STATISTICS 1 editted

Angelyn DC. Serpa Juan, John Luther Y. Cabillo Industrial Engineering Department Bulacan State University, City of Malolos, Bulacan Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The Engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus are known for depriving themselves of sleep while juggling their studies and social demands leading to irregular sleep schedule and poor sleep quality. This may not be unconnected with the fact that, they feel they must always meet up with the deadlines in form of school assignments and examinations. Keywords: Sleep, Deadlines, assignment  1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement This research aims to determine the factors as to why the Engineering students from Bulacan State University, Malolos Campus are deprived from getting the recommended time of sleep and correlates the effects of poor sleep to the performances and behavior of the students. It will also discuss the consequences of sleep deprivation and will provide compelling solutions to the problem 1.2 Objective of the Study • To determine the consequences of poor quality sleep and to provide solutions to avoid sleep disturbances. • To prove that 75% of 3rd year COE students have sufficient amount of sleep last semester. • To apply Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics in evaluating data. 1.3 Rationale of the Study The purpose of this study is to ascertain how sleep deprivation affects the engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus. This study will attempt to identify a relationship between sleep deprivation and decreased performance, decreased cognitive function, and stress. If sleep has an impact on academic performance, then the importance of sleep should be emphasized as part of Engineering education. This study aims to bring awareness to the society. As a first step, the research topic and instruments used in the study might be applied for future studies, expanding the understanding of the effects of sleep deprivation to the academic performance of engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus. To the researcher, this study will guide them to uncover critical areas in educational process that many researchers were not able to explore. To the students, this study will help them avoid the effects of sleep deprivation that may harm their health and academic performances. To the school administrators, this study may help them guide the teachers on how to make a curriculum that will decrease or avoid the sleep deficiency of the engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus. 1.4 Scope and Limitation Determining if sleep deprivation is an issue will include, investigating college students’ sleep patterns by conducting surveys. The surveys will pinpoint the characteristics of sleep loss by asking questions that are specific to college students’ sleeping patterns. The survey data will be used in association with secondary data analysis to formulate a conclusion about sleep deprivation for college students. The research is intended to conduct to 3rd year engineering students of Bulacan State University, Malolos Campus for the S.Y. 2017-2018. 2. RELATED STUDIES Many things affect the engineering students’ academic performances, however sleep deprivation is increasingly prevalent and becoming the major problem among them. Sleep deprivation is a condition that occurs if you don't get enough sleep. Sleep deficiency occurs when you sleep at the wrong time of day (that is, you're out of sync with your body's natural clock), you don't sleep well or get all of the different types of sleep that your body needs and when you have a sleep disorder that prevents you from getting enough sleep or causes poor quality sleep. It is not uncommon for a sleep-deprived college engineering student to get low marks in his classes because one of the effects of sleep deprivation is a decrease in attention and concentration which greatly affects learning. Students also left feeling sluggish which leads to low performance at school. People need to get six to eight hours of sleep in order for them to go about their tasks properly. Not getting ample rest leads to low productivity levels and in the case of students, low or satisfactory marks in tests, term papers, and class participation. Adequate sleep is a biological necessity, not a luxury, for the normal functioning of humans. Good mental and physical health depends on maintenance of adequate sleep. For most engineering students, the college environment is full of new living and social experiences, new freedom from parental supervision, and new academic demands. Adequate sleep is often neglected. Researchers have noted a positive correlation between lacks of sleep and decreased physical health, mental health, and academic performance. Lack of sleep has also been linked to an increase in psychosocial stress. Most people benefit from at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night, which is an adequate amount of time for a person to complete a regular sleep cycle. When students lose sleep, they disrupt their sleep cycles and their bodies respond by decreasing their ability to concentrate and complete complex tasks. Engineering students are well known for sleep deprivation; therefore, Buboltz, Brown, and Barlow (2001) researched the sleep quality of this age group. There was a high percentage of sleep problems, which supported past research that college students suffer more from sleep problems than the “normal” adult population. McClelland and Pilcher (2007) also examined college students’ self-report on sleepiness. It was noticed that students experiencing sleep deprivation try to avoid more difficult tasks (Trockel, 2009). Also, they often are not aware that the difficulties they are have academically can be directly related to their poor sleep quality (Engle-Friedman, 2003) and might get depressed about someone with a lower cognitive ability scoring better on a test than them, due to the fact that the latter had a better night’s sleep. This would explain the commonly heard comment, “I can’t understand why I did so badly, I spent all the previous day studying” (Engle-Friedman, 2003; Pilcher, 1997). It is well known that sleep quality has neurobehavioral and physiological consequences that might affect students’ health, well-being, and academic functioning positively or negatively. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess the different factors which affect the quality of sleep of engineering students and correlate the effect of poor sleep quality with the performances and behaviours of related to engineering students of Bulacan State University Bustos Campus. Given that sleep influences the ability to think, there have been several studies with the variables of sleep and academic achievement. Trockel, Barnes, and Egget (2000) examined the effects of many health-related behaviors and variables on first year college students’ grade point averages (GPA). The health-related variables included exercise, eating and sleeping habits, mood states, perceived stress, time management, social support, spiritual and religious habits, number of hours worked per week, gender, and age. “The relationship between sleep habits and higher GPA appears to be the most significant finding of this study and provides strong support for the hypothesis that sleep habits account for some of the variance in first year college students’ GPAs” (Trockel et al., 2000, p. 5). Brown, Buboltz and Soper (2006, p.1) stated, “Many students who experience academic difficulties do not realize that poor sleep habits may be contributing to their problem”. A National Sleep Foundation panel concluded last year (2015) that adolescents need eight to 10 hours of sleep a night, yet nearly two-thirds of 17-year-olds report sleeping less than seven hours a night, according to a policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2014. Lawrence Epstein, MD, medical director of Sleep Health Centers in Brighton, Mass., an instructor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, a past president of the AASM and a member of the AASM board of directors, says that sleep deprivation effects not only whether a student can stay awake in class but how they perform as well.“Recent studies have shown that adequate sleep is essential to feeling awake and alert, maintaining good health and working at peak performance,” says Dr. Epstein. “After two weeks of sleeping six hours or less a night, students feel as bad and perform as poorly as someone who has gone without sleep for 48 hours. New research also highlights the importance of sleep in learning and memory. Students getting adequate amounts of sleep performed better on memory and motor tasks than did students deprived of sleep.” Given the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and evidence that students commonly experience sleep difficulties, researchers have examined whether sleep difficulties among college students are associated with impaired academic functioning. Link and Ascoli-Israel (1995) found that the tendency to fall asleep during the daytime was associated with lower self-reported grade point averages (GPAs) among 150 high school students. Higher GPAs, conversely, associated with waking up later, waking up less often during the night, taking fewer naps, and sleeping somewhat longer on school nights. High levels of sleep deprivation are due to heavy academic workloads and employment situations (Drayton et al, 2006). Balancing school work and a job is troublesome for many students and often times, college students find it difficult to balance their time, and in return sacrifice sleep in order to fit more into their busy schedule (Drayton et al, 2006). Many engineering students tend to underestimate the necessities that sleep provides for humans. Sleep deprivation also has a negative impact on behavioural and cognitive efficiencies of an individual (Taheri et al, 2011). Sleep deprivation has been known to decrease performance through increased episodes of lapsing, cognitive slowing, memory impairment and a negative shift in reaction time (Taheri et al, 2011). Additionally, sleep deprivation inhibits the imperative skill of being able to focus in class, which is essential in order to be successful in the classroom (Taheri et al, 2011). 3. METHODOLOGY This research study was designed to analyze the effects impact of sleep deprivation to academic performances of engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus. A survey questionnaire was used in this study to measure sleep habits, sleep quality and academic performances of the engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus. 3.1 Conceptual Framework Sleep has been found to be of the least priority of most individuals especially engineering students. This may not be unconnected with the fact that, they feel they must always meet up with deadlines in form of school assignments and examinations. A descriptive survey design was used to find the relationship between sleep and the academic performance of the Engineering students of Bulacan State University-Malolos Campus. In this study the Cumulative Grade Point Average of the respondents was correlated with the amount of sleep, using surveys and questionnaires. At the end of this study, we will find out if the result will show a significant relationship between adequate /inadequate sleep and academic performance. The study has important implications for policy makers, school administrators and educators planning to improve students’ academic performance who should consider the potential benefits of taking a multidisciplinary approach at understanding and promoting the academic and behavioural wellness of the students. Some of the Engineering students of Bulacan State University-Malolos Campus have school schedule requirements which require them to be fully awake early in the morning, this probably because most of them