Farming

This work focuses the sensory and physical properties of canned farmed coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch); the effect of flake ice and slurry ice as previous slaughter and chilling conditions was studied. Hydrolytic chemical changes related to sensory and physical properties were also evaluated in canned salmon. Thermal treatment led to a canned muscle showing higher firmness, lower cohesivity and colour changes (higher L* and b* values; lower a* values); filling oils showed higher turbidity scores and lower L*, a* and b* values than starting oil. Additionally, oxidised and putrid odour development in canned muscle and filling oil was low. However, previous icing condition and time (up to 9 days) provided no changes in canned muscle and filling oil, except for an increasing oxidised odour and turbidity in filling oil with chilling time. Meantime, free fatty acid formation and K value were markedly affected by previous icing system and time.

Acerola: importance, culture conditions, production and biochemical aspects. Abstract-Origin and importance. Acerola, or Malpighia emarginata D.C., is native to the Caribbean islands, Central America and the Amazonian region. More recently, it has been introduced in subtropical areas (Asia, India and South America). The vitamin C produced by acerola is better absorbed by the human organism than synthetic ascorbic acid. Exportation of acerola crops is a potential alternative source of income in agricultural businesses. In Brazil, the commercial farming of acerola is quite recent. Climatic conditions. Acerola is a rustic plant. It can resist temperatures close to 0°C, but it is well adapted to temperatures around 26°C with rainfall between (1200 and 1600) mm per year. Fruit characteristics. Acerola fruit is drupaceous, whose form can vary from round to conic. When ripe, it can be red, purple or yellow. The fruit weight varies between (3 and 16) g. Maturation. Acerola fruit presents fast metabolic activity and its maturation occurs rapidly. When commercialised in ambient conditions, it requires fast transportation or the use of refrigerated containers to retard its respiration and metabolism partially. Production and productivity. Flowering and fruiting are typically in cycles associated with rain. Usually, they take place in 25-day cycles, up to 8 times per year. The plant can be propagated by cuttings, grafting or seedlings. Harvest. Fruits produced for markets needs to be harvested at its optimal maturation stage. For distant markets, they need to be packed in boxes and piled up in low layers; transportation should be done in refrigerated trucks in relatively high humid conditions. Biochemical constituents. Acerola is the most important natural source of vitamin C [(1000 to 4500) mg•100-1 g of pulp], but it is also rich in pectin and pectolytic enzymes, carotenoids, plant fibre, vitamin B, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, proteins and mineral salts. It has also shown active anti-fungal properties. Products and market. Acerola is used in the production of juice, soft drinks, gums and liqueurs. The USA and Europe are great potential markets. In Europe, acerola extracts are used to enrich pear or apple juices. In the USA, they are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Conclusions. The demand for acerola has increased significantly in recent years because of the relevance of vitamin C in human health, coupled with the use of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant in food and feed. Acerola fruit contains other significant components, which are likely to lead to a further increase in its production and trade all over the world. Brazil / Malpighia emarginata / fruits / proximate composition / uses / world markets Acérola : importance, conditions de culture, production et aspects biochimiques. Résumé-Origine et importance. L'acérola, ou Malpighia emarginata D.C., est originaire des îles Caraïbes, d'Amérique centrale et d'Amazonie. Cette plante a été introduite récemment en zones subtropicales (Asie, Inde, Amérique du Sud). La vitamine C produite par l'acérola est mieux absorbée par l'organisme humain que l'acide ascorbique synthétique. L'exportation des fruits d'acérola est une source de revenus potentiels pour les exploitations agricoles. Au Brésil, la culture industrielle de cette plante est tout à fait récente. Conditions climatiques. L'acérola est une plante rustique qui peut résister aux températures avoisinant 0 °C, mais qui est bien adaptée aux températures proches de 26°C et avec des précipitations entre (1200 et 1600) mm par an. Caractéristiques de fruit. Le fruit de M. emarginata est une drupe dont la forme peut être de ronde à conique. Mûr, il peut être rouge, pourpre ou jaune. Son poids varie de (3 et 16) g. Maturation. Le métabolisme de l'acérola est rapide de même que sa maturation. Si ce fruit est commercialisé en conditions ambiantes, son transport doit être rapide, ou bien il faut utiliser des containers frigorifiés pour retarder partiellement sa respiration et son métabolisme. Production et productivité. La floraison et la production interviennent typiquement par cycles liés à la pluie. Habituellement, ces évènements se réalisent en cycles de 25 jours, jusqu'à huit fois par an. La plante peut être propagée par boutures, greffes ou semis. Récolte. Les fruits écoulés sur les marchés doivent être récoltés à leur maturation optimale. Pour des mises en marché éloigné, ils doivent être conditionnés en caisses empilées sur de faibles hauteurs ; le transport devrait être fait en camions frigorifiés et en conditions humides relativement élevées. Constituants biochimiques. Le fruit d'acérola serait la plus importante source naturelle de vitamine C [(1000 à 4500) mg•100-1 g de pulpe], mais il est également riche en pectine et enzymes pectolytiques, carotenoïdes, fibres végétales, vitamine B, thiamine, riboflavine, niacine, protéines et sels minéraux. Il possède également des propriétés antifongiques actives. Produits et marché. L'acérola est employé dans la production de jus, boissons non alcoolisées, gommes et liqueurs. Les États-Unis et l'Europe sont de grands marchés potentiels. En Europe, les extraits d'acérola servent à enrichir des jus de poires ou de pommes. Aux États-Unis, ils sont utilisés en industries pharmaceutiques. Conclusions. La demande d'acérola a bien augmenté au cours de ces dernières années en raison de l'intérêt de la vitamine C pour la santé humaine, ajouté à l'utilisation de l'acide ascorbique comme antioxydant en alimentation et nutrition. Le fruit d'acérola contient d'autres constituants intéressants, susceptibles de conduire à un accroissement ultérieur de sa production et à son commerce dans le monde entier. Brésil / Malpighia emarginata / fruits / composition globale / utilisation / marché mondial

