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![[Emperor's Banner until 1401 (Holy Roman Empire, Germany)]](de_sacr1.gif)
![[Germany 1871-1921, N. Ger. Confed. 1867-1870]](de1871.gif)
![[Third Reich 1933-1945 (Germany)]](de-1933.gif)
![[Allied Occupation of Germany (C-Ensign)]](de-1945.gif)
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- 25 Dec 800 Holy Roman Empire¹
- 6 Aug 1806 Reich dissolved.
Emperors-elect¹
2 Nov 1576 - 20 Jan 1612 Rudolf II
(b. 1552
- d. 1612)
(elected 27
Oct 1575)
20 Jan 1612 - 13 Jun 1612 Imperial vicars
- Friedrich
V (1st time) (b. 1596
- d. 1632)
(count palatine
of the Rhine)
- Johann Georg
I (1st time) (b. 1585 - d. 1656)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
24 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619 Matthias II
(b. 1557
- d. 1619)
(elected 13
Jun 1612)
20 Mar 1619 - 28 Aug 1619 Imperial vicars
- Friedrich
V (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine
of the Rhine)
- Johann Georg
I (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637 Ferdinand III
(b. 1578
- d. 1637)
15 Feb 1637 - 2 Apr 1657 Ferdinand IV
(b. 1608
- d. 1657)
(elected 22
Dec 1636)
2 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658 Imperial vicars
- Karl I Ludwig
(b. 1617 - d. 1680)
(count palatine
of the Rhine;
in dispute with
Ferdinand Maria)
- Ferdinand
Maria (duke of Bavaria)(b. 1636 - d. 1679)
(in dispute with
Karl I Ludwig)
- Johann Georg
II
(b. 1613 - d. 1680)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
1 Aug 1658 - 5 May 1705 Leopold I
(b. 1640 - d.
1705)
(elected 18
Jul 1658)
5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Joseph I
(b. 1678 - d.
1711)
(elected 23
Jan 1690, crowned 26 Jan 1690)
17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial vicars
- Johann Wilhelm
(b. 1658 - d.
1716)
(count palatine
of the Rhine)
- Friedrich
August I "der Starke" (b. 1670 - d.
1740)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Karl VI
(b. 1685 - d.
1740)
(elected 12
Oct 1711)
20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial vicars
- Karl Albrecht
(b. 1697 - d.
1745)
(duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August II (1st time) (b. 1696
- d. 1763)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Karl VII
(s.a.)
(Karl Albrecht,
duke of Bavaria)
(elected 14
Jan 1742)
20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial vicars
- Maximilian
III Joseph
(b. 1727 - d.
1777)
(duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August II (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Franz I
(b. 1708 - d.
1765)
(elected 13
Sep 1745)
18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Joseph II
(b. 1741 - d.
1790)
(elected 27
Mar 1764, crowned 3 Apr 1764)
20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial vicars
- Karl IV Philipp
Theodor
(b. 1724 - d. 1799)
(1st time) (count
palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August III
(b. 1750 - d.
1827)
"der Gerechte"
(1st time)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
9 Oct 1790 - 1 Mar 1792 Leopold II
(b. 1747 - d.
1792)
(elected 30
Sep 1790)
1 Mar 1792 - 7 Jul 1792 Imperial vicars
- Karl IV Philipp
Theodor
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (count
palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August III
(s.a.)
"der Gerechte"
(2nd time)
(count palatine
of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
14 Jul 1792 - 6 Aug 1806 Franz II
(b. 1768 - d.
1835)
(elected 7 Jul
1792)
Archchancellors for Germany
30 Mar 1695 - 25 Jul 1806 the Archbishops
of Mayence (Mainz)
Archchancellors for Gaul and the Kingdom of Arles
13 Jul 1676 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops
of Trier
Archchancellors for Italy
19 Jul 1688 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops
of Cologne
¹Constitutionally the entity dealt here is the
Reich
ruled by the king elected by the electors (Kurfürsten) and
crowned king. (It is a matter of dispute whether the king acquires his
ruling authority with the election or only with the coronation; both dates
are given in the following record.) In theory, his title is just King (König)
without territorial appendage. By the time period covered here, it was
understood that the king had acquired the dignity and notional authority
of a Roman emperor (see below), and the scope of his authority as such
was styled the Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich
- Sacrum Romanum Imperium); the addition "of the German Nation"
(deutscher Nation -
nationis germanicae) comes into official
use in the 15th century (e.g., Act of the Imperial Diet [Reichsschluss]
of 1486); its meaning has been the subject of considerable dispute since
the 17th century. In the time period covered, the imperial authority extended
de facto (except for some vestigial remnants, such as the chartering of
notaries-public throughout Western Europe) only to the (German) Reich,
and official use made no distinctions.
Upon his election (and coronation) the person acquired the
style of king, whether during the lifetime of the ruler or after an interregnum.
Theoretically, he was king just as much as an existing ruler, but this
was just theory. In honor of the imperial status of the ruler, the elected
and crowned king, if not yet emperor-elect (see above), was styled, not
just King or German King, but Roman King (Römischer König
- Rex Romanorum, literally "king of the Romans").
With the demise of the imperial authority, by death or abdication,
if a Roman King was in existence, he took the style of Roman Emperor-Elect,
King in Germany (see above). The imperial coronation by the pope having
been discontinued (except for Karl V 24 Feb 1530), it was decided 4 Feb
1508 to forego the formal acquisition of the style of Roman Emperor and
to fall back on the theory that an elected German king was ipso facto Roman
emperor-elect and to make this point by incorporating this concept into
the ruler's style.
The full style during the period covered (to which were,
of course, attached the styles belonging to the states ruled by the emperor-elect,
such as Archduke of Austria) was as follows: Von Gottes Gnaden erwählter
römischer Kaiser, R.I.S.A., König in Germanien - Divina favente
clementia Romanorum imperator electus et semper augustus, R.I.S.A., rex
in Germania. The initials R.I.S.A. stood for Romanorum imperator
semper augustus, but were misinterpreted to stand for Romani imperii
semper auctor, and this misinterpretation had by the period covered
come into official use, being rendered in German as zu allen Zeiten
Mehrer des Reichs ("at all times increaser of the empire").
Under the provisions of the Golden Bull of 1356, when there
was no king the royal authority was exercised by two imperial vicars (Reichsvikare
- vicarii imperii), each with a separate territorial jurisdiction.
They were specified to be the count palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgraf
bei Rhein) and the count palatine of Saxony (Pfalzgraf von Sachsen).
By the time period covered, the count palatine of Saxony was the duke of
Saxony, elector; and the count palatine of the Rhine was the elector with
that title, until the interregnum of 1657, when the electorate in question,
and with it the county palatine, were in dispute with Bavaria.
The Confederation of the Rhine
-
![[French Flag]](fr.gif)
- 25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813
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of the Rhine |
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25 Jul 1806
Confederation of the Rhine founded.
Charter members:
- King of Bavaria
(to 8 Oct 1813)
- King of Württemberg
- Elector-archchancellor
(formerly archbishop of Mayence).
