Large Scale

A hydraulic clam dredging experiment was conducted on a deep (70-80 m) offshore sandy bank on the Scotian Shelf in order to examine the immediate impacts of hydraulic dredging on physical habitat and to follow processes of recovery over a 3-year period. Seabed structural complexity in this low-relief habitat consists of small-scale sedimentary features including pits and bivalve burrow openings as well as polychaete tubes and empty mollusc shells. The most obvious effect of dredging was a dramatic change in seabed topography due to the numerous deep (20 cm), wide (4 m) curvilinear furrows that were cut by the dredges. The loss of burrows, tubes, and shells through destruction or burial, and local sedimentation created a smooth surface. Both spatial scale and sampling resolution were critical in identifying longer-term impacts. Dredge furrows were no longer visible in video 1 year after dredging due to their low relief; however, they persisted, while undergoing changes, as evidenced in sidescan sonograms. The margins of furrows were gradually degraded, likely through the combined actions of slumping, sediment transport and bioturbation. Over time, dredge furrows act as traps for empty shells. Differences in patterns of acoustic reflectance between dredge furrows and the surrounding seabed indicate long-lasting effects on sediment structure. Densities of large burrows were reduced by up to 90% after dredging with no signs of recovery after 3 years due to the high mortalities of their architect, the propellerclam, Cyrtodaria siliqua. Dredging effects were detectable against a background of natural temporal (annual) and large-scale spatial variability in physical habitat. r

Information systems development sometimes requires what we call "large-scale collaborative creativity" (LSCC), where contributors need simultaneously to display creativity and to embrace comprehensive formal coordination mechanisms. For some scholars, these dual demands are paradoxical: creativity depends on intrinsic motivation and on values that honor divergent thinking, whereas embracing formal coordination mechanisms requires subordination to organizational controls and values that honor conforming to organizational constraints and serving collective goals. In the current state of motivation theory, it is not obvious how these dual demands can be combined within individuals. Recent research on open systems software (OSS) has considerably advanced our understanding of one part of this apparent paradox. This research has shown, first, that the simplistic contrast of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation overlooks two intermediate forms, and second, that these various forms of motivation can coexist and often reinforce each other. However, LSCC differs from OSS in at least one crucial way: in OSS, modularization greatly reduces the burden of coordination that falls on the individual developers; as a result, OSS developers continue to experience considerable autonomy, and this minimizes the challenge to the intrinsic motivation that is so critical to creativity. By contrast, in LSCC, developers are expected to be creative while working under the constraints of extensive formalization and standardization of work processes and under the centralized authority in a finely graduated management hierarchy. Building on theories of perceived locus of causality and self-construal, we develop a series of propositions that together show the paradox of LSCC can be resolved. We argue that LSCC requires the simultaneous activation of both intrinsic and identified forms of motivation, and requires also that the values internalized through identification lead to simultaneously independent and interdependent self-construals. While this combination may be difficult to create and sustain, its accomplishment is common enough to warrant further research.

Although there have been studies completed on the critical success factors of software projects, these studies all have been specific to one particular country. There has been no comprehensive study reporting on different project sizes in various domains and in multiple countries. We present our extensive literature survey of critical success factors that impact software projects. Forty-three articles from the years 1990 to 2010 were found to be significant contributions that could be analysed in order to develop a list of critical factors that specifically affect the success of software projects. The method of content analysis and frequency analysis was adopted. Twenty-six critical success factors were found to be related to software project success. We suggest that organisation or project manager is attentive to control the top five critical factors to drive towards project success since the percentage of frequency of occurrences for each is more than 50%. Also, it appears that non-technical factors (94%) dominated over technical factors (6%). In a result unique to our study compared with previous one, we found that the factors of clear and frozen requirements, realistic estimation of the schedule and budget, along with a competent project manager are the five most critical success factors of software projects.

The porosityofyoung limestonesexperiencing meteoricdiagenesisin the vicinityof theirdeposition(eagenetic karst) is mainly a doubleporosityconsistingoftouching-vug channelsandpreferredpassagewayslacingthrougha matrixof interparticleporosity. Incontrast,the porosityoflimestonesexperiencingsubaerialerosionfollowingburialdiagenesisandupliftitelogenetic karst) ismainlya doubleporosityconsisting ofconduits within a network offractures. The stark contrast between these two kinds of karst is illustratedby their position on a graph showing thehydraulic characteristics ofanequivalentporousmediumconsistingofstraight,cylindricaltubes(II-Dspace,wheren isporosity,D isthediameter ofthe tubes, and log n is plotted against log D).

