History of Anatomy

"The anatomical body is a body double—the essay calls it a mirror that first anatomists, and later a larger public, peered into. Anatomical illustration and display required collaboration between art and science, and eventually became the terrain on which art and science were defined in opposition to each other. Dream Anatomy invites you to look and think twice about the anatomical body and its relation to self. The appeal of the topic—anatomy, anatomical representation, the anatomical conception of self, whether treated historically, aesthetically, or scientifically—is evidenced by the wave of anatomical exhibitions that currently attract record-setting crowds, the popularity of anatomically-themed art, and the numerous scenes of anatomical dissection which now appear in movies and on TV. The history of anatomy, Dream Anatomy argues, is everybody’s history: we all think of ourselves as anatomical beings."
-- Elizabeth Fee

This book will probably be the last edited volume in the series Samuel Thomas Soemmerring Werke (and also of the now complete edition of Soemmerring’s anatomical works [Vom Baue des menschlichen Körpers] in four volumes), a series initiated by medical historians Gunter Mann (1924–1992) and Werner Friedrich Kümmel (b. 1936) of the Johannes Gutenberg University (Mainz), and Jost Benedum (1937–2003) of Justus Liebig University (Giessen), in conjunction with the Mainz Academy of Science and Literature in Germany; 19 of the 24 planned volumes have appeared since 1990. The collaborating editor and commentator of the reviewed volume, Dr. Reinhard Hildebrand (b. 1943), is an Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and former Director of the Institute of Anatomy at the Wilhelm Westphalian University (Münster). As a contemporary expert in the histological and cytochemical method- ology of neuroanatomy and as a frequent contributor to the Soemmerring research group at the Mainz Academy of Science and Literature, his collaboration has already proved to be highly valuable during the editing of the three previous volumes in this series—“Osteology,” “Ligaments and Musculature,” and “Heart and Blood Vessels”— as well as in the accompanying Soemmerring research publication series, the Soemmerring Forschungen. All of these endeavors have profited greatly from Reinhard Hildebrand’s detailed morphological knowledge, which has significantly assisted “translation” of eighteenth-century anatomical knowledge, as well as its com- parison and alignment with modern medical terminology.

Teatry anatomiczne, niezwykle popularne w XVI i XVII-wiecznej Europie, łączyły teatr i medycynę nierozerwalnie, choć w sposób pełen wewnętrznych sprzeczności, stanowiąc ciekawy przykład tego to, co Foucault nazywał anatomopolityczną władzą nad ciałem.
Spektakl anatomiczny, publicznie naruszający integralność ludzkiego ciała, stał się w okresie nowożytnym nie tylko dopuszczalny, ale w pewnych warunkach nawet zalecany, traktowany jako „materia godna teatralnej oprawy”.

BACKGROUND:
In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.
AIM OF THE WORK:
In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
RESULTS:
The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.
KEYWORDS:
garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells

Through examining Cole’s own life and his fascination with the textual and corporeal narratives of anatomy, this paper looks to explore the merging of scientific knowledge, bibliographic expertise and narrative to perform interdisciplinary ‘readings’, simultaneously challenging both the nineteenth-century emergence of subject discipline and the twentieth-century ‘two cultures’ divide.

In a "parenthesis of fascinated horror" before "the complete discovery and subjection of the body to science", Renaissance anatomists and poets shared peculiar emotions of dread and desire towards the bodies they dissected and described. Jonathan Sawday's ambitious project is to evoke the common taboos, resistances, and fears which the human body provoked in its various early modern investigators, while telling "stories of terrible cruelty, which are tinged by a form of dark eroticism". He is justifiably proud of the historical range of his study, across medicine, cartography, literature, the law, myth, art, theology, social history, and philosophy. But he seeks more than a synthesis of these disparate domains, hoping also both to sketch a new grand narrative about conceptual, practical, and phenomenological changes regarding the body, and further "if not to dispel, then at least to explain" our own multiple, ambiguous feelings about our innards. Thus he marvellously maintains simultaneous attention to culture and psychology, combining high theory with historical precision in rare and risky fashion.

Abstract of conference paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, New Haven (2015) and the basis for a research fellowship at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala (Sept 2016 - June 2017).

