Entrepreneurship and Small business Management

The start-up acceleration phenomenon is a recent trend in the field of entrepreneurship, impacting academia, policy makers and practioners, but not yet fully researched or comprehended. The existing literature on business incubators, technology transfer and corporate entrepreneurship provide few cues on how to interpret the acceleration phenomenon, justifying the case for an in-depth analysis on how accelerators (and its accelerated ventures) differentiate from existing initiatives. This work aims to contribute to this discussion by mapping the current research and definitions of the acceleration phenomenon and suggesting a number of potential investigation lines to be deployed in the upcoming years.

Purpose: Entrepreneurial capital has recently emerged as an important facet of new venture creation. Much of the evidence to validate such claims has emerged from research that focussed upon large businesses and multinational corporations. There exists a knowledge gap in SMEs. To bridge this gap, this study investigates the dynamics of entrepreneurial capital convertibility in SMEs. 
Design/Methodology/Approach: An approach capturing mainly qualitative data with owner-managers of SMEs in the United Kingdom was executed. Quantitative data generated was analysed using SPSS and harmonized to support a detailed faced to face interview process from case studies. 
Findings: The results suggest that a mixed approach provides an informative process to explore entrepreneurial capital convertibility dynamics in SMEs.
Implication: A model of entrepreneurial capital convertibility dynamics is outlined, that reflects SME owner-managers’ mental ‘mind maps’. Suggestions are made to extend and validate the entrepreneurial capital convertibility model in future research. 
Keyword: Entrepreneur, entrepreneurial capital, convertibility, owner-manager, knowledge management, strategic thinking, design thinking, small and medium sized enterprises, Case Studies (CS).

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

Entrepreneurship is a prime activity for the economic growth of any country. It goes hand in hand with manufacturing and service industry. In fact, it works as a pillar to the economic and social welfare of the country. It also helps in wealth creation in the nation. It is an opportunity to identify the market need and exploit the available resource in such a way that drives to gain long-term economic benefits. Though, this adventurous activity is full of enthusiasm and there are a lot of challenges affecting the entrepreneurship. It is also wonderful to note that in today's swiftly changing global economy, Indian economy has a major role to play. Looking at the importance of the topic, the present paper will be developed with the objective of analyzing the entrepreneurial opportunities and challenges in globalizing Indian economy.

Small business has a huge impact on the US economy, but most of them fail to survive beyond five years. Succession planning is often neglected within them, and as aging Baby Boomers reach retirement, their long-term failure poses an even greater threat to the US economy. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to predict a small business owner’s level of succession planning involvement knowing a number of factors that threaten business success. The results reveal that owners’ progression through specific levels of succession planning involvement is predicted by the frequency at which he or she uses functional experts. It is advised that small business owners begin to put greater emphasis on the succession planning aspect of talent management during the first six years of their business, by hiring a professional with the necessary expertise, to avoid the costs of leaving their business legacy to chance.

Over the past two decades, coopetition received growing attention by practitioners and scholars worldwide with a wide range of subjects explored within the current body of literature. Despite the constantly growing number of scientific publications, the current literature lacks a comprehensive and critical overview of past and present research accomplishments. Based on the first citation analysis in this field, we present three topical clusters which help us to indicate the evolution path of coopetition research. Additionally, the current literature state is studied by means of a systematic literature review reflecting the major research avenues. By combining and comparing the results of these two analyses, the paper concludes by proposing possible future research directions. To advance our current understanding of coopetition, we suggest that forthcoming research explores coopetition in the contexts of startups and family firms and extends our knowledge on the protection mechanisms which are necessary for coopeting successfully.

This study considers the linkage between micro-sized enterprises and other organizations, especially universities, in relation to the innovation process. The focus of the research is on non-start-up enterprises in Wales and how they develop their products. The research methodology adopted is a thematic literature review and the case study approach. The findings demonstrate that there are additional barriers to innovation in terms of legislation and regulation when micro-sized enterprises endeavour to overcome their knowledge gap through collaborating with universities. It is noted that there has been minimal research examining the knowledge gap encountered by micro-sized enterprises and how they attempt to overcome the barriers to collaborating with universities.