The St. Lawrence Lowlands platform, Quebec, Canada, is a densely-populated area, heavily dependent on groundwater resources. In 1999, the Geological Survey of Canada initiated a large-scale hydrogeological assessment study over a 1,500 km2 region northwest of Montreal. The objectives were to define the regional groundwater flow, and to give quantitative estimates of the groundwater dynamic parameters and of the available groundwater resources. The applied approach consisted of defining the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic properties of the aquifer units, and groundwater dynamic components. Lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks represent regional aquifer units. Coarse Quaternary fluvio-glacial sediments locally overlay the rock sequence and constitute an interface aquifer unit. Fine marine sediments confine most of the regional aquifers. Collected GIS based information was synthesized in a finite element numerical model. The regional saturated steady-state flow was calibrated under current stress conditions assuming an equivalent porous medium approach. Water budget calculations show that the total groundwater flow in regional aquifers amounts to 97.7 Mm3/y. Infiltration from precipitation provides 86.6% of the groundwater supply, while 9.6% comes from subsurface inflow and the remaining 3.8% is induced recharge from surface waters. Discharge from regional aquifers occurs through flow to streams (76.9%), groundwater withdrawal (18.4%), and underground outflow (4.7%). La plateforme Lowllands du Saint-Laurent, Québec, Canada, est une aire densément peuplée, dépendant grandement des ressources en eau souterraine. En 1999, le Service Géologique du Canada a initié une étude hydrogéologique à grande-échelle sur 1500 km2 au Nord-Ouest de Montréal. Le sobjectifs ont été de définir la dynamique de l’écoulement régional, et de donner des estimations quantitatives des paramètres dynamiques des ressources disponibles en eau souterraine. L’approche utilisée consista à définir le cadre hydrogéologique de travail, les propriétés hydrauliques des unités aquifères, et les composantes dynamiques des eaux souterraines. Les roches sédimentaires du Paléozoïque Inférieur représentent les unités aquifères régionales. Les sédiments marins fins confinent la plus grande partie des aquifères régionaux. Les informations de base, collectées dans un SIG, ont été synthétisées dans un modèle numérique aux éléments finis. L’écoulement permanent régional, en zone saturée, a été calibré en conditions de stress en assumant une approche de milieu poreu équivalent. Les calculs du bilan hydrologique montrent que l’écoulement total des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères régionaux atteind 97,7 Mm3/an. L’infiltration à partir des précipitations apporte 86.6% de l’eau souterraine exploitée; sachant que 9,6% proviennent d’écoulement de subsurfaces, et que les 3,8% restants proviennent de la recharge via les eaux de surface. Le débit pompé des aquifères régionaux apparaît à travers l’écoulement des cours d’eau, le rabattement des eaux souterraines (18.4%), et l’écoulement ascendant (4.7%). La plataforma de Tierras Bajas San Lorenzo, Quebec, Canadá, es un área densamente poblada que depende fuertemente de recursos de agua subterránea. En 1999 el Servicio Geológico de Canadá inició un estudio de evaluación hidrogeológica a gran escala sobre un área de 1,500 km2 en la región noroeste de Montreal. Los objetivos fueron definir el flujo regional de agua subterránea y aportar estimados cuantitativos de los parámetros dinámicos de agua subterráne y de los recursos disponibles de agua subterránea. El enfoque aplicado consistió en definir el marco hidrogeológico, propiedades hidráulicas de las unidades acuíferas, y los componentes dinámicos de agua subterránea. Rocas sedimentarias del Paleozoico Inferior representan unidades regionales de acuíferos. Sedimentos fluvio-glaciares Cuaternarios gruesos sobreyacen localmente la secuencia rocosa y constituyen una unidad acuífera interfacial. Sedimentos marinos finos confinan la mayoría de acuíferos regionales. Información colectada basada en SIG se sintetizó en un modelo numérico de elemento finito. El flujo regional saturado en régimen permanente se calibró bajo condiciones de stress asumiendo un enfoque de medio poroso equivalente. Los cálculos de balance hídrico muestran que el flujo total de agua subterránea en acuíferos regional alcanza 97.7 Mm3/año. Infiltración a partir de lluvia aporta el 86.6% del abastecimiento al agua subterránea, mientras que el 9.6% proviene de entradas subsuperficiales y el restante 3.8% consiste de recarga inducida a partir de aguas superficiales. La descarga proveniente de acuíferos regionales ocurre a través de flujo a ríos (76.9%), utilización de agua subterránea (18.4%), y salida subterránea (4.7%).