בסוגיה סבוכה זו עסקו אחרונים רבים ואף נכתבו עליה חיבורים מיוחדים. מאמר זה נכתב בהמשך למאמר 'משנת הבנין ומשנת הבית החיצון' בו נתבארה שיטת הקדמונים בתבנית גופה של אשה, התואמת את המבנה האנטומי הידוע לנו וחלוקה על שיטת הרמב"ם. מתוך העיון בסוגיית קביעת שעת הלידה נתברר שגם ממנה ראיה חזקה לשיטת הקדמונים.

Questa è la riproduzione 1:1 in gesso della testa dello Scorticato dello scultore francese Jean-Antoine Houdon (Parigi, 1741-1828). Studiò a Roma, all'Accademia di Francia, dal 1764 al 1768, periodo in cui eseguì molti studi anatomici tra cui lo Scorticato, il suo primo grande successo. Il vantaggio dei modelli anatomici a scopo didattico prodotti in diversi materiali quali gesso, legno, cartapesta e cera, era l'assenza di limitazioni di tempo per la loro osservazione. A quei tempi le dissezioni potevano praticarsi solo d'inverno e gli spettatori dovevano trattenersi necessariamente ad una certa distanza dal cadavere e, quindi, vedevano quel che potevano.

Latin words for major body parts are given here and illustrated by Latin and English labeling on images. It is a visual vocabulary aid for Latin learners. Last adjustments made on May 16, 2021. For fuller vocabulary lists see Key Latin Vocabularies (Ahn / Henn / Pavur).

עיון מקיף במשנת 'משל משלו חכמים באשה' (נדה ב, ה), ובמשנת 'כל הנשים מיטמאות בבית החיצון' (שם ה, א). החיבור מציע למשניות אלו ולתלמודיהן פירוש אנטומי, לשוני ועיוני.
זהו החיבור המלא במהדורה חדשה ומתוקנת שבה חידושים רבים, כמפורט בהקדמה. כולל גם את המאמר המקוצר 'משנת הבנין ומשנת הבית החיצון', במהדורה מתוקנת.

1713 was a sad year for Hendrickje Dircksz. Her husband, the Leiden anatomy professor Govard Bidloo died on April 20. A few months later, she put his library and anatomical museum on auction. Books were sold on October 23, 24 and 25 and brought in almost three thousand guilders. The museum was sold on the afternoon of the 25 th . It contained 131 anatomical preparations, i.e. human organs preserved by the injection of wax, which were valued at just over 177 guilders, a small sum of money. Only four years later, the Amsterdam professor Frederik Ruysch cashed in over thirty thousand guilders when the Russian czar purchased his anatomical cabinet. For this money, Ruysch could have afforded five or six elegant houses on one of the more fashionable canals of Amsterdam, and the deal was almost equivalent to winning the lottery. When Ruysch's daughter won the jackpot in 1720, she received seventy-five thousand guilders for her ticket. Bidloo's family, on the other hand, would scarcely have managed to survive until the following summer on 177 guilders. While the contrast between these two sales appears quite shocking, it would not have surprised contemporaries. The two anatomists were known to despise each other, and spent the better half of the 1690s on a bitter pamphlet war over the role of preparations in anatomical research. Their respective positions foreshadowed the divergence of the sales prices. Ruysch claimed that his anatomical preparations offered a faithful representation of the body. Bidloo countered that the specimens offered deceptive evidence, and anatomical atlases were better equipped to visualize anatomical structures.

This article reconstructs the reception history of the illustrations of Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (1543) by tracing how they were copied, pirated, and plagiarized from the sixteenth century to today. Curiously, Early Modern printers never reused the original woodblocks, even though they were available for sale. Instead, publishers commissioned new, smaller, and corrected illustrations that imitated, but did not exactly replicate, the original woodcuts. As I argue, Early Modern medical publishers engaged with images by continually trying to emulate and improve upon them. It was only in the eighteenth century, when the Fabrica ceased to become a textbook for practicing physicians, that its images became cult objects that needed to be replicated exactly. It was in this era that the original woodblocks were rediscovered and then used to print new editions of the Fabrica. Curiously, William Ivins, Jr., the renowned print scholar, came up with his theory of exactly repeatable pictorial statements when he became engaged with the 1934 re-edition of the Fabrica's images, the last edition to rely on these woodblocks. It is claimed here that his theory of pictorial statements is a reflection of how modern publishers engaged with the Fabrica's images, but misrepresented how those images were used in the Early Modern period. Bruno Latour's work on immutable mobiles drew its inspiration from the work of Ivins. Consequently, a reassessment of Ivins's claims about the history of printing is also a reassessment of Latour's claims about the role of inscriptions in the emergence of modernity.