Ampara and Batticala districts in Sri Lanka are situated in the Eastern part of the island which were affected by thirty years domestic war and tsunami hit in 2004. Multi religious people such as Tamils, Muslims, Sinhalees, and Burgars live together in this area. Batticaloa district was more affected by so called war where as less affected by tsunami hit as compared with Ampara. Due to this Most of the women in both districts have become bread winners of their families and engaged in entrepreneurial activities to save their families. Accordingly 14.1 % of the families in Ampara and 16.8 % of the families in Batticaloa have become women headed families such as loss of husband, divorced/ abandoned by the husband, disappearance of elderly male member of the family, differentially able elderly male member, heading the family due to other reason. Women entrepreneurs especially in micro businesses play a crucial role in rural economic development. Starting a business is simply a rational choice faced by an individual who chooses between uncertain self-employment, having certainty as an employee and possibly unemployment, based on the expected utility in each state. The factors influencing that choice are entrepreneurial talent, attitude to risk and switching costs and personal factors are the most important thing in order to assure their survival in the industry. Hence, the research question is "To what extent the entrepreneurial factors influence to entrepreneurial success?" Accordingly, the research aims to study the women entrepreneurs' personal factors and the association of entrepreneurial success in micro businesses among women headed families in Sri Lanka. For the purpose of study, data collected from 270 respondents from micro businesses among women headed families in Ampara and Batticaloa district using simple random sampling method, mainly with the use of structured questionnaire and interview. Factor analysis was done. Correlation and regression was mainly used to see the association between influencing factors and entrepreneurial success. Influencing factors have been measured by the dimensions of family background, personality factors, and institutional support and entrepreneurial success was measured by sales growth, profit growth and perceived survival of the business. Self administered questionnaire was issued for this purpose. Pilot study and reliability analysis was done to see the inter item consistency of the questionnaire and for content validity. The significance of the study especially to women entrepreneurs in micro business sector which are contributing a lot for the development of national economies. Many women entrepreneurs in developing countries such as Sri Lanka face many challenges while they are operating their businesses such as existence and survival, innovation etc. with the available information and training and institutional support they may be unable to survive in the industry. Need for achievement, autonomy, self confident are the most important personality factors for business success of women entrepreneurs and background factors such as education and family background also contribute for the business success of women entrepreneurs in micro businesses. Institutional support also has been a motivating factor for entrepreneurship success. It was found that personality factors such as need to achieve and self-reliant, and independence were influencing more than the other factors. Accordingly, the findings might be immense value to enhance women entrepreneurship in developing countries, such as Sri Lanka, as much research has not been conducted in this regard.

To advance understanding of the reasons for informal sector entrepreneurship, this article evaluates the determinants of cross-country variations in the extent to which enterprises are unregistered when they start operating. Reporting the World Bank Enterprise Survey data on 67,515 enterprises across 142 countries, the finding is that one in five (19.9%) of the formal enterprises surveyed started-up unregistered, although this varies from all enterprises surveyed in some countries (e.g. Pakistan) to 1% of surveyed enterprises in Slovakia. To explain these cross-country variations, four competing theories are evaluated which variously assert that nonregistration is determined by either: economic under-development and poorer quality governance (modernization theory); too much state interference (neoliberal theory); too little state intervention (political economy theory); or an incongruence between the laws and rules of formal institutions and the beliefs, values, and norms of informa...

La crisi finanziaria del 2007 ha origine negli Stati Uniti ma rapidamente dilaga oltre oceano, generando forti disequilibri nei mercati globali, modificando profondamen-te la geografia del commercio internazionale e corrodendo posizioni competitive rafforzate negli anni. È il caso del settore cookware, storica eccellenza industriale ita-liana che trova massiccia localizzazione in due distretti industriali, che ha assicurato all'Italia una solida posizione di leadership a livello europeo fino al 2007. Il crollo del commercio internazionale, un sistema finanziario che non supporta il lavoro e una concorrenza europea agguerrita, minano i fondamenti del settore e danno la luce ad uno scenario competitivo del tutto mutato, in cui posizioni di mercato appa-rentemente stabili vengono scalzate con rapidità. Nella complessità dello scenario internazionale post-crisi, il presente lavoro prende in considerazione l'orientamento, le ripercussioni e le difficoltà delle piccole e medie imprese del settore, che costituiscono il fondamento dell'intero tessuto imprenditoriale italiano.

