Damages

El objetivo principal de la investigación fue la identificación de elementos que permitieran proponer criterios de reparación con perspectiva de género para las mujeres sobrevivientes del genocidio contra la Unión Patriótica. Para ello se realizó un análisis sobre el concepto de genocidio político, se identificaron los daños y perjuicios ocasionados a las víctimas y se propusieron mecanismos de reparación integral. Metodológicamente, la base teórica se fundamentó a través de la perspectiva de género y los derechos humanos. Se utilizó el paradigma cualitativo y el método de estudio de caso colectivo. Los instrumentos de recolección de información utilizados fueron: grupos focales, fichas bibliográficas y entrevistas. En los resultados se  evidenciaron varios hechos que victimizaron a las mujeres, principalmente homicidio y desaparición forzada. Los daños identificados son de carácter material e inmaterial, además de otros que se enmarcaron en una categoría especial dada su importancia. Los hechos ocurridos deben tipificarse bajo la categoría de genocidio político aunque la normatividad internacional no lo reconozca y Colombia lo haya hecho de manera posterior al caso. Con respecto a la reparación, las mujeres sufrieron consecuencias que les afecta su condición particular de ser mujer, por lo que deben ser reparadas con acciones afirmativas concretas que les garantice su reparación integral.

Abstract. The main objective of the research was to identify elements that would allow to propose repair criteria with a gender perspective for women victims of the genocide against the Patriotic Union. for that, an analisis was realized about the concept of political genocide, the damages caused to victims were identified and integral reparation mechanisms were proposed. Methodologically, the theoretical basis was based through gender and human rights. The qualitative paradigm and the method of collective case study was used. The data collection instruments used were: focus groups, bibliographic records and interviews. In the results several facts victimized women, mainly homicide and forced disappearance became evident. The damages identified were of tangible and intangible nature, besides others who were part of a special category because of its importance. The events should be categorized under the category of political genocide although not recognize international standards and Colombia has done post-case manner. With respect to compensation, women suffered consequences affecting them their particular condition of being a woman, so it should be repaired with concrete affirmative action that guarantees their full compensation.

The Abstracts that follow are arranged by type of session (Posters fi rst, then Orals, Colloquia, and Workshops). The Poster abstract numbers correspond to the Poster Board number at which the Poster will be presented. Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multifl orum), which grows prolifi cally during the strawberry production season in the Gulf South, has the potential to serve as a living mulch if its growth is controlled. Sublethal dosages of Embark, a plant growth regulator, and the herbicides Poast and Rely were determined on ryegrass. Growth retardation was rated from 0 = none to 6 = dead. In 1993, all Poast dosages (1/8X -1X, where X = 8 ml•L -1 ) were lethal. Embark regulated ryegrass growth, but its study was discontinued because of the unlikelihood that it could be labeled for use on strawberries. Results of the 1994 study suggested that prime oil in the spray may cause an inordinate amount of vegetative browning. In 1995, three levels of oil (1/256X, 1/64X, and 1/32X, where X = 8 ml•L -1 ) were HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 32(3), JUNE 1997 428 used with each of four levels of Poast (0, 1/32, 1/64, and 1/128X). Increased levels of oil generally caused increased browning at each level of Poast, but no browning occurred where oil only was applied in the spray. In contrast to results in 1995, oil at 1/32X with no Poast caused considerable browning (score = 3.25) in 1996. The most desirable control (score = 2.75) was accomplished by a spray containing 1/128X Poast and 1/64X oil. The most desirable control by Rely (score = 3.25) was accomplished by 1/64 and 1/32X sprays. Rely is not labeled for strawberries although it is labeled for other fruit crops. Chemical names used: 2-[1-(ethoxylmino)buty1]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propy1]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1one (Poast); Paraffi n Base Petroleum Oil + polyol Fatty acid Esters (Prime oil); N- [2,4dimethyl-5-[[(trifl uoromethyl)-sulfony]amino]phenyl] acetamide (Embark); ammonium-Dl-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl) phosphinate (Rely). A fi eld study was conducted to evaluate individual and collective infl uences of three soil moisture-supplementing practices (irrigation, incorporated peatmoss, and mulching) on root system development in 'Gulfcoast' southern highbush blueberries. Root growth was least in plants not mulched and greatest in plants receiving all three supplements. Ranking of individual treatments on root dry weight production was mulch > incorporated peatmoss = irrigation. Mulching resulted in uniform root distribution from the plant crown outward and in root growth concentrated in the upper 15 cm of soil. Other practices (peatmoss > irrigation) tended to concentrate the root system near the crown area and resulted (peatmoss = irrigation) in greater root depth. Soil moisture appeared to be the major factor infl uencing root distribution. Experiments were conducted to determine the temperatures at which different densities of INA bacteria incite ice crystallization on 'Totem' strawberry fl owers and to determine if there is a relationship between densities of INA bacteria on strawberry fl owers and fl oral injury. Primary fl owers were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae at 10 6 cells/ml buffer, incubated at 25°C day/10°C night and 100% RH for 48 h, and exposed to -2.0°C. No ice nucleation occurred on these inoculated fl owers and all of the fl owers survived. However, when inoculated fl owers were subjected to lower temperatures, ice nucleation occurred at -2.2°C and few of the fl owers survived. In contrast, ice crystals formed on the surface of most non-inoculated fl owers at -2.8°C and 21% of the fl owers survived exposure to -3.5°C. When INA bacterial densities were ≈10 5 colony forming units/g dry wt, fl oral injury occurred at a warmer temperature than to fl owers that had lower bacterial densities. Apartado Postal No. 125, Caborca, Son.