The German scholar Barthold Nihusius, a famous convert om Lutheranism to Catholicism, wrote forty letters om Amsterdam, where he worked in Blaeu's printing office, to Athanasius Kircher in Rome. These reveal how Dutch collections of antiquities and related publications contributed substantially to Kircher's interest in Egypt. The view that the hieroglyphs expressed the original language in which God had spoken to Adam attracted him in particular. In addition, the exchange resulted in detailed images of Egyptian antiquities. The transfer of knowledge from the Middle East through the Low Countries to the Eternal City appears as an essential route in the rise of Egyptian studies as a new discipline.

This essay explores the culture of displaying the bodies which had been subjected to dissection for medical and/or judicial purposes in 18th-century London. It argues that 'anatomisation' in this period carried strong connotations of public exposure which in turn contributed to the problematisation of the act of dissection.

В статье систематизирована информация о деятельности И.В. Буяльского на кафедре анатомии в Императорской медико-хирургической академии в Санкт-Петербурге. Последовательно прослежены основные этапы его биографии, связанные с Академией: получение первой должности (прозектор анатомии), защита докторской диссертации, избрание ординарным профессором, а затем заведующим кафедрой (после ухода в отставку академика П.А. Загорского) и последующие годы интенсивной и многогранной научной и педагогической работы. Подробно рассмотрена деятельность И.В. Буяльского как искусного препаратора, внесшего существенный вклад в разработку новых техник изготовления анатомических препаратов, а также бальзамирования трупов. Известно, что И.В. Буяльский имел природную склонность к рисованию и тонкий художественный вкус. Во время занятий он использовал разнообразные наглядные учебные пособия, многие из которых представляли собой настоящие произведения искусства; он был знаком с известными художниками (К.П. Брюлловым, А.Е. Егоровым, М.Н. Воробьевым и др.), которые принимали участие в создании таких пособий. Архивные источники, воспоминания современников и историческая литература позволили довольно подробно рассмотреть вопросы, связанные с организацией учебного процесса, научной и учебно-методической работой, проводившейся на кафедре под руководством И.В. Буяльского и его помощников. Отмечено, что учебник И.В. Буяльского «Краткая общая анатомия тела человеческого»-это новаторский для своего времени труд, включающий в себя не только данные описательной анатомии человека и физиологии, но также начальные сведения из области общей патологии, хирургии и терапии.

Doscientos años después de la publicación de la primera edición de la novela Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo, diversos estudios han vuelto a revisar el texto y a explorar diferentes aspectos como, por ejemplo, su bagaje científico. Los estudios realizados, sin embargo, no contextualizan los debates científicos que influyeron en la obra más conocida de Mary W. Shelley ni abordan la influencia y las consecuencias que tuvo la novela para el avance del conocimiento científico. Este artículo pretende proporcionar un poco de luz sobre estos temas.

[מהדורה מתוקנת של מאמר זה נמצאת בראש הספר בניינה של אשה] עיון במשנת 'משל משלו חכמים באשה' (נדה ב, ה), ובמשנת 'כל הנשים מיטמאות בבית החיצון' (שם ה, א). המאמר מציע למשניות אלו ולתלמודיהן פירוש אנטומי, לשוני ועיוני. כמו כן נדונו בקצרה כל הפירושים הקודמים וקשייהם.
נ.ב. האיורים מופיעים באתר אקדמיה בצורה משובשת. מומלץ להוריד את הקובץ.

