Aquatic Plants

a b s t r a c t H.M. the King of Thailand proposed Bueng Makkasan, the repair factory belonging to the Royal Railway of Thailand (RTT), as a wastewater-collection pond of Bangkok City. It covers about 40 acres, with 5-m depth. The RRT wastewater pond functions at a repair factory and is the collection site of the directpolluted waste of homeless people living around the pond rim and also for temporary reservoir of two influent canals. The water hyacinth aquatic plants were grown well and covered almost the entire surface area of the pond.

Two high performance flow atomic absorption (HPF-AAS) related techniques were chosen to assess their suitability for the determination of several trace elements in complex environmental and biological samples. The technique selected were the Hydraulic High Pressure Nebulization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HHPN-AAS), and the Hydraulic High Pressure Nebulization Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HHPN-FF-AAS), which were applied directly, or after using off line liquid-liquid separation-preconcentration-back extraction procedures. Analytical methodologies were developed for Be, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, Ag, Al, Tl, Pb, and Bi, for a variety of samples such as river and seawater, river and marine sediments, soft tissue of mussels, tunicate siphons, aquatic plants, and human samples of clinical interest such as placentas, umbilical cords, and cardiovascular tissues from surgical procedures. The analytical efficiency of the techniques was also proved in a proposed trace metal fractionation approach for river and seawater samples. All samples collected in this work were obtained from the North of Chile, where the most important economic activity is the mining industry.

1. The asymmetric competition for light and nutrients between floating and submerged aquatic plants is thought to be key in explaining why dominance by either of these groups can be stable and difficult to change. 2. Although the shading effect of floating plants on submerged plants has been well documented, the impact of submerged plants on floating plants has been poorly explored hitherto. 3. Here, we used laboratory experiments to examine how submerged plant (Elodea nuttallii) alter nutrient conditions in the water column and how this affects the growth of floating plants (Lemna gibba). 4. We demonstrate that, at higher nutrient concentrations, Lemna is increasingly likely to outcompete Elodea. 5. Under low nutrient concentrations (0.1-2 mg N L )1 ) Elodea can strongly reduce the growth of Lemna. Growth of floating plants virtually stopped in some of the experiments with Elodea. 6. Extremely reduced tissue N, Mn, chlorophyll and elongated roots indicated that the growth inhibition of Lemna by Elodea was predominantly caused by the latter's impact on the nutrient conditions for floating plants. 7. These results strengthen the hypothesis that submerged plants can prevent colonization of a lake by floating plants.

Foraging behaviour of wild coypu was studied to examine two hypotheses that had been previously proposed to explain the species' preference for aquatic plants. First, the nutritional benefit hypothesis which states that aquatic plants are more nutritional than terrestrial plants. Second, the behavioural trade-off hypothesis which states that coypus avoid foraging far from the water because of the costs associated with other types of behaviour. In order to test the nutritional benefit hypothesis, we studied the diet composition of coypus in relation to the protein content of the diet and of the plants available in the environment. Fieldwork was conducted seasonally from November 1999 to August 2000 at one study site located in the Province of Buenos Aires, east central Argentina. Behavioural observations showed that coypus remained foraging in the water and microhistological analysis of faeces indicated that their diet was principally composed of hygrophilic monocotyledons (Lemna spp. and Eleocharis spp.) throughout the year. We did not find support for the nutritional benefit hypothesis: nutritional quality (based on nitrogen content) of hygrophilic plants was not higher than that of terrestrial plants, and seasonal changes in diet quality did not match either fluctuations in vegetation quality or proportion of hygrophilic plants in the diet. Although not directly tested, the behavioural trade-off hypothesis may explain why coypus prefer to forage in or near the water as a mechanism for reducing predation risk. a We included the pteridophyte Azolla within the group of hygrophilic monocotyledons.