- Elector of
Baden, becomes a grand-duke.
- Duke of Berg
and Cleves, becomes a grand-duke.
- Landgrave
of Hesse-Darmstadt, becomes a grand-duke.
- Prince of
Nassau-Usingen, senior of these two becomes
a duke.
- Prince of
Nassau-Weilburg
- Prince of
Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Prince of
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Prince of
Salm-Salm
- Prince of
Salm-Kyrburg
- Prince of
Isenburg-Birstein
- Duke of Arenberg
- Prince of
Liechtenstein
- Count of Leyen,
becomes a prince.
From 15 Sep
1806:
- Grand-duke
of Würzburg
From 11 Dec
1806:
- King of Saxony
From 15 Dec
1806:
- Duke of Saxe-Weimar
- Duke of Saxe-Gotha
- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen
- Duke of Saxe-Coburg
- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke of Anhalt-Köthen
- Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Duke of Oldenburg
- Prince of
Lippe-Detmold
- Prince of
Schaumburg-Lippe
- four Princes
of Reuss
- two Princes
of Schwarzburg
- Prince of
Waldeck
From 15 Nov
1807:
- King of Westphalia
19 Oct 1813
Confederation dissolves.
Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Napoléon I
(b. 1769 - d.
1821)
Prince-Primate (also Chairman of the Diet and the College
of Kings)
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Karl Theodor Anton Maria Kämmerer
von Worms, Reichsfreiherr
von Dalberg (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
(1803 - 1806
Prince-archbishop of Regensburg,
1806 - 1810
Grand Duke of Frankfurt)
Transitional Central Administration 1813-1815
Note: After the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation, there was no central authority in Germany until the creation of the German Confederation. An attempt at coordination was, however, made, and it was headed by a body called Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat).
21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Attempted central coordination.
President of the Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat)
21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr
(b. 1757 - d. 1831)
vom und zum
Stein
German Reich
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(Plön 29 Apr - 23 May 1945) |
Paper Mark (DED); 1924-1948 German Reichsmark (DER) |
23 Apr (1889) Fuhrer's Birthday -------------------------- 1888-1918: Kaiser's Birthday 27 Jan (1859) |
62,348,782 (1925) 67,812,000 (1914) |
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(None) |
Constitution (8 Jun 1815; in German) |
|
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"'Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" (Hail To Thee in Victor's Laurels) |
(1 Jan 1871-11 Aug 1922) |
(16 Apr 1871 - 14 Aug 1919; in German) |
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"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) |
(11 Aug 1922 - 23 May 1945) |
(14 Aug 1919 - 5 Jun 1945) |
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"Horst Wessel Lied" (Host Wessel Song) |
(11 Mar 1933 - 23 May 1945) |
(15 Sep 1935-May 1945) |
| International Organizations/Treaties 1871-1945: ICRM, IHB, ILO, IMO, IOC, ICPC, IPU, ITU, League of Nations, LORCS, PCA, PCIJ, UIBPIP, UPU | |||
1 Jul 1867 North German Confederation
1 Jan 1871 German Empire (Deutsches Reich)
14 Aug 1919 Germany a republic (but style German Reich not abandoned).
23 May 1945 Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme power 5 Jun 1945).
Presidents of the German Confederation
20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 the Emperors of Austria
Presidential Envoys to the Federal Parliament (in Frankfurt)(all
Austrian)
5 Oct 1815 - 16 Dec 1815 Franz Joseph Freiherr
von Albini (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
auf Dürrenried
16 Dec 1815 - 24 Feb 1823 Johann Rudolf Graf von Buol-
(b. 1763 - d. 1834)
Schauenstein
24 Feb 1823 - 12 Mar 1848 Joachim Eduard Freiherr von
(b. 1786 - d. 1866)
Münch-Bellinghausen
12 Mar 1848 - 14 May 1848 Franz Graf von Colloredo-Wallsee
(b. 1799 - d. 1859)
14 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Anton von Schmerling
(b. 1805 - d.
1893)
1 May 1850 - 1 Nov 1852 Friedrich Graf von Thun-Hohenstein
(b. 1810 - d. 1881)
2 Jan 1853 - 12 Oct 1855 Anton Freiherr Prokesch
(b. 1795 - d. 1876)
12 Oct 1855 - 4 May 1859 Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg
(b. 1806 - d. 1899)
und Rothenlöwen
23 May 1859 - 24 Aug 1866 Aloys Freiherr von Kübeck
(b. 1819 - d. 1873)
Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly (Frankfurt-am-Main)
18 May 1848 - 19 May 1848 Friedrich Lang
(b. 1778 - d.
1859)
(president
by age of the Constituent National Assembly)
19 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1849 Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr
(b. 1799 - d. 1880) R-Lib
von Gagern
Provisional Central Authorities of the German Reich (Frankfurt-am-Main)
12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 Johann, Erzherzog von Österreich
(b. 1782 - d. 1859)
(Imperial Vicar
[Reichsverweser])
6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849 German Imperial Regency
(in Stuttgart;
in rebellion)
- Peter Franz
Joseph Raveaux
(b. 1810 - d. 1851) Dem
- August Christoph
Carl Vogt
(b. 1817 - d. 1895) Dem
- August Heinrich
Simon
(b. 1805 - d. 1860)
Dem
- Friedrich
Schüler
(b. 1791 - d.
1873) Dem
- Heinrich August
Becher
(b. 1816 - d. 1890)
Dem
20 Dec 1849 - 1 May 1850 Federal Commission
(Frankfurt-am-Main)
(on behalf of
the Emperor of Austria
and the King
of Prussia)
- Karl Friedrich
Kübeck Freiherr (b. 1780 -
d. 1855)
von Kübau
(Austria)
- Karl Freiherr
von Schönhals
(b. 1788 - d. 1857)
(Austria)
- Carl Wilhelm
Boetticher
(b. 1791 - d. 1868)
(Prussia)
- Joseph Maria
von Radowitz
(b. 1797 - d. 1853)
(to 31 Mar 1850)(Prussia)
- Eduard von
Peucker (Prussia) (b.
1791 - d. 1876)
(from 19 Jan
1850; acting to 31 Mar 1850)
President of the North German Confederation
1 Jul 1867 - 1 Jan 1871 the King of Prussia
Emperors4
18 Jan 1871 - 9 Mar 1888 Wilhelm I
(b. 1797 - d.
1888)
4 Jun 1878 - 5 Dec 1878 Friedrich Wilhelm von
Prussen (b. 1831 - d. 1888)
(acting)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Friedrich III
(s.a.)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Wilhelm von Preussen (acting)
(b. 1859 - d. 1941)
15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm II
(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers and
Soldiers' Councils of Greater Berlin
11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918 Richard Müller
(b. 1880 - d.
1943) USPD
+ Hans-Georg
von Beerfelde
(b. 1877 - d. 1960)
Mil
(to 12 Nov 1918)
+ Brutus Molkenbuhr
(b. 1881 - d.
1959) SPD
(from 12 Nov
1918)
Chairmen of the Central Council of the German Socialist Republic
20 Dec 1918 - 6 Feb 1919 Robert Leinert
(b. 1873 - d.
