Enzyme-based Biosensors

Rural Connectivity becomes a critical component in the socioeconomic development of rural people by providing access to amenities like education, health, marketing etc. It has been established that investments in rural roads lifts rural people above the poverty line. The evidence also indicates that as the rural connectivity improves, the rural poverty levels come down. Economy of the nation is reliant on road infrastructure for which the roads should be intended to meet the steadily changing burdens and environment. Economy of the nation is reliant on road infrastructure for which the roads should be intended to meet the steadily changing burdens and environment. Attributable to boom in vehicle development, vehicle load on our road is expanding quickly which requests for good nature of subgrade from economical design perspective. It turns out to be expensive to utilize soil having subgrade with low CBR worth to endure heavy loaded weight of vehicles, these requires the interest for enhancing the quality of subgrade utilizing stabilizers to enhance the CBR values, so that less thickness of asphalt can be designed with no bargain with quality of asphalt development. Bio-enzyme is a natural, non toxic, non flammable, non-corrosive liquid enzyme formulation fermentedfrom vegetable extracts that improves the engineering qualities of soil, facilitates higher soil compaction densities and increases stability. Enzyme catalyze the reactions between the clay and the organic cat-ions and accelerate the cat-ionic exchange process to reduce adsorbed layer thickness. For other types of chemical stabilization, chemicals are mixed with soil, which is difficult to mix thoroughly, but bio-enzyme is easy to use as it can be mixed with water at optimum moisture content and then it is sprayed over soil and compacted In recent past many Bio-Enzymes have come to the market which can be used as stabilizing agent. One such stabilizing agent is TerraZyme, which is used in the present investigation to further stabilize blended soil.Bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terra-Zyme, Fujibeton etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio-enzyme is that these are environment friendly. When these bio-enzymes are mixed with soil they alter its engineering properties UCC, CBR with longer curing period

Cadaverine and putrescine are well known biogenic amines for food spoilage, their presence along with histamine increases the food toxicity to manifold and rapid detection of these analytes remains challenging. To address these problems, poly(neutral red) (PNR) based electrochemical sensor for sensing of cadaverine and putrescine has been developed. Neutral red (NR) polymerised over glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been utilized for sensing of biogenic amines. Positively charged groups on PNR/GCE surface forms ion-pair complex with putrescine or cadaverine via diphosphate ion bridging which facilitates the sensing ability and the formation of ion-pair, as evidenced by DFT calculations. PNR/GCE exhibited detection ability in the range of 0.025 to 414 μM with a limit of detection of 0.22 μM and 0.25 μM for cadaverine and putrescine, respectively. The developed non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for cadaverine and putrescine exhibited good anti-interference ability towards common ions and amino acids were studied. Demonstrated non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor method is simple and convenient for tracing biogenic amines in real samples like spoilage in fish specimen.

— Biosensors are commonly produced using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS process and advanced lithography to define nanowires. In this paper, a simpler and cheaper junc-tionless three-mask process is investigated, which uses thin-film technology to avoid the use of SOI wafers, in situ doping to avoid the need for ion implantation and direct contact to a low-doped polysilicon film to eliminate the requirement for heavily doped source/drain contacts. Furthermore, TiN is used to contact the biosensor source/drain because it is a hard resilient material that allows the biosensor chip to be directly connected to a printed circuit board without wire bonding. pH sensing experiments, combined with device modeling, are used to investigate the effects of contact and series resistance on the biosensor performance, as this is a key issue when contacting directly to low-doped silicon. It is shown that in situ phosphorus doping concentrations in the range 4 × 10 17 –3 × 10 19 cm −3 can be achieved using 0.1% PH 3 flows between 4 and 20 sccm. Furthermore, TiN makes an ohmic contact to the polysilicon even at the bottom end of this doping range. Operation as a biosensor is demonstrated by the detection of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory biomarker for respiratory disease. Index Terms— Biosensor, pH sensor, plasma chemical vapor deposition, semiconductor device fabrication, thin-film transistors (TFTs).