigung der räumlichen und zeitabhängigen Effekte verglichen. Darüber hinaus werden die erforderlichen Nachweise für den Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit unter Berücksichtigung der komplexen Baugrund-Tragwerk-Interaktion präsentiert. Insbesondere wird ein modifizierter Ansatz zur Berechnung der Aufbruchsicherheit einer verankerten Baugrubensohle nach den Vorgaben des Eurocodes EC7-1 in Anlehnung an die Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises „Baugruben“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik vorgestellt.
Die Baugrube mit einem annähernd quadratischen Grundriss wurde im Jahr 2008 in weich-breiigem Seeton mit zwei Untergeschossen hergestellt. Als Verbauwand wurde eine eingepresste Spundwand verwendet, die in einer Höhe von –1,80 m durch einen oberen Aussteifungsring aus einer Gurtung mit diagonalen Ecksteifen und mit einer abschnittweise hergestellten Unterbetonsohle in einer Tiefe von –7,80 m ausgesteift wurde. Die räumlichen Einflüsse der Baugrund-Tragwerk-Interaktion, die für dieses Projekt durch den Einbau einer rautenförmigen oberen und unteren Aussteifung und den abschnittweisen Einbau der Betonsohle bestimmt wurden, konnten in einer zweidimensionalen numerischen Analyse mit Mobilisierungsfaktoren und unter Berücksichtigung der spannungspfadabhängigen Steifigkeit des Seetons zutreffend erfasst werden.
Dieses Ausführungsbeispiel einer tiefen Baugrube in weichen Böden verdeutlicht besonders die Wichtigkeit eines umfangreichen begleitenden Messprogramms im Hinblick auf die Anwendungsgrenzen der Finiten Elemente Methode bei Verwendung derzeit kommerziell verfügbarer höherwertigerer Stoffgesetze. In dem Beitrag wird darüber hinaus eine Methode zur Berücksichtigung der spannungspfadabhängigen Steifigkeit von weichen Böden vorgestellt.

Nama Program : Analisa Daya Dukung Fondasi Tiang Dalam D50 D60 D80 D100 
Versi : 1.00
Release / Last Update : Mei 2021
Penyusun : Indra K Raj Suweda
Analisa daya dukung fondasi tiang dalam D50 D60 D80 D100 merupakan program bantu berbasis spreadsheet excel yang berfungsi untuk menghitung daya dukung dari fondasi tiang dalam dengan 4 tipe berdasarkan diameter 50, 60, 80, dan 100 cm. Analisa yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan daya dukung ada dua yaitu analisa tahanan ujung dan friksi permukaan tiang dalam.
Untuk analisa tahanan ujung terdapat 3 metode yaitu metode Luciana De Court, metode Meyerhof, dan kuat material sedangkan untuk friksi permukaan hanya menggukan metode Luciana De Court dan metode Meyerhof. Output yang dihasilkan dari program ini adalah nilai daya dukung total dari masing – masing tipe serta rekomendasi panjang dan kedalaman tiang berdasarkan kebutuhan daya dukung yang ingin dicapai.

Obtained from the research on oilfield drilling fluids as a way to improve colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite (sodium montmorillonite) mud (slurry), the polymer based synthetic fluid arrived to a point that itself can work as a substitute of mineral slurry on excavations for foundations of engineering structures.
The use of this type of fluid in the geoconstruction industry was born from the need to find a new solution with less environmental impact and at the same time improve the final results (saving time, improving excavation geometry and saving concrete).
Once there are a lot of doubts at the moment of using and accepting the synthetic mud as a real technical option, this report is intended to clear ideas about the characteristics, how to use and in which aspects can the use of polymer slurry be more advantageous than bentonite slurry on soil stabilization.

This paper represents a new advance in the study of engineering properties and material applications of phyllite clays. Considering their potential use as construction materials for structures subjected to low stress levels, this laboratory research investigated the stabilization and improvement in engineering properties of a Spanish phyllite clay achieved by the addition of 3, 5 and 7 wt.% lime. Geotechnical properties investigated include the consistency limits, compaction, California Bearing Ratio, swelling potential and water-permeability. The phyllite clay–lime mixtures had good compaction properties and very to extremely low permeability-coefficient values, with a semi-logarithmic correlation between increasing permeability and increasing proportion of lime additive. The addition of 3 wt.% lime was sufficient to reach the index of capacity amble specified in the Sheet of Technical General Prescriptions for Works of Roads and Bridges PG–3 (Spanish Highways Agency, 2008), significantly reducing the plasticity index value, with the compacted mixture undergoing no swelling under soakage. The required pavement thicknesses for the raw phyllite–clay material and the phyllite clay–lime mixtures are compared and discussed. Potential applications for phyllite clay–lime mixtures include for pavements/road sub-grade, earth construction, building materials and for impermeabilization purposes.