This study investigates an arable field soil with long-term (27 and 28 years) mineral (NPK) and organic (cattle manure, cattle manure with biodynamic preparations) fertilizer amendments at low, medium and high amounts. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi host plant wheat was cultivated in the first vegetation period and non-host amaranth in the second. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) were used to assess soil microbial biomass and community structure. AM fungi were quantified using the marker fatty acid 16:15, with its occurrence in soil PLFAs representing hyphae and in neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) spores. Soil microbial biomass was enhanced by the addition of manure and at higher amounts for both fertilizers. AM fungal hyphae and spore biomass responded positively to manure application. The soil microbial community under both crops was dominated by bacteria. The ratio of fungal to bacterial (f/b) PLFAs increased with higher fertilizer amounts but decreased in amaranth plots with the application of manure. Meanwhile the ratio of Gram+/Gram− bacteria indicating environmental conditions (e.g. pH, temperature) was higher in amaranth plots with the addition of manure as compared to wheat plots. Soil PLFA revealed distinct effect of crop type displayed by changes in the occurrence of saturated fatty acids and biomarkers for Gram-negative bacteria and saprotrophic fungi. The latter additionally accounted for the dissimilarity between fertilizer treatments. In sum, the soil PLFA pattern distinctively separated wheat from amaranth plots at 0-5 cm soil depth, indicating a stronger effect of crop rotation and crop identity on soil microorganisms than long-term fertilizer practice.

This paper assesses farming eco-efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Eco-efficiency scores at both farm and environmental pressure-specific levels are computed for a sample of Spanish farmers operating in the rain-fed agricultural system of Campos County. The determinants of eco-efficiency are then studied using truncated regression and bootstrapping techniques. We contribute to previous literature in this field of research

Agriculture is highly exposed to climate change, as farming activities directly depend on climatic conditions. Knowledge of the extent of such change and of related phenomena will help to answer the questions posed by society about adaptation strategies. The global situation is well described by the Fourth IPCC assessment report (IPCC 2007), but local studies are important to understand the impact and the priorities to adopt in adaptation strategies. In this study a historical set of meteorological data, collected during the period 1952-2007 at the University of Bologna (Italy) agrometeorological station, was analysed. Several indexes, such as Frost Severity Index, number of hot days, number of rainy days, etc., were calculated, and their trends in time were analysed. The results show a scenario of increasing temperatures and evapotranspiration, a decrease in rainy days and a deepening of the watertable. The effect of these changes on agriculture will be a decrease in water availability, an increase in heat stress in plants and an increase in drought risk.