1940) SPD
+ Emmanuel "Max"
Cohen-Reuss
(b. 1876 - d. 1963) SPD
+ Hermann Müller
(b. 1876 - d.
1931) SPD
Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly
6 Feb 1919 - 7 Feb 1919 Wilhelm Pfannkuch
(b. 1841 - d.
1923) SPD
(president by
age of the Constituent National Assembly)
7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919 Eduard Heinrich Rudolph David
(b. 1863 - d. 1930) SPD
Presidents
11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 Friedrich Ebert
(s.a.)
SPD
28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925 Hans Luther (acting)
(b. 1879 - d.
1962) Non-party
12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925 Walter Simons (acting)
(b. 1861 - d. 1937) Non-party
12 May 1925 - 2 Aug 1934 Paul von Beneckendorff und
(b. 1847 - d. 1934) Non-party
Hindenburg
2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler -Führer
(b. 1889 - d. 1945) NSDAP
1 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Karl Dönitz
(b. 1891 - d.
1980) Mil
Prime ministers
15 Jul 1848 - 16 Sep 1848 Karl Emich Prinz von Leiningen-
(b. 1804 - d. 1856) Lib-Con
Westerburg
16 Sep 1848 - 18 Dec 1848 Anton von Schmerling
(b. 1805 - d.
1893) Lib-Con
18 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849 Heinrich Freiherr von Gagern
(s.a.)
16 May 1849 - 21 May 1849 Maximillian Karl Friedrich Wilhelm
(b. 1781 - d. 1860) Con
Grävell
(provisional)
21 May 1849 - 20 Dec 1849 August Prinz von Sayn-Wittgenstein
(b. 1788 - d. 1874) Mil
zu Berleburg
Federal Chancellor
14 Jul 1867 - 21 Mar 1871 Otto Eduard Graf von Bismarck-
(b. 1815 - d. 1898) Non-party
Schönhausen
Chancellors
21 Mar 1871 - 20 Mar 1890 Otto Eduard Fürst von Bismarck-
(s.a.)
Non-party
Schönhausen
20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 Leo von Caprivi
(b. 1831 - d.
1899) Non-party
(from 18 Dec
1891, Leo Graf von Caprivi)
29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 Chlodwig Carl Victor Fürst zu
(b. 1819 - d. 1901) Non-party
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
Prinz von Ratibor
und Corvey
17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 Bernhard Graf von Bülow
(b. 1849 - d. 1929) Non-party
(from 6 Sep
1905, Bernhard Fürst von Bülow)
14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
(b. 1856 - d. 1921) Non-party
16 Jul 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Georg Michaelis
(b. 1857 - d.
1936) Non-party
2 Dec 1917 - 5 Oct 1918 Georg Graf von Hertling
(b. 1843 - d.
1919) Z
5 Oct 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Maxmilian Prinz von Baden
(b. 1867 - d. 1929) Non-party
9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Friedrich Ebert
(s.a.)
MSPD
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners
10 Nov 1918 - 27 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (1st time)
(s.a.)
MSPD
+ Hugo Haase
(b. 1863 - d.
1919) USPD
27 Dec 1918 - 29 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (2nd time)
(s.a.)
MSPD
29 Dec 1918 - 30 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (3rd time)
(s.a.)
MSPD
+ Philipp Scheidemann
(b. 1865 - d.
1939) MSPD
30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert (4th time)
(s.a.)
MSPD
(executive chairman)
Prime Ministers (presidents of the imperial ministry)
13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919 Philipp Scheidemann
(s.a.)
SPD
21 Jun 1919 - 14 Aug 1919 Gustav Bauer
(b. 1870 - d.
1944) SPD
Chancellors
14 Aug 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 Gustav Bauer
(s.a.)
SPD
13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion)
(b. 1858 - d. 1922) ADV
27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920 Hermann Müller (1st time)
(s.a.)
SPD
21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 Konstantin Fehrenbach
(b. 1852 - d.
1926) Z
10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 Joseph Karl Wirth
(b. 1879 - d.
1956) Z
22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno
(b. 1876 - d. 1933) Non-party
13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Gustav Stresemann
(b. 1878 - d.
1929) DVP
30 Nov 1923 - 16 Jan 1925 Wilhelm Marx (1st time)
(b. 1863 - d. 1946) Z
16 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 Hans Luther
(s.a.)
Non-party
13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926 Otto Gessler (acting)
(b. 1875 - d.
1955) DDP
17 May 1926 - 28 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Z
28 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 Hermann Müller (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
30 Mar 1930 - 1 Jun 1932 Heinrich Brüning
(b. 1885 - d.
1970) Z
1 Jun 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 Franz von Papen
(b. 1879 - d.
1969) Z/Non-party
3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 Kurt von Schleicher
(b. 1882 - d.
1934) Non-party
30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler
(s.a.)
NSDAP
30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Paul Joseph Goebbels
(b. 1897 - d.
1945) NSDAP
Chairman (Leitender Minister) of interim government
2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin
von (b. 1887 - d. 1977) Non-party
Krosigk (at
Flensburg)
²According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Präsidium or Bundespräsidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.
³According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Präsidium des Bundes). The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia in the name of the North German Confederation."
4Full
official style of the ruler: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preussen,
Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern,
souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft
Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen
und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg,
Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und
Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen,
Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu
Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt,
Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda,
Nassau und Moers, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und
zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen
und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt ("German Emperor and King of Prussia;
Margrave of Brandenburg; burgrave of Nürnberg, count of Hohenzollern;
sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand
duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria,
of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen,
Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs,
of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave
of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of
East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden,
Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers;
Princely count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein,
Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of
Frankfurt").
Party abbreviations (from 1 Dec 1933 all political
parties except NSDAP are banned):
ADV = Alldeutscher Verband (All-German [or pan-German] Union,
nationalist); DDP = Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic
Party, democratic);
DVP = Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's
Party, Nationalist, right-liberal); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party, Nazi
fascist, xenophobic, nationalist -only legal party 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945);
SPD
=
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany,
social-democratic); USPD = Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische
Partei Deutschlands (Independent Social Democratic Party, socialist-liberal,
1917-1922);
Z = Zentrum (Center Party, catholic, centerist);
Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservative; Dem
= Democrat;
Lib = Liberal; Lib-Con = Liberal-
Conservative; MSPD = Majorität Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany, 1917-19, renamed SPD; R-Lib = Right Liberal
Allied Military Occupation
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Zones in Germany |
Commanders of Berlin |
2 May 1945
Soviet forces begin Allied occupation of Berlin.
8 May 1945
Allies accept the unconditional of Germany surrender.
23 May 1945
Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme power 5 Jun 1945)
1 Jan 1947
Bizone ("Bizonia") created my economic merger of U.K. & U.S. zones.
8 May 1949
Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone to Bizone.
7 Sep 1949
American, British, and French zones become Federal Republic
of Germany.
21 Sep 1949 - 23 Oct 1954 American, French, and British form
Allied High Commission.
7 Oct 1949
Soviet zone becomes German Democratic Republic.
