Hazar Kaba
Hazar Kaba was born in Lefkosia, Cyprus. He did his BA in Archaeology at Ankara University (2002-2006). He won his MA degree with the thesis "Bird Motif on Cypro-Archaic Pottery" in 2008 and his PhD with the thesis "Cypro-Classical Necropolis of Soloi" (2015) from the same institution. Currently, he holds the position of Associate Professor at the Department of Archaeology at Sinop University, Turkey.
He participated in various excavations in Cyprus and Turkey among which are Salamis (2003-2007), Idalion (2007), Temple of Apollon Smintheus at Gülpınar-Troad (2004-2007), Chalcolithic settlement of Gülpınar (2004-2007) and Parion in Troad (2017-2019). He had taken part in many surveys in Anatolia and conducted many studies in museums throughout North Cyprus, Turkey and Europe under various projects. Currently, he is the Co-Director of the joint American-Turkish expedition to the Hellenistic city of Notion in Ionia.
He has written articles, book chapters, and a book on various aspects of death and burial in the Classical World and material culture related to it within a geographic scope that expands from Cyprus, Troad, and Aegean to Pontus. Currently, his studies focus on three luxurious Late Classical-Early Hellenistic houses from Sinope. Hazar had recently finalized documentation of the architecture and material culture from a newly excavated extra-urban sanctuary from Cyprus as his next focus of study.
Hazar had been granted various fellowships from AKMED (Koç University), Getty Institute in LA and George Maxim Anossov Hanfmann programs through ARIT.
Phone: +90 368 271 57 57 / 4298
Address: Sinop Üniversitesi
Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi - Arkeoloji Bölümü
Osmaniye Köyü Nasuhbaşoğlu Mevkii 57000 – Sinop
He participated in various excavations in Cyprus and Turkey among which are Salamis (2003-2007), Idalion (2007), Temple of Apollon Smintheus at Gülpınar-Troad (2004-2007), Chalcolithic settlement of Gülpınar (2004-2007) and Parion in Troad (2017-2019). He had taken part in many surveys in Anatolia and conducted many studies in museums throughout North Cyprus, Turkey and Europe under various projects. Currently, he is the Co-Director of the joint American-Turkish expedition to the Hellenistic city of Notion in Ionia.
He has written articles, book chapters, and a book on various aspects of death and burial in the Classical World and material culture related to it within a geographic scope that expands from Cyprus, Troad, and Aegean to Pontus. Currently, his studies focus on three luxurious Late Classical-Early Hellenistic houses from Sinope. Hazar had recently finalized documentation of the architecture and material culture from a newly excavated extra-urban sanctuary from Cyprus as his next focus of study.
Hazar had been granted various fellowships from AKMED (Koç University), Getty Institute in LA and George Maxim Anossov Hanfmann programs through ARIT.
Phone: +90 368 271 57 57 / 4298
Address: Sinop Üniversitesi
Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi - Arkeoloji Bölümü
Osmaniye Köyü Nasuhbaşoğlu Mevkii 57000 – Sinop
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https://unipress.bg/%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8
of the article, the sociocultural context of the mosaics is addressed. The analysis considers the meaning and symbolism of their decorations, as well as the place they once occupied within the lives of their owners. Ultimately, the position of the examples from Sinope within the wider sphere of mid-fourth-century BC Greek pebble-mosaic floors will be considered, along with the significance of such lavishly decorated floors in Sinope at this time.
