The cardiovascular system

Basic Components of All Circulatory Systems

1. A fluid, blood, that serves as a medium of transport
2. A system of channels, or vessels, that conduct the blood throughout the body
3. A pump, the heart, that keeps the blood circulating.
4. In closed systems, each body cell has a direct blood vessel connection

Functions

Transport of :

• oxygen from lungs to tissues
• carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• nutrients from digestive system to all body cells
• waste products from all body cells to the liver, then kidney

Distribution of hormones from gland to target organ

Regulation of body temperature by adjustments in blood flow

Prevention of blood loss by means of clotting

Protection of body from microbes by circulating white blood cells and antibodies

The vertebrate heart

Two distinctly different chambers:

1) atrium 

thin walls and very elastic

designed to collect blood from the body

2) ventricle

thick walls and very muscular

designed to pump blood to the body

Blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels:
Arteries (and smaller arterioles)
Capillaries
Veins (and smaller venules)

ACV

Blood moves from Arteries to Capillaries to Veins in a continuous cycle.

Arteries

• Carry blood under pressure away from the heart towards the capillaries
• Middle tissue layer of arteries is thick smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle contractions regulate blood flow and  increases blood pressure
• Relaxation of arteries and arterioles decreases blood pressure

 

Capillaries

   Capillaries have cell walls one cell thick - easy diffusion of molecules between blood in capillaries and cells in body.

   While individual capillaries are small, capillaries form large capillary beds in tissues very large total area which slows down blood flow increases the rate of diffusion

 

Example: After eating, precapillary sphincters in digestive system capillary beds are open while precapillary sphincters in muscle capillary beds are closed priority is for the blood to pick up the nutrient molecules from digestive system.

Veins & Veinules

  Veins (and smaller venules) drain blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart under low blood pressure
  Veins have the same tissue layers as arteries, but have less smooth muscle in the middle layer walls of a vein are thin in comparison to arteries.

  Theoretically, because veins are thin walled and blood pressure is low in veins, blood should tend to move slowly through the veins. Actually, the flow of blood in the veins increases due to the presence of one-way valves in veins and skeletal muscle contraction around veins

 

Veins

Comparision

The heart

• The human heart weighs between 200 to 425 grams and is a little larger than the size of your fist
• The heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your sternum
• The apex of the heart is oriented to the left side of the body

The heart

   A double-layered membrane sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart 

   The outer parietal pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart's major blood vessels and is attached by ligaments to your spine, diaphragm, and other parts of your body

   The inner visceral pericardium is attached to the heart muscle

Myocardium

The major portion of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle cells, collectively called the myocardium.
Myocardium has a "stringy" look compared to skeletal muscle.
Striated skeletal muscle cells are large and lie next to each other in more or less parallel bundles

The septum

A wall of muscle called the septum separates the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles the right side of the heart is a pump for pulmonary circulation and the left side of the heart is a pump for systemic circulation

Blood flow -

deoxygenated blood

• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava
• Deoxygenated blood flows from the right atrium, across the atrioventricular tricuspid valve, and into the right ventricle
• The right ventricle contracts and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
• The semilunar pulmonary valve prevents back flow of the blood into the right ventricle

Blood Flow

Blood flow: Oxygenated blood

1. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs via four pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium.
2. Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium, across the atrioventricular mitral (or bicuspid) valve, and into the left ventricle
3. The left ventricle has a very thick muscular wall so that it can generate high pressures during contraction
4. Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pushed across the semilunar aortic valve and into the aorta for transport to the body

Two distinct loops - figure of 8

 

Right loop= pulmonary circulation

Left loop = systemic circulation

 

Deoxygenated blood is always kept separate from oxygenated blood

 

Heartbeat

What causes your pulse? 

