Disclosure

This chapter for the Oxford Handbook of Criminal Process offers a critical, comparative account of pretrial evidence disclosure laws in common law jurisdictions. Disclosure law was once minimal throughout the common law world; the longstanding norm was that one party need not aid the other's preparation by sharing evidence prior to trial. Substantial pretrial disclosure duties are comparatively recent, and reflect several developments. One is the fact that trials are now exceptional as the process by which to resolve prosecutions; guilty pleas are the norm. Evidence can face adversarial scrutiny, and facilitate negotiated resolutions, only if parties have pretrial access to it. Another is changes in the nature of evidence; expert analysis, for example, often cannot be confronted effectively without advance preparation. Moreover, pretrial disclosure has gradually become understood to make both trials and negotiated resolutions more efficient, and—despite some dissent—to improve the truth-finding capacity and fairness of criminal process.
Common law jurisdictions show considerable similarity on disclosure rules. In the last half-century, there emerged a strong consensus that the government must disclose relevant evidence in its possession that does not support the prosecution's case and thus that it would not present at trial. Rules also typically impose greater duties on the defense to disclose significant portions of its evidence before trial. The critical exception to this international consensus relates to inculpatory evidence. Rules in England, Canada, and elsewhere outside the United States generally require the prosecution to disclose evidence it will rely on to prove guilt. Many U.S. jurisdictions, however, have resisted this trend, mandate very little prosecution disclosure, and even limit judicial authority to compel such disclosure.
As a framework for critical assessment, the chapter examines structural choices that adversarial justice systems must make in disclosure schemes and their rationales doing so. Those choices include how much to empower judges rather than parties to control disclosure, and how to enforce parties' obligations to disclose when their partisan interest counsels otherwise. Those decisions reflect assessments about how to balance competing epistemic and non-epistemic goals including the goal of accurate truth-determination and divergent interests of the parties, constitutional principles, and the security or privacy victims and witnesses.

You care about difference. In this exigent mood we begin to rework reflexivity through disability and trauma studies. Using performative writing, we trouble you, me, and we in order to uncouple analytical rigor from individual bodies and identities. As we consider violence, injury, and ability, we complicate an imperative for personal disclosure. While continuing to insist on accountability to privilege, we highlight queer vulnerabilities, alternative representation, and non-normative emotion. We draw together readers and writers in a recursive textual process, a feminist ethic attentive to inequality and suffering. We call this methodological presence with others reflexive caring.

We read the article by Haut et al. with interest. 1 The authors report on the ability of some patients with epilepsy to predict the occurrence of their seizures. As suggested by the authors, this ability may rely on prodromes or warning and initial symptoms. Preictal dysphoria is a phenomenon well described by patients and their relatives, but the frequency, duration, and clinical features have been only occasionally investigated. The last systematic study specifically dedicated to this subject was published in 1986. 2 It is evident that mood changes preceding the occurrence of seizures represent a neglected area of research in epileptology and neuropsychiatry of epilepsy that, conversely, may have important clinical implications. Research concerning seizure-alerting dogs is also of interest. 3 It is possible that this phenomenon could be interlinked with preictal dysphoria-that dogs' behaviors are influenced by specific mood changes of the owner occurring in the preictal phase. It is now accepted that the end of the seizure is not the end of the problem, 4 but what precedes the seizure can be equally interesting.

In 2002, the Dutch Euthanasia Act came into effect, which made euthanasia available to individuals from the age of 12 and above. The objective of our study was to gain insight into how Dutch paediatricians and other physicians treating children feel about the regulation of physician-assisted dying. We interviewed 63 paediatricians, 125 general practitioners and 208 clinical specialists about their views on physician-assisted dying and the Euthanasia Act. Of the paediatricians, 44% agreed with the age limit of 12 years, and 52% agreed with the requirement that parents be involved. Somewhat more than half thought the Act could contribute to the disclosure of end-of-life practices (52%), the quality of the review procedure (61%), careful decision making (54%) and the reporting rate (65%). These percentages were comparable for other physicians. A minority of the physicians in all groups indicated that, with this Act in place, they would be more willing to report such practices. The most optimistic in this respect were the paediatricians, of whom 39% expected such an effect. About half of Dutch paediatricians support the Euthanasia Act and expect it to achieve its aims, which is the same percentage as was found for other clinical specialists and general practitioners. However, most physicians do not foresee an increase in willingness to report cases of physician-assisted dying.