BACKGROUND: Sea algae cellulose has been little utilized because the cellulose content in sea algae is low. For the effective utilization of sea algae cellulose, cellulose must be converted without drying into valuable material with a high rate and yield. From this viewpoint, effects of hydrothermal pretreatments of sea algae to enhance the glucose production by enzymatic hydrolysis of sea algae cellulose were investigated. RESULTS: Using hydrothermal pretreatment performed at 423 K for Monostroma nitidum Wittrock (green alga) and at 473 K for Solieria pacifica (red alga) for 30 min, yields of extracted water-soluble components containing monosaccharides were 0.51 g g −1 for the green alga and 0.62 g g −1 for the red alga. The apparent rate of glucose production from hydrothermally pretreated green alga by enzymatic hydrolysis was >10 times faster than that of the non-pretreated sample. Yields of glucose from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis were 79.9% for the green alga and 87.8% for the red alga.

A variety of chemicals including foaming agents are used to aid in the protection of forest resources from the wild land fires. The fire-fighting foams (FFFs) are formulations composed principally of surfactants. As a part of Japanese national project, environmentally inert FFFs have been developed. There is an emerging need for testing the impacts of these FFFs on the living organisms composing the typical landscapes or ecosystems in Japan. In the present report, we aimed to describe our latest attempt for assessing both the short-tem and long-term impacts of FFFs in aquatic (fresh water) and semi-aquatic (wetland) ecosystems , by employing the laboratory-sized model assays (preliminary studies) and the biotope-based observation, respectively. In the biotope assays which was based on the observation in compact biotopes mimicking the fresh water environments and wetland, both the acute and long-term eco-toxic impacts of two FFFs (soap-based and synthetic detergent-based) were assessed. Spraying of synthetic detergent-based foam formula was shown to be more toxic compared to soap-based formula and mock water treatment.

In a study conducted on the extraction of protein from the leaves of 30 freshwater aquatic plants, the highest standing crop fresh yield was found in Typha latifolia (2650 g/m2). The Bio-Medical Data Processing (BMDP) K-means clustering program with K = 2 showed that 11 of the 30 plants had a high protein nitrogen extractability as well as a high nitrogen content of the extracted protein. Among these, leaf protein from Allmania nodiflora had the highest content of crude protein (62.7%) and/~-carotene (782.4 vg/g). Leaf protein prepared from Hygrophila spinosa, Ottelia alismoides and Polygonum barbatum had low in-vitro digestibility. The levels of alkaloids and polyphenols were lower in the extracted protein compared to that present in the original leaf sample.

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Resumo -É apresentado o levantamento florístico de Cabombaceae do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Foram reconhecidas quatro espécies do gênero Cabomba: C. aquatica, C. caroliniana, C. furcata e C. haynesii. O tratamento inclui descrição dos táxons, além de chave de identificação, ilustrações e comentários para as espécies. Palavras-chave adicionais: Brasil, Cabomba, florística, plantas aquáticas, taxonomia.

The first synthesis of the alien flora of Albania is presented here. In order to be able to compare with other published studies, the categories of the aliens are described using widely accepted terms. However, additional terms are also introduced in the text. Altogether, 196 alien species occur outside cultivation, including 81 naturalised and 16 partly naturalised weeds, 11 remnants of the former cultivation, nine old and 38 new casuals, 41 presumably extinct aliens and no invasives. Some authors regarded 25 native species incorrectly as aliens and nine alien species were erroneously documented as members of the Albanian flora. The changes of the alien flora of Albania differ consid-erably from that of most European countries, and the actual proportion of aliens in the Albanian flora is the lowest in Europe. The low number of aliens, the lack of invasives and the relatively low frequency of aliens in Albania are the consequences of the long-term seclusion of the country during the 20th century, and the low level of economic development, the extended land use and also the fact that aliens have been present only for quite a short time in the flora. All recent social and economic changes facilitate the establishment and spread of aliens in the country, especially in the lowlands.