For purchasing the full-text visit: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/display-of-wealth-status-and-power-two-recently-discovered-midfourthcentury-bc-pebblemosaic-floors-from-sinope/0CBE74C4B1EEB36D6F6136D567DC9869
Present-day Turkey, ancient Asia Minor, has supplied a vast assemblage of a range of toreutic vessels from various eras of antiquity. In 2012 a new addition was made to this assemblage with the discovery of an exceptional bronze hydria in the necropolis of the ancient Aeolian city of Kyme. Carefully produced and richly adorned with a relief plaquette of Dionysos and Silenus, this vessel was first published several years after its discovery. However, it has yet to receive a full treatment, including a detailed comparison with other examples. This paper aims to rectify this situation by “re-identifying” the Kyme hydria through a wide-ranging study. Firstly, the vessel will be re-evaluated in terms of its find context, including assessment of the other finds recovered from the same tomb. There follows a detailed typological analysis in which analogies are drawn with contemporary metal vessels. This will help both to challenge the previously suggested use, production technique and date and to identify the possible origin of this vessel. Last but not least, comments are made on how this exceptional hydria might have found its way to Kyme and the significance of this within the wider world of Greek toreutics.
Keywords: Kyme; hydria; Dionysos; Silenus; late 4th century BC
However, a small rescue excavation conducted nearly a kilometre south of the Tavşandere tends to change this situation. This rescue excavation that took place within a small-scale area revealed two cist graves and one sarcophagus. Especially one of the cist graves attracted attention with its very rich inventory of jewellery. This new burial ground possesses the potential to change our state-of-the-art knowledge on the size, topography and organisation of Parion’s southern necropolis. Evaluated under two publications this new burial ground from the hinterland of Parion still did not find its deserved place within the funerary archaeology of the Troad.
This paper aims to re-evaluate this new burial ground, its topography, organisation and finds with some updated knowledge, new points of view and more in-detail comparanda. To do so, the topography, grave typology and most importantly the find repertories of this burial ground will be re-examined, compared with parallels and evaluated with the other burial grounds of the region.
Nevertheless, such a discovery took place in 2018 as a tumulus located a few kilometres southwest of Parion was rescue excavated under the directorship of Çanakkale Museum. Known as the Beyoba Tumulus this mound and a tomb structure built under it rests on a high hill overlooking one of the plains that were once dominated by Parion. Revealed to be partially destroyed as a result of several illicit excavations the Beyoba Tumulus sup- plied a notable amount of artefacts and an interesting architectural layout. Especially the architecture, reflect- ing a hybrid Thraco-Macedonian character, supplied us with a rare exemplar for its subject matter when the region of Troad is into consideration.
This paper focuses primarily on the more important architectural traits of the Beyoba Tumulus. Within its course firstly a descriptive sharing of the tumulus’ plan, building technique and main architectural traits will be achieved. Following this, in-detail analogies will be established with parallels originating respectively from Thrace and Macedonia. This analogical approach will be further harmonized with certain contemporary local tumuli. By doing so, it is aimed to contextualise the origin and existence of this hybrid structure originating from the Beyoba Tumulus. A further historical and geopolitical contextualisation will also be achieved by the interpretation of this tumular tomb with the historical events of its era.
Keywords: Parion, Thraco-Macedonian tumuli, Late 4th century BC, corbelled roof, barrel-vault
together with five others, were revealed during a rescue excavation between 2005-2006. They supply us with evidence related to the Cypro-
Classical period of Soloi. The specific tomb that will be evaluated is distinguished from its contemporaries, especially by its rich inventory of
gold and silver jewelry and metal vessels. The tomb is characterized by three separate burial chambers that open to a rock-cut central courtyard
(prodomos). It supplies us with valuable information related to the sociocultural structure, internal and external relations of Cypro-
Classical Soloi as well as funerary beliefs and customs of its elite.
The article firstly gives a detailed structural and comparative analysis conducted to reveal both the spatial and architectural characteristics
of the tomb. This will be followed by a superficial, yet still informative, analysis of all the burials and their rich inventories. Last but not least, the burials and their inventories will be contextualized within the setting of
the 4th century BC Cypriot and Greek burial customs.