The aim of this study was to enhance the understanding of young girls’ experiences of peer sexual harassment in elementary school and of normalizing processes of school-related sexualized violence. Six focus group interviews with girls in Grade 1 through 6 were carried out in an elementary school in the northern part of Sweden. A content analyses showed that young girls experienced verbal, nonverbal, and sexual assault behaviors at school. Sexual harassment as a concealed phenomenon and manifest within a romantic discourse were themes found in the analysis. A conclusion is that schools have to acknowledge behaviors related to sexual harassment as a potential problem even in young ages and develop methods to approach the subject also for this age group.

The tendency to keep secrets in adolescents has been studied in particular in their relationships with their parents and associated with psychosocial disadvantages. The current study focused on peer relationships and investigated the effects of friendship quality, loneliness in a multidimensional perspective, and self-esteem on secrecy from friends. Italian adolescents (N = 457; 47% male; 100% white) aged between 13 and 19 years (M = 16.11; SD = 1.53) reported their secrecy from friends, peer and parent-related loneliness, aversion and affinity for aloneness, their self-esteem and the quality of their relationships with their friends. The results showed that peer-related loneliness, affinity for aloneness and self-esteem in particular affect keeping secrets from friends, independent of the participant's gender. Moreover, peer-related loneliness and affinity for aloneness mediated the relationship between self-esteem and secrecy. The data were discussed in the light of adolescenc...

As part of the Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of the Science series of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), this systematic review sought to identify completed and ongoing evaluations of the comprehensive patient-centered medical home (PCMH), summarize current evidence for this model, and identify evidence gaps. We searched PubMed®, CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for published English-language studies, and a wide variety of databases and Web resources to identify ongoing or recently completed studies. Two investigators per study screened abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion, abstracted data, and performed quality ratings and evidence grading. Our functional definition of PCMH was based on the definition used by AHRQ. We included studies that explicitly claimed to be evaluating PCMH and those that did not but which met our functional definition. Seventeen studies with comparison groups evaluated the effects of PCMH ...

Background: Conventional multisession genetic counseling is currently recommended when disclosing APOE genotype for the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cognitively normal individuals. Objective: To evaluate the safety of brief disclosure protocols for disclosing APOE genotype for the risk of AD. Methods: A randomized, multicenter noninferiority trial was conducted at four sites. Participants were asymptomatic adults having a first-degree relative with AD. A standard disclosure protocol by genetic counselors (SP-GC) was compared with condensed protocols, with disclosures by genetic counselors (CP-GC) and by physicians (CP-MD). Preplanned co-primary outcomes were anxiety and depression scales 12 months after disclosure. Results: Three hundred and forty-three adults (mean age 58.3, range 33-86 years, 71% female, 23% African American) were randomly assigned to the SP-GC protocol (n 5 115), CP-GC protocol (n 5 116), or CP-MD protocol (n 5 112). Mean postdisclosure scores on all outcomes were well below cutoffs for clinical concern across protocols. Comparing CP-GC with SP-GC, the 97.5% upper confidence limits at 12 months after disclosure on co-primary outcomes of anxiety and depression ranged from a difference of 1.2 to 2.0 in means (all P , .001 on noninferiority tests), establishing noninferiority for condensed protocols. Results were similar between European Americans and African Americans. Conclusions: These data support the safety of condensed protocols for APOE disclosure for those free of severe anxiety or depression who are actively seeking such information.

Stigma has a significant impact on the diagnosis of a variety of illnesses, patients' compliance with treatment and their recovery from these diseases. However, the Indian medical and nursing curriculum has given relatively little attention to recognising and addressing the issue of stigma. This study compared the perception of stigma with respect to tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) among medical and nursing students to that among patients with these diseases. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) questionnaire was used for all patients and student groups. Focus group discussions were held with only the students to understand their concept of stigma and the challenges they face while addressing stigma, and to explore their role in addressing stigma. The data showed that patients with TB prefer not to disclose their illness, while DM is not perceived of as stigmatising by patients. As a group, medical and nursing students attached excessive stigma to patien...