The genus Chlorella is a widely employed microalga for biodiesel, as it can be grown using photo/mixo/ heterotrophic mode of cultivation. The present investigation was undertaken with the hypothesis that addition of different substrates (amino acids, carbon sources, vitamins) along with reducing agents may aid in diverting Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA or fatty acid biosynthesis, under mixotrophic conditions in Chlorella sorokiniana. Preliminary investigations undertaken with two reducing agents individually (sodium thiosulphate and methyl viologen) along with selected substrates revealed the promise of sodium thiosulphate (1%) in enhancing lipid accumulation significantly. Further, the role of inclusion of twelve substrates and sodium thiosulphate revealed that supplementation with tryptophan (0.1%) recorded 57.28% enhancement in lipid productivity on 4 th day. Highest values of lipid productivity of 33% were recorded on 8 th day in 0.1% glucose supplemented medium containing sodium thiosulphate. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profiles generated revealed significant reduction in the content of Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and enhanced Mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (especially oleic acid) in the treatments involving tryptophan, Vitamin B12, sodium pyruvate and glucose. This study reveals the promise of using sodium thiosulphate along with selected substrate for enriching the quality and quantity of lipids, which can be valuable for exploiting algae as a source of biodiesel.

This report describes investigations using artificial wetlands which quantitatively assess the role of each of three higher aquatic plant types, Scirpus validus (bulrush), Phragmites communis (common reed) and Typha lalifola (cattail), in the removal of nitrogen (via sequential nitrification-denitrification), BOD and TSS from primary municipal wastewaters. During the period August 1983-December 1984, the mean ammonia concentration of 24.7mgl-' in the primary wastewater inflow (hydraulic application rate = 4.7 cm day-') was reduced to mean effluent levels of 1.4 mg 1-' for the bulrush bed, 5.3 mg1-I for the reed bed and 17.7mg1-I for the cattail bed, as compared to a mean value of 22.1 mgl-I for the unvegetated (control) bed. For all three vegetated beds, the mean effluent ammonia values were significantly below that for the unvegetated bed and for the inflow. The bulrushes and reeds (in that order) proved to be superior at removing ammonia, both with mean effluent levels significantly below that for the cattail bed. The high ammonia-N (and total N) removal efficiencies shown by the bulrush and reed beds are attributed to the ability of these plants to translocate 0, from the shoots to the roots. The oxidized rhizosphere so formed stimulates sequential nitrification-denitrification. Similarly BOD removal efficiencies were highest in the bulrush and reed beds, both with mean effluent BOD levels (5.3 and 22.2 mg I-', respectively) significantly below that for the unvegetated bed (36.4 mg I-') and equal to or better than secondary treatment quality (30 mg I-'). Our results demonstrate that higher aquatic plants can indeed play a significant role in secondary and advanced (N removal) wastewater treatment by wetland systems, a role that is completely distinct from that associated with their pollutant uptake capacity.

The diverse, aquatic Hydrocharitaceae have defied stable classification for nearly two centuries. Anatomical and morphological convergence characterize many aquatic plants and undoubtedly have hindered the ability of researchers to ascertain accurately those features representing reliable phylogenetic markers within Hydrocharitaceae. Most prior classifications of the family have emphasized few characters to define major taxonomic subdivisions (i.e., they were highly artificial). Previous studies using molecular data have shown that DNA sequences provide novel indications of phylogeny not indicated previously by morphologically based classifications; however, they have not yet recommended alterations to the classification for the family. We conducted a more comprehensive phylogenetic study of Hydrocharitaceae to better elucidate evolutionary relationships among the genera that in turn could be used to provide insight for improvements in classification. We analyzed different data sets (55 morphological characters; chloroplast rbcL, matK, trnK intron sequences; nuclear ribosomal ITS region sequences) singly and in various combinations using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods of phylogenetic reconstruction. Phylogenetic analysis of combined data yielded a fully resolved tree depicting four well-supported, major clades within Hydrocharitaceae. We use these results to propose a phylogenetic classification of Hydrocharitaceae recognizing four subfamilies that correspond to these clades: Anacharidoideae, Hydrilloideae, Hydrocharitoideae, and Stratioideae. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated the pattern of derivation with respect to submersed lifeforms, hydrophilous pollination, and marine habitation in the family. Character reconstructions indicated that several features, (e.g., ovule type; occurrence of detaching male flowers), once thought to provide strong phylogenetic markers in Hydrocharitaceae, actually are highly homoplasious and have acutely mislead past attempts at classification of the family.