The disclosure of audio-visual meeting recordings is a new challenging domain studied by several large scale research projects in Europe and the US. Automatic meeting summarization is one of the functionalities studied. In this paper we report the results of a feasibility study on a subtask, namely the summarization of meeting transcripts. A Maximum Entropy based extractive summarization system using a mix of 15 features improved the performance of a baseline system selecting all utterances longer than 10 words with 20%( ...

This paper explores the pro-poor tourism literature's proposition that businesses "at all levels and scales of operation" can contribute to poverty alleviation, and questions the view that small-scale "alternative" forms of tourism development are preferable in delivering wide-ranging benefits to the poor. Based on research in Fiji, it uses the multidimensional view of poverty modelled on Zhao and Ritchie's integrative research framework for "anti-poverty tourism" that identifies three determinants: "opportunity", "empowerment" and "security". The paper reveals that both small-and large-scale tourism make positive contributions to revenue generation, job creation and community development, but there is considerable potential for local procurement and labour conditions to improve. Poverty has increased in Fiji, despite rising tourism arrivals, but this problem is complex and is linked to agricultural decline. An underlying concern is that tourism policy in Fiji encourages development of large, foreign-owned resorts, while indigenous businesses often do not receive the support they require to be successful in the long term. Thus, indigenous Fijian participation in the tourism sector is predominantly as employees or as recipients of lease monies, and rarely as those directly involved in tourism planning and development, therefore limiting the pro-poor potential of the sector in Fiji.

Purpose -This study sets out to examine the impact of servant leadership (SL) on followers' trust in their leaders. Design/methodology/approach -Data from 555 employees of two educational institutions were obtained using measures of servant leadership behaviors and followers' trust in their leader. Findings -Servant leadership is a significant predictor of trust with covenantal relationship, responsible morality and transforming influence as the key servant leadership behaviors significantly contributing to followers' trust in their leaders. Subordinates who perceived high servant leadership behavior in their leaders had significantly higher trust levels compared with those who perceived low servant leadership behavior in their leaders. Research limitations/implications -While the relationship between leadership and trust has attracted scholarly interests for many years, the underlying process of how trust in the leader-follower relationships is developed remains unknown. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by empirically testing the linkages between servant leadership behavior and followers' trust in their leaders. Practical implications -The study suggested specific trust-building behaviors in which leaders should continually engage: articulation of a shared vision, role-modeling, demonstration of concern and respect for followers, and integrity-infused decisions and actions. Originality/value -The current study represents the first large-scale attempt that empirically tests the linkages between servant leadership behavior and followers' trust in their leaders.

Over the last century, large-scale water development of the upper Rio Grande in the U.S. and Mexico, and of the Rio Conchos in Mexico, has resulted in progressive channel narrowing of the lower Rio Grande in the Big Bend region. We used methods operating at multiple spatial and temporal scales to analyze the rate, magnitude, and processes responsible for channel narrowing. These methods included: hydrologic analysis of historic stream gage data, analysis of notes of measured discharges, historic oblique and aerial photograph analysis, and stratigraphic and dendrogeomorphic analysis of inset floodplain deposits. Our analyses indicate that frequent large floods between 1900 and the mid-1940s acted as a negative feedback mechanism and maintained a wide, sandy, multi-threaded river. Declines in mean and peak flow in the mid-1940s resulted in progressive channel narrowing. Channel narrowing has been temporarily interrupted by occasional large floods that widened the channel, however, channel narrowing has always resumed. After large floods in 1990 and 1991, the active channel width of the lower Rio Grande has narrowed by 36-52%. Narrowing has occurred by the vertical accretion of fine-grained deposits on top of sand and gravel bars, inset within natural levees. Channel narrowing by vertical accretion occurred simultaneously with a rapid invasion of non-native riparian vegetation (Tamarix spp., Arundo donax) which created a positive feedback and exacerbated the processes of channel narrowing and vertical accretion. In two floodplain trenches, we measured 2.75 and 3.5 m of vertical accretion between 1993 and 2008. In some localities, nearly 90% of bare, active channel bars were converted to vegetated floodplain during the same period. Upward shifts of stage-discharge relations occurred resulting in over-bank flooding at lower discharges, and continued vertical accretion despite a progressive reduction in stream flow. Thus, although the magnitude of the average annual flood was reduced between 40 and 50%, over-bank flooding continued. These changes reflect a shift in the geomorphic nature of the Rio Grande from a wide, laterally unstable, multi-thread river, to a laterally stable, single-thread channel with cohesive, vertical banks, and few active in-channel bars.