have classes by 7am. These students are required to be in school till about 5pm or even longer depending on their schedule and are also required to meet up with various class assignments. Reduction of night time sleep due to reduced or altered sleep schedules has been associated with excessive sleepiness and impaired school performance while Physiological studies have also shown that adequate sleep may be important for the consolidation of memory which could have important implications for school success in adolescence . In poor sleepers, the risk of failing one or more years at school is double that of normal controls. Sleep has been found to be on the bottom of the priority list of most individual especially engineering students because they feel they must always meet up with deadlines. Most of the studies already carried out have considered the negative effects of insufficient sleep on students and adults but there is the need to study and understand how a non-medical related cause (poor academic performance) can affect the sleep pattern as well as how poor or inadequate sleep pattern can affect poor academic performance among Engineering Students of Bulacan State University. Therefore, this study was designed to specifically investigate how sleep deprivation affect academic performance of the Engineering students of Bulacan State University-Malolos Campus. Independent Variable Number of hours of sleep per night of the students Dependent Variable Impact to the Academic Performance of the Engineering students of Bulacan State University – Malolos Campus 3.2Data Collection and Sampling Method The descriptive method in this study is the surveying process. This is used to analyze the effects of sleep deprivation among the engineering students of Bulacan State University – Malolos Campus. Researchers believed that randomly picking different people will give them different results that will help them figure out the real root of every problem. That’s why in this study they chose to employ questionnaire and conduct a survey to three hundred sixteen (316) randomly picked individuals out of 1500 3rd year engineering students in order to have a fair judgement of the factors affecting Sleep Deprivation in Engineering Students of Bulacan State University – Malolos Campus as stated in their questionnaires using Slovin’s formula with 5% as their quantity for error. Also, they believed that if they will have this kind of research instrument they will have a more reliable and factual information that will then be used in this study. The questionnaire is composed of seven (7) multiple choice questions. It is mainly focused on the student’s experience inside and outside of the school premises. It also includes questions regarding the student’s performance inside the school. This questionnaire is created to collect the details needed to execute a well-formulated study about sleep deprivation. Hypothesis: 75% of 3rd year COE students have sufficient amount of sleep last semester. 3.3 Data Analysis Table 1: Distribution of Respondents According to Sex SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Female 107 33.86% Male 1.6614 Male 209 66.14% Total 316 100% Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Age AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN 17 44 13.93% 18 18.3576 18 140 44.30% 19 107 33.86% 20- above 25 7.91% Total 316 100% Table 3: Do you think you are getting amount of sleep? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Yes 237 75% Yes 1.25 No 79 25% Total 316 100% Table 4: Do you feel you have less energy/ motivation throughout the day when you have less sleep than needed the night before? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Yes 275 87.93% Yes 1.1297 No 41 12.97% Total 316 100% Table 5: Do you experience negative mood/ behavioral changes when you have bad consecutive days of insufficient sleep? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Yes 256 81.01% Yes 1.1899 No 60 18.99% Total 316 100% Table 6: Do you feel that your academic performance is hindered due to insufficient sleep? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Yes 259 82% Yes 1.1804 No 57 18% Total 316 100% Table 7: How many hours of actual sleep do you average each night? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Less than 3 hours 16 5% 5-6 hrs 30 mins 6.0791 3-4 hours 30 minutes 60 19% 5-6 hrs 30 mins 167 53% 7-8 hrs 30 mins 51 16% 9-10 hrs 30 mins 19 6% 11 hours and above 3 1% Total 316 100% Table 8: How many hours of sleep do you need each night to function at your best? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN Less than 3 hours 3 1% 7-8 hrs 30 mins 8.1456 3-4 hours 30 minutes 16 5% 5-6 hrs 30 mins 35 11% 7-8 hrs 30 mins 177 56% 9-10 hrs 30 mins 60 19% 11 hours and above 25 8% Total 316 100% Table 9: What is your GWA (general weighted average) last semester? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN 1.00-1.50 13 4% 2.00-2.50 2.1504 1.50-2.00 44 14% 2.00-2.50 107 34% 2.50-3.00 60 19% I DON’T KNOW 92 29% Total 316 100% Table 10: How many hours of sleep do you feel you need in a night to function well the next day? ANSWER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE MODE MEAN 3-4 hrs 22 7% 7-8 hours 7.1835 5-6 hrs 82 26% 7-8 hrs 136 43% 9-10 hrs 76 24% Total 316 100% 3.4 Hypothesis Test Problem: Researchers claim that 75% of Third Year Engineering Students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus has sufficient amount of sleep last semester, 237 out of 316 students agreed. Does this data support the researcher’s claim? Use 5% significant level. Ho: p=0.75 (75% of Third Year Engineering Students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus has sufficient amount of sleep last semester) H1: p≠0.75 (Not 75% of Third Year Engineering Students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus has sufficient amount of sleep last semester) x = 237 n= 316 α=0.05 Z- Value= 0.00 P-Value= 1.00 CI: (0.702257, 0.797743) Z (0.025)= -1.9600 1.96 0.00 -1.96 TCI: 0 0.702257 0.75 0.797743 Conclusion Accept Ho, Reject H1 because Z= 0.00 is within Accepted Region Accept Ho, Reject H1 because p=0.75 is within the CI Accept Ho, Reject H1 because P- Value= 1.000> α= 0.05 Therefore, 75% of Third Year Engineering Students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus has sufficient amount of sleep last semester MINITAB RESULT: Test and CI for One Proportion Method p: event proportion Normal approximation method is used for this analysis. Descriptive Statistics N Event Sample p 95% CI for p 316 237 0.750000 (0.702257, 0.797743) Test Null hypothesis H₀: p = 0.75 Alternative hypothesis H₁: p ≠ 0.75 Z-Value P-Value 0.00 1.000 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The respondents were 3rd year engineering students studying at Bulacan State University – Malolos Campus. There were 316 respondents. 