The use of crop®elds by birds is largely unknown in southern Canada and consequently the risk incurred by pesticide use on bird populations cannot be adequately characterised. The activity patterns and relative interior to edge use of bird species were examined for four crops in southern Ontario to assess the susceptibility of different species to pesticide use. Altogether 138 species were identi®ed in the four crops over the 2 year period but only 25 species were recorded during 50% of visits in at least 1 month: 14 in corn (Zea mays L.), 16 in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), 14 in apple (Malus spp.) orchards and eight in vineyards (Vitis spp.). Territorial behaviour was an important activity for several species from May through July in the four crops. Nesting was con®rmed in May, June and July for most species, with the exception of American Gold®nch Carduelis tristis, Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina and Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum which nested in August/September. Foraging was the most important activity for most species in all months (7/10 species in May, 6/8 species in June, 4/8 species in July, 5/8 August/September). Few¯edgling young were observed. Most species used ®eld edges consistently more often than expected in corn and soybean ®elds, according to the edge/interior ratio, Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia being the exception. In apple orchards, relatively few species differentiated between edge and interior. Based on their frequency of occurrence (>50%), behaviour and temporal coincidence with pesticide applications, 13 species were considered most at risk: Killdeer Charadrius vociferus, Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris, American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Robin Turdus migratorius, European Starling Sturnus vulgaris, Chipping Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus, Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis, Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia, Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus, Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscala, Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater and Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica. The latter species, because of its foraging habit, is less likely to be exposed to pesticides. This study was important to identify focal species that can be used for detailed investigations on exposure to pesticides.

Brazilian shrimp culture industry has a great economic importance mainly to the northeast region. However, the accelerated development of this activity has resulted in the emergency of outbreaks of diseases from farming shrimp, and as a consequence the use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the potential adverse effect under the shrimp production. The inappropriate use of antibiotics in aquaculture is one of the causes for the high incidence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria isolated from aquatic environments that represent a danger for aquatic organisms and human health. There is little information available on the level of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria from shrimp farming environment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic resistance profile among Vibrio isolates from hatcheries water samples and from cultivated marine shrimp hepatopancreas (L. vannamei). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by a standard disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxytetracycline (OTC) for resistant Vibrio isolates was determinate by broth dilution method. The results showed a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (45.2%) and to the tetracycline class (38.7%). Florfenicol and nitrofurantoin were 100% effective against Vibrio isolates. In this study, the OTC-resistant Vibrio spp. showed MIC values of more than 400 mg/L and the presence of seawater did not influence the oxytetracycline bioactivity. The occurrence of antimicrobial multiresistance patterns was observed in 29% of Vibrio isolates. Fifty-five percent of multiresistant isolates of Vibrio lost one or more antibiotic resistance phenotype after procedure to curing of resistance plasmids. The oxytetracycline resistance was the phenotype most often lost among plasmid-cured isolates.

Different disciplines have landscape as the focal point of their research. They are successful in presenting new ®ndings about landscapes within their specialisation, but collaborationÐand thus, transfer of knowledge across disciplinary boundariesÐis seldom realised because a common approach that bridges the gaps between disciplines is missing. Instead, different landscape concepts exist side by side. Yet, cooperation is required to tackle the various environmental and social problems related to landscapes. This paper provides an overview of the historical development of landscape concepts originating from different cultural and scienti®c trends, and presents a new complex concept of landscape, which is designed to enable transdisciplinary landscape research. The transdisciplinary landscape concept is based on ®ve dimensions of landscapes: the spatial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the nexus of nature and culture, and the systemic properties of landscapes. In contrast to other approaches, it unites dimensions that are usually the domain of individual disciplines and makes it, thus, possible to capitalise on plurality in landscape research. The concept promotes landscape as the combination of the subsystems known as the geo-, bio-and noo-sphere, and is illustrated by the people±landscape interaction model. The concept can be applied to all human±landscape-related research, but is exempli®ed by two studies that have investigated the relationship between landscape and second-home tourism, and landscape and farming, respectively.