The entry into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPS Agreement in 1995 transformed the international intellectual property system. The harmonization of basic intellectual property standards has operated to protect investment in innovation, limiting risks from unjustified ‘free riding’. Yet these same harmonized IP standards sharply curtailed the traditional capacity of suppliers of public goods, such as health care and nutrition, to address priority needs of less affluent members of society, particularly in (but not limited to) developing countries. In the Doha Declaration, the Waiver Decision of 30 August 2003 and the Article 31bis Protocol of Amendment, stakeholders concerned with re-opening policy space for the supply of newer pharmaceutical products pushed back against restrictive elements of the TRIPS Agreement.Governments around the world are in the process of deciding whether to ratify and accept the Article 31bis Amendment. Based on their Study for the Internatio...

The Nile deep turbiditic system displays many fluid-releasing structures on the seabed: mud volcanoes reassembling small cones (100 -900 m in diameter), mud pies (5 km in diameter), and pockmarks. The cones are restricted to the western province. Mud 'pies' delineate a belt of apparently very active gas chimneys along the upper continental slope. Pockmarks are associated either with strongly destabilized sedimentary masses or with gas chimneys. We distinguish five main controlling parameters interacting in fluid release locations:

During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, northern hemispheric (NH) ice-sheets experienced dramatic changes in radiative forcing, due to orbitally-driven insolation changes and varying greenhouse gas concentrations. This direct forcing caused temperature changes and eventually ablation anomalies. Orbital-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation caused anomalies in temperature advection and precipitation/snowfall that also strongly contributed to the mass balance and hence the time-evolution

The ultimate success of micropropagation on a commercial scale depends on the ability to transfer plants out of culture on a large scale, at low cost and with high survival rates. During field transfer the in vitro grown plantlets are unable to compete with soil microbes and to cope with the environmental conditions. The in vitro culture conditions result in the plantlets with altered morphology, anatomy and physiology. In order to increase growth and reduce mortality in plantlets at the acclimatisation stage, efforts are focused on the control of both physical and chemical environment and biohardening of micropropagated plantlets. This review describes the abiotic and biotic stresses and current developing methods for the acclimatization of microshoots.

Only within the past decade has the potential of metal biosorption by biomass materials been well established. For economic reasons, of particular interest are abundant biomass types generated as a waste byproduct of large-scale industrial fermentations or certain metal-binding algae found in large quantities in the sea. These biomass types serve as a basis for newly developed metal biosorption processes foreseen particularly as a very competitive means for the detoxification of metal-bearing industrial effluents. The assessment of the metal-binding capacity of some new biosorbents is discussed. Lead and cadmium, for instance, have been effectively removed from very dilute solutions by the dried biomass of some ubiquitous species of brown marine algae such as Ascophyllum and Sargassum, which accumulate more than 30% of biomass dry weight in the metal. Mycelia of the industrial steroidtransforming fungi Rhizopus and Absidia are excellent biosorbents for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and uranium and also bind other heavy metals up to 25% of the biomass dry weight. Biosorption isotherm curves, derived from equilibrium batch sorption experiments, are used in the evaluation of metal uptake by different biosorbents. Further studies are focusing on the assessment of biosorbent performance in dynamic continuous-flow sorption systems. In the course of this work, new methodologies are being developed that are aimed a t mathematical modeling of biosorption systems and their effective optimization. Elucidation of mechanisms active in metal biosorption is essential for successful exploitation of the phenomenon and for regeneration of biosorbent materials in multiple reuse cycles. The complex nature of biosorbent materials makes this task particularly challenging. Discussion focuses on the composition of marine algae polysaccharide structures, which seem instrumental in metal uptake and binding. The state of the art in the field of biosorption is reviewed in this article, with many references to recent reviews and key individual contributions. A Bohumil Volesky is a Professor of Chemical Engineering a t McGill University (Montreal, Canada), active in areas of biochemical engineering and industrial water pollution control. He obtained his basic training a t the Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic, receiving the Dipl. Ing. degree in 1962. Following more than 4 years of industrial research and experience, he earned his Ph.D. in biochemical engineering a t the University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario) in 1971. He is the founder and a president of BV Sorbex, Inc., a new technology venture commercializing the biosorption process for removal and recovery of heav metals from industrial solutions that he has been pioneering in his research. He has held appointments as a visiting professor a t the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Lausanne, Switzerland) and a t the University of Puerto Rico, and his major collaborative research activities include colleagues in China, Brazil, Korea, and the Czech Republic. His current research interests are reflected in a recently published book Biosorption of Heavy Metals that he edited and in a monograph volume Modeling and Optimization of Fermentation Processes. t 4

Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources, both conventional and renewable, whichprovide her with immense capacity to develop an effective national energy plan. However, introduction of renewable energyresources into the nation's energy mix have implications on itsenergy budget. The national energy supply system has been projected intothe future using MARKAL, a large scale linear optimization model.However, this model may not be absolutely representative of the highlynon-linear future of renewable energy. Results of the model reveal that under onlya least cost constraint, only large hydro power technology is the prominentcommercial renewable energy technology in the electricity supply mix of thecountry. Despite the immense solar energy potentials available, solar electricity generation is attractive only under severeCO2 emissions mitigation of the nation's energy supply system. Similarly, the penetration of small-scale hydro power technology in theelectricity supply mix is favoured only under CO2 emissionsconstraints. Due to economy of scale, large hydropower technology takes the lion share of all the commercial renewableenergy resources share for electricity generation under any CO2emissions constraint. These analyses reveal that some barriers exist to thedevelopment and penetration of renewable energy resources electricity production in Nigeria's energy supplysystem. Barriers and possible strategies to overcome them arediscussed. Intensive efforts and realistic approachtowards energy supply system in the country will have to be adopted inorder to adequately exploit renewable energy resources and technologiesfor economic growth and development.

The past 20 years has seen a rapid growth across the world in the number, range and scale of voluntary travel behaviour change (VTBC) initiatives. These so-called 'soft' measures have challenged the assumption that modal shift is only possible through 'hard' system-based measures, or through regulation. Among the most high-profile VTBC initiatives is a household-based behaviour change technique known as Individualised Travel Marketing. This dialogue marketing approach was developed by Socialdata (under the brand name IndiMark s ) in response to its own research suggesting that a lack of information and motivation, and incorrect perceptions of the alternatives to the car, were significant barriers to modal shift. IndiMark has been applied in more than 100 pilot and nearly 150 large-scale projects, targeting a total of more than three million people on three continents. A key factor in this widespread take up has been the consistent use of a detailed evaluation design, employing travel behaviour surveys before and after the IndiMark intervention, using Socialdata's KONTIV s survey method. This well-established design uses a self-administered, mail-back questionnaire, coupled with motivation by post and telephone to encourage high response rates (typically between 60% and 80%) helping to provide reliable data on mobility behaviour. This paper reviews the development of the IndiMark technique and the key features of its evaluation using the KONTIV s survey method. It draws on this experience to address key challenges in the evaluation of VTBC initiatives, and to identify the common threads of an integrated approach which might strengthen the case for all soft measures.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to critically review the core findings from recently published place-based crime prevention research. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention strategy. Design/methodology/approach -Large-scale evaluations of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) are reviewed with a view to clarifying current knowledge on the evidence of crime prevention through environmental design. Findings -The review concludes that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. Research limitations/implications -Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most significant research in the area, including an extensive and modern bibliography on the subject. Research implications will be the subject of a forthcoming paper. Practical implications -CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being implemented on a global scale. Additionally, individual components such as territoriality, surveillance, maintenance, access control, activity support and target-hardening are being widely deployed. However, the evidence currently available is inconclusive and much criticised, which effectively prevents widespread intervention and investment by central government. The paper details the difficulties associated with demonstrating the effectiveness of CPTED. Originality/value -The paper concludes that although empirical proof has not been definitively demonstrated, there is a large and growing body of research, which supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is a pragmatic and effective crime prevention tool. This review provides an extensive bibliography of contemporary crime prevention through environmental design and a follow-up paper will discuss the future research priorities for it.