This study aims to analyze individual and organizational innovation in small businesses and their impact on the environment. The focus of the analysis is also expanded on how to engineer the innovations that exist in small businesses through consumer behavior so that the engineering carried out is effective in protecting the environment. The role of the government is used as a regulator in a country. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method, then continued with a document study on the Indonesian government's environmental regulations. The research was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic in a sizeable Indonesian city, namely Bandung City. The study results show that small businesses' individual and organizational innovation play a role in determining environmental conditions. Government engineering to change consumer behavior and consumer needs is very effective in changing the behavior of entrepreneurs to go green and green business

This report captures the main findings of an 18-month study on the growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Canada. The central question that this inquiry sought to answer was: what are the factors that drive SME growth? The study involved a large scale survey of SMEs and a set of in-depth interviews with the leaders of ‘High Impact SMEs’. High Impact SMEs are organizations that are achieving high growth (in revenue, profits and employment) and are disruptive, investing in a broader range of innovative activities, and being more diversified in the markets they serve. They exemplify organizations that many of us aspire to create. This report presents a new model – The Leaders Growth Mindset – to explain how leaders of High Impact SMEs operate. This model identifies a common set of practices leaders apply and that we can each develop in our everyday work.

The National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) is mandated to contribute to the creation of an enabling environment for small scale enterprises development in Ghana. Nevertheless, there is a growing concern among the micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the Cape Coast Metropolis about the service quality of NBSSI in the Region. The study sought to examine the views of MSEs in Cape Coast concerning their expectations of service quality they receive from NBSSI. Survey data and an interview schedule adopted from the SERVQUAL literature were used to collect the data from 90 respondents in the Metropolis. An evaluative study design was used. The mean gap between MSEs expectations and their perceptions on service quality were ascertained to achieve the purpose of this study. It was found that the services rendered by NBSSI did not meet the expectations of MSEs and also, the expectations of micro enterprises were not too different from those of the small scale enterprises. Thus, it is recommended that NBSSI should make it a managerial duty to obtain feedback from their clients after they have rendered services to them and also, staff should consistently upgrade their knowledge on the job in order to serve clients better.

Researchers' interest in consumer religiosity and behavior is explained by the fact that religion influences not only the social behavior of individuals, but also their consumption behavior. Most of the studies on the subject come from Western and Asian countries with a few of such studies been conducted in Africa and particularly in Ghana. The aim of this paper is to explore the concepts of religiosity and consumer behavior in Ghana, in order to consider the role of culture in the management and marketing of industrial products. Ghana is a country where religion plays an important role in shaping lives and ensuring community cohesion. However, a determined part of the believers contributes to increasing the consumption of industrial beverages, and the obliviousness in the marketing sector also seems to be a barrier that slows the production and consumption of non-alcoholic industrial beverages. The research approach is exploratory and qualitative. The collection of qualitative ...

The research work in this study is an attempt to systematically analyze the impact in status of MSMEs in India before and after the implementation of MSMED act 2006. Number of registered units of MSME and number of employment in persons which are presented in the annual reports from the period of 18 years from 1997-98 to 2014-15 of MSMEs are considered as the study variable for this study. It has made based on the result of the paired sample t-test.

This study aims to determine the implementation of the design thinking learning model in entrepreneurship education, especially in marketing media competencies. The experimental method was used in this study with 120 vocational school students in Surakarta as research objects. The data were obtained by distributing questionnaires to students. The data is processed using SPSS Statistics 23 application. The results of N-Gain shows that students' creativity and entrepreneurial alertness in the experimental class has increased after receiving entrepreneurship education with Stanford D School's design thinking model. In the category of high creativity has increased by 7% while in the category of high entrepreneurial alertness has increased by 10%.