a b s t r a c t CO 2 sequestration by cyanobacteria and green algae are receiving increased attention in alleviating the impact of increasing CO 2 in the atmosphere. They, in addition to CO 2 capture, can produce renewable energy carriers such as carbon free energy hydrogen, bioethanol, biodiesel and other valuable biomolecules. Biological fixation of CO 2 are greatly affected by the characteristics of the microbial strains, their tolerance to temperature and the CO 2 present in the flue gas including SO X , NO X . However, there are additional factors like the availability of light, pH, O 2 removal, suitable design of the photobioreactor, culture density and the proper agitation of the reactor that will affect significantly the CO 2 sequestration process. Present paper deals with the photobioreactors of different geometry available for biomass production. It also focuses on the hybrid types of reactors (integrating two reactors) which can be used for overcoming the bottlenecks of a single photobioreactor.

Lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs) were treated using cellulase, neutrase and alcalase in a two-step process and the resulting hydrolysates were used as a source of nutrients for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris under non-aerated and aerated conditions for lipid production. Aeration was favorable for cell growth and lipid accumulation and a biomass of approximately 3.28 g L À1 , lipid content of 35% and lipid productivity of 116 mg L À1 d À1 were obtained. Thus, the tested mode of LMBRs utilization was effective for nutrient recycling in microalgal biodiesel production.

Fresh seaweeds, both wild and cultivated, are commonly eaten as food in the Hawaiian Islands. Before Western contact, limu (seaweed) was a regular part of the diet, and is thought to have contributed vitamins and essential mineral nutrients not found in other staple food items. Twenty-two species of edible Hawaiian macroalgae (6 Chlorophyta, 4 Phaeophyta, 12 Rhodophyta) were analyzed for protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, caloric, mineral and vitamin content. Halymenia formosa and Porphyra vietnamensis ranked highest in total protein content among the species analyzed. Most species contained less than 5% crude lipid, although two Dictyota species had over 16% crude lipid based on dry weight. Soluble carbohydrates ranged from 4.5 to 39.9% dry weight. Ash values ranged from 22.4% to 64.2%. Dictyota sandvicensis and Monostroma oxyspermum had caloric content each over 3000 cal g −1 ash-free dry weight. All species contained measurable quantities of 11 essential mineral elements. The majority of Hawaiian seaweeds tested contained β-carotene (vitamin A), and Enteromorpha flexuosa contained the highest amount of vitamin C (3 mg g −1 ).

There are various types of freshwater aquatic plants to beautify your aquarium. This plant can be used to decorate your aquarium with natural plants, it is safer than artificial plants. This aquarium ornamental plant can be used as a natural aquarium carpet, a residence or fish hideaway, and to balanced aquarium environments.

The health of submerged aquatic vegetation is an important environmental indicator of overall ocean and estuary health.

The biggest benefit that live plants provide for your aquarium is that they produce oxygen (O2) and absorb the carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3) that your fish generate.

The spatial and temporal patterns of the wetland plant communities at Lake Naivasha over the past decade, and the past five years in particular, are discussed in relation to the major controlling factors. The four communities are:-the emergent swamp, dominated by Cyperus species; the floating raft, dominated by the aliens Salvinia molesta and Eichhornia crassipes; the floating-leaved plants, represented only by Nymphaea caerulea; and the submerged angiosperms, consisting of three species of Potamogetons -P. pectinatus, P. schweinfurthiL P. octandrustogether with Najas pectinata. The major factors affecting their dynamics are:-water level changes which influence agricultural clearance, introduced crayfish Procambarus clarldi, and interactions between communities such as the physical effects of mobile floating rafts. The value of the different communities to the ecological and economic value of the lake is highlighted, and the possible damage from future activities discussed.

