Place promotion and marketing

W niniejszym artykule została podjęta próba wskazania wybranych, odnoszących się do marketingu miejsc tendencji, które wydają się istotne z punktu widzenia promocji i rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego jednostek terytorialnych. W tym ujęciu marketing miejsc można rozumieć jako odpowiedź na zapotrzebowanie w obszarze profesjonalnego zarządzania jednostkami terytorialnymi. Na wstępie zostały przedstawione teoretyczne aspekty marketingu miejsc, w dalszej części scharakteryzowano poszczególne tendencje, wśród których przykładowo można wymienić markowe produkty turystyczne, promocję miejsca poprzez sport, spa&wellness, turystykę konferencyjną, zintensyfikowaną promocję gospodarczą. W ramach podsumowania zaprezentowano wybrane korzyści wynikające ze stosowania rozwiązań wpisujących się w marketing miejsc.

"[...] the discourses surrounding the architecture of global cities [are] often as spectacular as the architecture itself, resounding with terms like the 'Bilbao effect', the 'icon' and the 'starchitect'. Architectural works and architectural criticism are both highly polemical and normative, obscuring a scholarly understanding of why the architecture of the global city emerges in this way. Such an explanation must be traced to the specificities of the consumption, the production and the market-making of architectural services in the context of globalization. Datu's chapter, then, notes how architecture is shaped by how it is consumed by global city constituencies, by how it is produced by professionals coordinating across global distances and how all such groups must make markets meet at the global scale [...]"

One aspect of the contemporary interest in ‘local’ foods has been the appearance of products based on Australian native plants. In this article, I explore the place identities presented in the packaging of these products. How are the intimate connections between land and ingredients implicit in the idea of native foods represented in contemporary commodity culture? And how are these relationships between food and place situated within larger discourses of national identity and territory? While native foods present a unique and potent way of engaging with local foods, I argue that the consumer culture of native foods reinforces a naturalised conception of place that un-reflexively conflates the local with the national. Place is conceived of in largely natural terms, ignoring historical and social factors, including, crucially, the Indigenous Australian traditional knowledge on which native food production rests.

In this era of digital disruption, the internet has become a technology that is closely related to everyday life, especially with the presence of social media. Social media is a promotional media that is considered appropriate to promote tourism villages, especially in Bali. This is because the millennial generation uses social media to obtain information, even as a consideration for decision making. Promotion with social media can also be applied to the promotion needs of tourism villages. This is because the millennial generation likes to travel to nature and upload photos on social media. In addition the millennial generation also prefers an online approach that includes user generated content with testimonials from previous travellers to determine where to travel. This opportunity can be used by tourism villages to improve their economy and tourism activities in the tourist village environment.

L'étude de la mise en marque de la Bretagne est intéressante en ce qu'elle est la seconde région en Europe à utiliser le branding jusque là réservé aux (plus grandes) villes. Le branding est une manière de penser le marketing des territoires en plaçant l'image de marque par dessus les autres leviers du marketing que sont les projets urbains, les événements, les actions culturelles, les politiques touristiques, les aides fiscales... La partie visible de l'iceberg est souvent un slogan accompagné d'un logo mais le branding est, en tant que démarche de marketing territorial, un travail analytique, stratégique et opérationnel complexe qui implique les acteurs locaux vers une quête de cohérence de message entre tous. En France, le branding peut être vu comme une nouvelle manière de relancer le marketing territorial depuis le milieu des années 2000, avec l'utilisation de marques ombrelles pour promouvoir un territoire dans sa globalité, associées à des marques produits qui promeuvent des aspects spécifiques (cluster, site géographique d'excellence, manifestation phare…) (Maynadier, 2009).

Nowadays, social media is very important tool for businesses’ promotional activities. Social media can provide significant advantages in time, cost, and communication quality for companies. The aim of this qualitative research was to understand how and why small and medium-sized enterprises in Aegean region/Turkey use social media. Within this aim, the study examined the main promotional activities of small and medium-sized enterprises which operate in Izmir (as an urban part of Aegean Region) and Kusadasi (as a rural part of Aegean Region). In order to analyze the different characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises in rural and urban parts, one rural and one urban city were selected. Fifteen companies from Kusadasi and fifteen companies from Izmir were included to the research to understand how and why they use social media. Maximum variation sampling technique was used in selecting companies. Data were collected via structured interview technique by using face-to-face interviews and telephone interviews. Employees or owners of the companies were interviewed in December, 2017. Data were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via content analysis. Findings showed that the small and medium-sized enterprises preferred mostly social media for their promotional activities. The main reasons to prefer social media were that social media is easy, fast, convenient, and cheap to advertise. The main activities of the small and medium-sized enterprises in social media were that sharing the photos of the companies’ products and organizing some activities to reach targeted customers.

This paper examines the impact of cultural events such as festivals on tourism development
in host territories. Event Marketing and Regional Studies are widely considered disciplines with still
uncertain and not fully defined contours. In order to highlight the extent and the relevance of
developing researches into these fields, it is proposed here a study able to demonstrate the operational
validity of marketing in favour territorial development. Cultural events are able to strengthen the local
identity and to enhance the vocational resources, both tangible and intangible, of an area. This paper
analyses the event DEAfest as a tool of territorial marketing to increase the competitiveness of the
Reggio Calabria’s peripheries, becoming a distinctive symbol of the territory. The research work
addresses the issues of territorial promotion and analysis of touristic attitude of destinations providing
an innovative application of the input-output methodology, used in the economic impact analysis. The
results of our study showed that the holistic strategic planning model views the destination planning
process as encompassing a number of independent yet interrelated components, as well as a set of
methodologies that start from regional approach, engrafting methods of economic evaluation and
cultural studies.