Starting from the premise that human resources are a critical success factor for companies, this article analyses the logic of recruitment preferences in Burkina Faso. The explanatory variables are the industrial sector and the level of billing. The main findings are that the more traditional forms of recruitment of personnel are dominant in Burkina Faso, in particular in agribusiness and commerce, and in the small business segments. In addition, the results put in light that the most modern forms are preferred in the Construction sector or in large companies. It is found that, a greater technical complexity of the job leads to a greater need to imitate the criteria of the developed world, and that a lower technical complexity implies a greater importance of the worker's morality.Keywords: Recruitment, African Traditional Methods, Modern Methods, Companies, Competitivity, Burkina Faso.

OECD (2019) sums up the challenges that Entrepreneurs and SMEs currently and for some years to come face in Chile, before Social Uprising and COVID19 Pandemic. World Economic Forum (2020 a,b) reports highlight the rise of vulnerability across Chilean territories following the Social Uprising and across all countries under the COVID19 Pandemic. Likewise, according to the GEM (2020 b) report on affects of COVID19 pandemic on entrepreneurship [promotion] policy, long-term survival rate even of established Chilean enterprises is “not favourable” (p. 51).

Recognizing the need of articulating the startup ecosystem's initiatives, the study was based on qualitative interviews to different members of the startup community, including entrepreneurs, mentors, investors, incubators, event organizers and government officials.
The resulting report provided a comprehensive view of the state of entrepreneurship in Costa Rica including determinants such as culture, the startup community, the entrepreneur, the startup and funding.
The mapping provided local entrepreneurs with a consolidated guide of all supporting organizations in the startup ecosystem, their programs, target audience and contact information, as well as a series of best practices reported by more experienced members of the community.

El artículo señala el fomento de la habilidad de emprendimiento en la educación normalista a través de utilizar el Aprendizaje Orientado a Proyectos (AOP), como una metodología activa, innovadora y potencializadora de doble alcance. En primer término, el estudiantado normalista de educación básica se preparará en emprendimiento, para afrontar los desafíos al egreso de un nivel educativo superior. En segundo término, como profesionista, formará futuras generaciones contribuyendo al desarrollo de una cultura emprendedora. Por lo que se llevó a cabo un proyecto de intervención a través de la impartición de un taller de emprendimiento, dentro del cual se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, bajo un diseño experimental, con un tipo de muestreo no probabilístico. Los resultados reflejaron evidencias estadísticas favorables al desarrollar la habilidad emprendedora basada en la metodología del AOP, así también cada estudiante normalista, dio cuenta del avance de su habilidad emprendedora, antes y después de la intervención.

The term finance or financing is comprehensively stared as a kernel and a 'key' gizmo that is obligatory for the evolution and functionality of any enterprise. Accessing the appropriate kind of financing in accord to the enterprise's need is more essential for its survival. However, access to finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has always been difficult to owners and also, a serious apprehension especially among researchers. Meanwhile, it is on the note that very many small business sector offer support to Nigerian economy by providing employment opportunity to most citizens who in turn improves standard of living. But, in spite of this importance, most of these small businesses collapse within the first five years of operation yet the agencies established by Nigerian Government to offer support to this sector are confronted with difficulties in accessing the finance from financial institutes. Keeping in view the importance of SMEs, this paper grilling the fl...

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

Purpose – Despite the flourishing literature on intellectual capital, few studies explored its features in the perspective of family firms, and even fewer focused on small family firms (SFFs). This multiple case study analyses how managers and senior employees in SFFs perceive the benefits and costs of intellectual capital assets (ICAs) and provides many insights for future researches. Design/methodology/approach – Taking the lead from the constructivist epistemology, this instrumental study describes the implementation of a framework for the assessment of ICAs into four SFFs in order to develop general theoretical principles. Findings – Among the findings, it stands out that most SFFs in the sample especially rely on their internal processes and on their human resources' knowledge and competences. Furthermore, we found much internal disagreement with respect to the expected costs of investing on ICAs, especially within firms operating in more turbulent markets. Research limitations/implications – Being referred to a multiple case study, the results may not be generalized to other organizations. Nevertheless, they are useful to build theory, either by verification of falsification, and to encourage their future testing in empirical papers. Practical implications – The implementation of the framework allows identifying internal disagreement with respect to the ICAs' costs and benefits and exploring their causes. Furthermore, it suggests which should be the ICAs deserving primary attention in order to have the best impact on value creation. Originality/value – The paper investigates intellectual capital in SFFs, thus contributing to fill a remarkable gap in intellectual capital literature.