This briefing highlights the difficulties of standard triaxial compression testing of fibrous peat and representing its
behaviour in a Mohr–Coulomb framework. Experimental values of effective angle of shearing resistance, phi', and apparent cohesion, c', reported in the literature for fibrous peat are scrutinised, from which the authors conclude that high phi' values determined from triaxial compression testing can be grossly unconservative. Furthermore, given that shearing in a peat which is not completely humified involves tearing of entangled fibres and cellular connections in addition to shearing at frictional contacts, the authors postulate that the apparent cohesion value of fibrous peat is most likely greater than zero. Hence fundamental research on peat strength and how it is derived needs to be performed; also there needs to be further development of existing and new specific material models to simulate more accurately the soft and viscous nature of peat, and the general cross-anisotropic fabric and reinforcement
provided by fibres in peats with low humification.

The rapid growth of population and fast urbanization has resulted in the reduction of the good quality of available land. Black cotton (BC) soil is one of such problematic soils, though they are very fertile soils, they are not suitable for the foundation of roads and buildings. They are expansive clays with a high potential for shrinking or swelling as a result of changing moisture content. Due to the intensive shrinkswell process, surface cracks appear during dry seasons. A small amount of rainfall, such as 6mm can make these soils impassable for all traffic. About 23% of the area in India is covered by BC soil. To utilize expansive soils effectively, proper ground improvement techniques are to be adopted. One of the most widely used techniques is to stabilize the expansive soil with conventional admixtures like lime, GGBS, cement, and fly ash. In the present study, an attempt is made to modify the engineering properties of black cotton soil. This research work presents the improvement of engineering characteristics of expansive soils using Lime and GGBS as an additive. For experimental work, Lime of 2%, 4%, and 6% used and corresponding 5%, and 10% of GGBS is used. Tests like the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) test, proctor test, Atterberg's limits performed. After stabilization, it was found that UCS and CBR of soil increased significantly.

Excavations in soft soils in particular in urban environments with adjacent neighbouring buildings are always subjected to deformations that are not fully avoidable. The soil-structureinteraction of excavations in soft soils is dependent on many factors. A classification of these factors that influence the deformation behaviour depending on the degree of designer interference dealt with in chapter 2. The focus of this research work is to examine the uncontrollable factors that affect the deformation behaviour based on the above classification. The ground conditions, in general, and the material properties of the soft soils in particular, are responsible primarily for the deformation behaviour. For this reason, the material behaviour of soft soils has been scientifically studied using experimental and numeric methods taking into account characteristic stress conditions that arise during excavation. The factors that are under designer control, e.g. support system and its stiffness, the factors that are partially under designer control, such as the method and quality of support construction, and the construction period are also analysed taking into account the time and stress path dependent material behaviour of the soil.
The research work is organised in three core areas which are developed one up on the other. Using excavation model tests, a numerical parameter study of three idealized excavations, and stress path controlled element tests, the above mentioned factors are examined. The time and stress path dependent material behaviour can be generally analysed and validated using a numerical analysis of three practical case studies based on a method that considers the stress path dependent stiffness. This method is devolped and explained within this thesis. Two of the practical projects had been accompanied by the author in the framework of this research work during the construction phase and one starting from the design phase.

By means of a drainage and seepage tank, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model, formed from Leighton Buzzard Silica sand, was developed and studied in this experimental research paper. Water flow through dams is one of the basic problems for geotechnical engineers. Seepage analysis in an important factor to be considered in the proper design of many civil engineering structures. Seepage can occur in both through the structure itself as the case of earth dams and under foundations of an engineering structure. Successful seepage analysis is achieved on the proper and accurate construction of a flow net. Amongst the various existing methods of seepage analysis, the "Finite Element Method" and the method of "Experimental Flow Nets" are the most widely used ones. Construction of a flow net is mainly used for solving water flow problems through porous media where the geometry makes sometimes analytical solutions impractical. This method is usually used in soil mechanics, geotechnical or civil engineering as an initial check for problems of water flow under hydraulic structures like embankments or dams. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and stream or flow lines is called a flow net. In this procedure the Laplace equation principles must be satisfied. Hence, the construction of a flow net is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems and provides an approximate solution to the flow problem by following simple rules, as initially set out by Forchheimer, 1900, and later refined by Casagrande,1937. It can also be very useful tool even for problems with complex geometries, as proven in this experimental research paper. The objectives of this experimental research paper are: • To determine the position and shape of the flow line representing the uppermost free water surface inside the body of a dam by using a drainage and seepage tank, • To conceptualise the flow lines system and to demonstrate that each flow line starts perpendicular to the upstream slope of the dam and that that slope is a boundary equipotential line, • To construct an experimental flow net and subsequently to verify and analyse it by the FEA method, • To calculate the rate of seepage through the dam body, and • To summarise the calculations and experimental findings in a concise and readable format.