Marble vessels of various forms and types had an essential role within the life of ancient people. However, the tedious obtaining process and the long-lasting lifetime of marble made the vessels produced from it valuable and scantly obtainable objects for everyone’s domestic life. On the other hand, due to its durability, marble vessels were highly preferred, especially by the elite for ritual but mostly for funerary oriented areas. Two marble vases kept within the storages of the Sinop Archaeological Museum supply us with some good examples of marble vessels produced and used for funerary oriented purposes. The two vases, carved in the shape of a lekythos and a hydria, are important finds for a better understanding of the funerary beliefs, cultural interactions and, even at some point, the demographic structure of ancient Sinop. In the scope of this paper, continuous evaluation will be conducted, firstly for an in detail interpreting and understanding of the two vases. Full or partial comparisons will be drawn with other various vases for establishing a more definite identification and a secure dating. Last but not least, the vases will be tried to be placed within the context of the use of marble vases for funerary purposes.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mermer Cenaze Kapları, Mezar Belirteci, Lekythos, Attik, Hydria
Çeşitli form ve tiplerde mermer kaplar antik dönem insanının hayatında önemli rollere sahip olmuştur. Ancak meşakkatli elde etme süreci ve uzun ömürlü oluşu gibi unsurlar mermerden üretilmiş kapları herkesin gündelik hayatı için değerli ve az miktarda temin edilebilir bir hale sokmuştur. Diğer yandan dayanıklılığı sayesinde mermerden üretilen kaplar özellikle elit kesim tarafından ritüel ancak daha çok ölü gömme odaklı kullanılmak üzere tercih edilmiştir. Sinop Arkeoloji Müzesi depolarında muhafaza altında tutulan iki adet mermer kap, özellikle ölü gömmede kullanılan formlar için güzel örneklemeler sunmaktadır. Biri lekythos diğeri ise hydria formunda olacak şekilde üretilmiş bu iki
kap, antik Sinop’taki ölü gömme inançları, kültürel etkileşimler hatta bir noktada demografik yapı hakkında değerli verilere ulaşmada kıymetli birer eser görevi görmektedir. Bu çalışma bünyesinde her iki kabın da detaylı ve kapsamlı bir incelemesi gerçekleştirilecektir.
The tombs that were built by means of using rubble and mortar were found to be covered with a layer of stucco both from inside and outside. Entrance to the tombs, which are all below the ground level, was made possible by small entrances all opening to the south and understood
to be closed by monolith blocks. All tombs were covered by a built barrel vault. Floors of the chambers were carved from the bedrock itself and in some examples was divided by two basins or was left undivided.
A total of 47 artefacts were recovered from the chambers as well as from the soil taken out by the illegal excavations. The overall repertory comprises of ceramics, glass artefacts, metal objects, coins and jewellery. One of the tombs with a partially preserved context, named as
OM5, especially stands out from the rest as it housed a mass burial made of more than forty bodies piled on top or aside of each other.
All these tombs and their remains, which will be evaluated within this study, posses a high potential for a better understanding of the social, demographic and religious identity of Parion as well as its burials customs during the Early Imperial Roman Period.
Keywords: Burial customs, chamber tomb, Early Imperial Period, Roman, necropolis
note. According to anthropological analyses, this rich burial belonged to a young female.
This paper presents the burial and its offerings, but with a focus on the polychrome Plakettenvasen. It reviews the dating of this pottery group, which has been a problematic issue, on the basis of the wider assemblage recovered from the sarcophagus.
Keywords: Plakettenvasen, Sinope, sarcophagus, polychrome relief ceramics, Late Classical.
boyunca, özellikle metal hydrialar, bilinen ana amacı olan su taşıyıp muhafaza etme dışında spor müsabakalarının kazananlarına ödül olarak verilmiş, tapınaklara adanan başlıca eserler olmuş, savaş ganimeti olarak özellikle tercih edilmiş, seçimlerde oy sandığı olarak kullanılmış hatta gömülerde en sık tercih edilen urne kaplarından olmuştur.