5 May 1955
Allied Occupation of West Germany ends.
21 Sep 1955
Soviet military occupation of East Germany ends.
3 Oct 1990
Re-unification of Germany, end of allied control on 15 Mar 1991.
![[US flag]](us.gif)
Military governors
8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945 Dwight David Eisenhower
(b. 1890 - d. 1960)
11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945 George S. Patton, Jr. (acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1945)
26 Nov 1945 - 5 Jan 1947 Joseph T. McNarney
(b. 1893 - d.
1972)
6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 Lucius DuBignon Clay
(b. 1897 - d.
1978)
15 May 1949 - 1 Sep 1949 Clarence R. Huebner (acting)
(b. 1888 - d. 1972)
High commissioners
2 Sep 1949 - 1 Aug 1952 John J. McCloy
(b. 1895 - d.
1989)
1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952 Walter J. Donnelly
(b. 1896 - d.
1970)
11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 Samuel Reber (acting)
(b. 1903 - d.
1971)
10 Feb 1953 - 5 May 1955 James B. Conant
(b. 1893 - d.
1978)
British Zone
Military governors
22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery
(b. 1887 - d. 1976)
(from 1 Jan
1946, Bernard Law
Montgomery,
Viscount Montgomery
of Alamein)
1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 Sir William Sholto Douglas
(b. 1893 - d. 1969)
1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson
(b. 1896 - d. 1974)
High commissioners
21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson
(s.a.)
24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick
(b. 1897 - d.
1964)
29 Sep 1953 - 5 May 1955 Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar
(b. 1900 - d. 1989)
French Zone
Military commander
May 1945 - Jul 1945 Jean
de Lattre de Tassigny (b.
1889 - d. 1952)
Military governor
Jul 1945 - 21 Sep 1949 Marie-Pierre Koenig
(b. 1898 - d.
1970)
High commissioner
21 Sep 1949 - 5 May 1955 André François-Poncet
(b. 1887 - d.
1978)
Soviet Zone
![[Flag of USSR]](su.gif)
Military commander
Apr 1945 - 9 Jun 1945 Georgy Konstantinovich
Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
Military governors
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov
(s.a.)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Danilovich Sokolovsky
(b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949 Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov
(b. 1900 - d. 1982)
Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission
10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 Vasily Ivanoivich Chuikov
(s.a.)
High commissioners
28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954 Vladimir Semyonovich Semyonov
(b. 1911 - d. 1992)
16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 Georgy Maksimovich Pushkin
(b. 1909 - d. 1963)
Netherlands Zone
![[National flag of the Netherlands]](nl.gif)
- 22 Mar 1949 By the Treaty of Paris, The Netherlands are auhorized to occupy
- and annex some frontier parts of Germany as a compensation
- for the German occupation 1940-45 (effective 21 Apr 1949).
- 23
Apr 1949
Dutch administration begins in two frontier areas of (West)
Germany, as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation
for the 1940-45 German occupation of The Netherlands;
two Drostambten come into existence (including - municipalities
of Havert, Hillensberg, Millen,
Süsterseel, Tüddern [Dutch: - 26 Sep
1951
The areas are annexed to neighbouring Netherlands provinces:
Elten to Gelderland, Tudderen to Limburg; the landdrosten
continue in office. - 1 Aug 1963 Elten and Tudderen are returned to (West) Germany in exchange
- for the payment of a war indemnity.
Tudderen], Wehr, parts of Höngen, Gangelt, Schümm, Saeffelen as
and Elten and Hoch-Elten).
to the Queen's commissioners for Limburg)
23 Apr 1949 - 1 Aug 1963 Hubert Michiel Jozef Dassen (b. 1909 - d. 1978)
Landdrosten of Elten (subordinated to the
Dutch government, from 26 Sep 1951
to the Queen's commissioners for Gelderland)
23 Apr 1949 - 28 Oct 1961 Adriaan Blaauboer
(b. 1906 - d. 1961)
5 Nov 1961 - 1 Aug 1963 Hans Georg Inundat baron van Tuyll (b. 1917 - d. 1988) VVD
van Serooskerken
Party abbreviations: VVD = Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, conservative-liberal, est.1948)
Federal Republic of Germany
![[Germany]](de.gif)
Note: For data on Germany since 3 Oct 1990 see the table at the top of the entry.
|
|
"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (Unity and Right and Liberty) Adopted May 1952 |
"Hymne an Deutschland" (Hymn to Germany) (1950-1952) ------------------------ Hear Former Anthem "Ich hab mich ergeben" (I Am Devoted To You) (1949-1950) |
(23 May 1949) |
|
|
(DEM) |
National Holidays: 17 Jun (1953) National Day (celebrates East German uprising) ------------------------------------- 1949 -1953: 23 May (1949) Republic Day |
(includes West Berlin) |
|
|
Imports: $250.6 billion (1988) |
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 422 ships (1990) |
other 11% |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties 1949-1990: ADB, AG, ANT, BTWC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CTBT, DC (observer), EC, EIB, ENMOD, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NPT, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO | |||
| States |
|||
7 Sep 1949 Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany" to 2 Oct 1990).
Presidents
7 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1949 Karl Arnold (acting)
(b. 1901 - d. 1958) CDU
12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959 Theodor Heuss
(b. 1884 - d.
1963) FDP
13 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969 Karl Heinrich Lübke
(b. 1894 - d. 1972) CDU
1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974 Gustav Heinemann
(b. 1899 - d.
1976) SPD
1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979 Walter Scheel
(b. 1919)
FDP
1 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984 Karl Carstens
(b. 1914 - d.
1992) CDU
1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1994 Richard von Weizsäcker
(b. 1920)
CDU
1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999 Roman Herzog
(b. 1934)
CDU
1 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004 Johannes Rau
(b. 1931 - d.
2006) SPD
1 Jul 2004 - 31 May 2010 Horst Köhler
(b. 1943)
CDU
31 May 2010 -
Jens Böhrnsen (acting)
(b. 1949) SPD
Chancellors
16 Sep 1949 - 16 Oct 1963 Konrad Adenauer
(b. 1876 - d.
1967) CDU
16 Oct 1963 - 1 Dec 1966 Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard
(b. 1897 - d. 1977) CDU
1 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger
(b. 1904 - d. 1988) CDU
21 Oct 1969 - 7 May 1974 Willy Brandt
(b. 1913 - d.
1992) SPD
7 May 1974 - 16 May 1974 Walter Scheel (acting)
(s.a.)
FDP
16 May 1974 - 1 Oct 1982 Helmut Schmidt
(b. 1918)
SPD
1 Oct 1982 - 27 Oct 1998 Helmut Kohl
(b. 1930)
CDU
27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005 Gerhard Schröder
(b. 1944)
SPD
22 Nov 2005 -
Angela Kasner Merkel(f) (b. 1954)
CDU
Overall Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors
of the United Economic Area
2 Mar 1948 - 15 Sep 1949 Hermann Pünder
(b. 1888 - d.