The bearing capacity of a foundation is a load which, if were applied, would result in an immediate, often differential, settlement of considerable magnitude, due to the relative movement between soil particles along a surface in which it's shear resistance is exceeded. The difference between this settlement and those related to deformation is that the latter do not correspond to a slip. This difference, however, still causes confusion, as it will be discussed in the paper. This document aims to shed light on the aspects of the stability of superficial foundations that often remain out of discussion in academic texts and whose ignorance contributes to an opaque and automated professional practice.

An overview of the emerging area of Sustainable Geotechnics is provided in this paper with emphasis on sustainability assessment framework. An attempt is made to connect the scope of geotechnical engineering to the broader scope of sustainable development. A review of the research and case studies performed in geotechnical engineering and how they can impact sustainable development is presented. Subsequently, the different sustainability assessment frameworks available in geotechnical engineering are reviewed.

Peatlands are dynamic eco-hydrological wetland systems, increasingly under threat worldwide due to natural and anthropogenic effects, including large-scale drainage and oxidation, causing their subsidence and ecological deterioration. In Europe, the requirements for conservation, restoration and long-term sustainability of degraded active bog have been accentuated by more stringent environmental policy and legislation. This paper describes how peat bunds (dams), strategically constructed at affected areas around the bog margins, can gradually re-establish the natural peatland hydrology and peat-forming vegetation through collection, storage and controlled release of surface runoff from the high bog. For geotechnical stability, the translational-type slip failure was identified as the critical case. The analysis must account for drying out of the compacted peat during drought periods and ensuing increases in lateral and uplift hydraulic pressures and seepage pressures generated follo...

In this study, the foundation systems of a structure on different soil profiles and different groundwater levels are modeled and analyzed. Several difficulties encounter during the basic design and application phases. In particular, the high groundwater level, the load on the soil under the load-bearing capacity, settlement, liquefaction causes many problems such as emergence. Within this study's scope, foundation systems based on six different soil profiles with a high groundwater level were modeled with the Plaxis 2D program for raft foundation and piled raft foundation. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that groundwater level, the soil characteristics, and the conditions are significant in the soil-foundation interaction in both static and earthquake situations.

This is a mere class note being extracted from the Author's book on Foundation Engineering and also from other publications (no copy and paste). The note will be serving as guide for the B-Tech students for the course of Building Material and Building Construction

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY 
THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE.
IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA CANCELS KARMA

This paper presents a review of literature related to the vacuum consolidation ground improvement technique, focusing on issues affecting efficiency of performance and the application of the technique in peaty ground. Although it is now widely considered to be effective for reducing post-construction settlement, studies on vacuum consolidation in peat have, to date, mostly been limited to field trials. This paper offers an overview of the development and theory behind the technique. Issues affecting the efficiency of vacuum systems and recent advances in predicting the ground response to vacuum preloading are described. The application of the technique in peaty soils is investigated; an overview is also provided of some geotechnical properties that distinguish peat from soft mineral soils, highlighting lessons learned from relevant case studies.

The paper covers a theoretical approach in data acquisition  needed for design of a retaining wall.
The procedure is more of a general summary and an appreciation of the role of  subsurface  exploration in geotechnical design.
I hope to update it later after being involved in an actual field project.