Pollen and high-resolution charcoal data from Bluff Lake and Crater Lake, California, indicate similar changes in climate, vegetation and fire history during the last 15 500 years. Pollen data at Bluff Lake suggest that the vegetation between c. 15 500 and 13 100 cal. BP consisted of subalpine parkland with scattered Pinus and Abies. After 13 100 cal. BP a relatively closed forest of P. monticola, P. contorta and Abies developed, and fire-event frequency was low. The inferred climate then was cooler and wetter than present. Pinus and Quercus vaccinifolia dominated at both sites during the early Holocene, when conditions were warm and dry. As climate became wetter and cooler in the late Holocene, Abies spp. at both sites and Tsuga mertensiana at Crater Lake increased in importance, displacing Pinus and Quercus. The two lake records have similar trends in fire history, with high event frequencies at c. 8400, 4000 and 1000 cal. BP and low values at c. 4800 cal. BP. The fire and vegetation history at both sites suggests a similar response to large-scale changes in climate during the Holocene.

We present the development and use of a novel distributed geohazard modeling environment for the analysis and interpretation of large scale earthquake data sets. Our work demonstrates, for the first time, how earthquake-related surface deformation measured from satellite images using imageodesy algorithms is coupled with analysis and simulation using finite-element numerical models.

With declining petroleum reserves, increased world demand, and unstable politics in some of the worlds richest oil producing regions, the capability for the U.S. to produce synthetic liquid fuels from domestic resources is critical to national security and economic stability. Coal, biomass and other carbonaceous materials can be converted to liquid fuels using several conversion processes. The leading candidate for

This paper describes new matrix transformations suited to the eficient calculation of critical eigenvalues of large scale power system dpamic models. The key advantage of these methods is their ability to converge to the critical eigenvalues (unstable or low damped) of the system almost independently of the given initial estimate. Matrix transforms such as inverse iteration and S-matrix can be thought as special cases of the described method. These transforms can also be used to inhibit convergence to a known eigenvalue, yielding better overall eficiency when finding several eigenvalues.

Stable and efficient updates to the basis matrix factors are vital to the simplex method. The "best" updating method depends on the machine in use and how the update is implemented. For example, the classical product-form update can take advantage of the vector hardware on current supercomputers, and this helps compensate for its well-known drawbacks. Conversely, the method of Bartels and Golub performs well on conventional machines, but is difficult to vectorize.

Software organizations can significantly improve the quality of their output if they have a defined and documented software process, together with the appropriate techniques and tools to measure its effectiveness. Without a defined process it is impossible to measure success or focus on how development capability can be enhanced. To date, a number of software process improvement frameworks have been developed and implemented. However, most of these models have been targeted at large-scale producers. Furthermore, they have applied to companies who use traditional development techniques. Smaller companies and those operating in development areas where speed of delivery is paramount have not, as yet, had process improvement paradigms available for adoption.

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Large-scale periodic undulations within the oceanic and continental lithospheres revealed by a number of observations, are often treated as compressive instabilities, i.e. lithospheric buckling or folding. These undulations are normally associated with intensive faulting, which raises questions on the role of faulting in the folding process, and even on the possibility of folding in highly faulted media. In this study, we demonstrate that folding can "survive" faulting and that both processes may develop concurrently, so that faulting may serve as a mechanism of folding in the brittle domain. We support this hypothesis by direct numerical modeling. The results are compared with the data on three most prominent and well-known cases of the oceanic and continental folding-like deformation ("Indian Ocean" type, "Western Gobi (central Asia)" type and "Central Australian" type). We demonstrate that under reasonable tectonic stresses, folds can develop from faults cutting through the brittle parts of the lithosphere. The predicted wavelengths and nite growth rates are in agreement with the observations. We also show that within a continental lithosphere with thermotectonic age greater than 400 My, either a bi-harmonic mode (two superimposed wavelengths, crustal and mantle one) or a coupled mode (mono-layer deformation) of inelastic folding can develop, depending on the strength and thickness of the lower crust.

The selection of entries to be included/excluded in Branch and Bound algorithms is usually done on the basis of cost values. We consider the class of Depth First Search algorithms, and we propose to use upper tolerances to guide the search for optimal solutions. In spite of the fact that it needs time to calculate tolerances, our computational experiments for Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problems show that in most situations tolerance-based algorithms outperform cost-based algorithms. The solution time reductions are mainly caused by the fact that the branching process becomes much more effective, so that optimal solutions are found in an earlier stage of the branching process. The use of tolerances also reveals why the widely used choice for branching on a smallest cycle in assignment solutions is on average the most effective one. Moreover, it turns out that tolerance-based DFS algorithms are better in solving difficult instances than the Best First Search algorithm from Carpaneto et al. [Carpaneto, G., Dell'Amico, M., Toth, P., 1995. Exact solution of large-scale asymmetric traveling salesman problems. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 21 (4), 394-409].