1976) CDU
Party abbreviations: CDU = Christlich-Demokratische
Union (Christian-Democratic Union, conservative christian-democratic);
FDP
= Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, liberal);
SPD
= Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social
Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic)
German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
|
|
![[The national flag of East Germany]](de-ddr.gif)
|
|
"Auferstanden aus Ruinen" (Risen from Ruins) |
Adopted 1952 |
(6 Apr 1968; in German) |
|
(not officially recognized by US, UK, or France) |
(DDM) |
Foundation of the German Democratic Republic |
|
|
|
Imports: $31.0 billion (1988) |
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 145 ships (1990) |
unaffiliated or other 46%; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics active participants |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, BTWC, CCC, Comecon, ENMOD, IAEA, IBEC, ICRM, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO | |||
|
|
|||
7 Oct 1949
German Democratic Republic ("East Germany").
3 Oct 1990
Incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.
General Secretaries of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party
(SED)
22 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950 Wilhelm Pieck
(b. 1876 - d.
1960)
+ Otto Grotewohl
(b. 1894 - d.
1964)
(co-chairmen)
25 Jul 1950 - 3 May 1971 Walter Ulbricht
(b. 1893 - d.
1973)
3 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker
(b. 1912 - d.
1994)
18 Oct 1989 - 3 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz
(b. 1937)
("leading role"
of the party abolished 1 Dec 1989)
18 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990 Gregor Gysi
(b. 1948)
(Chairman of
the SED-PDS)
Co-Chairmen of the Presidium of the German People's Council
19
Mar 1948 - 7 Oct 1949 Wilhelm
Pieck
(s.a.)
SED
+ Wilhelm Külz (to 10 Apr 1948) (b. 1875 - d. 1948) LDPD
+ Otto Nuschke (to 18 Mar 1949) (b. 1883 - d. 1957) CDU
+ Ernst Goldenbaum (b. 1898 - d. 1990) DBD
(from 18 Mar 1949)
+ Lothar Bolz (from 18 Mar 1949) (b. 1903 - d. 1986) NDPD
+ Hermann Kastner (from 18 Mar 1949)(b. 1886 - d. 1957) LDPD
Presidents
7 Oct 1949 - 11 Oct 1949 Johannes Dieckmann (1st time)
(b. 1893 - d. 1969) LDPD
(acting)
11
Oct 1949 - 7 Sep 1960 Wilhelm Pieck
(s.a.)
SED
7 Sep 1960 - 12 Sep 1960 Johannes Dieckmann (2nd time)
(s.a.)
LDPD
(acting)
Chairmen of the Council of State
12 Sep 1960 - 1 Aug 1973 Walter Ulbricht
(s.a.)
SED
1 Aug 1973 - 3 Oct 1973 Friedrich Ebert (acting)
(b. 1894 - d.
1979) SED
3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Willi Stoph
(b. 1914 - d.
1999) SED
29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker
(s.a.)
SED
24 Oct 1989 - 6 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz
(s.a.)
SED
6 Dec 1989 - 5 Apr 1990 Manfred Gerlach (acting)
(b. 1928)
LDPD
President of the People's Chamber
5 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
(f) (b.
1946)
CDU
Chairman of the German Economic Council
9
Mar 1948 - 11 Oct 1949 Heinrich Rau
(b. 1899 - d.
1961) SED
Prime minister
12 Oct 1949 - 8 Oct 1958 Otto
Grotewohl
(s.a.)
SED
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers)
8 Oct 1958 - 21 Sep 1964 Otto
Grotewohl
(s.a.)
SED
21 Sep 1964 - 3 Oct 1973 Willi Stoph (1st time)
(s.a.)
SED
(acting to 24 Sep 1964; acting
for Grotewohl Nov 1960 - 21 Sep 1964)
3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Horst
Sindermann
(b. 1915 - d. 1990)
SED
29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989 Willi Stoph (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SED
13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Hans Modrow
(b. 1928)
SED/NFDDR
Prime minister
12 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Lothar
de Maizière
(b. 1940)
CDU/AD
Commanders of Soviet Forces in Germany
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov
(b. 1896 - d. 1974)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Danilovich Sokolovsky
(b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 26 May 1953 Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov
(b. 1900 - d. 1982)
27 May 1953 - 16 Nov 1957 Adrey Antonovich Grechko (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
17 Nov 1957 - 14 Apr 1960 Matvey Vasilyevich Zakharov (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
15 Apr 1960 - 9 Aug 1961 Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovsky (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
(1st time)
9 Aug 1961 - 18 Apr 1962 Ivan Stepanovich Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
19 Apr 1962 - 26 Jan 1965 Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovsky (s.a.)
(2nd time)
27 Jan 1965 - 31 Oct 1969 Petr Kirillovich Koshevoy (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1 Nov 1969 - 13 Sep 1971 Viktor Georgyevich Kulikov (b. 1921)
14 Sep 1971 - 19 Jul 1972 Semyon Konstantinovich Kurkotkin (b. 1917 - d. 1990)
20 Jul 1972 - 25 Nov 1980 Evgeny Filippovich Ivanovski (b. 1918 - d. 1991)
26 Nov 1980 - 6 Jul 1985 Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (b. 1923 - d. 2009)
7 Jul 1985 - 11 Jul 1986 Pyotr Georgyevich Lushev (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
12 Jul 1986 - 12 Nov 1987 Valery Aleksandrovich Belikov (b. 1925 - d. 1987)
26 Nov 1987 - 13 Dec 1990 Boris Vasilyevich Snetkov (b. 1925)
13 Dec 1990 - 31 Aug 1994 Matvey Prokopyevich Burlakov (b. 1935)
Territorial Disputes: It is U.S. policy that the final borders
of Germany have not been
established; the U.S. is seeking to settle the property claims
of U.S. nationals against the G.D.R.; East Berlin is not officially recognized
as the capital of the G.D.R. by France, U.K., and U.S., which together
with the U.S.S.R. have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin.
Party abbreviations: SED = Sozialistische Einheitspartei
Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, communist -major govt. party
1946-1989, which 4 Feb 1990 became the PDS = Partei des Demokratischen
Sozialismus [Party of Democratic Socialism], from 15 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990
called SED-PDS);
- the Four "bloc parties" below were in alliance with the SED
until 1989 (all 5 Parties, along with some mass organizations, formed the
NFDD
= Nationale Front des Demokratischen Deutschland [National Front of Democratic
Germany], which from 1971 was the NFDDR = Nationale Front der Deutschen
Demokratischen Republik [National Front of the German Democratic Republic])
-
LDPD = Liberaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal
Democratic Party of Germany, 1947-1990, from 9 Feb 1990 as LDP = Liberaldemokratische
Partei, from 27 Mar 1990 BFD, which 11 Aug 1990 merges with FDP); CDU
= Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of [East] Germany, 1945-Oct 1990, merged into West German CDU);
NDPD = Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National
Democratic Party of Germany, 1948-1990, merged into FDP); DBD = Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmer's Party of Germany, 1948-15 Sep 1990, merged into CDU);
- new parties from 1989 -
DA = Demokratischer Aufbruch (Democratic Awakening, est.1 Oct 1989, merged into CDU 1 Oct 1990); DSU = Deutsche Soziale
Union (German Social Union, est. 20 Jan 1990); FDP = Freie Demokratische
Partei (Free Democratic Party, est.4 Feb 1990); DFP = Deutsche
Forumpartei (German Forum Party, 11 Aug 1990 merged into FDP); SDP
= Sozialdemokratische Partei in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Social
Democratic Party in the German Democratic Republic, est.7 Oct 1989, which
is renamed on 13 Jan 1990 the SPD or Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
[Social Democratic Party of Germany]); AD = Allianz für Deutschland
(Alliance for Germany, electoral alliance for 18 Mar 1990 elections by
the CDU, DA, and DSU); BFD = Bund Freier Demokraten (Alliance of
Free Democrats, est.27 Mar 1990 by former LDP/NDPD, merged into the FDP
11 Aug 1990)
Heligoland (Helgoland)
|
|
|
![[Heligoland Civil flag 1814-1890]](de-hel.gif)
![[Heligoland unofficial flag 1814-1890]](de-helgo.gif)
|
|
(In the Town) |
12,307 (1900); 2,000 (1810) |
1402
Part of the
Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein.