This Note was prepared by Tushar Shah, Principal Researcher at the International Water Management Institute and updated by Salah Darghouth and Ariel Dinar from the Water For Food Team of the World Bank. It is based on Investment Note 4.3 in the larger volume Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Investment in Agricultural Water Management. The Sourcebook documents a range of solutions and good practices from World Bank and worldwide experience, concentrating on investments in policy and institutional reforms in technology and management to improve water productivity and farming profitability. You can download a copy of the full report at www.

This paper addresses the problem of path generation and motion control for the autonomous maneuver of a farm vehicle with a trailed implement in headland. A reverse turn planner is firstly investigated, based on primitives connected together to easily generate the reference motion. Then, both steering and speed control algorithms are presented to accurately guide the vehicle-trailer system. They are based on a kinematic model extended with additional sliding parameters and on model predictive control approaches. Real world experiments have been carried out on a low friction terrain with an experimental mobile robot pulling a trailer. At the end of each row, the reverse turn is automatically generated to connect the next reference track, and the maneuver is autonomously performed by the vehicle-trailer system. Reported experiments demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed algorithms.

Earth Perfect? Nature, Utopia and the Garden is an eclectic, yet rigorous reflection on the relationship--historical, present and future--between humanity and the garden. Through the lens of Utopian Studies--the interdisciplinary field that encompasses fictions all the way through to actual political projects, and urban ideals; in a nutshell, addressing the human natural drive towards the ideal--Earth Perfect? brings together a selection of inspiring essays, each contributed by foremost writers from the fields of architecture, history of art, classics, cultural studies, farming, geography, horticulture, landscape architecture, law, literature, philosophy, urban planning and the natural sciences.
Through these joined voices, the garden emerges as a site of contestation and a repository for symbolic, spiritual, social, political and ecological meaning. Questions such as: "what is the role of the garden in defining humanity's ideal relationship with nature?" and "how should we garden in the face of catastrophic ecological decline?" are addressed through wideranging case studies, including ancient Roman Gardens in Pompeii, Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights, the Gardens of Versailles, organic farming in New England and Bohemia's secret gardens, as well as landscape in contemporary architecture.
Issues relating to the utopian garden are explored thematically rather than chronologically, and organised in six chapters: "Being in nature", "inscribing the garden", "green/house", "The garden politic", "economies of the garden" and "how then shall we garden?". each essay is both individual in scope and part of the wider discourse of the book as a whole, and each is lusciously illustrated, bringing to life the subject with diverse visual material ranging from photography to historical documents, maps and artworks.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.

Ce programme de formation est prevu sur six jours pour des formateurs avert is. Mais, dans la mesure du possible, les auteurs encourageraient vivement qu'il soit consacre un (I) a deux (2) jours de plus au module 3 : Elaboration et presentation des plans de seances, pour des formateurs peu experimentes. LA TAILLE DU GROUPE Pour une bonne dynamique de groupe, iI est conseille de ne pas exceder Ie nombre de vingt cinq (25) participants. Ce sont 13 quelques conseils d'utilisation de ce Manuel du formateur. II va sans dire qu'il peut et doit faire I'objet d'adaptation a chaque nouvelle situation. C'est en ce sens que la methodologie FGB s'enrichira des experiences de taus ses utilisateurs.

Rice-prawn gher (RPG) farming system is an indigenous agricultural technology solely developed by farmers since mid 1980s. The present study aims to estimate the land productivity of modern varieties (MV) paddy production under RPG and (year-round modern varieties) YRMV paddy farming systems in the southwest Bangladesh. The RPG farming system has significant impacts on inputs used in MV boro paddy production. The findings of the study indicate that more chemical fertilizers were used in per ha MV boro paddy production under YRMV paddy farming in comparison with RPG farming. Similarly, per ha cost of irrigation, pesticides and land preparation were also higher in MV boro paddy production under YRMV paddy farming system compared to RPG farming system. The inputs usage for MV boro paddy production under two farming systems showed statistically significant difference with each others. Although fewer inputs were being used in MV boro paddy production under RPG farming system, yield was h...