Michel Foucault argued that the development of morbid anatomy, which he located in late eighteenth-century France, led to a great increase in the power of doctors over patients. The use of autopsy findings to confirm the cause of death and to provide information for systematic pathology had a prior history, however. When introduced into England, in the seventeenth century, the practice was already well established in Europe, notably in connection with the embalming of the French kings. Several highly controversial autopsies, conducted on royalty and politicians, publicized the procedure and helped to make it socially acceptable. English anatomists were then able to draw on the results of autopsies conducted on their patients to correlate normal anatomy with the post-mortem signs. Most patients did not feel threatened by this procedure because it was undertaken privately and with consent, as a final act of clinical care. English physicians abandoned autopsies to the surgeons towards the end of the century in pursuit of a more genteel style of self-presentation. The connection between power and morbid anatomy seems to arise not from the practice of autopsy itself but from the impersonal authority of late eighteenth-century hospital doctors over poor patients.

Mekteb-i Tıbbiye Müzelerinden İÜ-CTF Tıp Tarihi Müzesine. (Prof. Dr. N. Sarı ile) Afyon ve İstanbul Uluslararası Türk-İslam Tıp Tarihi ve Etiği Kongreleri (2018-2019) Bildiri Kitabı (Afyon and Istanbul International Turkish-Islamic Medical History and Ethics Congresses) (Ed. Berrin Okka, Ayşegül Demirhan Erdemir, Öztan Usmanbaş), Selçuk Üniversitesi Basımevi, Konya: 2020: 29-43.

a cura di Giuseppe Olmi e Claudia Pancino L'interrogativo intorno al quale ruota il presente contributo è apparentemente semplice: si può scrivere una storia sociale e culturale della sectio in Età Moderna che non predetermini il proprio oggetto, ovvero che non sia una storia regressiva di una disciplina medica -anatomia normale, patologica, medicina legale ecc. -ma che permetta nondimeno di cogliere la genesi di nuove forme di conoscenza sul corpo sano e malato? Una tensione permanente tra separatezza e commistione permea le fonti a proposito dei diversi usi e modalità della sezione cadaverica tra XIV e XVII secolo, ed è poi amplificata dalla pur abbondante ed eccellente storiografia. Come districarli senza adottare partizioni epistemologiche che ne scaturiscono mentre si sviluppano nuove aspettative nel potenziale conoscitivo dell'apertura dei cadaveri e si attenuano le consuetudini disciplinari di origine medievale? Come scrivere, insomma, una storia che resti aderente alla pratica e interroghi le condizioni materiali di produzione del sapere sul corpo?

La familia Bartholin (latinizada a Bartholino) se hizo famosa por los científicos
que dió a la Universidad de Copenhague: doce de sus miembros fueron
profesores allí.
Tres generaciones de esta familia hicieron contribuciones importantes a la anatomía y a la medicina en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Caspar Bartholin el Viejo (1585-1629), sus hijos Thomas (1616-1680) y Erasmus Bartholin (1625-1698), y su nieto, Caspar Bartholin el Joven (1655-1738).

1. Su questi temi cfr. almeno Elena Brambilla, La medicina del Settecento: dal monopolio dogmatico alla professione scientifica, in Storia d'Italia, Annali 7, a cura di Franco Della Peruta, Torino, Einaudi, 1984, p. 5-147; Michel Foucault, Nascita della clinica, introduzione e traduzione di Alessandro Fontana, postfazione di Mauro Bertani, Torino, Einaudi, 1998 (Parigi, 1963; Mirko D. Grmek, Il concetto di malattia, in Storia del pensiero medico occidentale, a cura di Id., vol. 3, Dall'età romantica alla medicina moderna, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1998, p. 221-253. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento.

Anatomists were slow to embrace photography. When Nicolaus Rüdinger, Eugène-Louis Doyen and other anatomists finally took to it, they took liberties. They manipulated their photographs in theatrical and painterly ways, spectacularly cutting, slicing, posing and lighting their cadavers and body parts. (In some of Doyen’s images, the anatomical subject even appears to be wearing stage make-up!) The photo­graphs were sil­hou­etted, drawn on, colored, superimposed over other photos, cropped, dia­grammed, and outfitted with a halo of captions. The artist’s pen and brush were as evident as the anatomist’s saw and scalpel—and all were subject to aesthetic impulses (especially in the border­lands, the seemingly non-essential parts of the image where aes­thetic impulses and decisions can run free of utilitarian justifica­tion). The resultant images were excessive.

"Representations", N. 129, Winter 2015.