Le présent article offre un aperçu systématique et complet de la littérature scientifique dédiée au domaine d’étude du marketing territorial et du branding territorial. 1172 contributions publiées entre 1976 et 2016 dans 98 revues différentes y sont analysées à l’aide d’un classement méticuleux dans des catégories et sous-catégories en fonction de l’approche disciplinaire, de la méthode utilisée et de la perspective adoptée.

Globalisation is dramatically changing the context of urban communities and the premises for urban development policy. In the context of global intercity competition, cities' major goal is to increase their competitiveness, in which the positioning and attractiveness of a city have a critical function. Attraction-oriented development strategies aim at effective absorption of external resources from the global space of flows. At the core of attraction strategy are business promotion activities with appealing incentives, but it is assumed that such a competition is risky and may lead to a race to the bottom. Therefore the emphasis is increasingly on less costly and more synergistic city marketing, which utilises city branding and “city profiling” that aim at attract high value-adding services or high-tech firms. This paper proposes a city attraction hypothesis that states that global intercity competition is essentially about a city's ability to attract the highest possible value from global flows of values in order to promote urban development. The result of such a global intercity competition determines cities' functions and positions in the global division of labour and thus in the global urban hierarchy, and ultimately determines their ability to increase prosperity and welfare in urban communities.

ABSTRAK Kajian ini adalah mengenai Pembangunan Mapan Pengurusan Pelancongan Marin di Pulau Redang. Ia melibatkan responden berbilang kaum yang berada di sekitar kawasan yang berhampiran dengan Pulau Redang seperti masyarakat yang tinggal di tanah besar dan sekitar Kuala Terengganu. Faktor kemudahan pengangkutan dan fasiliti yang disediakan menjadi satu tarikan pengunjung untuk datang ke Pulau Redang. Pengkaji telah mengedarkan borang soal selidik kepada 350 orang responden. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk mendapatkan hasil kajian. Semua data yang diperolehi diterangkan dalam bentuk jadual serta rajah. Seterusnya, cadangan diusulkan kepada pihak-pihak berkaitan dan pengkaji berharap kajian ini akan dijalankan pada masa hadapan dengan lebih lengkap serta memberikan manfaat kepada masyrakat dan mana-mana pihak yang memerlukan. Kata kunci: Mapan, Pelancongan Marin, Pengurusan PENGENALAN Dalam hasil kajian ini, penyelidik telah mengkaji mengenai pelancongan mapan di Pulau Redang. Penyelidik telah menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk mendapatkan hasil kajian yang menyeluruh. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengetahui adakah pembangunan yang dijalankan di sekitar pulau menjejaskan habitat laut dan darat dan secara tidak langsungnya mengekalkan kemapanan alam sekitar untuk generasi akan datang. Kaedah kajian yang dipilih adalah kerana ia memberikan sampel dan hasil kajian yang dapat diukur dengan lebih mendalam. Hasil penyelidikan yang didapati adalah menunjukan hasil yang positif. Pengurusan Pelancongan adalah satu aktiviti perkhidmatan yang disediakan oleh komponen-komponen industri pelancongan seperti agensi pelancongan, syarikat penerbangan, perhotelan, perkhidmatan makanan dan pusat-pusat rekreasi kepada para pelancong dalam dan luar negara. Selain itu, sektor pelancongan berkembang seiring dengan ekonomi global. Sektor pelancongan merupakan salah satu faktor penyumbang kepada ekonomi sesebuah negara. Kerajaan memandang sektor pelancongan sebagai peluang kepada pekerjaan kepada masyarakat tempatan di negara ini. Di samping itu, kebanyakan pelancong yang datang melancong ke pulau-pulau adalah untuk menghilangkan tekanan dan penat ketika berkerja di bandar-bandar dan ingin mencari ketenangan dengan berehat di pulau-pulau. Oleh itu, pengurusan pelancongan amat penting dalam sektor pelancongan kerana pelancongan merupakan salah satu faktor yang menjadi panduan kepada pelancong untuk datang melancong ke tempat mereka dan seterusnya dapat memperkenalkan pelancongan kehidupan marin. Menurut Kamus Ekologi (2008), kehidupan marin merupakan hidupan dan tumbuhan yang hidup di laut, dari tanda air pasang di sepanjang pantai hingga di kedalaman lautan. Hidupan organisma ini boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan utama iaitu, benthos merupakan tumbuh-tumbuhan seperti rumpai laut dan haiwan seperti tapak sulaiman yang hidup di darat

Urban planning issues for a waterfront revitalization project in Singapore are examined in this study, based on a case study of Esplanades - Theatres on the Bay. The discussion considers the perspectives of the government authorities towards waterfront planning and implementation vis-a-vis those of the general public. The study is oriented towards understanding the complexity of the planning process. Employing the concepts of put forth by Pinter et. al. (1988), Bentley et. al. (1985) and Lynch (1960), the development of the Esplanade is analyzed. Specific issues that are addressed include the process driving the transformation of the Esplanade and the "commodification" and "spectacle-isation" of the Esplanade. It concludes with implications for waterfront planning based on the experience of the Esplanade.

