Francisco J. Núñez
Dr. Francisco Jesús Núñez Calvo
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. University of Warsaw
Head of the Department of Levantine Studies
Co-director of the Lebanese-Spanish-Polish Archaeological Project in Tyre
[email protected]
https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/o-nas/pracownicy/francisco-jesus-nunez-calvo/
ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-0707
Research interest:
Phoenician archaeology; Late Bronze and Iron Age in the Levant; Mediterranean Protohistory; Phoenician pottery, sequence and chronology; Phoenician funerary customs; Intercultural exchanges; Ancient economy and commerce.
Accreditation:
- 2017 Accreditation for the post of ‘Doctor Assistant Professor’, granted by the Spanish Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación (ANECA).
Education:
- Bachelor in Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia (Spain)
- Doctor in History. University Pompeu Fabra of Barcelona (Spain)
Former positions:
- Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo (Saragossa, Spain). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
- Whittlesey Chair in History and Archaeology and Visiting Assistant Professor. Department of History and Archaeology. American University of Beirut (Lebanon).
- Visiting professor Visiting professor. Dipartamento di Storia, Science dell’Uomo e della Formazione. Sassari University (Sardinia, Italy).
Current research projects:
- Co-director of the archaeological project ‘The Archaeology of Tyre (Lebanon)’, in collaboration with Prof. M. E. Aubet (Pompeu Fabra University of Barcelona) and Dr Ali Badawi (General Directorate of Antiquities).
- Co-director of the Archaeological survey project in the hinterland of Tyre, directed by Dr Paul Newson, Assistant Professor of the Department of History and Archaeology of the American University of Beirut (Lebanon)
- Member of the Archaeological Project ‘Sant’Imbenia’, directed by Professor Marco Rendeli, Sassari University (Sardinia, Italy)
- Member of the Archaeological Project ‘Jiyeh-Chhim’ (Lebanon), directed by Professor Tomasz Waliszewski (University of Warsaw, Poland)
- Member of the Archaeological Project ‘Kharayeb-Tell Jemyim’ (Lebanon), directed by Dr Ida Oggiano (Italian CNR) and Professor W. Khalil (Lebanese University)
- In charge of the study for its ulterior publication of the Late Bronze and Iron Age pottery of the archaeological site BEY 020 (Beirut, Lebanon), excavation directed by Prof. U. Finkbeiner (Univeristät Tübingen, Germany) and Prof. H. Sader (American University of Beirut, Lebanon).
Research stages in foreign institutions:
- Tübingen University (Germany): Assyriology, Biblical Archaeology, Egyptology and Classical Archaeology.
- General Directorate of Antiquities of Lebanon: Beirut and Tyre.
- Semitic Museum. Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA).
- Biblisch-Archäologisches Institut. Tübingen University. Deutsche Forschungs Gesselschaft.
- Dipartamento di Storia, Science dell’Uomo e della Formazione. Sassari University (Sardinia, Italy).
Archaeological excavations (selection):
- Lebanon (Tyre Acropolis and Iron Age cemetery of al-Bass; Kharayeb Sanctuary; survey in the hinterland of Tyre; Beirut-Bey020).
- Italy (Sant’Imbenia, Sardinia).
- Syria (Tell el-‘Abd; Tell ‘Afis).
- Cyprus (Khirokitia).
- Spain (Cerro del Villar; Alt de Benimaquia).
Bibliography:
- More than 50 scientific articles and chapters in international periodicals and edited volumes
https://uw.academia.edu/FranciscoJN%C3%BA%C3%B1ez
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. University of Warsaw
Head of the Department of Levantine Studies
Co-director of the Lebanese-Spanish-Polish Archaeological Project in Tyre
[email protected]
https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/o-nas/pracownicy/francisco-jesus-nunez-calvo/
ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-0707
Research interest:
Phoenician archaeology; Late Bronze and Iron Age in the Levant; Mediterranean Protohistory; Phoenician pottery, sequence and chronology; Phoenician funerary customs; Intercultural exchanges; Ancient economy and commerce.
Accreditation:
- 2017 Accreditation for the post of ‘Doctor Assistant Professor’, granted by the Spanish Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación (ANECA).
Education:
- Bachelor in Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia (Spain)
- Doctor in History. University Pompeu Fabra of Barcelona (Spain)
Former positions:
- Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo (Saragossa, Spain). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
- Whittlesey Chair in History and Archaeology and Visiting Assistant Professor. Department of History and Archaeology. American University of Beirut (Lebanon).
- Visiting professor Visiting professor. Dipartamento di Storia, Science dell’Uomo e della Formazione. Sassari University (Sardinia, Italy).
Current research projects:
- Co-director of the archaeological project ‘The Archaeology of Tyre (Lebanon)’, in collaboration with Prof. M. E. Aubet (Pompeu Fabra University of Barcelona) and Dr Ali Badawi (General Directorate of Antiquities).