Cognition is thought to result from interactions within large-scale networks of brain regions. Here we propose a method to identify these large-scale networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Regions belonging to such networks are defined as sets of strongly interacting regions, each of which showing an homogeneous temporal activity. Our method of large-scale network identification (LSNI) proceeds by first detecting functionally homogeneous regions. The networks of functional interconnections are then found by comparing the correlations among these regions against a model of the correlations in the noise.

An anomalous radio continuum component at cm-wavelengths has been observed in various sources, including dark clouds. This continuum component represents a new property of the ISM. In this work we focus on one particular dark cloud, the bright reflection nebula M 78. The main goal of this work is to invetigate cm-wave continuum emission in a prominent molecular cloud, nearby and with complementary observational data. We acquired Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) visibility data of M 78 at 31 GHz with an angular resolution of $\sim 5.8\arcmin$ and CBI2 data at an angular resolution of $\sim 4.2\arcmin$. A morphological analysis was undertaken to search for possible correlations with templates that trace different emission mechanisms. Using data from WMAP and the Rhodes/HartRAO 2326 MHz survey we constructed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of M 78 in a $45\arcmin$ circular aperture. We used results from the literature to constrain the physical conditions and the stellar content. The 5 GHz -- 31 GHz spectral index in flux density ($\alpha = 1.89\pm 0.15$) is significantly different from optically thin free-free values. We also find closer morphological agreement with IR dust tracers than with free-free sources. Dust-correlated cm-wave emission that is not due to free-free is significant at small scales ($\sim 8\arcmin$). However, a free-free background dominates at cm-wavelengths on large scales ($\sim 1$ deg). We correct for this uniform background by differencing against a set of reference fields. The differenced SED of M 78 shows excess emission at 10-70 GHz over free-free and a modified blackbody, at $3.4\sigma$. The excess is matched by the spinning dust model from Draine and Lazarian (1998).

We study the interaction between optimal routing overlay and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE) in a single Autonomous System (AS). Our work is motivated in part by the work of Qiu et al [1], in which the interaction between overlay selfish routing and TE is brought up. However, our work is different in that [1] assumes each overlay user controls an infinitesimal amount of traffic demand and makes routing decisions independently. We study a single large scale and centrally controlled overlay network that controls a non-negligible portion of traffic demand and does optimal routing on application level. Akamai exemplifies this type of overlay. We further assume that the proportion of overlay traffic is significant enough to influence the routing decisions of TE.

We present our work on the implementation and calibration of a multi sensor measuring system. The work is part of a large scale research project on optical measurement using sensor actuator coupling and active exploration. This project is a collaboration of researchers from seven institutes of the University of Stuttgart including photogrammetry, mechanical engineering and computer science. The system consists of optical sensors which can be manipulated in position and orientation by robot actuators, and light sources which control illumination. The system performs different tasks including object recognition, localization and gauging. Flexibility is achieved by replacing the common serial measurement chain by nested control loops involving autonomous agents which perform basic tasks in a modular fashion. The system is able to inspect and gauge several parts from a set of parts stored in a 3-D model database. The paper gives an overview of the entire system and details some of the photogrammetry-related aspects such as the calibration of the different sensors (cameras, stereo-head, stripe projector), the calibration of the measurement robot using photogrammetric measurements, as well as data processing steps like segmentation, object pose determination, and gauging.

In Part I of this series of articles, we introduced a general framework of exploiting the aggregate sparsity pattern over all data matrices of large scale and sparse semidefinite programs (SDPs) when solving them by primal-dual interior-point methods. This framework is based on some results about positive semidefinite matrix completion, and it can be embodied in two different ways. One is by a conversion of a given sparse SDP having a large scale positive semidefinite matrix variable into an SDP having multiple but smaller positive semidefinite matrix variables. The other is by incorporating a positive definite matrix completion itself in a primal-dual interior-point method. The current article presents the details of their implementations. We introduce new techniques to deal with the sparsity through a clique tree in the former method and through new computational formulae in the latter one. Numerical results over different classes of SDPs show that these methods can be very efficient for some problems.