It is within the context of the growing level of competitiveness between  places, and even the decline of many, that a need has been identified for places to have a marketing focus. As a new and under-researched domain, and also due to some similarities, place marketing research has been guided by the more extensively researched corporate level marketing  and  destination  marketing.  Both  of  these  applications  emphasise  the importance of internal marketing to employees and host populations respectively.  If place marketers are to effectively market 'their'  place, there is a requirement to be able to  defme  and  measure  attributes  of  place  identity  and  in  particular,  perceived  or construed image. This study will make a contribution to this need by first identifying generic attributes of place identity and image. A rating scale is used which will allow for the measurement of each attribute as well as gaps that may exist between identity and construed image. An outcome of this work will be the opportunity for longitudinal studies to monitor changes in place  identity and  image, as well as for comparisons between places, particularly within a competitive  set. This work is of value to place marketers and planners seeking to retain and attract, what are today, the more mobile markets of people and corporations.

The present article has the aim to understand the film induced tourism or film tourism phenomenon in application to place marketing  and tourism marketing, and to comprise which are the effect of film tourism on territories and the main differences in territories organized in place marketing strategy and not organized.

This special issue has now been published (Dec 2019).

For free access (until 30 January 2020) to its editorial article, go to:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJTC-12-2019-163/full/pdf?title=marketing-smart-tourism-cities-a-strategic-dilemma


For access to the whole special issue, go to:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/2056-5607/vol/5/iss/4

This study is two pronged; at one level it explores the role of various mall promotion schemes towards building the image of shoppers. Secondly, it attempts to explain whether this type of promotion can influence the mall patronage. The study is conducted in Lakeside shopping Centre being one of the biggest regional Shopping Centers in the UK with a retail area of more than 1430000 square feet. This study uses the mall intercept technique to collect the data using a questionnaire. The study finds that Mall attitude and mall patronage is influenced by three major factors; mall atmosphere, mall sales promotion and mall assortment. It was also found in the study that, price based promotion is important, however mall management cannot ignore non-price based promotion. Particularly, for developing a positive attitude towards mall, atmospherics and mall assortment is more important than price based promotion.

• Purpose This paper examines developments in the use of events by places from a predominantly place branding role based on image and economic impacts towards a broader placemaking approach aimed at holistic improvements in place quality. • Design/methodology/approach The research is based on a single case study approach, with the Dutch city of 's-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch) as the focus. Data sources include resident surveys, depth interviews and analysis of policy documents. • Findings The Den Bosch case illustrates the emergence of a more holistic approach to the use of events as a placemaking tool. The city shifted from an ad hoc events policy to the development of a multi-annual programme designed to produce economic, image, social cultural and network effects. This approach seems to have been successful in stimulating visitation, increasing visitor spend and raising the international profile of the city. At the same time, the city has developed many activities designed to mobilise local stakeholder groups and increase social cohesion, which provide essential support for the necessary investment. • Research limitations/implications There are indications that sustaining such a programme over the longer term is difficult in the face of political and economic change. Adoption of a holistic approach also requires the mobilisation of a wide range of stakeholders. • Social implications The Den Bosch programme helped to increase social cohesion in the city by involving residents and local cultural groups in different projects. However, this required a differentiated approach based on the needs of each group. • Originality/value

Purpose – Dark tourism and, more specifically, visitor experiences at Nazi concentration camp memorials are emerging fields of research in tourism studies and destination management. This paper builds on this growing body of knowledge and focuses on the World War II Nazi concentration camp at Dachau in Germany to explore the psychological impact of the site on its visitors as well as critical self-reflection processes triggered by this experience.

Design/methodology/approach – This micro-netnography resulted in fifteen online semi-structured interviews carried out with people who visited Dachau between 2003 and 2015. The interviews involved participants from eleven different nationalities and a range of age groups.

Findings – This study has shown that emotions that surface during a tourist’s visit to a concentration camp destination can linger well after they have left the site. In fact, feelings of sadness, depression, anger and existential questions can haunt visitors for a considerable amount of time after their visit. Further reflections by visitors also included a more critical appreciation of world affairs. This is of particular significance when considering the behavior of tourists in an urban setting.


Originality/value – This research builds on previous dark tourism studies related to the onsite emotions experienced by visitors to concentration camp memorial sites and their travel motivation but takes this knowledge further by exploring the hitherto uncharted longer-term post-experience impacts of these sites on their visitors. Recommendations for dark tourism destination practitioners and academics are also provided based in a critical discussion of the research.

How can small cities make an impact in a globalizing world dominated by ‘world cities’ and urban development strategies aimed at increasing agglomeration? This book addresses the challenges of smaller cities trying to put themselves on the map, attract resources and initiate development.

Placemaking has become an important tool for driving urban development that is sensitive to the needs of communities. This volume examines the development of creative placemaking practices that can help to link small cities to external networks, stimulate collaboration and help them make the most of the opportunities presented by the knowledge economy. The authors argue that the adoption of more strategic, holistic placemaking strategies that engage all stakeholders can be a successful alternative to copying bigger places. Drawing on a range of examples from around the world, they analyse small city development strategies and identify key success factors.

This book focuses on the case of ‘s-Hertogenbosch, a small Dutch city that used cultural programming to link itself to global networks and stimulate economic, cultural, social and creative development. It advocates the use of cultural programming strategies as a more flexible alternative to traditional top-down planning approaches and as a means of avoiding copying the big city.