Günümüzde Sinop Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde sergilenmekte olan tunç bir hydria kalpis sade ve süslemesiz formuna rağmen ağız kenarındaki bir
yazıt ile dikkat çekmektedir. Daha önce bilim dünyasına duyurulmamış bu kalpis ağız kenarındaki yazıt ışığında çok az sayıda temsil edilen bir ödül hydriasına yeni bir örnekleme sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu hydrianın tanımını, formsal ve ölçüsel özelliklerini irdeleme yanında, özellikle yazıtı üzerinden yola çıkarak, eserin metal hydria envanterindeki konumuna yerleştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır
Just in this context and situation, a series of coincidental discoveris related to an archaeological landscape within a small valley on the Kyrenia Mountain Range has occurred. Within these coincidental discoveries, a group of various archaeological finds was found not contemporarily at a location known as Sykhari-Lakkin. Among these finds, there were tombs as well as a wide selection of ceramics, figurines, architectural elements, industrial usage tools and even some architectural remains. This article will be the first publication that will evaluate Sykhari-Lakkin in an archaeological perspective in light of the aforementioned finds and reveal its archeological significance for the island of Cyprus.
Türkiye, modern kentlerin antik yerleşimler üzerine yükseldiği nice örnekle nitelenen bir coğrafya konumundadır. Karadeniz’in liman kentlerinden biri olan Sinop da bir zamanların görkemli antik şehri Sinope’nin kalıntıları üzerinde gelişmiş veya halen daha gelişmekte olan bir kent kimliğine sahiptir. Bunun sonucunda, kentte geçmiş ile günümüzün iç içe dokunduğu bir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Sinop’ta 1950’li yıllarda bilimsel çalışmalar uğruna ilk kazmanın vurulmasından itibaren başlayan süreç günümüze kadar kesintisiz bir şekilde devam edecek bir geleneğin müjdecisi olmuştur. Bu gelenek, bir kısmı akademik odaklı “sezonluk” kazılar ile nitelenen, diğer bir kısmı ise yerel Arkeoloji Müzesi tarafından sürdürülen daimi “kentsel” kurtarma kazılarından ibaret bir kazı geleneğine dönüşmüştür.
Bu çalışma, yetmiş yıllık çift yönlü bu geleneğin kısa ve toplu bir kesitini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma bünyesinde, Sinop kenti ve yakın çevresinde bilimsel amaçlar doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiş arkeolojik kazıların başta Sinop ve Karadeniz arkeolojisine, aynı zamanda da Türkiye’nin kentsel arkeolojisine katkıları irdelenecektir. Bu kapsamda yetmiş yıllık süreçte kesintisizce devam eden Müze kazıları yanında TTK Kazıları, Balatlar Kazısı ve Sinop Kale Kazıları gibi mevsimsel kazılar da irdelenecektir.
Böylece kentin arkeolojik kazılarla değişen ve güncellenen antik dokusu, yapısı, kültürel zenginliği ve ilerleyen dönemlerde bilim dünyasına sunabileceği arkeolojik potansiyel toplu bir biçimde değerlendirilmiş olacaktır.
ABSTRACT
Turkey reflects a geography that has been shaped by various examples of modern cities which still develop on ancient settlements. Sinop, one of the port cities of the Black Sea, reflects an urban character which had developed and is still developing on the remains of the once glorious city of Sinope. This, in the end, resulted in an urban structure where modern meets the ancient.
A scientific process of excavations, which had emerged right after the
first excavations of the 1950’s, quickly became the herald of a continuous tradition that has lasted until the present day. This tradition, nowadays, is defined by both academic “seasonal” excavations and Museum directed continuous “urban rescue” excavations.
This paper aims to present a collective but brief portion of this bidirectional excavation tradition. Within these lines, the contributions of the archaeological excavations to the urban archaeology of Sinop, the Black Sea and Turkey will be evaluated through the study of works done in and around the city. This will be achieved by the examining of both rescue excavations and academic based excavations like TTK Excavations, Balatlar Excavations and Sinop Kale Excavations which can be spread to a time span of nearly seventy years.
Thus the everchanging ancient texture of the city, its structure, cultural richness and the potential that it will present to the world of archaeology will be presented as a whole.