Global ratings, such as those based on consumer satisfaction, are a commonly used form of report on the performance of health plans and providers. A simple averaging of the global rating by plan members leads to a problem: it gives a plan greater incentives to improve services used by low-cost members than services used by high-cost members. This paper presents a formal model of consumer formation of global ratings and the incentives these rating convey to plans. We use this model to characterize weights on consumer respondents to correct the incentive problem. We implement our proposed solution using data from the Consumer Assessments of Health Care Providers and Systems (CAHPS) and the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). Our correction is low-cost, easily implemented on an ongoing basis, and insensitive to assumptions about why health plans care about quality ratings.

Physicians and other providers are often confronted with difficult decisions in the area of disclosure. This article examines a hypothetical situation relevant to the practice of pediatric endocrinology. The parents of a child with a disorder of sex development (DSD) wish the physician to treat their child, but without revealing key medical information to the child. Herein, we will explore the legal and ethical responsibilities of a provider to disclose information to an under-age DSD patient and to provide insight on when and how to tell the patient.

Background: Boundary issues, which regularly arise in therapy, can present dilemmas for most clinicians. There has been substantial literature on boundary excursions in clinician-patient relationships, however, very little empirical research exists and is documented. As mental health researchers, we need to investigate a wide range of sensitive topics to enhance our understanding of the many issues that arise in the psychotherapeutic frame. Aims: We set out to empirically explore perceptions of what may constitute a boundary violation among the mental health staff in the State of Qatar and their views on the subject. Results: A total of 50 participants (24 psychiatrists, 2 doctorate level psychologists, 24 psychiatric nurses) responded with a response rate of 80%. Participants rated each possible boundary violation according to its degree of harm and professional unacceptability. Three distinct groupings of boundary violations were obtained: (1) core, consisting of the most serious violations; (2) disclosure and greeting behaviour, involving disclosure of information about the therapist and greeting behaviour; and (3) separation of therapist and client lives, involving encounters between therapists and clients outside of therapy. Conclusions: It is important to ascertain these dilemmas so that these theoretical models can be integrated in clinical practice.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has embarked on an intensive campaign to integrate elimination of cancer health disparities into the Society's overall mission and activities. Key components of this commitment are enhancing awareness of disparities; improving access to care; and supporting research on health disparities. Major objectives are to advance the education of the oncology community in the care of patients from underserved and minority populations; increase the diversity of the clinical oncology workforce as a requisite to improving access to cancer care for the underserved; and support research in the area of health disparities. Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer care are an issue of critical importance to ASCO, the oncology community, and our society at large. The health disparities initiative outlined herein enunciates ASCO's dedication to eliminating disparities in cancer care and discusses our multipronged approach for addressing disparities within the clinical oncology community. ASCO is committed to collaborating with the diverse community of stakeholders to undertake the following: develop policies to guarantee equal access to quality health care, with special emphasis on reducing insurance and economic barriers to cancer care; develop a comprehensive plan to increase awareness of racial and ethnic disparities in cancer care; execute a strategy to enhance the supply of minority physicians and to improve the training of the oncology workforce to meet the needs of racially and ethnically diverse cancer patients; increase prioritization of public and private research on cancer care disparities; develop mechanisms to increase participation of racially and ethnically diverse populations in cancer clinical trials; and support initiatives to enhance patients' involvement in their cancer care.

The perormance of two groups of hospitalized mentally ill patients (schizophrenia and major depression) and two groups of non-mentally-ill patients (patients hospitalized for ischemic heart disease and non-ill primary care patients) was compared on a standardized, objective instrument for assessing patients' understanding of information relevant for patient decision making (consent) about treatment with medication. Generally, hospitalized schizophrenic patients manifested significantly poorer understanding of “informed consent” disclosures about potential medication than did the other groups. Considerable variance, however, was apparent within the schizophrenic group and was related to a number of clinical and demographic variables. The results are interpreted with reference to issues of compatence to consent to or refuse treatment.