The paper evaluates the challenges Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) face in financing new or existing businesses in Gombe State. The population of the study consists of all SMEs operating in Gombe State. However, the study adopted purposive and simple random sampling techniques to draw the sample from the population. SMEs were then randomly drawn from three (3) local government areas; namely, Akko, Dukku and Gombe. Out of ninety (90) questionnaires distributed, Sixty five (65) were returned and analyzed using chi - square method. The result of the analysis
revealed that: There is no significant difference in the difficulties SMEs face when accessing finance from various sources, there is a significant difference in the level of awareness of MFIs by SMEs. The research however, recommends that government policy of initiating various intervention funds for entrepreneurial development should be encouraged; SMEs in the state should be sensitized on the activities of Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs)

Several papers in the venture capital (VC) literature have studied the decision criteria put in use by VC investors (VCs) in selecting promising young high-tech entrepreneurial ventures. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies in the extant literature that study the determinants of VC refusal by entrepreneurs. This issue is extremely relevant because the current public policies favor the development of VC markets/VC supply. However, given that some entrepreneurial ventures refuse VC financial offers, a full understanding of the determinants of such refusal could allow to design more suited VC policies. In this study, we take the perspective of the entrepreneur and perform several analyses. First, we study the determinants of the likelihood to refuse VC through a probit model. Second, by means of a multinomial logit approach, we investigate the motivations behind the decision to refuse a VC offer. Third, by means of a random effects and switching regression model estimation, we estimate the impact of VC refusal on a firm's growth in sales value and total assets. Our work provides important implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs.

This study examined the linkages between entrepreneurial outlook and business initiatives of restaurant operators. The
five multidimensional constructs of entrepreneurial orientation were adapted to measure the entrepreneurial outlook,
while the business initiatives were measured based on the frequent development of new products, new services and
new business venturing.
The study employed census approach and self-administered questionnaires in collecting data from 41 registered
restaurant operators located in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Descriptive, correlation and Chi-Square were the statistical
tools used. The findings indicate that the restaurant operators demonstrated a somewhat high entrepreneurial outlook.
However, they do not develop business initiatives regularly. Again, significant association existed between the dimensions
of entrepreneurial outlook and business initiatives. The study therefore concludes that a high entrepreneurial inclination
will propel the frequent development of business initiatives. The restaurant operators must therefore attend periodic
workshops to be abreast of current knowledge, they must be involved with every aspect of the restaurant business with
complete professionalism. They must create an encouraging work environment, care for customers and must get to
know their regular customers by their names, favourite dishes and drinks.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial outlook; Business initiative; Restaurant firms

All over the world, the unorganized manufacturing sector is known as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) while in India this is known as SSI. And here for the purpose of this paper I am using the term village small industries (VSI). Village Small Industries (VSI) sector is a dynamic and vibrant sector of Indian economy. It is an important constituent of Indian economy in general and of total industrial sector in particular. The VSI sector acts as a cradle to cherish not only the grass root of entrepreneurial talent but also to provide employment opportunities as the social objective at the local level to the millions of people across the country. The VSI sector has been contributing significantly to industrial production, exports and India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The sector has been assigned the target of annual growth of 12% and creation of 4.4 million additional jobs during the Tenth Five Year Plan. These enterprises are faced with diversity of problems in India due to numerous domestic and global economic problems, and policy inconsistencies. The contribution of this sector to national income till today remains low. The result is a high poverty rate and low development at backward regions. The main objective of this paper is to review the major policies and programmes concerning VSIs development and its impact on employment in Indian Villages. The development planning arises from the fact