10 Aug 1490
Part of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp.
7 Aug 1714
Part of Denmark.
5 Sep 1807
British occupation.
14 Jan 1814
British colony (officially ceded to U.K. by Treaty of Kiel).
9 Aug 1890
Formal handover to Germany by U.K.
15 Dec 1890
Annexed to Germany (from 18 Feb 1891 part of Prussian
province of
Schleswig-Holstein).
8 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1952 British occupation (population
evacuated).
Lieutenant governors
5 Sep 1807 - 1808
Corbet James d'Auvergne
(b. 1765? - d. 1826)
1808 - 1815
William Osborne Hamilton
(b. 1750? - d. 1818)
1815 - 1840
Henry King
(b. c.1770 -
d. af.1849)
28 Sep 1840 - 7 Mar 1857 John Hindmarsh
(b. 1775 - d. 1860)
(from 7 Aug 1851, Sir John Hindmarsh)
1857 - 1863
Richard Pattinson
2 Jun 1863 - 1868
Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse (b. 1832 - d. 1883)
Governors
1868 - 1881
Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse (s.a.)
(from 1 May 1877, Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley
Maxse)
1881 - 1888
John Terence Niolls O'Brien (b.
1830 - d. 1903)
27 Nov 1888 - 9 Aug 1890 Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly
(b. 1843 - d. 1890)
German Imperial Commissioner
9 Aug 1890 - 1891
Adolf Wermuth
(b. 1855 - d.
1927)
Saarland (Saargebiet, Saarbecken)
|
|
|
![[Saar Territory 1920-1935 (Germany)]](de-sa-20.gif)
![[Saar Territory 1920-1935 version for governmental use]](de-sa-20g.gif)
![[Saar 1947-1956 (Germany)]](de-sa-47.gif)
|
|
"Saarlied" (The Saar Song) |
(1921-1935, 1947-1957) |
(17 Dec 1947; in German) |
|
|
1920-1935 French Franc Germinal (FRG) |
Constitution Day |
812, 000 (1933) -------------------------------- Religions: Roman Catholic 72.2%, Protestant 25.7%, Jewish 0.5% (1927) |
| International Organizations/Treaties: 1920-35: ITU, UPU; 1947-57: CE (associate), IOC, UPU | |||
Oct 1792
French rule.
1814 - 20 Nov 1815
Allied occupation.
20 Nov 1815
Annexed to Prussia (part of Rhine province); small parts
annexed to Bavaria
(part of Pfalz [Palatinate] province).
11 Nov 1918 - 26 Feb 1920 Allied (French) occupation.
26 Feb 1920
League of Nations administration (Saargebiet/Saar Territory/
Territoire de la Sarre).
13 Jan 1935 In a plebiscite 90.73% vote to re-join Germany.
1 Mar 1935
Re-incorporated into Germany.
20 Mar 1945 - 31 Jul 1945 U.S. occupation.
31 Jul 1945
French administration (Saargebiet = Territoire de la Sarre),
"Saarland" gradually enters into official use after 8 Oct 1946.
17 Dec 1947 Saarland constituted as an autonomous state in economic
union with France.
23 Oct 1955 Referendum votes against proposal for an independent Saarland
under West European Union (WEU) protection, 67.7% to 32.3%
1 Jan 1957 Incorporated into Federal Republic of Germany as a state.
Administrators-superior (Supreme Administrators)
20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919 Henri Wirbel (France)(1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1948)
17 Feb 1919 - 20 Nov 1919 Joseph Louis Marie Andlauer (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
(France)
20 Nov 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Henri Wirbel (France)(2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Commission of Government
26 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926 Victor-Michel-Émile-Marie Rault
(b. 1858 - d. 1930?)
(France)
1 Apr 1926 - 9 Jun 1927 George Washington Stephens
(Canada)(b. 1866 - d. 1942)
31 Mar 1927 - 20 Jun 1927 Frantisek Vezensky (Czechoslovakia)
(acting for absent Stephens, then Wilton)
9 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932 Sir Ernest Colville Collins
Wilton (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
(U.K.)
1 Apr 1932 - 28 Feb 1935 Geoffrey George Knox
(U.K.) (b. 1884 - d. 1958)
(from 1 Mar 1935, Sir Geoffrey George Knox)
President of the Tripartite Committee of the League of Nations for the Saar Territory
28 Feb 1935 - 1 Mar 1935
Barone Pompeo Aloisi, conte di (b. 1847 - d. 1949)
Allumiere (Italy)
Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes
(from 17 Jun 1936,
Reichskommissar für das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940,
Reichskommissar
für
die Saarpfalz; from 11 Mar 1941, Reichsstatthalter
in der Westmark)
1 Mar 1935 - 28 Sep 1944 Josef Bürckel
(b. 1895 - d.
1944) NSDAP
29 Sep 1944 - 21 Mar 1945 Willi Stöhr
(b. 1903 - d.
1994) NSDAP
Military commander
1945 Louis G. Kelly (U.S.)
Military governor
1945 Louis-Constant Morlière (France) (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
Governors
30 Aug 1945 - 10 Jan 1948 Gilbert-Yves-Édmond
Grandval (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
Mil
(takes office 7 Sep 1945)
High Commissioner of the French Republic in the Saar
10 Jan 1948 - 5 Mar 1952 Gilbert-Yves-Édmond Grandval (s.a.)
Chiefs of the Diplomatic Mission of the French Republic in the Saar
1 Jan 1952 - 8 Jul 1955 Gilbert-Yves-Édmond Grandval (s.a.)
8 Jul 1955 - 27 Oct 1956 Charles-Marie-Eric de Carbonnel
(b. 1910 - d. 1965)
President of the Government
4
May 1945 - 8 Oct 1946 Hans Neureuter
(b. 1901 - d. 1953)
Non-party
(in Saarbrücken only to 31 Jul 1947)
Chairman of the Administration Commission
8
Oct 1946 - 20 Dec 1947 Erwin Müller
(b. 1906 - d.