When surgically removed from the body, the heart will continue to beat for several hours provided it is supplied with the appropriate nutrients and salts

 

This is possible because the heart possesses its own specialized conduction system and can beat independently even after being separated from its nerve supply
 

 

The heartbeat - Generates its own electricity

There are five basic components to the heart's intrinsic conduction system
(1) sinoatrial node (SA node): Initiate each beat of the heart ( = pacemaker of the heart).The excitation impulse occurs every 0.85 seconds approximately 72 times per minute.
(2) inter-nodal fiber bundle
(3) atrioventricular node (AV node): short delay, waits for the atria to fully contract and empty its blood into the ventricule.
(4) atrioventricular bundle
(5) Purkinje fibers: Permit a very rapid and simultaneous distribution of the nerve impulse throughout the muscular walls of both ventricles. Contraction of the ventricles.

Systolic pressure = the highest blood pressure in the arteries is reached when the ventricles contract (120)
Diastolic pressure = the lowest blood pressure in the arteries is reached when the ventricles are relaxed (80)

 

Copy table p.309 ''The cardiac cycle''.

Draw Figure 10.14 p.310 - The ECG (b) and explain the P-QRS complex-T points.

Read p.310 : Intrinsic and Extrinsic control of heart beat + The ECG. Question 1 to 4 p.311

Blood composition

PLASMA - 55%

LEUKOCYTES + PLATELETS Less than 1%

ERYTHROCYTES 45%

 

Plasma: H2O, proteins, salts, O2, CO2, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, urea, hormones.

Leuko: Soldiers in charge of fighting invasive pathogens or react to allergens. 

Erythro: Red blood cells (no nuclei therefore only lives 120 days) containing hemoglobins - the protein that transports oxygen with the help of iron. (figure 10.4 p.300)

Platelets: We produce 200 billions a day. Permits coagulation.

Blood types

Population and the different types of blood

The world leading disease

CardioVascular Diseases: Readings p.322

 

Atherosclerosis

The Korean War Soldiers Study

Hypertension

Heart Valve Disease

Stroke, Heart Attack and Aneurysm

The difference between men and women

Sommeil (Sleep)

Activité physique

Nutrition

Tête (Mental health)

Écran (Screen)

Cardiovascular Diseases and Lifestyle

Advices from a pediatric cardiologist

https://centrecircuit.com/fr/

The Wall-e lifestyle: sedentary, fast-food,

screen-obsessed, anxiety driven pop., 

lack of sleep. 

 

 

EXERCICE - it is the ''Drano'' of your plumbing. It pushes the blood forward faster therefore cleaning the arteries of the accumulated fats - our arterial pressure will lower.

Sitting = pressure goes up because it's harder to pump.

Hunter-gatherer genome: work for their food

PEOPLE WHO HAVE A LOWER HEART PRESSURE LIVE LONGER.

 

Want to know more about your heart's health... On your next doctor's appointment

Ask for a blood test!

Ask for your cholesterol level, blood sugar level (after fasting) and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic)

Enter your scores on the following website

Continued...

Our relationship with nutrition is very unhealthy.

Nutrition too easily available. (before, during and after school, treats for everything).

Obesity is a very recent problem (and our addiction to sugar is one of the major issue) causing the aging of our blood vessels.

 

THE GOOD NEWS - IT IS REVERSIBLE!

 

The healthiest and most studied diet is the mediteranean diet. Longest longevity.

Exercice = 60 mins per day for children

                   30 mins per day for adults (must sweat                       to be considered an exercice)

Last but not least

• Find an app that measures your screen time

• Find an app that measures your sedentary time, go unplug those blood vessels!

• Shut down your phone 1h before bed time

• TV is worse than internet - adds tricking your brain into eating.

• Start being aware of your stress eating

• Lower the sugar intake (no fruit juices or pops) 

• Be conscientious of WHY you are eating (bored, sad, anxious)

• Sitting is the new smoking - bus drivers in London

• Once you are legal - one glass of red wine helps! But you should have 0 alcohol for 3 days a week.

  Pets reduces the amount of cardiovascular diseases...nobody knows why...

It will forever stay a mystery

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