Rationale/objectives: Checklist utilization has been shown to improve multiple processes of care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The ICU setting makes checklist implementation challenging particularly when prompters are unavailable to ensure checklist compliance. We performed a prospective analysis on physician compliance reporting as a means to improve attending physician compliance with checklist use during ICU rounds. Methods: Prospective analysis of 14 attending physicians' compliance with checklist use before and after accountability measures employed at two urban academic hospitals in the United States. The accountability measures were bi-monthly publication of physician checklist compliance via division e-mail and during a multi-disciplinary division conference. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 5,812 patient-days of ICU care were assessed from April 2013 through March 2014. Compliance with checklist use during ICU rounds improved at both academic hospitals duri...

This report was prepared by a team from the World Bank on the basis of the findings from a diagnostic review carried out in Morocco in May 2002. The staff team comprised M. Zubaidur Rahman and Frédéric Gielen (OPCFM), and Meryem Benchemsi (MNACS). The review was conducted through a participatory process involving various stakeholders and led by the country authorities.

The literature on death expectation in ill old age is mostly medical. A social science standpoint (especially quantitative) is practically absent. However, whether families, social and healthcare services can anticipate, support and prepare for the deaths of ill old adults is not reducible to the biomedical paradigm. Yet it is critical for end of life care (EOLC) policy. This study's aim is to investigate relatives' perception of death as unexpected in relation to both disease-related and care-related factors. Using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing End-of-life Interviews Wave 6 this paper draws on probit regression analysis of unexpected (vs. expected) death in ill adults aged 50+. Findings are interpreted considering the containment of sudden death and the trajectories of dying in ill old age. The latter display overall visible decline preceding death. On this basis, EOLC literature and policy evidence death's uncertain timing as much as death's certain emergence in the horizon of expectation. Therefore, unexpected death in ill old age was interpreted as a failure to acknowledge dying, rather than the impossibility of discerning its approach. Very old age, dementia diagnoses and supported care environments were found to shape unexpected death.

To explore the feelings and experiences of TB patients, and to highlight how TB stigma may affect case finding and compliance with treatment. Qualitative research approach using focus groups and individual interviews. Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan district, Ghana. Purposeful selection of TB patients receiving TB at four government hospitals in the district. None. Because of TB stigma, majority of the patients failed to recognise their symptoms as due to TB, and attributed it to malaria and ordinary cough. They reported to the hospital only after prolonged period of self-medication in the community, with some indicating multiple visits before a diagnosis was made. When diagnosed, some were worried and cried, questioned how they got the disease, contemplated committing suicide, and others doubted it was TB. Most of them hid the diagnosis from others, and were isolated within the family and community. Most TB patients failed to recognize their symptoms as due to TB, because of the stig...

There is evidence to suggest that pregnancy may trigger or
exacerbate domestic violence. Domestic violence is recognised to be a
significant contributory factor to maternal and fetal morbidity and
mortality. The midwife is ideally placed to recognise domestic abuse
and offer care, support and information. This article describes and
discusses the multi-complex issues surrounding domestic abuse,
highlights possible indicators, how to ask questions, the importance of
documenting evidence and explores ways that midwives can be
responsive to the needs of abused women and their children.

Disclosure is a crucial aspect of the corporate landscape and has been the subject of in-depth scholarly discussion in recent years.

This Article aims to advance this lively debate by carefully analyzing the argument that the beneficial ownership reporting requirements adopted under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 — requiring “a purchaser that beneficially owns 5 percent or more of a class of a Public Target Company’s equity securities . . . to promptly disclose its ‘plans or proposals’ to acquire additional securities of the Public Target Company or merge with the Public Target Company” no later than 10 days following such 5 percent acquisition — should be amended.

This study examined the relation between culturally based variables and attitudes toward seeking mental health services among a community sample of Vietnamese Americans ( N = 148) with at least 8 years' residence in the United States (U.S.). Variables included Stigma, Traditional Beliefs about Mental Illness, Help-Seeking Preferences, Problem Prioritizing, and Disclosure. The results indicated that Disclosure, Help-Seeking Preferences, and Problem Prioritizing were significant predictors of attitudes. Greater willingness to disclose, greater preference for professional resources over family/community resources, and higher priority placed on mental/emotional health concerns over other concerns were each associated with more favorable attitudes toward seeking mental health services. Stigma and Traditional Beliefs about Mental Illness did not appear to be significant predictors. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 213–231, 2005.