MALANG 2016 I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Perusahaan industri khususnya yang bergerak dibidang pertanian menjadikan salah satu sumber penyediaan lapangan pekerjaan. Dalam melaksanakan proses produksinya, perusahaan membutuhkan faktor-faktor produksi yang menunjang tercapainya tujuan perusahaan. Selain itu, perusahaan perlu merancang bentuk kegiatan promosi yang tepat dalam menarik minat konsumen untuk menggunakan produk yang ditawarkan. Bentuk kegiatan promosi merupakan bagian dari manajemen pemasaran yang dapat diidentifikasi pada perusahaan. Manajemen pemasaran merupakan penganalisaan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan program-program yang bertujuan menimbulkan pertukaran dengan pasar yang dituju dengan maksud untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan (Kotler, 1980). Salah satu sayuran hijau yang digemari masyarakat adalah selada (Lactuca sativa L). Di Indonesia, selada biasanya dikonsumsi dalam bentuk segar. Selada merupakan salah satu komoditi hortikultura yang memiliki prospek dan nilai komersial yang cukup baik. Di Jawa Barat, harga jual selada hidroponik rata-rata sekitar Rp 15.000/kg Fitriani (2008). Produksi sayuran selada mengalami penurunan dari 454.815 ton pada tahun 2000 menjadi 434.043 ton pada tahun 2001, akan tetapi pada tahun berikutnya mengalami peningkatan menjadi 461.069 ton pada tahun 2002. Melihat kondisi tersebut budidaya selada memiliki prospek yang bagus untuk dikembangkan (Departemen Pertanian, 2005). .Dengan semakin menurunnya luasan lahan yang tersedia untuk budidaya pertanian yang menjadi kendala pada pertanaman selada konvensional, menurut Maghfoer et al. (2007) sistem hidroponik adalah salah satu pemecahannya. Media hidroponik dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kultur air yang tidak menggunakan media pendukung lain untuk perakaran tanaman seperti NFT (Nutrient Film Technique), DFT (Deep Flow Technique) (Rosliani et al, 2005). PT. INDMIRA merupakan perusahaan berbasis teknologi telah melakukan penelitian dan inovasi pada perbaikan ekosistem dan sejak tahun 1985. Prestasi yang sudah didapatkan adalah "Kehati Award" dari Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan dinominasikan untuk Nasional "Kehati Award" dalam mempromosikan keanekaragaman hayati dan pertanian berkelanjutan pada tahun 2011 (PT. INDMIRA, 2014). PT. INDMIRA berlokasi di Jalan Kaliurang Km 16,3 Yogyakarta, yang merupakan perusahaan agroindustri yang professional, potensi dan berkembang di Indonesia. PT. INDMIRA telah menghasilkan produk perbaikan ekosistem berupa pupuk organik, suplemen ternak, pembenah tanah dan suplemen tanaman. PT. INDMIRA mengolah lahan seluas 2 ha yang digunakan sebagai lahan produksi sayuran dimana salah satunya adalah selada hidroponik. PT. INDMIRA memasarkan selada hidroponik tersebut ke beberapa swalayan lokal dan beberapa hotel dengan merk dagang "AMBOJA". Sehingga diperlukan kegiatan promosi yang tepat terkait dengan produk selada hidroponik yang dipasarkan oleh PT. INDMIRA untuk dapat meningkatkan produktivitas penjualan selada hidroponik. Tujuan dari promosi adalah empat hal, yaitu memperkenalkan diri, membujuk, modifikasi dan membentuk tingkah laku serta mengingatkan kembali tentang produk dari perusahaan tersebut (Sistaningrum, 2002 : 98). Maka berdasarkan hal di atas dalam kegiatan magang kerja ini, hal-hal yang ingin dicapai adalah berkontribusi secara langsung bentuk kegiatan promosi dari produk selada hidroponik di PT. INDMIRA, mengidentifikasi dasar pertimbangan pengambilan keputusan bentuk promosi selada hidroponik, mengetahui faktor yang memepengaruhi bentuk kegiatan promosi selada hidroponik, mengetahui kendala dalam kegiatan promosi dan mengidentifikasi permasalahan dalam kegiatan promosi selada hidroponik di PT. INDMIRA. Dengan melakukan magang kerja di PT. INDMIRA, dapat memberikan dampak berupa mengambil keputusan dalam mempromosikan suatu produk, menentukan permasalahan dan solusi yang terdapat dalam kegiatan promosi, dan mendapatkan pengalaman profesional dalam bidang promosi.

The chapter concerns the specific symptom of product placement, which is the city placement. The essence of this phenomenon is presented as well as the examples of using it in promotional activities of Polish cities. The author also identified the determinants of effective use of city placement. Moreover, the impact of city placement on development of film tourism (called the set jetting) and the enrichment of territorial product is described.