Geologically, the Dhaka-Tongi area consists of parts of high inlier, along narrow tract of older sediments hosting the major parts of the city and surrounded by very young riverine sediments occupying the surrounding valleys. The drainage patterns of this tract consist of two types, dendritic and trellis. The older sediment sequence consists of sandstone of Dupi Tila Formation overlain by by the Madhupur Clay. The Clay is overlain by alluvium, but is locally exposed in stream valleys. The region can be divided into three types of landforms – a central high area, a complex of high and lowareas band a complex of low areas. The ground condition with respect to construction can be rated as: favourable, poor and hazardous. The techniques for ground improvement depend on the ground conditions which are intimately related to the geology (sediment type and structure) and geomorphology (landform and elevation). The type of site preparation techniques applicable during pre-construction development are variable from simple removal of the surficial soft soil followed by a sand fill and compaction to more complex techniques of using geotextile, grouting, preloading and surcharge. Taking account of above, a model is suggested which can be used to choose the appropriate ground improvement technique.

Soil is a critical part of successful agriculture and is the source of the nutrients that we use to grow crops. There are different types of soil and there are different properties of each soil. On these different properties, several types of crops grow. We need to know the properties and characteristics of various soil types to understand which crops sow in certain soil types. Machine Learning allows the user to feed a computer algorithm on an immense amount of data and have the computer analyze, make data-driven recommendations and decisions based to analyze the input data. Machine Learning techniques are used to model this process. Machine Learning has come into the picture with the big data technologies and high-performance computing that create new opportunities for data-intensive science in the multi-disciplinary agri-technology domain. In this paper, we have proposed a model that can find whether the soil is fertile or not, Sowing crop seed on fertile soil, and at last predicting the crop yield on different soil features. According to prediction, it can be suggested and recommended which crops grow more. Various Machine Learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, Naive Bayes, Linear Regression, Multilayer perceptron (MLP), and ANN are used for soil classification and crop yield. Test results show that the proposed ANN method follows a deep learning architecture which means it has several layers for input and output are connected to achieve better accuracy than numerous existing methods.

Soil classification systems represent powerful tools not only to facilitate soil identification, but also to predict its possible behavior. While the use of arbitrary standards based on particle size distribution may be applicable to coarse-grained soils, those approaches based exclusively on textural principles are ineffective in classifying fine-grained soils, where clay content and its mineralogy dictate the general properties. In this sense, the measurement of plasticity represents a more appropriate parameter than particle size. This fact has led various authors and technical committees to develop fine-grained soil classification systems based on plasticity. However, the disparity of criteria makes it necessary to review them in order to glimpse the weaknesses and strengths of each of them. This paper includes the review of the six main existing proposals together with the possible variants arising from them: Casagrande (1947)-Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), Saito and Miki (1975), Polidori (2003, 2007, 2009) and Moreno-Maroto and Alonso-Azcarate (2017, 2018) classification charts, which are designed on the basis of Atterberg limits. After conducting a complete and thorough examination, it is shown that although the Casagrande (1947)-USCS approach is the most widely known, of all the proposals examined, only that of Moreno-Maroto and Alonso-Azcarate (2017, 2018) is based on well-founded criteria, presenting a strong predictive capacity, as well as being simple, precise and adaptable to needs.

Structures are normal or special; these are precious part and are promptly associated with living as well as non living things. Sometimes minute fault inside the structure might affect whole body and it would lead to collapse the structure which might create a significant loss of property and human beings too. So, increased awareness of structural Health Monitoring Techniques (SHM) gives an idea and remedies for the concerned defect due to aging, deterioration and fault during construction. Previous day's people used just a visual inspection for defect detection but extreme and worst damage in infrastructure leads to invent new technologies for the recognition of new methods on Structural Health

Site investigation is essential prior to all construction activities of engineering structures for determining the suitability of the site for the construction of the proposed structure. The results from the site investigation gives us the information about the soil profile and the ground water table condition at the site. Various in-situ tests are carried out like Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Electrical Resistivity Technique (ERT), Vane Shear Test (VST), Plate Load Test (PLT), Pile Load Test, Flat Plate Dilatometer Test, Packer Test, Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and many others during the site exploration. The data and results obtained from these tests are essential in identifying the soil type, analyzing and the strength and deformation properties and parameters of soil as well as the ground water condition of the site. This paper intends to summarize the processes and various corrections that are involved in Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and its importance and implication in geotechnical analysis and site exploration. The tools and equipment in this test involved are cable percussion drilling rig, soil sampler (especially split spoon sampler), spirit level, boring machine and a hammer with few other miscellaneous. The soil sampler is pushed or penetrated into the ground by hammer of 63.5kg making it fall freely from a standard height of 750mm. The collected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, hammer blows and energy are analyzed and interpreted to determine or more specifically to estimate the shear strength of soil, relative density and bearing strength of the soil at different depths. This test also helps in determining the aspects of soil which later can be improved by soil stabilizing or by any one or combination of various ground improvement techniques. In accordance of these interpretations, analysis and estimates, suitable foundation design and further construction work for the proposed structure are recommended.