…It was first proposed in May 2019 by Chairman Eric Schmidt, head of National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI), a subcommittee of the Department of Defense, to adopt China’s model in the use of AI for mass surveillance and data collection. The vision of this project is meant to ‘strengthen the US economy by implementing AI as a means to compete against China.’ The main issue with this proposal is that it would require the U.S. to adopt a Communist model of draconian measures in order to install new infrastructure. We have seen this occur in the last three months here in the United States. but under different circumstances— COVID-19….

the journal must have been registered prospectively in a publicly-accessible trials register. We will accept any register that satisfies the International Committee of Journal Editors requirements. Authors must provide the name and address of the register and the trial registration number on submission.

This paper examines the social parameters surrounding the management a/informed consent procedures for the parents ofyoung deafchildren/or the surgical fitting ofa cochlear implant ('biO/lic ear') to their child. Although most observers of this remarkable and well publicised medical development only see benefits in its use, the authors examine the nature afthe conflict which has emerg.?d between medical and media portrayals of the 'miracle' device and the contrasting social. cultural and linguistic views afmany Deafpeople. The paper analyses the components ofparental consent procedures for surgical implantation oftheir child, covering the risk-benefit analysis and, in particular; the information base that is provided for parents about the social construction ofa 'Deaf life' by many Deafpeople.

Objective: To explore the experiences of victims of female sex offenders with regard to disclosing sexual abuse to a professional, and importantly, the impact of professional responses on victims. Method: The data were derived from one-to-one semi-structured interviews with 14 (7 males, 7 females) victims of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators. Victims ranged in age from 23 to 59 years and were recruited through professional referrals or through poster advertisements in counseling services. Participants responded to questions on their family background, experience(s) of sexual abuse, experience(s) disclosing the sexual abuse to a professional, and the impact of professional responses. Results: The majority of victims reported sexual abuse by their mothers. The average age of onset of the sexual abuse was age 5, lasting, on average, 6 years. Five participants reported experiencing severe, moderate and mild sexual abuse, four reported experiencing both severe and mild sexual abuse and five reported experiencing moderate and mild sexual abuse. The findings underscore the significance of professional intervention in relation to victim disclosures of sexual abuse by females. Professional responses to disclosures, whether positive or negative, appeared to have a crucial impact on the well-being of victims. Supportive professional responses including the acknowledgment and validation of victims' experiences of sexual abuse appeared to mitigate the negative effects of the abuse. In contrast, unsupportive responses where professionals minimized, or disbelieved victims' allegations of sexual abuse appeared to exacerbate the negative effects of the sexual abuse, ultimately inciting secondary victimization. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for the development and implementation of professional training initiatives to sensitize professionals to the issue of female sex offending and the intervention needs of victims. Failure to do so could have negative consequences for victims sexually abused by females.

eople ith disabilites are employed at less than hal the rate o their non-disabled peers rErickson, Lee, von Schrader, 21oo0; and the ctrrent economic climate is makinn it even harder or people ith disabilites to obtain employment rKaye, 21o10. Dtrinn the stmmer and all o 21oo, Cornell University's Employment and Disability Instttte and the American Associaton o eople ith Disabilites rAA D0 collaborated on the development and implementaton o a strvey on ctrrent critcal isstes arotnd the employment o people ith disabilites. his research as tnded by the U.S. Department o Edtcaton atonal Instttte on Disability and Rehabilitaton Research or Cornell's Employment Policy or eople ith Disabilites Rehabilitaton Research and raininn Center. hree primary isstes ere addressed in the strvey: disability disclostre, leave as a reasonable accommodaton, and the tse o ob applicant screeners. hese are emerging issues that may have an important impact rpositve or nenatve0 on the employment o people ith disabilites. he experiences uncovered in this survey provide a otndaton or policy development around these very critcal isstes.