1968) Non-party
Minister-presidents
15 Dec 1947 - 29 Oct 1955 Johannes Hoffmann
(b. 1890 - d.
1967) CVP
29 Oct 1955 - 10 Jan 1956 Heinrich Welsch
(b. 1888 - d.
1976) Non-party
10 Jan 1956 - 1 Jan 1957 Hubert Ney
(b. 1892 - d.
1984) CDU
Party abbreviations: CDU = Christlich-Demokratische
Union (Christian Democratic Union); CVP = Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes (Saarland Christian People's Party, 1945-56, merged into CDU);
NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National
Socialist German Worker's Party, Nazi fascist); Mil = Military
Allied Occupation of the Rhineland
1 Dec 1918
Allied occupation (Belgian zone: Aachen, Jülich, Neuss, Moers,
and Kleve; British zone: Cologne; French zone: Mainz;
and U.S. zone: Trier, Coblenz and Eifel).
8 Mar 1921 - 25 Aug 1924 Allied occupation of Düsseldorf
and Duisburg ("Sanktionsstädte").
24 Jan 1923
U.S. zone taken over by France.
11 Jan 1923 - 1 Aug 1924 Allied (French) occupation
of the Ruhr.
Dec 1929
Withdrawal of British forces.
30 Jun 1930
End of Allied occupation, Rhineland demilitarized.
7 Mar 1936
Rhineland re-militarized by Germany.
Chairman of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (in Coblenz)
14 Oct 1919 - 30 Jun 1930 Paul Tirard (France)
(b. 1879 - d. 1945)
Chairman of the Inter-Allied Military Control Commission
1919 - 1922
Charles Marie Edouard Nollet (b. 1865 - d. 1941)
(France)
Chairmen of the Inter-Allied Military Commission for Germany
1922 - 30 Jul 1924
Charles Marie Edouard Nollet (s.a.)
(France)
1 Jul 1924 - 31 Jan 1927 Camille Welch (France)
(b. 1870 - d. 1947)
American Zone
Commanding General of the Allied Expeditionary Force
1 Dec 1918 - 1 Jul 1919 John Joseph Pershing
(b. 1860 - d.
1948)
Commanding General of American Forces in Germany
2 Jul 1919 - 24 Jan 1923 Henry Tureman Allen
(b. 1859 - d.
1930)
U.S. Civil Commissioners
Apr 1919 - 10 Jan 1920 Pierrepont Burt
Noyes
(b. 1870 - d. 1959)
10 Jan 1920 - 24 Jan 1923 ....
Commanders
Nov 1918 - 19..
King Albert
I
(b. 1875 - d.
1934)
c.Oct 1923
Deckers
c.1923 - 30 Jun 1930 ....
British Zone
Military Governor
26 Nov 1918 - 1919
Sir Charles Fergusson (b. 1865 - d. 1951)
British Commanders
Nov 1918
Sir Douglas Haig
(b. 1861 - d. 1928)
Nov 1918 - 22 Apr 1919 Sir H. Plummer
22 Apr 1919 - 1920
Sir William Robert Robertson (b. 1860 - d. 1933)
3 Mar 1920 - 1922
Sir Thomas Lethbridge Napier (b. 1865 - d. 1925)
Morland
8 Mar 1922 - 1924
Sir Alexander John Godley (b. 1867
- d. 1957)
17 Jun 1924 - 1927
Sir John Philip Du Cane
(b. 1865 - d. 1947)
30 Apr 1927 - Dec 1929 Sir William
Thwaites
(b. 1868 - d. 1947)
Commanders
19.. - 19..
Marie Emile Fayolle
(b. 1852 - d. 1928)
19.. - 19..
Paul André Marie Maistre
(b. 1858 - d. 1922)
19.. - 19..
Noël Marie Joseph Edouard de (b. 1851 - d. 1944)
Curieres de
Castelnau
Chief of the Allied Administration of the Ruhr
Mar 1923 - 31 Jul 1924 Jean Marie
Joseph Degoutte (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
Rhineland Republic
|
|
![[Rhineland Republic flag 1919, 1923-1924]](de-rhine.gif)
![[Rhineland Republic flag Variant]](de_cisrh.gif)
(failed French attempt to back a separatist Rhineland state
as a buffer between Germany and France).
21 Oct 1923 - 26 Nov 1924 Rhineland Republic proclaimed as a confederation of three
states: North (Lower Rhine), South (Upper & Middle Rhine)
and Rhur, with its capital at Cologne; supported by French
and Belgian occupation forces.
12 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924 Palatine Republic proclaimed at Speyer.
Chairman of the Government of the Rhenish Republic
1 Jun 1919 - 1919
Johannes Adam Dorten
(b. 1880 - d. 1963)
Plenipotentiaries of the Government of the Rhenish Republic
22 Oct 1923 - 27 Feb 1924 Johannes Adam Dorten
(s.a.)
+ Josef Friedrich
Matthes
(b. 1886 - d. 1943)
Chairmen of the Palatine Republic
12 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924 Franz-Josef Heinz-Orbis
(b. 1884 - d. 1924)
French Départements in Germany 1797-1814
2 Oct 1794
French invasion of the Rhineland begins (Aachen on 6 Oct 1794,
Cologne 26 Oct
1794, Bonn 8 Nov 1794).
Nov 1794
French create central administration (Pays d'entre Meuse et Rhin).
18 Oct 1797
Treaty of Campo Formio cedes de facto Rhineland territories
to France.
4 Nov 1797
A French commissioner is appointed to supervise and organize
the territories
into départements (not yet considered to
be
part of France);
Roer, Sarre, Mont Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle.
9 Feb 1801
By the Treaty of Lunéville the Rhineland is de jure annexed
to France.
30 Jun 1802
Rhine départements become regular départements
of France.
23 Sep 1802
Unified administration terminated.
1813 - 1815
Allied administration; territories later restored to Prussia,
Bavaria, Oldenburg,
etc.
Commanders of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse (northern
zone)
2 Jul 1794 - 20 Dec 1794 Jean Baptiste Jourdan
(1st time) (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
21 Dec 1794 - 28 Feb 1795 Jacques Maurice Hatry
(b. 1742 - d.
1802)
1 Mar 1795 - 21 Jan 1796 Jean Baptiste Jourdan (2nd
time) (s.a.)
22 Jan 1796 - 28 Feb 1796 Jean Baptiste Kléber (1st
time) (b. 1753 - d. 1800)
29 Feb 1796 - 30 Jul 1796 Jean Baptiste Jourdan (3rd time)
(s.a.)
31 Jul 1796 - 7 Aug 1796 Jean Baptiste Kléber
(2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1796 - 23 Sep 1796 Jean Baptiste Jourdan (4th
time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1796 - 23 Jan 1797 Pierre Riel de Beurnonville
(b. 1752 - d. 1821)
- together with -
14 Dec 1796 - 23 Jan 1797 Jean Baptiste Kléber (3rd
time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1797 - 18 Sep 1797 Louis Lazare Hoche
(b. 1768 - d.