This piece of work aims to understand the role of human resource management (HRM) at small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Portugal, as well as to contribute to a better knowledge of this area, still briefly studied. More particularly, it aims to understand the level of implementation of human resource practices in SMEs. This research in centred on the Portuguese best 1,000 SMEs. In what concerns the method, we implemented a questionnaire addressed to the enterprises managers and utterly analysed with the statistical package for social sciences. Although we can not generalise it to the national background, this study allows us to conclude that HRM is not yet a reality in SMEs. Moreover, human resources are not seen as a strategic factor for the organisation. SMEs only apply some human resources parcelled and reactive practices, without any strategic integration. However, we can affirm, even that informally, that there exist HRM in SMEs.

Based on the theme of how donors can play a more effective role to stimulate effective and sustainable provision of BDS by or through private sector intermediaries, this case study looks at how the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) has sought to encourage the development of markets for Business Development Services (BDS) in the remote areas of northern Pakistan. This paper explores that the isolation of the region, poor infrastructure, small scale of landholdings, and lack of economic development leads to problems when attempting to promote markets for business development services. In the short term, the priority is the development of more basic markets, rather than markets for business development services. Without active markets there are a few opportunities for BDS provision let alone the development of vibrant private sector markets for BDS.

In a job-scarce environment, where unemployment is rife the need for fostering entrepreneurship especially among youth is a prime concern. This is arguably the case in South Africa, where despite a number of government-pioneered interventions, the level of youth entrepreneurship, particularly in township areas remains unsatisfactory. This study takes a two-pronged approach to establish specific factors that are inhibiting youth entrepreneurship development, and determine the prospects of youth entrepreneurship development in Khayelitsha in the Western Cape, South Africa. The data was collected via self-administered questionnaires that were distributed to 132 respondents, which were randomly drawn from a population of 200 youth entrepreneurs registered on the database of a local organisation which promotes and develops entrepreneurship in the Western Cape. The findings revealed, among others, that a major inhibiting factor to entrepreneurship development is the lack of awareness and inaccessibility of youth entrepreneurship support structures and initiatives in this community. Interestingly though, this hindrance does not appear to have a negative bearing on the identified growing enthusiasm of the youth to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Overall, on the basis of the challenges and prospects revealed, recommendations to improve the current situation are made. This study is an applied research effort and its relevance is linked to the fact that it provides rare insight into the state of youth entrepreneurship in a large but under-researched township community in the Western Cape. The findings and recommendations therefore bear far-reaching ramifications for all stakeholders who are concerned about developing youth entrepreneurship in this society.

Ghanaians live in a world of change. The challenge to schools is to equip young people to deal with this change in new and novel ways. The basis of this change is entrepreneurship education. The aim of this conceptual paper is to provide a model for entrepreneurship education for schools in Ghana. The paper proposes what schools must teach. It also proposes how schools must create conducive teaching and learning environments to facilitate and promote entrepreneurial behaviour. Further, it proposes how teachers must implement the curriculum and how they must assess learning outcomes. The paper concludes that in the proposed model, the school becomes a place for experimenting. In addition, the school becomes a place to develop and take part in project-based learning environments. Finally, the school becomes a place where entrepreneurship education is part of organisational life and culture and where everyone behaves entrepreneurially.

The iconic figure of Al Capone is arguably the most prominent figure of organised crime. Both biographers and scholars have analysed his life and behaviour. Hollywood has immortalised his character in film. Today, the name Capone remains synonymous with the word gangster. Although Capone owned businesses of a legitimate nature, illicit ventures and the spectre of the gangster-entrepreneur define his practice of entrepreneurship. In an attempt to understand Capone as an entrepreneur, this paper explores his entrepreneurial behaviour within an analysis of his resource profile, his Italian-American culture and the social context of the USA in the early 20th century.

İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabı ile inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere reçete veriliyor. Adım adım ve yalın bir şekilde inovasyonun nasıl geliştirilebileceği konusunda önemli sırlar ortaya koyuluyor. Bu kitap, özellikle teknoloji odaklı inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere yapılan hataları da göstererek uygulama ortamı oluşturuyor. Yenilik ilkelerini verirken startupların ve hatta büyük kuruluşların anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyüme konusundaki donanımını artırıyor. 2000'den fazla başarılı yeniliğin ortaya çıkışında önemli içgörüler sağlıyor.
Bu kitabın anlatım tarzında özel bir algoritma uygulanarak anlamlı gruplar belirlendi. İnovasyon fırsatlarını belirlemek için firmaların iç ve dış büyüme parametreleri ve performans değerleri, rakiplerini de devreye alarak şekillendirildi. İnovasyon odaklı performansın artırılabilmesi, önemli değerlendirmeler yapılabilmesi için özel ve hazır yol haritaları sunuldu. Endüstriler için de inovasyon modellerini teşhis edip yeni bir anlayış ve yöntem geliştirme imkânı sunuluyor.
Çevrimsel araştırmanın altyapısını vererek farklı ve anlamlı değişim ve dönüşümü düşündürüp kalıcı ve kullanışlı yollar uygulatarak kitabın ne kadar değerli olduğunu kanıtlıyor. Eğer kurumunuzda anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi inovasyon odaklı gerçekleştirmek isterseniz yenilik ilkelerinin detaylı olarak anlatıldığı İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabını okuyun.
Bu kitabın yazarlarından Larry Keeley'in tecrübelerinden yararlanmak büyük bir fırsat. Kendisi BusinessWeek tarafından inovasyon alanındaki dünya görüşünü ve paradigmaları değiştiren, yedi yenilik gurusundan biri olarak seçilmiş olup Doblin firmasının kurucusudur. Diğer yazarlar ile birlikte inovasyonun tasarlanması ve sürdürülebilir kılınması konusunda dünya çapında pek çok girişimciyi, yöneticiyi, şirketleri ve startupları etkilemiştir.

In a job-scarce environment, where unemployment is rife the need for fostering entrepreneurship especially among youth is a prime concern. This is arguably the case in South Africa, where despite a number of government-pioneered interventions, the level of youth entrepreneurship, particularly in township areas remains unsatisfactory. This study takes a two-pronged approach to establish specific factors that are inhibiting youth entrepreneurship development, and determine the prospects of youth entrepreneurship development in Khayelitsha in the Western Cape, South Africa. The data was collected via self-administered questionnaires that were distributed to 132 respondents, which were randomly drawn from a population of 200 youth entrepreneurs registered on the database of a local organisation which promotes and develops entrepreneurship in the Western Cape. The findings revealed, among others, that a major inhibiting factor to entrepreneurship development is the lack of awareness and ...

This research aims to examine the effect of general Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial Success, alongside the potential and mechanism of the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy in mediating their effects. Data were analyzed via multivariate Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques to evaluate the four (4) hypotheses in the model, using second-order confirmatory tests. The results showed that Personality Traits significantly affects Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, which also influences Entrepreneurial Success. Therefore, Personality Traits significantly affect Entrepreneurial Success through Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. This research mediates the pros and cons of the relationship between Personality Traits and Entrepreneurial Success. The research was conducted specifically on micro and small business actors while ignoring medium-sized businesses. Hence, further research is needed to examine the hypotheses on this population. The results can be applied to the world of education, especially in target planning, policy stipulation, and evaluation of the success of learning entrepreneurship. This research using a more comprehensive concept of Entrepreneurial Success.