This study explored the effects of bullying victimization (BV), as a Type II traumatic stressor, on intelligence quotient (IQ), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and complex PTSD symptoms. Participants were 390 African American and Iraqi refugee adolescents. Measures of BV, cumulative life trauma, PTSD, discrimination, and IQ were administered. Correlational, multilevel regression, and path analyses were conducted. BV, independent of cumulative trauma, and discrimination were found to have 432 I. A. Kira et al.

Istanbul, the capital of Eastern Rome, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire, has always
been an important city, decorated with emblematic buildings. The seismicity of the city and
the surrounding area, however, has been one of the most challenging points the designer of
these daring historical structures had to face. Very strong tremors, recurring in every one and
a half century in average, hit the city leaving a tragic mark in the history. The legendry dome
of Hagia Sophia, the most important structure of the city, for instance, collapsed in 1509 due
to a strong shaking. The dome of Beyazıt Mosque, commissioned by the Sultan Beyazıt,
collapsed 3 years after its completion during the 1509 Earthquake as well. Fatih Mosque,
commissioned by the conqueror of the city, Mehmet the 2nd, collapsed during the 1766
Earthquake to such an extend that the bearing system of the structure had to be redesigned
during the reconstruction works. Atik Ali Paşa Mosque in Beyazıt Square, experienced a
severe damage during the 1766 Earthquake thus the load bearing system and the dome had to
be repaired and even altered.
This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during
strong historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most
important component of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings,
together with their estimated epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in the domed structures has been examined. It is found
that the Historical Peninsula, which is where once Constantinople was located, has several
vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard level at the same time. Certain structures have
been found to be quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant damages
multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the
historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past
seismic events.

Background: There is considerable evidence that being  involved in compensation processes has a negative impact on claimants’ health. Previous studies suggested that this negative effect is caused by a stressful compensation process: claimants suffered from a lack of communication, a lack of information, and feelings of distrust. However, these rather qualitative findings have not been quantitatively investigated yet. This observational study aimed to fill this gap of knowledge, investigating the claimants’ perceived fairness of the compensation process, the provided information, and the interaction with lawyers and insurance companies, in relation to the claimants’ quality of life.
Method: Participants were individuals injured in traffic accidents, older than 18 years, who were involved in a compensation process in the Netherlands. They were recruited by three claims settlement offices. Outcome measures were procedural, interactional, and informational justice, and quality of life.
Results: Participants (n = 176) perceived the interaction with lawyers to be fairer than the interaction with insurance companies (p < .001). The length of hospital stay was positively associated with procedural justice (b = .31, p < .001). Having trunk/back injury was negatively related to procedural
justice (b = .25, p = .001). Whiplash injury and length of time involved in the claim process were not associated with any of the justice scales. Finally, procedural justice was found to be positively correlated with quality of life (rs = .22, p = .004).
Discussion: The finding that the interaction with insurance companies was considered less fair than the interaction with lawyers may imply that insurers could improve their interaction with claimants, e.g. by communicating more directly. The result that claimants with mild injuries and with trunk/back injuries
considered the compensation process to be less fair than those with respectively severe injuries and injuries to other body parts suggests that especially the former two require an attentive treatment. Finally, the fact that procedural justice was positively correlated with quality of life could implicate that it
is possible to improve claimants’ health in compensation processes by enhancing procedural justice, e.g. by increasing the ability for claimants to express their views and feelings and by involving claimants in the decision-making process.

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of filling techniques and consistency of low-shrinkage composites on the bond strength and internal gap formation in Class I bonded restorations. Two low-shrinkage restorative systems (N'Durance/Septodont and Filtek Silorane/3M ESPE) were used to restore Class I preparations. Bulk increment, two oblique increments or two horizontal increments were performed and Filtek Z350XT was used as a control. Each increment was photoactivated for 40 s and the restored teeth were then stored for 24 h at 37°C before being longitudinally sectioned and the internal margins of the restorations dyed with 1% acid-red propylene glycol solution for 20 s. The specimens were water rinsed and digital images were recorded for the internal gap formation (%) analysis. Stick-shaped specimens were also tested in tension to evaluate the bond strength. Comparative consistency of unset composites was also performed. N'Durance exhibited the highest incidence of internal gaps amongst all the filling techniques. Filtek Silorane showed no significant difference of internal gap formation in comparison with Filtek Z350XT, regardless of the filling technique. Filtek Z350XT exhibited the highest bond strength and N'Durance the lowest when horizontally applied; bond strength of Filtek Silorane was not influenced by the filling technique. Both Filtek Z350XT and N'Durance presented lower consistency. Low-shrinkage composites seem to present equivalent or inferior bond strength and internal gap formation when compared to the methacrylate composite. The quality of the Class I preparation is dependent on the material and filling techniques.