In this study, we consider how farmed animals, specifically pigs and chickens, are visualised in literature designed for circulation within animal production industries. The way breeding companies create and circulate images of industrial animals tells us a lot about their visions of what industrial animals are and how they believe animals should be treated. Drawing upon a wide range of material designed for circulation within animal production industries, from the 1880s to the 2010s, this paper examines how representations of pigs and chickens contribute to stories of perfection and advance ideals of power, race, gender, and progress. We demonstrate that visual representations of industrial animals have remained remarkably stable over time, testifying to the deep roots of human desires and assumptions about animals in capitalist societies. We argue that breed-standard images of pigs and chickens uphold complex and deeply imbricated value systems that extend beyond discourses centred on the animal body.

In this paper, we analyse water pollution caused by farming and processing Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The results show that 1tonne of frozen ¢llets releases 740 kg BOD, 1020 kg COD, 2050 kg TSS, 106 kg nitrogen and 27 kg phosphorus, of which wastewater from ¢sh ponds contributes 60^90% and sludge from ¢sh ponds and wastewater from processing facilities contributes 3^27% of the total emissions. Overall, the combined waste emissions from Pangasius production and processing account for o1% of the total TSS, nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Mekong Delta. Despite the relatively low contribution to water pollution, further reductions are possible through more e⁄cient use of inputs and low-cost treatment and re-use of e¥uent streams. The use of cleaner production technologies and the development of wastewater treatment plants could be applied to large farms and processing facilities to reduce water pollution in Pangasius processing. Low-cost options for small-scale farms include the optimization of the discharge design for the re-use of wastewater.

This paper presents the idea of internet of things (IOT) innovation to percept data, and talks about the job of the IOT innovation in farming infection and bug nuisance control, which incorporates rural ailment and bug checking framework, gathering sickness and creepy crawly bother data utilizing sensor hubs, information preparing and mining, etc. A malady and bug irritation control framework dependent on IOT is proposed, which comprised of three levels and three frameworks. The framework can give another approach to get to horticultural data for the farm. In this paper a computerized framework has been created to decide if the plant is ordinary or infected. The typical development of the plants, yield and nature of horticultural items is truly influenced by plant illness. This paper attempt to build up a robotized framework that identifies the nearness of disease in the plants. A mechanized ailment recognition framework is created utilizing sensors like temperature, moistness and shading dependent on variety in plant leaf wellbeing condition. The qualities dependent on temperature, mugginess and shading parameters are utilized to distinguish nearness of plant sickness.

Six bread wheat cultivars were grown in the same environment according to a conventional and an organic agricultural protocol. Hardness, moisture, test weight, protein and ash content and falling number were determined on kernels. Flour yield, particle size distribution and damaged starch were determined on flours together with farinograph and alveograph parameters. Loaves of bread were also baked following a straight dough standardised recipe. Results indicated that protein content was the quality parameter which was negatively influenced by organic farming. Hardness was also negatively influenced in four out of six cultivars, whereas the other technological parameters did not show the same trend for all the cultivars. The milling performance was similar between organic and conventional samples, whereas the differences in protein contents were clearly responsible for differences in rheological properties. As expected, volumes of the organic loaves of breads were significantly lower than those of the corresponding conventional ones.

Nowadays the market of halal products is widely distributed throughout the world. This has caused an increase in the demand for halal products not only by Islamic countries but also by non-Islamic countries. Hence, as halal is applicable not only to the Muslim people but also to the others, this causes the products to become well known globally as well as emphasizes the need for a halal supply chain. In view of that, a halal supply chain is vital in ensuring that the concept of halal is not only applicable for the food itself but also for the entire supply chain starting from the farm to the customer. Furthermore, the `halalan toyyiban' concept which means wholesome also encompasses safety, quality and cleanliness of foods, and its logistics process becomes more attractive and lucrative. As a consequence, the aim of this study is to identify and distinguish the factors which lead to an effective halal supply chain in the food industry in Malaysia. In order to achieve this objective, a conceptual model is proposed based on the results of the interviews conducted with those who deal directly or indirectly with the poultry industry. The study found that halal animal feed, proper slaughtering and proper segregation are the three pertinent areas that need to be focused on in the halal food supply chain. Thus, the proposed conceptual model can be used as a guide or information for future halal logistics research.