- Co-director of the Archaeological survey project in the hinterland of Tyre, directed by Dr Paul Newson, Assistant Professor of the Department of History and Archaeology of the American University of Beirut (Lebanon)
- Member of the Archaeological Project ‘Sant’Imbenia’, directed by Professor Marco Rendeli, Sassari University (Sardinia, Italy)
- Member of the Archaeological Project ‘Jiyeh-Chhim’ (Lebanon), directed by Professor Tomasz Waliszewski (University of Warsaw, Poland)
- Member of the Archaeological Project ‘Kharayeb-Tell Jemyim’ (Lebanon), directed by Dr Ida Oggiano (Italian CNR) and Professor W. Khalil (Lebanese University)
- In charge of the study for its ulterior publication of the Late Bronze and Iron Age pottery of the archaeological site BEY 020 (Beirut, Lebanon), excavation directed by Prof. U. Finkbeiner (Univeristät Tübingen, Germany) and Prof. H. Sader (American University of Beirut, Lebanon).
Research stages in foreign institutions:
- Tübingen University (Germany): Assyriology, Biblical Archaeology, Egyptology and Classical Archaeology.
- General Directorate of Antiquities of Lebanon: Beirut and Tyre.
- Semitic Museum. Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA).
- Biblisch-Archäologisches Institut. Tübingen University. Deutsche Forschungs Gesselschaft.
- Dipartamento di Storia, Science dell’Uomo e della Formazione. Sassari University (Sardinia, Italy).
Archaeological excavations (selection):
- Lebanon (Tyre Acropolis and Iron Age cemetery of al-Bass; Kharayeb Sanctuary; survey in the hinterland of Tyre; Beirut-Bey020).
- Italy (Sant’Imbenia, Sardinia).
- Syria (Tell el-‘Abd; Tell ‘Afis).
- Cyprus (Khirokitia).
- Spain (Cerro del Villar; Alt de Benimaquia).
Bibliography:
- More than 50 scientific articles and chapters in international periodicals and edited volumes
https://uw.academia.edu/FranciscoJN%C3%BA%C3%B1ez
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Papers by Francisco J. Núñez
fenicios e indígenas de la Edad del Hierro en la península ibérica. Se desarrollan tres aspectos: tipología, crono-secuencia
y función. Según las evidencias, la forma evolucionó de unos contenedores utilizados en contextos domésticos y funerarios del
levante meridional durante el Bronce Tardío. Distinguibles morfológica y decorativamente de las jarras de cuello anillado, ambas
formas y sus variantes evolucionaron paralelamente, aunque de manera heterogénea y con influencias cruzadas. Una
versión con una sola asa de estas jarras viajó a ultramar con otras formas cerámicas levantinas a finales del Hierro Medio y
principios del Hierro Tardío (segunda mitad del siglo IX y principios del VIII a.C.), comenzando entonces su producción. El ánfora
de cuello apareció como una derivación de ese tipo en el Mediterráneo occidental en la segunda mitad del siglo VIII a.C.
Por el contrario, en el Mediterráneo central se prefirió la variante de una sola asa. Aunque muchas de sus particularidades
permanecen inciertas, las dos variantes repitieron funcionales levantinas en entornos fenicios e indígenas. Sin embargo, ambas
funcionaron como urnas cinerarias, una innovación respecto a sus homólogas levantinas
This article analyzes the origins of the neck amphora, known as “Cruz del Negro urn”, and typical in Phoenician and
indigenous contexts of the Iron Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Three aspects are developed: typology, chrono-sequence and
function. According to the evidence, the shape evolved from containers used in domestic and funerary contexts in the southern
Levant during the Late Bronze Age. Morphologically and decoratively distinguishable from the ring-necked jugs, both forms and
their variants evolved in parallel, although in a heterogeneous manner and with crossed influences. A single-handled version
of these jars traveled overseas with other Levantine ceramic forms in the late Middle and early Late Iron Age (second half of
the ninth and early eighth centuries BC), when production began. The neck amphora appeared as a derivation of that type in
the western Mediterranean in the second half of the 8th century B.C. In contrast, the single-handled variant was preferred in
the central Mediterranean. Although many of its peculiarities remain uncertain, the two variants repeated Levantine functionalities
in Phoenician and indigenous settings. However, both functioned as cinerary urns, an innovation compared to their
Levantine counterparts
mediterráneo en época pre-clásica, y cómo fue su adaptación en ambientes del Mediterráneo central y occidental. Para ello, el foco
se ha colocado sobre tres factores básicos: demanda, producción y distribución. La respuesta dada a cada uno de ellos es lo que
definirá, en definitiva, las características del repertorio cerámico en cada una de las regiones en cuestión, ya sea en la o las metrópolis
levantinas y en ultramar.