The Nymphaeales (water lilies) clade has diverged as the second branch in the tree of angiosperms and is composed of the three families Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae and Hydatellaceae. Extant species diversity is constituted by 82 species, about half of which belong to the nearly globally distributed genus Nymphaea. DNA sequence datasets of multiple non-coding and rapidly evolving regions from all three genomic compartments (ca. 8 kb of sequence per taxon) for a dense sampling of Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales and Amborella were examined. In an attempt to review the literature on water lilies of the past decades a matrix comprising 62 morphological characters was generated. The crown group of extant Nymphaeales is supported by a series of synapomorphies, several of which have evolved in line with the acquisition of herbaceous habits and adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle such as the loss of cambium and sclerenchyma. Further innovations evolved subsequently within the diversification of ...

A well-developed aerenchyma is a major characteristic of aquatic plants. However, because such tissues are also found in wetland and terrestrial plants, it is not always possible to use their presence or absence to distinguish aquatic species. Whereas patterns of aerenchyma in roots have been studied in detail, those of the shoots have not. We collected and tested 110 species of various aquatic and wetland plants, including ferns (5), basal angiosperms (5), monocots (65), and eudicots (35). Three common and two rare types of aerenchyma were observed in their roots (three schizogeny and two lysigeny), plus five types of schizogeny in their shoots. We re-confirmed that, although a well-developed aerenchyma is more common in most organs of aquatic plants than in wetland plants, this presence cannot be used as strict evidence for the aquatic quality of vascular plants. Here, aerenchyma patterns were stable at the genus level, and the consistency of pattern was stronger in the roots than in the shoots. Furthermore, significant trends were verified in several higher taxa, and those consistencies of patterns partially coincided with their phylogeny.

Aquaculture in China accounts for nearly 70% of world aquaculture production. Aquaculture, including a wide variety of freshwater and marine fishes, shellfish, crustaceans, and aquatic plants, has become one of the most vital primary industries and a center of economic activity within the local and global economies. Along with the development of aquaculture, concerns come about such problems in the

Increasing urbanization, industrialization and over population is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation and pollution. Heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cd, As etc. are the most toxic pollutants which show hazardous effects on all living things. Lead is one such pollutant which disrupts the food chain and is lethal even at low concentrations. The prevailing purification technologies used for removal of contaminants are not only very costly but causes negative impact on ecosystem subsequently. Phytoremediation, an ecofriendly technology which is both ecologically sound and economically viable is an attractive alternative to the current cleanup methods that are very expensive. This technology involves efficient use of aquatic plants to remove, detoxify or immobilize heavy metals. The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of phytoremediation as an innovative technology and to discuss its usefulness and potential in the remediation of lead contaminated water.

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

A detailed catalogue of vascular plants from eight swamps from the department of Cordoba (Betancí, Martinica, Pantano Bonito, Ayapel, Grande de Lorica, Arcial, Cintura and El Porro) and adjacent areas of fragmented forests, flood forests, gallery forests and stubbles, besides the collections deposited in the Herbario Nacional Colombiano is presented. This is composed by 1002 plant species belonging to 14 pteridophytes (ferns and related), four gymnosperms and 986 angiosperms, including 145 monocotyledons and 842 dicotyledons. 130 families were record, being Fabaceae (33 genus/65 species), Rubiaceae (33/56), Mimosaceae (15/43), Poaceae (28/46), Caesalpiniaceae (15/36) and Euphorbiaceae (17/33) the best represented. 545 genus were recorded corresponding to 10 pteridophytes (Salvinia and Adianthum the most diverse with three species each), 3 gymnosperms and 532 Angiosperms (90 monocotyledons, 442 dicotyledons); being the most specious Solanum (20 species), Psychotria (13), Cordia, Ficus, Piper and Senna (12 each). Herbs are dominant, represented by 425 species (42%), included 67 aquatic species, 11 epiphytes and 87 climbers; 253 species have shrubby habit (25%); 229 are trees (23%), 70 (7%) are woody climbers, 9 (1%) parasites and 2 hemiepiphytes. Relative distribution of richness was as follows: predominate families with low genus representation; those with four or less genus are the 74% of total. At family level the specific index shows as dominant families with four or less species (representing the 61% of total). Predominate genus with a single species (67%); there were no genus with more than 20 species. At larger environments level the richest was the dry forests with 700 species (70% of total censused), followed by the areas of swamp with 412 species (41%) and in the humid forest environment 186 species were recorded, however is important to stand out that areas with this type of forest were very few.