"Les recompositions territoriales sont à l'ordre du jour à l'échelle planétaire, au Sud comme au Nord. Il s’agit d'une part, d’une vague sans précédent de décentralisations et de redécoupages municipaux et régionaux associés ; et d'autre part, des nouveaux acteurs territorialisés dits de la société civile (ONG, associations, groupements…) souvent partenaires des institutions internationales, qui se constituent leurs propres périmètres d’intervention chevauchant, recoupant, recouvrant ou englobant les mailles administratives officiellement reconnues. La production contemporaine des territoires locaux n’obéit donc plus exclusivement à l’encadrement administratif du territoire national d’un côté et à la gestion des services publics municipaux de l’autre, mais plutôt à une logique de recherche des territoires multiformes du développement, au sens d’espaces de mobilisation des différents acteurs potentiels du développement autour d’un projet. Deux mots d'ordre qui se déclinent en de multiples interprétations, accompagnent, justifient et encouragent ces mutations : "gouvernance" et "développement durable".
Partout, les pouvoirs publics investis dans un travail de recomposition plus ou moins radicale sont en quête de modèles, ils doivent aussi innover pour réussir la mobilisation pour le développement appelée de leurs vœux, parallèle bien souvent à leur désengagement. L’heure n’est plus à la rationalisation cartésienne, mais plutôt à une certaine géométrie variable de type « postmoderne » pouvant accompagner la complexité territoriale ambiante, elle même liée aux multiples ancrages et périmètres des réseaux d’acteurs.
Le Nord est tenté d’aller voir au Sud comment tradition, réseaux sociaux et identitaires ont pu se conjuguer avec administrations territoriales coloniale et postcoloniale, tandis que le Sud tend à s’éloigner d’une démarche de mimétisme et interroge les impasses des modèles du Nord, tout en cherchant à capter les nouvelles rentes du développement durable.
Ce livre constitue une synthèse et une mise en perspective théorique, de travaux en géographie politique sur les techniques et les enjeux de la fabrication des territoires. Chacune des 5 parties constitutives du livre est l’occasion de faire le point sur une des entrées cruciales du champ des recompositions territoriales. Pour chaque partie, une synthèse est produite qui permet de situer les apports des travaux de l’auteur dans le cadre de la production scientifique sur le thème, et de poser une série de questions. Des études et des développements originaux concernant notamment l’Afrique du Sud sont présentés à l’appui de ces parties. Par ailleurs, chacune de ces parties est l’occasion de formaliser des points théoriques sous forme d’axiomes, ou des points méthodologiques sous forme de graphes et grilles de lecture.

« 1. Vers le tout territorial » constitue un cadrage contemporain de la thématique. Cette partie permet de revenir sur l’ampleur du phénomène de construction multiforme de territoires locaux et régionaux, et de proposer une méthode graphique d’appréhension des systèmes d’administration territoriale dans leur complexité. Sont évoquées également les raisons du primat de l’approche territoriale dans les politiques publiques et les modes d’intervention pour le développement. L’axiome exposé dans cette partie concerne : “les logiques des 3 dimensions de l’Aménagement du territoire”.

« 2. Pas mort l’optimum, les formes contemporaines de l’utopie organiciste » revient sur les modèles, les techniques et les référents à l’œuvre dans la fabrication contemporaine des territoires. L’analyse porte plus particulièrement sur la tendance qui s’exprime chez les experts et les scientifiques à la quête d’un optimum territorial renouvelé qui combinerait fonctionnalité, participation et géométrie variable. L’axiome exposé concerne “la géométrie variable des territoires de la durabilité”

« 3. La condition du chef-lieu, de l’effet à l’enjeu » envisage les construits territoriaux sous l’angle de leur centralité. Plus particulièrement, c’est le thème de l’effet chef-lieu qui est traité et qui fait l’objet d’une présentation dans ses déclinaisons sud-africaines. Plus généralement, est proposée une interprétation générale de son paradoxal succès universel qui voit les villes secondaires tenter de se tailler des arrière-pays étendus à l’heure où les dotations publiques aux chefs-lieux se tarissent et où les charges de centralité augmentent. L’axiome exposé concerne “les modes de traitement territorial de la ville”

« 4. Les confins, entre innovation et relégation  » aborde cette fois les territoires par leurs marges en défendant la thèse des confins comme lieux potentiels d’innovations territoriales, mais aussi d’atomisation du pouvoir territorialisé. C’est plus particulièrement leur traitement dans le champ de la conservation et de la protection sur le continent africain qui fait l’objet d’un développement. L’axiome exposé dans cette partie concerne “la règle des 1-3 2-4”, autrement dit le principe de contournement de l’échelon inférieur et d’encouragement à l’affranchissement de ses limites.

« 5. La postmodernité territoriale, éclairages africains » C’est donc une réflexion sur la postmodernité territoriale à partir des réalités africaines sur le temps long qui vient clore le mémoire. Elle reprend une notion qui parcourt les interprétations proposées pour les quatre autres entrées thématiques. Les réalités africaines, et singulièrement sud-africaines avec l’Apartheid, permettent en effet de questionner l’apparente linéarité et la succession des pré et des post dans le champ territorial et d’analyser les conditions d’émergence de construits hybrides.