Rice Farm is a growing business that is based in Nigeria which is involved in the cultivation and production of rice to the Nigeria populace in ensuring food security and reducing hunger in the country. We have in possession a secure and suitable hectare of farmland to start our commercial cultivation and production of rice. Since, we want to compete with the best industry in the country, aside from securing a farmland, we are planning to purchase farming equipment and machines to enhance production. We are going to hire some key employees who are going to undergo training so as to fit into the ideal picture of the 21 st century commercial farming and rice processing and packaging workforce we want to build to enhance employability in the country, Nigeria. We are in the commercial rice farming business because we want to leverage on the vast opportunities created by the border closure by the Federal Government of Nigeria, to contribute our quota in growing the Nigeria economy, improve national food security, provide raw materials for industries and above all to make profit. In ensuring we achieve our aim, we need a capital of #5,000,000 for the purchase of equipment, payment of salaries, transportation and other logistics activities. The future projection for the sales revenue is to make #2,000,000. The projection increases at a geometric progression putting all factors into consideration.

We combine stable isotope analysis of crop remains with functional ecological analysis of their associated weeds to investigate arable farming strategies at Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe, western Anatolia. Our results reveal 'low-input' cultivation practices at both sites, with cereals grown on plots with low soil fertility that received low to moderate levels of manuring. In contrast, water supply was unlikely to have been a limiting factor to crop cultivation. Land management strategies were adapted to the tolerances of different crops, with pulses more intensively manured than cereals at Liman Tepe and barley cultivated on drier soils than glume wheats at both sites. This attests to a spatial differentiation in crop cultivation that resembles the practices of recent farmers in the Aegean engaged in extensive systems of land use. Expanded forms of these agricultural systems were used to amass agrarian wealth by elites occupying the citadels of later Early Bronze Age (EB/EBA) western Anatolia, suggesting that the agroecological foundations of this phenomenon were already in place by the late fourth millennium BC. In contrast to the pronounced wealth inequality visible in EBA citadels, however, we suggest that extensive land use fostered productive equality through cooperation between small-scale households in the Late Chalcolithic. It was only with the emergence of more extended domestic units in the EBA, capable of greater autonomy in arable farming, that disparities in production could be maintained over the long-term. This shift may have contributed to the emergence of social structures designed to dampen arable wealth inequality in the EBA.

The complexity of regional study of municipal elites in the Greek part of the Roman Empire is commonly known. Nonetheless, many aspects of the Cretan notables' activity can be investigated, not only in the island but also in other regions of the Empire. Material is distributed among four large chapters: 1/ Polis and its organization, 2/ Cretan Koinon, 3/ Mobility of municipal elites in Crete, 4/ Economy. Yet again it is clear that one should regularly appeal to various types of evidence because inscriptions surely constitute material most abounding in first-rate information but often insufficient to obtain pertinent results. In every stage of the research one seeks to assess the degree of changes in comparison with Hellenistic epoch. In this way Crete appears to us as the land of old traditions which continued to exert great influence in Roman period. On the other hand, some forms, inherited from the remote times, received entirely new content, in conformity with general tendencies of the epoch. https://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR2003

According to direct evidence from archaeology and supporting evidence from comparative linguistics, the Neolithic cultures of the Yangtze alluvial plain played a significant role in the origins of rice cultivation and agricultural populations in East and  Southeast Asia. The ultimate results of these developments, according to many authorities, were the dispersals of Austroasiatic and Austronesian-speaking peoples into Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. New archaeological discoveries suggest that some of the earliest pottery in the world also occurred in southern China. Therefore, the historical significance of this region cannot be overlooked. This paper provides a brief review of cultural developments and settlement histories in southern China from the early Neolithic (c. 11,000–8000 b.c.) to the terminal Neolithic (2000 b.c.). Geographically, we examine the middle and lower Yangtze alluvial plain, the Lingnan (southern Nanling Mountains) and Fujian region, and the Yungui Plateau of southern China. Against the backdrop of the waxing and waning of Neolithic cultures in the Yangtze Valley we plot the spread of material culture, rice farming and animal domestication out of the Yangtze region to the Lingnan-Fujian region and the Yungui Plateau, and later into Taiwan and Southeast Asia. This study  suggests that the origins of rice agriculture and the process of farming dispersal were more complicated than previously assumed.