The essay analyzes the project of maintaining the body of V. I. Lenin in the Mausoleum in Moscow for the past ninety years, focusing on the unique biological science that developed around this project, and the unexpected political role this body has performed.

Dla naszych antenatów Padwa stała uniwersytetem. "Tam niezmierna panów i studentów obcych ze wszytkich prawie świata przejeżdżających stron znajduje się liczba" -czytamy w popularnym w XVII w. przewodniku po Włoszech 2 , a potwierdzają to miarodajne opinie polskich peregrynantów. "Studentów, jeśli gdzie we Włoszech, tedy przy tej Akademijej bawi się siła, a mianowicie cudzoziemców. Częścią dla żywności snadnej, częścią dla spokojnego i uczesnego mieszkania. I nie tam tak drogo, jako po inszych miastach włoskich. Tam tedy pospolicie odprawują i nauki swoje, i exercitia corporis różne" -pisał Jakub Sobieski, który w ramach grand tour w drugiej połowie 1612 r. odwiedził również Padwę 3 . Te same powody popularności uczelni podawał przyjaciel poety Daniela Naborowskiego, nadworny lekarz Krzysztofa Radziwiłła i Władysława IV, Maciej Vorbek Lettow, który kształcił się tam od grudnia tego roku: "jakoż wyjąwszy Paryską Akademię, równej in Europa nie widzę, gdzie zwłaszcza mniejszym nakładem mógł się uczyć studiosus" 4 .

Curare - Journal of Medical Anthropology 39(2016)1: 56–74

Abstract The medieval Chinese body maps found in the composite text Songs of the Bodily Husk (late tenth century (?)/printed 1445) are analysed as visual source materials and their transmission is followed through several manuscript and print texts. These body maps outline the internal structures of a male torso. Their carefully labelled, impressive details lead up to an overall precise topographical body description. The meditative use of such maps in visualisation exercises is documented for the period of the 11th to 14th century CE. Alteration of the illustrations’ meaning, context and content is discussed.
Keywords Body maps – visualisation – Daoism – transmission of visual sources – Medieval China

• Part of Curare 39 (2016) 1 The Human Body in Asian Texts and Images
Guest Editor: Katharina Sabernig
• Order here: https://www.vwb-verlag.com/Katalog/m806.html
• Full issue: https://agem.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Curare_39_1_S_001-005.pdf

Ho accolto con grande piacere l'invito del collega ed amico professor Domenico Ribatti a scrivere una breve prefazione per il libro dedicato al professor Rodolfo Amprino e all'insegnamento dell'Anatomia nella Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia dell'Università di Bari.

Examining myths and historical sources, the article aims to reconstruct the genesis and purposes of the so-called “anatomical machines” of Raimondo de Sangro, Prince of Sansevero, which are currently housed in the cavea of the Sansevero Chapel in Naples. Legend considers them to be the work of the prince, but they were actually made at different times by Giuseppe Salerno and are an expression of the still little known tradition of Sicilian “scientific crafts”

In the aftermath of the period referred to as the Renaissance in Sweden Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630–1702) envisaged a renaissance with his internationally acclaimed, and criticized, Atlantica. Building on the Swedish hyperborean theory by Bureus and Stiernhielm, the professor in medicine, architect and archaeologist postulated that Atlantis had been located in Old Uppsala. Rudbeck twists the notion of the rebirth of classical antiquity suggesting that ancient Swedish architecture had been the model for Greek and Roman architecture. In designing a grand scheme of academy buildings in Uppsala in accordance with Vitruvius Rudbeck comes full circle and re-establishes new Uppsala as the new Atlantis, with
reference to Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis. The paper re-evaluates this analytical perspective by also addressing the theatre as it came to expression in Rudbeck’s theatrum anatomicum. A Renaissance creation, the Vitruvian theatre not only became the prototype for building types such as the anatomical theatre, dramatic theatre and Kunstkammer, but also for schemes of memory and knowledge like Camillo’s L’Idea del theatro or Khunrath’s Amphitheatrum Sapientiæ Æternæ. In Rudbeck’s anatomical theatre the Apollonian temple and the knowledge theatre fuses into an amalgamate of native and foreign and ancient and modern prototypical relationships.