Les axiomes énoncés esquissent une table des combinaisons et des règles d’usage des figures et modèles territoriaux, une grammaire de la composition territoriale politique. On voit par exemple comment la référence obligée au développement durable peut renvoyer non seulement à différents modèles, mais également à différents ordres fonctionnels et/ou méthodologiques pour définir des types de configurations territoriales dites“durables”
En fait, trois règles se combinent pour fonder les doctrines des réformes territoriales et les positionnements des collectivités et des coalitions.
La première règle est celle de l’imposition systématique d’un gabarit approximatif tandis que des marges de manœuvre sont laissées généralement à une commission pour l’appréciation ou la négociation des limites. Le gabarit des mailles est stratégique pour le dépassement ou la reprise d’un ordre ancien, pour l’encadrement et le contrôle adaptés aux moyens administratifs ou militaires, mais aussi pour le ciblage des coalitions territoriales promues comme partenaires. L’imposition d’un gabarit est la véritable condition territoriale du projet politique.
Cette règle en rejoint une autre qui s’apparente à une loi. La loi du 1/3-2/4 veut qu’un niveau de pouvoir en cours d’affirmation structure son territoire en cherchant des relais susceptibles de court-circuiter le niveau inférieur contre lequel il tend à s’affirmer.
Une règle enfin se dégage pour expliquer le positionnement des villes non-métropoles dans les processus contemporains de recompositions territoriales. Cette règle est celle de la “compensation hiérarchique” qui veut que pour compenser leur déficit dimensionnel, les villes moyennes et petites ont tendance, au Nord comme au Sud, à revendiquer des arrière-pays élargis. L’enjeu est celui de la captation des fonctions d’intermédiation territoriale, et ce malgré les charges de centralité. La cité et ses élites sont en capacité de représenter un territoire et ses ressources vis-à-vis d’acteurs externes -investisseurs ou bailleurs de fonds-, les agents de la cité sont alors incontournables pour l’accès et la valorisation de ces ressources. Cette position d’intermédiation à la tête d’un territoire élargi semble nécessaire pour exister dans la globalisation hors des aires métropolitaines. Elle prend le relais de la recherche d’un effet-chef-lieu qui, avec le désengagement des Etats, ne se traduit plus sous la forme de dotations en fonctionnaires et en équipements.
Avec ces quelques règles se dessinent des logiques qui donnent du sens à la complexité territoriale contemporaine et à ses formes. Cette complexité se traduit par une profusion et une hybridité des territoires sur fond d’effacement des normes de la modernité territoriale : pavage, emboîtement et uniformité des statuts. Cette complexité est avant tout le fait de deux phénomènes concomitants relatifs aux acteurs des recompositions : la métropolisation d’une part qui se caractérise notamment par des comportements individuels et collectifs faits d’appartenances multiples, et la multiplication des acteurs du développement d’autre part (des organismes internationaux à la nébuleuse de la société civile en passant par les collectivités territoriales, les services de l’Etat et les entreprises) qui inscrivent leurs actions dans des périmètres différents et pas toujours articulés. Ainsi la complexité territoriale n’est ni une calamité ni un bienfait, c’est une expression parmi d’autres des mutations sociales et des différentes facettes de la postmodernité.
Notre posture est celle de son acceptation à la fois comme objet pertinent et comme donnée contextuelle, mais pas comme un facteur de résignation en matière d’aménagement et de développement. En effet, si tout ne se joue pas sur le territoire, bien souvent dérisoire face à la mobilité du capital et des hommes, l’enjeu territorial existe et il n’est pas à sommes nulles. Il y a des gagnants et des perdants, de plus, les modèles qui circulent sont tout sauf neutres, ils peuvent promouvoir certaines configurations spatiales et politiques tout en marginalisant d’autres, ils peuvent in fine accroître la capacité ou l’incapacité territoriale.
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Zahvaljujući današnjem svijetu u pokretu, milijunima ljudi na putu, pojam hodočašća je postao izrazito propusan za razna svjetovna značenja. Nerijetko se dogodi da postane i besmislen. Istodobno, Međugorje i brojna druga europska hodočasnička odredišta iz godine u godinu bilježe sve veći broj hodočasnika, a njima je hodočašće itekako smislena, koherentna i bliska religijska stvarnost.
Knjiga nudi kritički pregled razvoja i smjerova antropologije hodočašća, poddiscipline kulturne antropologije, u kojem se suočavaju razni i različiti pogledi na hodočašće. U konkretnim se istraživačkim situacijama, u hodočasničkom Međugorju, propituju teorijske smjernice i prepoznaju stranputice, te se rasvjetljava dinamična, mnogostruka, mnogoznačna, ali i proturječna stvarnost hodočašća i hodočasničkog odredišta.
Kakav je odnos raznih strategija uključenih u oblikovanje hodočasničkog Međugorja? Kako se oblikuju hodočasnička iskustva u interakciji s ovim hodočasničkim odredištem? Kakav je međuodnos hodočasničkog Međugorja i Međugorja kao prostora življenja? Kakva je sprega Međugorja sa širim religijskim, društvenim, političkim i ekonomskim prostorom? To su temeljna pitanja u okviru kojih se u knjizi promišlja hodočašće i hodočasnička kvaliteta mjesta. Pritom se Međugorje – to sveto tlo, kako ga definira jedna hodočasnica – pokazuje i kao specifičan hodočasnički prostor, jer je u njemu osobito naglašena sloboda hodočasničke imaginacije i kreativnosti.

Despite place attachment’s prominence within the environmental psychology literature, the scales and items used to  measure place attachment vary significantly, hindering the ability of  researchers to  rally behind a standard measure. These types of discrepancies hamper the ability of researchers to directly compare findings across communities and conduct metanalyses on the antecedents and outcomes of place attachment. Further-more, scales consisting of more than three items may unnecessarily burden respondents, thus impeding oppor-tunities to add new constructs to surveys so that the precursors and outcomes of place attachment can be better understood. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper is to present and test the cross-cultural reliability and validity of an Abbreviated Place Attachment Scale (APAS) (i.e., three items for place identity and three items for place dependence) across seven samples spanning five data collections and four countries (United States, Cape Verde, Nigeria and Poland) involving residents and visitors. Confirmatory factor analysis reveals that the abbreviated scales perform just as  well as  their extended parents, and the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis reveals full measurement invariance demonstrating that the APAS is equivalent across cultures. Based on these results, the APAS should be given full attention by place attachment researchers seeking to expand the literature on the understanding of how people connect to places and the implications that these connections have on other important constructs such as quality of life, support for tourism, and place-based conservation efforts or individual environmental behaviors.