1797)
Commander of the Army of the Rhine (southern zone)
14 Jan 1794 - 10 Apr 1795 Claude Ignace François Michaud
(b. 1751 - d. 1835)
Commander of the Army of the Moselle
2 Jul 1794 - 9 Feb 1795 Jean Victor Moreau
(b. 1763 - d.
1813)
Commanders of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle
20 Apr 1795 - 4 Mar 1796 Jean Charles Pichegru
(b. 1761 - d.
1804)
21 Apr 1796 - 9 Sep 1797 Jean Victor Moreau
(s.a.)
10 Sep 1797 - Sep 1797 Louis Lazare Hoche
(s.a.)
Sep 1797 - 7 Oct 1797 ....
Commander of the Army of Germany
7 Oct 1797 - 12 Dec 1797 Charles Pierre Francois Augereau
(b. 1757 - d. 1816)
French Government Commissioners
4 Nov 1797 - 179.
François Joseph Rudler
(b. 1757 - d. 1837)
179. - 1799
Joseph Lakanal
(b. 1762 - d.
1845)
1799 - 1800
Henri Shée
(b. 1739 - d.
1820)
22 Sep 1800 - 1801
Jean-Baptiste Moisë Jollivet (b.
1753 - d. 1818)
20 Dec 1801 - 22 Sep 1802 André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon
Saint- (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
André
Bouches-de-l'Elbe
13 Dec 1810
French département of Bouches-de-l'Elbe formed from
free cities
of Hamburg and Lübeck and parts of Holstein.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefects
13 Dec 1810 - Mar 1813 Patrice Charles
Ghislain de (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
Coninck
15 Mar 1813 - 1814
Achille Stanislas Émile Le
(b. 1781 - d. 1864)
Tonnelier, baron
de Breteuil
Bouches-du-Weser
13 Dec 1810
French département of Bouches-du-Weser formed from
free city of
Bremen, duchy of Oldenburg, county of
Hoya and part
of Hanover.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefect
13 Dec 1810 - 1814
Charles Philippe Alexandre (b. 1776 - d. 1814)
d'Arberg
Ems-Oriental
Jul 1807
Principality of East Frisa (Ostfriesland), Barony of Kniphausen
(Knyphausen)
and Häuptlingschaft Jever ceded to France
by Prussia and
Russia respectively.
11 Nov 1807
Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland as département
of Oost-Friesland
(East Friesland).
1 Jan 1811
Incorporated into France as département of Ems-Oriental
(Eastern Ems).
Governors-general
24 Nov
1806 - 6 Feb 1807 Henri Damas Bonhomme
(b. 1747 - d.
1826)
6 Feb 1807 - 11 Nov 1807 ....
Landdrost
11 Nov 1807 - 5 Feb 1808 ....
5 Feb 1808 - 22 Dec 1808 Godert Alexander Gerard Philip
(b. 1778 - d. 1848)
van der Capellen
22 Dec 1808 - 25 Feb 1811 Willem Queysen (arrived 1 Jan 1809)(b.
1754 - d. 1817)
Prefect
25 Feb 1811 - 8 Nov 1813 Sébastien Louis Joseph
Jannesson (b. 1779 - d. 1864)
(arrived 1 Mar
1811)
Ems-Supérieur
13 Dec 1810
French département of Ems-Supérieur formed from bishopric
of Minden (Prefecture
Osnabrück).
Oct 1813
End of French rule.
Prefect
13 Dec 1810 - Oct 1813
Charles Louis Joseph Keverberg (b. 1768 - d. 1841)
Lippe
27 Apr 1811
French département of Lippe formed from parts
of Bouche-l'Yssel,
Ems-Occidental and Yssel-Supérieur.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefect
13 Jun 1811 - 1813
Jean Charles Annet Victorin de (b. 1768 - d. 1833)
Lasteyrie du Saillant
Mont-Tonnerre
9 Mar 1801
French département of Mont-Tonnerre (German: Donnersberg)
formed from
southern parts of electorate of Mainz and
parts
of bishoprics
of Speyer and Worms and of Palatinate and
duchy of Zweibrücken.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 1801
Henri Shée
(b. 1739 - d.
1820)
1801 - 20 Dec 1801
Jean-Baptiste Moïse Jollivet (b.
1753 - d. 1818)
20 Dec 1801 - 10 Dec 1813 André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon
Saint- (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
André
(from 9 Jan 1810, André
Jeanbon, baron de Saint-André)
Rhin-et-Moselle
9 Mar 1801
French département of Rhin-et-Moselle (Rhine and Moselle)
formed from
parts of electorates of Trier and Cologne.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 1803 Philippe Boucqueau de Villeraie (b. 1773 - d. 1834)
1803 - 1805
François Louis René Mouchard (b. 1757 - d. 1814)
de Chaban
1 Feb 1805 - 3 May 1806 Alexandre Théodore
Victor (b. 1760 -
d. 1829)
de Lameth
15 Jun 1806 - 1810
Paul Adrien François Marie de (b.
1769 - d. 1814)
Lezay-Marnésia
7 Aug 1810 - 1813
Jean Marie Thérèse Doazan (b. 1774 - d. 1839)
Roer
9 Mar 1801
French département of Roer formed from duchies of Jülich,
Guelders, and
Kleve, principality of Meurs, parts of
electorate of
Cologne, and free cities of Cologne and
Aachen.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 4 Mar 1802 Nicolas Sébastien
Simon
(b. 1749 - d. 1802)
9 Jul 1802 - 1804
Alexandre Edme Méchin
(b. 1772 - d. 1849)
15 Sep 1804 - 1806
Jean Charles Joseph Laumond (b.
1753 - d. 1825)
3 May 1806 - 19 Feb 1809 Alexandre Théodore
Victor (b. 1760 -
d. 1829)
de Lameth
31 Mar 1809 - 1814
Jean Charles François de
(b. 1772 - d. 1848)
Ladoucette (from
3 May 1809, Jean
Charles François,
chevalier de
Ladoucette [from
31 Dec 1809, Jean
Charles François,
baron de Ladoucette])
Sarre
9 Mar 1801
French département of Sarre formed from parts of electorate
of Trier and
duchy of Zweibrücken.
1814
End of French
rule.
Prefects
22 Jun 1800 - 1803 Joseph Bexon d'Ormschwiller
22 Apr 1803 - 1810
Maximilien Xavier Képler
(b. 1758 - d. 1837)
(from 16 Sep
1808, Maximilien Xavier,
chevalier Képler
[from 14 Feb 1810,
Maximilien Xavier,
baron Képler])
7 Aug 1810 - 1813
Alexandre François de Bruneteau (b. 1769 - d.
1853)
de Sainte Suzanne
(from 19 Jan
1812, Alexandre
François de
Bruneteau, baron
de Sainte Suzanne)
German New Swabia Land (German Antarctica)
|
Neuschwabenland |
19 Jan 1939
20°E to 10°W claimed by Germany as Deutsch Neuschwabenland
(German New
Swabia Land), this claim overlaps Norwegian
claim
(claim not recognized).
8 May 1945
Claim abandoned.
©2000 Ben Cahoon