Varios proyectos de investigación realizados en alianzas estratégicas con la Corporación Autónoma Regional del Cesar-CORPOCESAR- nos han permitido conocer con bastante detalle la variabilidad ecológica y los diferentes entornos físicos que abarcan alrededor de las ciénagas del Cesar y sus alrededores. La generación de resultados novedosos en las diferentes áreas temáticas permitió la consolidación de una línea base del conocimiento, fundamental en los procesos de caracterización ecológica y en la elaboración de los planes de manejo ambiental. Estos instrumentos, recomiendan la conservación, uso sostenible y conservación de las ciénagas, sistemas de incalculable valor estratégico para la economía local y regional. En la concepción ideológica sobre los ambientes cenagosos y su relación con la red hídrica, con la biota y con la acción del hombre, ha primado una aproximación integradora en la cual se contemplan tres escenarios principales, la cubeta, la ribera, la llanura de inundación con su transición hacia la tierra firme. La experiencia adquirida por el grupo de investigación Biodiversidad y conservación al desarrollar proyectos de investigación de corte similar en otras regiones geográficas del país, constituyó un eje de referencia apropiado. En esta contribución se presentan de manera muy resumida los resultados más importantes sobre cada uno de los aspectos que se han incluido en nuestras caracterizaciones, particularmente en el complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa. Abarca desde las investigaciones directamente relacionadas con el componente hídrico (limnología, pesquerías) pasando por aspectos físicos del sustrato, del clima, hasta los tratamientos sobre las tareas necesarias para la implementación del plan de manejo ambiental. Se incluyen igualmente los resultados relacionados con las ciénagas del sur del departamento en localidades como San Martín, Gamarra, Pelaya y Aguachica. Como se menciona en el contenido nuestra intensión ha sido presentar de manera sintética el conocimiento generado en estos espacios geográficos para generar una apropiada y rigurosa línea base del conocimiento.

In the recirculation aquaponic system (RAS), fish farming waste was utilized as a nutrient for plant, minimizing the water need, reducing the waste disposal into the environment, and producing the fish and plant as well. The study aimed to examine the growth of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Longifolia) in aquaponic system without the addition of artificial nutrient. The nutrient relies solely on wastewater of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation circulated continuously on the aquaponic system. The results showed that tilapia weight reached 48.49 ± 3.92 g of T3 (tilapia, romaine lettuce, and inoculated bacteria), followed by T2 (tilapia and romaine lettuce) and T1 (tilapia) of 47.80 ± 1.97 and 45.89 ± 1.10 g after 35 days of experiment. Tilapia best performance in terms of growth and production occurred at T3 of 3.96 ± 0.44 g/day, 12.10 ± 0.63 %/day, 96.11 ± 1.44 % and 1.60 ± 0.07 for GR, SGR, SR, and FCR, respectively. It is also indicated by better water quality characteristic in this treatment. Romaine lettuce harvests of T2 and T3 showed no significant difference, with the final weight of 61.87 ± 5.59 and 57.74 ± 4.35 g. Overall, the integration of tilapia fish farming and romaine lettuce is potentially a promising aquaponic system for sustainable fish and horticulture plant production.

Aquatic Plants is a plant that can live in water such as seaweeds, ferns and many other types with special functions in natural habitats. However, now, these aquatic plants have been commercialized for use in decorating fish aquariums to further enhance the attractiveness of the aquarium. In the meantime, aquatic plants are commercialized and sold in the hobby industry to keep ornamental fish in the aquarium actually have some functions. For beginners, aquatic plants are to beautify the aquarium. But for hardcore enthusiasts who prioritize the natural process, planting aquatic plants is more to seek satisfaction. By planting aquatic plants in the aquarium, we can learned that aquatic plants are important to supply oxygen in the aquarium naturally and can absorb carbon dioxide gas released by fish, thus completing natural carbon cycle. Aquatic plants in aquariums can also be a source of natural food for some species of fish that eat leaves or grass and will be a place of fish protection from predators, shelters of laying fish and also as a place of play.