Creativity is one of the many drives that fosters the birth an entrepreneur but launch of a new business venture means increased competition in market. A new business venture may either be accepted or denied by the market and the industries will strive to maintain a huge share of the market. Porter's Model of Competitive Strategy Potential entrants in the industry resist because of the scale of experience that the coca cola company and Pepsi have attained over the, jolt cola as a new company in the industry is still very new to the market and some people still don't even know that it exists, it is still a new company and doesn't have the economies of scale that companies like Pepsi have created over the years through specialization or developed machinery and the experience that Pepsi has gained over the years of its existence, Pepsi had to overcome a number of challenges in order to attain the level of growth (Johnson, Scholes, & Whittington, Harlow). Jolt cola has created its own distribution channels that will help it make some profit and grow as a company but the rate of influence that the competitors have in the market is one that is very strong and the rivals will not stand by and watch a new competitor rise in the industry that may have the potential to steal a percentage of the market share that they own. Jolt cola should expect heavy retaliation from the market. Despite jolt cola being able to pay its suppliers on time and have the capacity to make some suppliers permanent and loyal, the company is like a mosquito in the industry and it might be crushed at any time (Becker B. E., 2001). Jolt cola's suppliers understand the risks involved in signing long term contracts of purchase with the company, this situation gives the suppliers bargaining power over the company especially when it comes to negotiating deals. The caffeine industry is full of potential buyers which gives them even more power in the industry because if jolt cola doesn't agree with the prices of raw materials, they can threaten to leave the deal and start negotiations with another company that is willing to agree with their terms and conditions which will force jolt cola to make deals that will favor the supplier more than it will benefit the company. Buyers of jolt cola have a considerable say on the price of the product and what the company will get in the industry which is why the company decided to focus on students and people that love caffeine and leave the rest of the market to the large companies, the company focused on supermarkets and small stores. The low switching

This paper contains information about the tea stalls of Bangladesh and the stall's owners. It discusses their day to day activities. What they do and how they do it. It also contains advice about improving their business by making several changes.They open their stall around 6 am and work until 11 pm. People from all walks of life comes to sip tea at these stalls. They gossip about many things.

Have you ever used an ATM Machine that wasn't part of your bank and had to press the key to say “YES - I agree to pay the Surcharge Fee"?  How would you like to be the one collecting that fee - every time the ATM gets used?

This is a tell all book about how people like you and me can own and operate an ATM Machine and make annual returns that far exceed any conventional investment strategy, with a lot less risk.

This once secretive business, only meant for Bankers, Wealthy Individuals, and people “in the know” is now a wide open opportunity.

Purpose – This paper aims to develop an empirical model that examines whether a student’s proactive
personality or the university support environment (education support, concept development support
and business development support) affects their entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, the relative
strengths of a student’s proactive personality and the university environment influences are compared.
Design/methodology/approach – A total of 141 students attending a well-established and
internationally renowned Malaysian higher education institution completed a questionnaire survey.
Results were based on correlation and regression analysis.
Findings – Results indicate that a proactive personality and concept development support have
significant impact on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, the results showed that a
student’s proactive personality had a greater effect on their entrepreneurial intentions than that of the
university support environment.
Originality/value – The paper demonstrates one of the few attempts to examine the effects of both a
proactive personality and university support environment on entrepreneurial intentions in an emerging
economy context. Specifically, we reconfirm students’ personality traits as a more important predictor
of their entrepreneurial intentions than environmental factors in the Malaysian context. Additionally,
by also demonstrating concept development support as a significant predictor of entrepreneurial
intentions, we provide new insights into how universities in emerging economies can foster the
entrepreneurial intentions of their students. This result adds to the academic literature on
entrepreneurial intentions in emerging economies.

The sudden attack of COVID-19 has affected human lives and economies to a great extent. The lockdown and restrictions taken as measures by the government to stop the spread of the coronavirus are responsible to shut down many small businesses permanently. In this paper, we will get an idea of how the pandemic has affected small businesses. The world witnessed the largest fall in the number of active businesses. The supply chain got affected due to this and as a result, this affected global trade. Research shows that the impact of the pandemic on the small business and employees have changed the overall business policies facing economic imbalance.

When entrepreneurs discovered an opportunity, they take the risk of exploiting it by sourcing resources and applying them to develop the product or service, offer the product to customers through the relevant market, gather the appropriate human resources, and satisfy all the stakeholders. It is therefore important to understand the factors that will influence both entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. This article presented a literature review and findings from the reviewed literature as it relates to critical factors that influence opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. The finding might help entrepreneurs understand critical factors that will influence them to discover entrepreneurial opportunity quickly and efficiently, and exploit the opportunity to form a new venture. The information presented in the article might guide researchers to explore more factors that will influence entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation especially as it relates to specific industries.