A positive destination brand image depends on a number of factors. Food consumption is one of these. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate and clarify the relevance of food for destination brand management. To do so, this investigation employs a qualitative method of research: exploratory research. Using the Algarve (Portugal) as the empirical destination brand, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 58 participants from the UK. This article concludes that consumers use both local cuisine and its availability (through restaurants) to define and evaluate a destination, and that both influence that destination’s brand image. These two variables are part of the dimension called food, which fulfils both a physiological and a social need, since eating can be considered a pleasurable social activity. Therefore, food is a destination brand dimension that should be taken into account when developing a brand strategy. Destination brand managers should act on this dimension to communicate brand values by management licensing and implementing educational programs and systems of quality control to improve the supply side.

This paper conceptualizes place branding narratives that mobilize local food and contemporary gastronomic trends by revisiting the notion of terroir (taste of place) as a strategic marketing asset. In particular, it explores how rural tourism destinations with little or no gastronomic heritage exploit the discourses of New Nordic Food to create a distinct sense of place. Drawing on empirical illustration from Danish rural destinations, the paper argues that terroir can be reproduced and invented through manipulative rhetoric approaches. The paper contributes with a conceptual model identifying four ideal types of narrative strategies framing the terroir (accreditation, patrimonization, exotising and entreprising). Each strategy is conceived through a unique combination of place-specific (typicality) themes and market-specific ideologies. The paper concludes that the New Nordic Food movement has stimulated novel ways to articulate a typical taste of place that are embedded in transformational, rather than conservationist ideologies. It furthermore acknowledges the significance of new place branding agents in positioning rural destinations and local food along contemporary food cultures and market preferences.

The theme of the 2017 symposium ‘place making from various gazes’ reflects current developments in both the theory and practice of place management, marketing, and branding, along with developments into our knowledge about sustainable places and responsible tourism, all of which rely for success upon the co-ordinated efforts of multiple stakeholders, each of which may have different, and sometimes competing, objectives and purposes. The nature of academic enquiry into these issues is inherently interdisciplinary, and the symposium will consider the way places are theorised differently in various academic disciplines, and what this means for the practice of managing and marketing places. The symposium theme was also informed by the passing, on 18th March 2016, of Professor John Urry, whose research
on a range of subjects relevant to place making, including urban and regional research, and research particularly into the economic, social, environmental and cultural implications of developments in tourism, revolutionised academic research and practitioner insight into The Tourist Gaze. I am delighted that the Responsible Tourism Special Interest Group of the Institute of Place Management (IPM) is now
organising the Symposium. The IPM’s links with the Journal of Place Management and Development, with its focus on communicating with academics, practitioners, policy makers and local government, is also a driving factor behind the balance between academic and practitioner input into this event.

This paper makes reference to Colombia as a practical case of branding and marketing within the context of conflict-ridden destinations. We will examine the history and development of the country brand from the tourism development point of view, relating it to the terrorism that has hit the country for the last half century. This fact enormously diminished Colombia's reputation in many ways, substantially lowering the tourism arrivals. The following is an account on how Colombia reacted to this situation: we will see the efforts put into brand building and tourism promotion which succeeded-inter alia-in attracting more tourists to the country in recent years.

ABSTRACT The health tourism sector has different characteristics from all other sectors. It is important for health tourism that the expectations of people from health services are different, and that they have in need of different kinds of medical intervention and treatments. Medical tourism is actually a different kind of market with its specialized attributes. In tourism, all countries carry out different promotional campaigns to gain a greater market share. The activities, promotions, or groups of promotional campaigns play an important role among the factors that take action to get a particular service. The aim of the promotion of health tourism is to try to create a positive image in terms of guidance towards health care services in the country through the presentation, disclosure and announcement of values such as "medical experience, technological infrastructure and healthcare service facilities we have " to the international public. The promotion of health tourism is the publicity of the health services offered as a basis. Health tourism is less influenced by general economic conditions and individuals looks for quality firstly then price. Most patients prefer the health care facility without seeing it. Due to the intense competition environment, accurate publicity and informing are of great importance. In this study, publicity principles, tools and targets, promotion and marketing ways of health tourism for our country are examined.

The role of stereotypes in the experience of travel and in narratives shaping that experience is one of the major themes in anthropology of tourism which still has not been sufficiently investigated. Stories about places worth seeing and about expeditions which enable tourists to explore these evolve with the development of knowledge, technologies and means of expression. New media do not only modify methods of sending messages, but also shape the language used by the sender. However, the specificity of "digital storytelling" does not change the essence of communications addressed to visitorsuniversal symbols, myths and archetypes continue to play a crucial role in the construction of narratives. Taking into account three image campaigns, conducted under the slogans: "Polska -Move your imagination", "Feel invited" and "Polska -Come and find your story ", I concentrate on the narratives which attempt to change stereotypes about the country and its residents. 1 The present article makes reference mainly to a traditional concept of narration as storytelling. In postmodernism this term has gained new meaning connected with Jean-François Lyotard's philosophy. Delegitimization of "grand narratives" (ideologies, religions, philosophical systems, etc.) construed from the position of hegemony was one of the consequences of undermining the idea of Cartesian subject.