1. INTRODUCERE 2
2. CLASIFICAREA FUNDATIILOR 2
3. FUNDATII PE PILOTI 3
4. CLASIFICAREA PILOTILOR 4
4.1 PILOTII PREFABRICATI 5
4.1.1 Tipuri de piloti 5
4.2 PILOTII EXECUTATI PE LOC 7
4.2.1 Tipuri de piloti 7
5. ALEGEREA TIPULUI DE PILOT 9
6. SOLICITARI TRANSMISE FUNDATIILOR PE PILOTI 9
6.1 PILOTI SUPUSI LA SOLICITARI AXIALE 9
6.2 PILOTI SUPUSI LA SOLICITARI TRANSVERSALE 13
7. BIBLIOGRAFIE 14

For the derivation of the axial resistance of driven sheet piles empirical calculation procedures are given in the recommendations of the working groups "Ufereinfassungen" (EAU, 2004) and "Baugruben" (EAB, 2006), which does not always lead to consistent results. Hence, sev-eral static and dynamic load tests on driven sheet piles were evaluated using statistical meth-ods and the resulting characteristic axial resistance are verified on the basis of the approach of the working group "Pfähle" (EA-Pfähle, 2007). The examined load tests had been carried out in North Germany, hence the resulting characteristic axial resistance of driven sheet piles are first presented as preliminary result for North German underground conditions and compared with the present empiric calculation procedures. Further investigations on axial resistance of driven sheet piles, especially the consideration of restraining effects in dependence on the cross section of the sheet pile profile, are running at the present at the University of Kassel.

Clayey soils are usually stiff when they are dry and give up their stiffness as they become saturated. Soft clays are associated with low compressive strength and excessive settlement. This reduction in strength due to moisture leads to severe damages to buildings and foundations. The soil behavior can be a challenge to the designer build infrastructure plans to on clay deposits. The damage due to the expansive soils every year is expected to be $1 billion in the USA, £150 million in the UK, and many billions of pounds worldwide. The damages associated with expansive soils are not because of the lack of inadequate engineering solutions but to the failure to identify the existence and magnitude of expansion of these soils in the early stage of project planning. One of the methods for soil improvement is that the problematic soil is replaced by suitable soil. The high cost involved in this method has led researchers to identify alternative methods, and soil stabilization with different additives is one of those methods. Recently, modern scientific techniques of soil stabilization are on offer for this purpose. Stabilized soil is a composite material that is obtained from the combination and optimization of properties of constituent materials. Adding cementing agents such as lime, cement and industrial byproducts like fly ash and slag, with soil results in improved geotechnical properties. However, during the past few decades, a number of cases have been reported where sulfate-rich soils stabilized by cement or lime underwent a significant amount of heave leading to pavement failure. This research paper addressed the some fundamental and success soil improvement that used in civil engineering field.

In Foundation Design: Theory and Practice, Professor N. S. V. Kameswara Rao covers the key aspects of the subject, including principles of testing, interpretation, analysis, soil-structure interaction modeling, construction guidelines, and applications to rational design. Rao presents a wide array of numerical methods used in analyses so that readers can employ and adapt them on their own. Throughout the book the emphasis is on practical application, training readers in actual design procedures using the latest codes and standards in use throughout the world.

    Presents updated design procedures in light of revised codes and standards, covering:
        American Concrete Institute (ACI) codes
        Eurocode 7
        Other British Standard-based codes including Indian codes
    Provides background materials for easy understanding of the topics, such as:
        Code provisions for reinforced concrete
        Pile design and construction
        Machine foundations and construction practices
        Tests for obtaining the design parameters
    Features subjects not covered in other foundation design texts:
        Soil-structure interaction approaches using analytical, numerical, and finite element methods
        Analysis and design of circular and annular foundations
        Analysis and design of piles and groups subjected to general loads and movements
    Contains worked out examples to illustrate the analysis and design
    Provides several problems for practice at the end of each chapter
    Lecture materials for instructors available on the book's companion website

Foundation Design is designed for graduate students in civil engineering and geotechnical engineering. The book is also ideal for advanced undergraduate students, contractors, builders, developers, heavy machine manufacturers, and power plant engineers. Students in mechanical engineering will find the chapter on machine foundations helpful for structural engineering applications.

Companion website for instructor resources: www.wiley.com/go/rao