Landslide-dammed lakes that form upstream of large-scale rockslide-avalanches ( = sturzstroms) present an enormous potential hazard to downstream areas. Such failures are recorded in the Early Holocene sediments of Upper Lake Constance (Germany) by the presence of two clastic layers that were emplaced around 9400 cal. YBP. The sedimentology of these layers contrasts sharply with the typical Late Glacial and Holocene lacustrine sediments present beneath the floor of the lake. Sedimentary structures and the magnetic fabric of these clastic deposits strongly suggest that they were emplaced by hyperpycnal underflows related to catastrophic floods that entered the lake from the Rhine River. From stratigraphic and geologic data, it is inferred that the hyperpycnite deposits are directly related to the failure of two sturzstrom dams and the draining of the dammed lakes that developed upstream from them. These lakes were dammed by the Flims and the Tamins sturzstrom deposits, respectively. Sedimentologic data from Lake Constance indicate that the two successive events occurred within a very short time interval, probably not exceeding several years. Consequently, these lacustrine deposits provide essential information about the morphogenic evolution of the Rhine River valley during the Early Holocene and about the sturzstrom events that occurred during the same time interval. D

At-sea distributions of large scyphozoan jellyfish across the Irish Sea were studied using visual surface counts from ships of opportunity. Thirty-seven surveys were conducted along two[100 km long transects between Ireland and the UK from April to September in 2009 and 2010. Five species were recorded but only Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata were frequently observed. The first formal description of the seasonal changes in the abundances and distributions of these two species in the study area is provided. The highest densities of these species were more likely to be found *30 km offshore, but large aggregations were present both in coastal and offshore waters. Evidence for aggregations of medusae along physical discontinuities was provided by coupling jellyfish observations with simultaneous records of environmental parameters. The value of surveys from ships of opportunity as cost-effective semi-quantitative tools, to develop local knowledge on jellyfish abundance, distribution, and phenology is discussed.

Porcine handmade cloning (HMC), a simplified alternative of micromanipulation based traditional cloning (TC) has been developed in multiple phases during the past years, but the final evidence of its biological value, births of piglets was missing. Here we report the first births of ...

The Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar (SAAMER) was installed at Rio Grande on Tierra del Fuego (53.8°S, 67.8°W) in May 2008 and has been operational for ∼24 months. This paper describes the motivations for the radar design and its placement at the southern tip of South America, its operating modes and capabilities, and observations of the mean winds, planetary waves, and tides during its first ∼20 months of operation. SAAMER was specifically designed to provide very high resolution of large-scale motions and hopefully enable direct measurements of the vertical momentum flux by gravity waves, which have only been possible previously with dual-or multiple-beam radars and lidars or in situ measurements. SAAMER was placed on Tierra del Fuego because it was a region devoid of similar measurements, the latitude was anticipated to provide high sensitivity to an expected large semidiurnal tide, and the region is now recognized to be a "hot spot" of small-scale gravity wave activity extending from the troposphere into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, perhaps the most dynamically active location on Earth. SAAMER was also intended to permit simultaneous enhanced meteor studies, including "head echo" and "nonspecular" measurements, which were previously possible only with high-power largeaperture radars. Initial measurements have defined the mean circulation and structure, exhibited planetary waves at various periods, and revealed large semidiurnal tide amplitudes and variability, with maximum amplitudes at higher altitudes often exceeding 60 m s −1 and amplitude modulations at periods from a few to ∼30 days.

Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated in recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the climate on a global scale in the future. For marine and freshwater systems, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to increase surface temperatures, lower pH, and cause changes to vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, and evaporation patterns. The potential consequences of these changes for harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received relatively little attention and are not well understood. Given the apparent increase in HABs around the world and the potential for greater problems as a result of climate change and ocean acidification, substantial research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect associations between HABs, climate change, ocean acidification, and human health. This research will require a multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise in climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, and other disciplines. We review the interactions between selected patterns of large-scale climate variability and climate change, oceanic conditions, and harmful algae.

The paper describes Portuguese large-scale linguistic resources, mainly computational lexicons and grammars, developed by LabEL. These resources are formalized and applied to texts by means of finite-state techniques, more and more acknowledged in Natural Language Processing. On the one hand, it illustrates methods on lexical representation for simple words and multi-word expressions; on the other hand, it provides examples (in form of concordances) of linguistic structures recognized after the application of disambiguation and parsing grammars to texts. The paper ends with a short reference to the publicly available data highlighting its contribution towards dissemination of LabEL's knowledge on language technology.