The communication of information in clinical settings is fraught with problems despite avowed common aims of practitioners and patients. Some reasons for the problematic nature of clinical communication are incongruent frames of reference about what information ought to be shared, sociolinguistic differences and social distance between practitioners and patients. Communication between doctors and nurses is also problematic, largely due to differences in ideology between the professions about what ought to be communicated to patients about their illness and who is ratified to give such information.

ObjectiveTo assess the risk factors associated with heterosexual HIV transmission among South Indian discordant couples enrolled in clinical care.To assess the risk factors associated with heterosexual HIV transmission among South Indian discordant couples enrolled in clinical care.MethodsA nested matched case–control study of serodiscordant couples in which the HIV-infected partner (index case) was enrolled in care. Demographic and clinical characteristics, sexual behaviours, CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads were measured at enrolment and longitudinally over 12 months of follow-up. The study included 70 cases who seroconverted during study follow-up and 167 matched controls who remained persistently serodiscordant.A nested matched case–control study of serodiscordant couples in which the HIV-infected partner (index case) was enrolled in care. Demographic and clinical characteristics, sexual behaviours, CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads were measured at enrolment and longitudinally over 12 months of follow-up. The study included 70 cases who seroconverted during study follow-up and 167 matched controls who remained persistently serodiscordant.ResultsThe incidence of HIV infection among the initially seronegative partners was 6.52 per 100 person-years. Persistently discordant patients were more likely to have initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) than patients in seroconverting relationships (62.9%vs. 42.9%) (P=0.001). Patients in seroconverting relationships had significantly higher plasma viral loads (PVLs) than patients in discordant relationships at enrolment, at 6 months and at 12 months (P<0.05). Patients in seroconverting relationships were less likely to use condoms with their primary partners than patients in discordant relationships (P<0.05). Patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months were diagnosed more often with genital Herpes simplex than patients in discordant relationships (P=0.001). In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression, the following variables were associated with seroconversion: PVL >100 000 [odds ratio (OR): 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.8], non-disclosure of HIV status (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 4.3–6.2) and not using condoms (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 2.4–3.6).The incidence of HIV infection among the initially seronegative partners was 6.52 per 100 person-years. Persistently discordant patients were more likely to have initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) than patients in seroconverting relationships (62.9%vs. 42.9%) (P=0.001). Patients in seroconverting relationships had significantly higher plasma viral loads (PVLs) than patients in discordant relationships at enrolment, at 6 months and at 12 months (P<0.05). Patients in seroconverting relationships were less likely to use condoms with their primary partners than patients in discordant relationships (P<0.05). Patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months were diagnosed more often with genital Herpes simplex than patients in discordant relationships (P=0.001). In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression, the following variables were associated with seroconversion: PVL >100 000 [odds ratio (OR): 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.8], non-disclosure of HIV status (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 4.3–6.2) and not using condoms (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 2.4–3.6).ConclusionsCouples-based intervention models are crucial in preventing HIV transmission to seronegative spouses. Providing early treatment for sexually transmitted infections, HAART and enhancing condom use and disclosure could potentially decrease the risk of HIV transmission within Indian married couples.Couples-based intervention models are crucial in preventing HIV transmission to seronegative spouses. Providing early treatment for sexually transmitted infections, HAART and enhancing condom use and disclosure could potentially decrease the risk of HIV transmission within Indian married couples.

As part of the Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of the Science series of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), this systematic review sought to identify completed and ongoing evaluations of the comprehensive patient-centered medical home (PCMH), summarize current evidence for this model, and identify evidence gaps. We searched PubMed®, CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for published English-language studies, and a wide variety of databases and Web resources to identify ongoing or recently completed studies. Two investigators per study screened abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion, abstracted data, and performed quality ratings and evidence grading. Our functional definition of PCMH was based on the definition used by AHRQ. We included studies that explicitly claimed to be evaluating PCMH and those that did not but which met our functional definition. Seventeen studies with comparison groups evaluated the effects of PCMH ...

To explore how people living with HIV (PLHIV) and in care encourage others to adopt HIV-protective behaviours, we conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 40 HIV clinic patients in Kampala, Uganda. Content analysis was used to examine the message content, trigger events, and outcomes of HIV-prevention advocacy events initiated by the HIV clients with members of their social