Several proposals, generated from different standpoints, tried to refine Gjertad’s framework in general or some of its details in particular. These employed evidence from Cyprus itself, the Aegean and the Levant. This communication complements these proposals using evidence recovered at the Tyrian cemetery of al-Bass. The conclusion is to extend the start date of CA I to at least the third quarter of the 9th century BC. The alternative would be a revision and reformulation of the characteristics of the Cypro-Geometric (CG) III period and its chronology.
fenicios e indígenas de la Edad del Hierro en la península ibérica. Se desarrollan tres aspectos: tipología, crono-secuencia
y función. Según las evidencias, la forma evolucionó de unos contenedores utilizados en contextos domésticos y funerarios del
levante meridional durante el Bronce Tardío. Distinguibles morfológica y decorativamente de las jarras de cuello anillado, ambas
formas y sus variantes evolucionaron paralelamente, aunque de manera heterogénea y con influencias cruzadas. Una
versión con una sola asa de estas jarras viajó a ultramar con otras formas cerámicas levantinas a finales del Hierro Medio y
principios del Hierro Tardío (segunda mitad del siglo IX y principios del VIII a.C.), comenzando entonces su producción. El ánfora
de cuello apareció como una derivación de ese tipo en el Mediterráneo occidental en la segunda mitad del siglo VIII a.C.
Por el contrario, en el Mediterráneo central se prefirió la variante de una sola asa. Aunque muchas de sus particularidades
permanecen inciertas, las dos variantes repitieron funcionales levantinas en entornos fenicios e indígenas. Sin embargo, ambas
funcionaron como urnas cinerarias, una innovación respecto a sus homólogas levantinas
This article analyzes the origins of the neck amphora, known as “Cruz del Negro urn”, and typical in Phoenician and
indigenous contexts of the Iron Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Three aspects are developed: typology, chrono-sequence and
function. According to the evidence, the shape evolved from containers used in domestic and funerary contexts in the southern
Levant during the Late Bronze Age. Morphologically and decoratively distinguishable from the ring-necked jugs, both forms and
their variants evolved in parallel, although in a heterogeneous manner and with crossed influences. A single-handled version
of these jars traveled overseas with other Levantine ceramic forms in the late Middle and early Late Iron Age (second half of
the ninth and early eighth centuries BC), when production began. The neck amphora appeared as a derivation of that type in
the western Mediterranean in the second half of the 8th century B.C. In contrast, the single-handled variant was preferred in
the central Mediterranean. Although many of its peculiarities remain uncertain, the two variants repeated Levantine functionalities
in Phoenician and indigenous settings. However, both functioned as cinerary urns, an innovation compared to their
Levantine counterparts
mediterráneo en época pre-clásica, y cómo fue su adaptación en ambientes del Mediterráneo central y occidental. Para ello, el foco
se ha colocado sobre tres factores básicos: demanda, producción y distribución. La respuesta dada a cada uno de ellos es lo que
definirá, en definitiva, las características del repertorio cerámico en cada una de las regiones en cuestión, ya sea en la o las metrópolis
levantinas y en ultramar.
Several proposals, generated from different standpoints, tried to refine Gjertad’s framework in general or some of its details in particular. These employed evidence from Cyprus itself, the Aegean and the Levant. This communication complements these proposals using evidence recovered at the Tyrian cemetery of al-Bass. The conclusion is to extend the start date of CA I to at least the third quarter of the 9th century BC. The alternative would be a revision and reformulation of the characteristics of the Cypro-Geometric (CG) III period and its chronology.
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Ion Beam Analysis
The study of pottery, the most abundant artefact in archaeological excavations, is no longer limited to the morphological and functional aspects, but has expanded to include examination of the production techniques, from the time when the clay is fared that in which is worked by the potter The many questions that the archaeologist is called to address have come to include checking the provenance of the artefacts and locating the production centres, or at least outlining the likely geographical areas of origin.
Modern archaeometric techniques are sometimes able to respond to these problems, and may also help to highlight differentiating factors of the artefacts at a technological level; they may provide insights into the degree of specialization achieved by the workers in the ceramics factories, highlighting the use of new techniques in coatings and compositions that are related to the opening of new commercial contacts. The use of technology in the examination of clays has, therefore, become crucial in the study of a particular ceramic, the Phoenician, which spread to many regions of the Mediterranean with the first phases of displacement of oriental population nuclei, was soon produced in the settlements of western Phoenicians, and was sometimes imitated in indigenous contexts.
During this seminar day, comparison is made between two projects that use different analytical techniques to characterize the Phoenician and “Phoenicianizing” pottery of two regions, Phoenicia and the Iberian Peninsula, at the eastern and western limits of the Mediterranean region.
The first project, entitled Establishment of a Phoenician pottery database on the chemical composition of terracottas using ion beam analysis techniques (IBA) and application to the study of artisanal production (pottery and coroplastic) from the Kharayeb archeological site in southern Lebanon, was carried out between 2015 and 2016, and is directed by Ida Oggiano from the Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico (CNR, Rome) and Mohamad Roumié of the Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (CNRS-L, Beirut).
The second project, entitled The beginnings of the Early Iron Age in south-western Iberia: chronology and material culture, was carried out between 2014 and 2016, and is directed by Michał Krueger from the Institute of Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, with financial help from the Polish National Science Centre (grant number DEC-2013/09/B/HS3/00630). The chronology component of the project (AMS dating, seriation of grave assemblages, Bayesian analysis) has been conducted at Queen’s University Belfast, while the pottery provenance study has been undertaken at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.