El quinto volumen de la colección de Cuadernos para la Internacionalización de las Ciudades, ha sido realizado en el marco del proyecto AL-LAs “Alianza euro-latinoa-mericana de cooperación entre ciudades”. Su edición es responsabilidad del Gobierno de la Ciudad de México y de la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima, con el apoyo financiero de la Unión Europea. El proyecto AL-LAs tiene como objetivo afianzar la capacidad de acción colectiva de las autoridades locales de América Latina, sus redes y asociaciones en las relaciones internacionales contemporáneas. Lo anterior con el fin de mejorar la calidad de sus políticas públicas y su desarrollo en tres temas prioritarios: sustentabilidad, inclusión social y atractividad territorial.

From the central government, the institutional promotion of tourism has played an important role in the development of tourism in Spain and undoubtedly has contributed to the achievement of the leader position that Spain has as a tourist destination. This institutional promotion had an early beginning and a strong growth with the creation of an entity which will become the current “Instituto de Turismo Español”, as we will see in the full paper.
Since its inception, the institutional promotion has adapted to the successive tourist market’s needs without changing abruptly or running risks. All this development has been based on the professionalization of the Spanish promotion, thanks to a strong team of experts both within government and outside it, with companies specialized in advertising and marketing. The “Instituto de Turismo Español” has always been clear about the importance of tourism both socially and economically, not to mention the increasing competitiveness of the tourist market, where Spain has always had a privileged role.
Throughout this paper we analyze all the actions and promotional campaigns developed in Spain, examining through examples its promotional strategy, whose aim has always been the conveying of a good image of Spain as a tourist destination.

Raento, Pauliina (2009). Tourism, nation, and the postage stamp. Examples from Finland. Annals of Tourism Research 36: 1, 124–148.

ABSTRACT: In the expanding visual paradigm of tourism studies postage stamps remain overlooked. This empirical study of Finnish stamps from 1917–2001 exemplifies the potential of this data, the methods of its interpretation, and connections to literature. The examination contributes to the study of tourism and national identity politics by offering one critical narrative of the changing relationship between tourism promotion, identity-building, and citizenship education. A basic quantitative and qualitative assessment reveals two major turning points in the data, both of which connect to geopolitics and the world economy. The easily reproducible examination shows how representative emphases and absences serve ''banal nationalism'' and the construction of an ''imagined community'' of 'us.'

This paper will present through case study research, a typology of placemaking based on the type of arts practice active in placemaking practice and the degree of public participation in the process. It will focus on the practice of social practice placemaking (Courage, 2014/2017), an inclusive placemaking anchored in community-led urban development and social practice arts in place. It will consider the outcomes of this practice, principally the (re)creation of place identity and increased levels of place attachment and civic engagement.

The case studies considered as examples of global social practice placemaking are: Art Tunnel Smithfield, Dublin; Big Car, Indianapolis; and The Drawing Shed, London. These case studies represent a variety of practice that led to the creation of the social practice placemaking term and the placemaking typology.

Social practice placemaking creates a situated micropublic constituency of an ‘urban creative’ (Klanten and Hübner 2010) assemblage of artists, community members and urban professionals working in equanimity that engenders deeper feelings of place attachment in the collaborative group, which in turn affects notions of civic participation and individual and community identification. It is contrasted with other forms of placemaking – Public Realm, Creative and Participative – as of lesser arts and public engagement.

The paper will give examples of social practice placemaking process and practice found in the case study projects, interdisciplinary arts practices informed by artists such as Kaprow (1993) and Fluxus and arts movements such as the Surrealists and theorists such as Sennett (2012) and Bishop (2006). The arts activities range from community storytelling, gardening and cooking to avant garde performances and long-term community-led regeneration located on housing estates and supermarkets. The paper will offer a critical appraisal of these practices, locating process/practice agencies and affects, and posit on how the practices and processes of social practice placemaking differs from those of other forms of arts in the public realm.

This paper is further concerned with the co-option of arts into placemaking as a practice of limited public engagement and agency and offers social practice placemaking as a practice that challenges the binary and linear notion of authorship and audience (Whybrow 2011, Kwon 2004) found in normative placemaking.

Through a neoliberal prism, creativity in the city can be viewed as symptomatic of a culturisation of city life and form, which has created a homogenised public culture of identity and citizenship and privatised and alienated (Hooper and Boyle, 2008) public space that ‘transcends’, ‘crowds out’ and ‘destroys’ (to paraphrase) localised urban cultures (Sepe, 2013). Zukin terms this as a destruction of the ‘urban terroir’, where neoliberal urban economics brands neighbourhood identity in a process of mutually destructive gentrification.

Place-based creativity at the grassroots in the city – ordinary placemaking - will be positioned conversely as a site of resistance to culturisation to find, create and maintain sites of different cultural value through new city visualisations (Stern, in Lowe and Stern, in Finkelpearl, 2013). It will focus on social practice placemaking (Courage, 2014) as an arts-based mechanism for urban dwellers to meet their functional social, cultural and material functions at a localised scale in the city, with an accompanying interest in how place is made in the city, who is making it and the use of aesthetic power in the urban discourse (Zukin, 1995).