The contribution of farm businesses to rural society has been of sustained interest as in many rural areas they anchor much of the wider economy. Indeed, many claims have been made by advocates of agro-ecology as to the role that farms could play in creating wider societal sustainability. A series of research projects in England have developed methodologies for assessing the socio-economic contribution of farm businesses, particularly organic farms, in the wider rural economy (Lobley et al. 2009a, Lobley et al. 2009b). The first of these developed a radar graph demonstrating a range of independent axes, while the second brought into this a consideration of economic transactions across space to determine the spatial dynamics of these linkages and multipliers. This paper reports on a third iteration of this methodology that seeks to work alongside simultaneous economic and environmental assessments to help understand the dynamics of contemporary farming systems The methodology develops seven farm-level social indicators across a wide range of farm types, both organic and non-organic, to determine the enterprise's wider social contribution. The indicators are conceptualised in terms of Social Capital (bonding, bridging and linking); the question of farm business succession; concepts around agency and well-being of the farmer; and their capacity for social innovation. Drawing on this theoretical framework the paper presents findings from a recent pilot survey of farms across England in 2012-3, to validate the conceptual model and develop and refine a survey tool for wider application. The ways in which the seven indicators find numerical expression from their conceptual base, the challenges this presents for how the agricultural sector is understood and possible implications for future agricultural policy are discussed.

Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author's version for posting to your own website or your institution's repository. You may further deposit the accepted author's version on a funder's repository at a funder's request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.

Uzay, hepimizin bildiği gibi insan yaşamına elverişli olmayan ve içinde hiçbir madde bulunmayan yani boşluktur. Özellikle de yaşama izin vermemesi nedeni ile insanoğlunun dikkatini uzun yıllardır çekmektedir. İnsanoğlunun bu merakı onu uzaya çıkma ve orada yaşam olup olmadığını keşfetmeye sürüklemiştir. İlk uzaya çıkış fikirlerinin oluşmasında edebiyatın büyük önemi vardır. Uzay hakkında birçok yazar kitaplar ve yazılar yazmıştır ama bence bunlardan en önemlisi Jules Verne'in " Aya Yolculuk " adlı bilim kurgu öyküsüdür. Kitapta Amerikan iç savaşı sırasında, Maryland eyaletinin Baltimore şehrinin zengin ailelerinin bir araya gelerek kurduğu Silah Kulübü, savaştan sonra sessizliğe bürünür. Savaş sonrasında bir araya gelen üyeler, yeni hedeflerini, Ay'a gidecek bir uzay gemisi inşa etmek ve onunla Ay' gitmek olarak belirler. Verne'in seyahate dair yaptığı hesap ve tahminlerin, onun zamanındaki tüm bilgi eksikliklerine rağmen, gerçeğe son derece yakınlığı açısından şaşırtıcıdır. Bu kitap açık bir şekilde aya çıkma fikrinin temeli olmuştur. İnsanoğlu bir düşünceye göre sonsuzluğa olan tutkusu ve uzaya olan merakı yüzünden uzaya çıkmıştır. Bir diğer düşünce de şöyledir:1945'te patlatılan 2 atom bombası insan türünün yeryüzündeki varlığının insan eliyle bitirilebileceğini göstermiştir. Tehlikeye giren tür ne yapar? Mekanını terk eder. Yani insanın varlığının tehlikeye girmesiyle yeni yaşam alanları bulmak için uzaya çıktığı ifade edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak… İNSANOĞLU UZAYDA 1957'de SSCB'nin Sputnik 1 yapay uydusunu yörüngeye yerleştirmesi ile insanlık adına büyük bir adım atmakla beraber bir Uzay Savaşı başlatmıştır. Bu olay sonucu Rusya halkı gayet gururlu, Amerika ise endişeli durumdadır. Bilim ve teknoloji alanında geri kaldığını düşünen ve zaten başkanlık koltuğuna Ay'a çıkma vaatleri ile geçen John F. Kenndy uzay, uydu ve uzay gemisi gibi kavramları okul müfredatına konulmasını istemiş, sonucunda Amerikan gençleri arasında uzay gemisi maketi yapmak hobi haline gelmiştir. Çok değil Sputnik 1'den 4 ay sonra ABD Explorer 1 uydusunu fırlatmış ve başarılı olmuştur. Sovyetler Birliği 12 Nisan 1961 yılında tarihe geçecek olan Yuri Gagarin isimli cesur astronotu Vostok 1 adlı araç ile yörüngeye yerleştirmeyi başardı. Bu hareket insanlık tarihinin en önemli ve cesur hareketlerinden biriydi. ABD, Sovyetlerin bu atağı karşısında çalışmalarını hızlandırdı ve 25 Nisan 1961'de ilk uzay adamını Vostok 1'e göre daha dar ve küçük olan Mercury-Redstone 3 aracı ile uzaya gönderdi ancak bu araç yörüngeye bile giremeden dünyaya geri döndü. Yörüngeye oturan ilk Amerikalı bu talihsiz olaydan 10 ay sonra Mercury 4 aracı ile yörüngeye oturmuştur(John Glenn). Sovyetler kazandıkları bu ivme ile uzay yarışında ilklere de imza attı. 1965'te Aleksei Leonov ilk uzay yürüyüşünü gerçekleştirdi. ABD 1969 yılında Ay'a insan göndermiş ve oradan kaya ve toprak numuneleri almayı başarmıştır. ABD'nin Ay'a çıkmasına rağmen uzay yarışını Rusya kazanmıştır diyebiliriz. Ama günümüzde NASA'nın RSA'dan daha çok gündemde oluşu ABD'nin bu konuda önde olduğuna işarettir. Günümüzde uzaya uydu ve ya insan göndermek normalleşmiş, insanoğlu uzay ve Ay hakkında birçok bilgiye sahip olmuştur. Ama bu bile yetmemiş uzayda devasa istasyonlar, gelişmiş uydular vb. birçok araç uzaya fırlatılmıştır. Bu yarışa Almanya, Fransa, İngiltere ve Hindistan gibi birçok ülkenin de katılımı ile Dünya'nın çevresi metal yığınlarıyla kaplanmış adeta bir uydu çöplüğü olmuştur. ULUSLAR ARASI UZAY İSTASYONU