44 (13.93%) of the respondents were 17 years old, 140 (44.30%) of the respondents were 18 years old, 107 (33.36%) of the respondents were 19 years old, 25 (7.91%) of the respondents were 20 years old and above 5. RECOMMENDATION Sleep deprivation is prevalent among the population of engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus. Further research is needed to not only determine how to best educate students about the importance of sleep and the consequences of sleep deprivation, but also how to translate this knowledge into practice. When an individual does not get enough sleep to feel awake and alert, they begin to experience symptoms of sleep deprivation. Universities and colleges need to understand, acknowledge, and publicize that policies and class schedules may have substantial impacts on the sleep, learning, and health of the their students. Investigation of new approaches to promote good sleep and sleep habits could have significant public health impact and should be prioritized. 6. CONCLUSION The survey result shows that engineering students of Bulacan State University Malolos Campus are participating in poor sleep habits even though they are aware of the damaging effects sleep loss has on their health and their academic performance. It can also concluded based on the findings of the study that adequate sleep plays significant roles in academic achievement of students, thus, students should adopt a healthy sleep pattern to enhance their academic performance. Table 1: A large table or a figure should be positioned at the top of the page (one column). Index Item1 Item2 Item 3 Item1-1 Item1-1 Item2-1 Item2-2 Item2-3 Item3-1 1 A b c d e f 2 G h i j k l ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We would first like to thanks our Advisor Engr. Dyan G. Rodriguez of Bulacan State University, Engr. Rodriguez was always open whenever we ran into trouble spot or had a question about our research or writing. She consistently allowed this paper to be our own work and steered us in the right direction whenever she thought we needed it. We would also like to thank the subjected persons who participated in our survey to complete our needed data in this research paper. Without their passionate participation our research could not have been successfully conducted. APPENDICES Appendices, if any, directly follow the text and the references (see below). Letter them in sequence and provide an informative title: Appendix A. Title of Appendix. REFERENCES The heading of the References section must not be numbered. All reference items must be in 8 pt font. Please use Regular and Italic styles to distinguish different fields as shown in the References section. Number the reference items consecutively in square brackets (e.g. [1]). When referring to a reference item, please simply use the reference number, as in [2]. Do not use “Ref. [3]” or “Reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence, e.g. “Reference [3] shows …”. Multiple references are each numbered with separate brackets (e.g. [2], [3], [4]–[6]). Examples of reference items of different categories shown in the References section include: • example of a book in [1] • example of a book in a series in [2] • example of a journal article in [3] • example of a conference paper in [4] • example of a patent in [5] • example of a website in [6] • example of a web page in [7] • example of a databook as a manual in [8] • example of a datasheet in [9] • example of a master’s thesis in [10] • example of a technical report in [11] • example of a standard in [12] REFERENCES [1] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed., R. M. Osgood, Jr., Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1998. [2] J. Breckling, Ed., The Analysis of Directional Time Series: Applications to Wind Speed and Direction, ser. Lecture Notes in Statistics. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1989, vol. 61. [3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, “A novel ultrathin elevated channel low-temperature poly-Si TFT,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999. [4] M. Wegmuller, J. P. von der Weid, P. Oberson, and N. Gisin, “High resolution fiber distributed measurements with coherent OFDR,” in Proc. ECOC’00, 2000, paper 11.3.4, p. 109. [5] R. E. Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, “High-speed digital-to-RF converter,” U.S. Patent 5 668 842, Sept. 16, 1997. [6] (2002) The IEEE website. [Online]. Available: https://www.ieee.org/ [7] M. Shell. (2002) IEEEtran homepage on CTAN. [Online]. Available: https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/IEEEtran/ [8] FLEXChip Signal Processor (MC68175/D), Motorola, 1996. [9] “PDCA12-70 data sheet,” Opto Speed SA, Mezzovico, Switzerland. [10] A. Karnik, “Performance of TCP congestion control with rate feedback: TCP/ABR and rate adaptive TCP/IP,” M. Eng. thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Jan. 1999. [11] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, and D. Towsley, “A stochastic model of TCP Reno congestion avoidance and control,” Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, CMPSCI Tech. Rep. 99-02, 1999. [12] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, IEEE Std. 802.11, 1997. BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY City of Malolos, Bulacan COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Rubric for the Assessment of the Study TYPE THE TITLE OF YOUR RESEARCH STUDY HERE (IF THE TITLE HAVE MULTIPLE LINES, THIS WILL WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE) Angelyn DC. Serpa Juan, Pedro G. Santos, John Luther Y. Cabillo BSIE-3B 1 2 3 4 5 Rating DOCUMENTATION Organization of Materials The information collected was not relevant. The information collected was not organized. The information was somewhat organized. The information was organized and contained in recognizable sections. The information was very organized and contained in recognizable sections.   Presentation of Material The study was contrary to established guidelines/ format. The study contained little graphics and paragraphs that were not correctly formatted. The study contained graphics and paragraphs that were not correctly formatted. The study contained graphics and paragraphs that were correctly formatted. The study contained more graphics and paragraphs that were correctly formatted.   Grammar and Clarity The study is poorly written and confusing. Ideas are not communicated effectively. The study communicates ideas adequately. The study contains some grammatical errors. Many sections lack clarity. The study communicates ideas adequately. The study contains some grammatical errors. Some sections lack clarity. The study effectively communicates ideas. The writing is grammatically correct, but some sections lack clarity. The study is well written and ideas are well developed and explained. Sentences and paragraphs are grammatically correct. Uses subheadings appropriately.   SUB-TOTAL   1 2 3 4 5 Rating FEASIBILITY Abstract The abstract is not appropriate to the document. The abstract lacks focus or contains major drifts in focus. The abstract is somewhat focused or has minor drifts in the focus. The abstract has an organizational structure and the focus is clear throughout. The abstract is well organized and has a tight and cohesive focus that is integrated throughout the document.   Assumptions Provides no assumption to support position Provides inappropriate or insufficient assumptions to support position Provides few assumptions to support position Provides adequate assumptions to support position Provides clearly appropriate assumptions to support position.   Methodology The methodologies described are either not suited to the study. The methodology is under-developed and/or is not feasible. The methodologies described are either poorly suited to study. Identifies appropriate methodologies and research techniques but many details are missing or vague. The methodology is largely incomplete. Identifies appropriate methodologies and research techniques but some details are missing or vague. Identifies appropriate methodologies and research techniques.   Supporting Evidence Provides no evidence to support position Provides little evidence to support position Provides inappropriate or insufficient evidence to support position Provides adequate evidence to support position Provides clearly appropriate evidence to support position   Results and Discussion The statistics used are inappropriate to test study hypotheses. Or, results are discussed incorrectly or inappropriately. There is not a good correspondence between the tables and the written document. The results section is under developed. Results section is incomplete in that tables are not integrated or preliminary analyses and statistical controls are not justified. Results are not described accurately. The results section is somewhat developed. Results section is incomplete in that tables are somewhat integrated, or preliminary analyses and statistical controls are not justified. Results are sometimes described accurately. The results discussed are consistent with hypotheses and the data analytic plan. Tables are somewhat integrated and discussed in the section. Adequate justification of preliminary analyses and statistical controls. The statistical results are discussed adequately. The results clearly align with study hypotheses and the data analytic plan. Tables are well integrated and discussed in the section. Controls and preliminary analyses are well explained and justified. The statistical results are discussed in a sophisticated and accurate way.   SUB-TOTAL   1 2 3 4 5 Rating Integration and Analysis No integration of the findings within the extant literature. Fails to attend to issues of feasibility. The integration of the findings within the extant literature is superficial or incomplete to prove the feasibility of the study. The integration of the findings within the extant literature is complete but not convincing enough to prove the feasibility of the study. Poorly justifies the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the current study. Adequately integrates the findings within the extant literature. Addresses how the findings prove the feasibility of the study. Attends to issues of strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the current study. Provides a sophisticated integration of the findings within the extant literature. Clarifies how the findings prove the feasibility of the study. Addresses strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the current study accurately and insightfully.   References and Citations The manuscript has no citations. The manuscript lacks proper citations. The manuscript has several instances of improper use of citations. Contains several statements without appropriately citing. Properly cited. May have a few instances in which proper citations are missing. Properly and explicitly cited. Reference list matches citations   SUB-TOTAL   TOTAL   Evaluated By: Dyan G. Rodriguez, MSIE, PIE, ASEAN Engr.