In western industrial culture, the term 'peasant' has been largely associated with a way of life and frame of mind counter to 'modernization'. The three meanings of the word listed in the Oxford Concise dictionary reflect this: '(colloquial) countrymen and countrywomen, rustics....(historical) a member of an agricultural class dependent on subsistence farming, (derogative), a lout, a boorish person.'
  Yet in Europe peasant economies and societies have dominated three-quarters of the past millennium. It is only in the last two hundred years, as the industrial revolution took hold and fanned out to other parts of the world that peasant populations started loosing their determining influence over mass culture. And it is only very recently that they have relinquished their demographic majority worldwide (Cipolla 1979). Their numbers are currently concentrated in the continents of Africa, Asia and Latin America where they continue to lend economic, political and cultural body to their respective nation-states. Curiously, over the past two decades peasants have been slipping from the political and academic gaze.
    The objective of this book is to explore the current nature of peasant labour in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The following introductory chapter provides some definitional parameters before outlining the contours of peasant discourse over the past two centuries, asking why western social science enquiry has embraced the topic of peasant transformation in some periods and ignored it at other times. Concentration is placed on the post-World War II literature that bifurcated into a comparative rural sociological ‘peasant’ perspective and an economic development approach focussed on ‘smallholders’.

Nowadays the market of halal products is widely distributed throughout the world. This has caused an increase in the demand for halal products not only by Islamic countries but also by non-Islamic countries. Hence, as halal is applicable not only to the Muslim people but also to the others, this causes the products to become well known globally as well as emphasizes the need for a halal supply chain. In view of that, a halal supply chain is vital in ensuring that the concept of halal is not only applicable for the food itself but also for the entire supply chain starting from the farm to the customer. Furthermore, the `halalan toyyiban' concept which means wholesome also encompasses safety, quality and cleanliness of foods, and its logistics process becomes more attractive and lucrative. As a consequence, the aim of this study is to identify and distinguish the factors which lead to an effective halal supply chain in the food industry in Malaysia. In order to achieve this objective, a conceptual model is proposed based on the results of the interviews conducted with those who deal directly or indirectly with the poultry industry. The study found that halal animal feed, proper slaughtering and proper segregation are the three pertinent areas that need to be focused on in the halal food supply chain. Thus, the proposed conceptual model can be used as a guide or information for future halal logistics research.