The archaeological investigation of Soloi was undertaken by the University of Laval-Quebec between the years 1964 and 1974. However, in the aftermath of the conflicts in 1974, Soloi was neglected until recently, when a rescue excavation was carried out in 2005/2006. This rescue excavation known as “Soli Rescue Excavations” (SRE hereafter) was conducted in the necropolis of the city by the Department of Antiquities and Museums of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The rich "treasures" found in the burial chambers 4A and 4B of the tomb complex “SRE Tomb 4” and a group of other newly discovered tombs from the necropolis are important for shedding light on the Cypro-Classical Period of Soloi. Among the rich finds in both chambers of Tomb 4 are pottery, lamps, figurines, weapons and metal vessels, but the gold and silver jewelry stands out for its material and artistic value.
This article will focus on the precious metal objects from Chamber 4A and 4B, namely the golden and silver jewelry. It aims to present the material, classify and contextualize different jewelry types by style and date, and finally to draw conclusions about the wealthy aristocracy in Soloi.
The large repertory of the jewelry found in Tomb 4 suggests that it derives from the possession of several persons, possibly the members of the same family, buried successively in both chambers.
family grave complex which was found in 2005-2006, during a rescue excavation that was conducted at
the Necropolis of Soloi in Cyprus. The figurine from the chamber, which likely was the burial place of a
high status aristocratic family from the Cypro-Classical Period of the city, bears a significant importance
for the world of archaeology like many other finds from the chamber. The figurine sheds light to the art
of sculpturing of the era, artistic influences on the local productions as well as the character of the Cypro-
Classical Solian sculpture. Stylistic examination of the figurine also reveals the presence of important local
connections and a possible common cult shared by many Cypriot city kingdoms. But the most important
of them all is that Chamber 4A figurine enables us to solidly realise the socio-cultural connections that the
city of Soloi had with Attica Region and especially with Athens during the Cypro-Classical Period. Strong
Attic influence shown by the figurine mixed with local character proves the presence of the Attic sculptors
in the city thus placing Soloi amongst the other Atticly influenced phil-Hellenic city kingdoms like
Marion and Salamis.
The funerary jewellery of 4A and 4B consisting of wreaths and various dress ornaments, forms an extremely important find group for the Island’s past and Classical archaeology, especially due to the fact that they are all made of gold as well as with the quality and high workmanship they are bearing. Aformentioned jewellery especially attracts attention by showing concrete proofs for the presence of prothesis rituels before burial as well as by reflecting the nature of cultural, trading and religious connections of the Classical Solians.
https://unipress.bg/%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8
of the article, the sociocultural context of the mosaics is addressed. The analysis considers the meaning and symbolism of their decorations, as well as the place they once occupied within the lives of their owners. Ultimately, the position of the examples from Sinope within the wider sphere of mid-fourth-century BC Greek pebble-mosaic floors will be considered, along with the significance of such lavishly decorated floors in Sinope at this time.
For purchasing the full-text visit: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/display-of-wealth-status-and-power-two-recently-discovered-midfourthcentury-bc-pebblemosaic-floors-from-sinope/0CBE74C4B1EEB36D6F6136D567DC9869
Present-day Turkey, ancient Asia Minor, has supplied a vast assemblage of a range of toreutic vessels from various eras of antiquity. In 2012 a new addition was made to this assemblage with the discovery of an exceptional bronze hydria in the necropolis of the ancient Aeolian city of Kyme. Carefully produced and richly adorned with a relief plaquette of Dionysos and Silenus, this vessel was first published several years after its discovery. However, it has yet to receive a full treatment, including a detailed comparison with other examples. This paper aims to rectify this situation by “re-identifying” the Kyme hydria through a wide-ranging study. Firstly, the vessel will be re-evaluated in terms of its find context, including assessment of the other finds recovered from the same tomb. There follows a detailed typological analysis in which analogies are drawn with contemporary metal vessels. This will help both to challenge the previously suggested use, production technique and date and to identify the possible origin of this vessel. Last but not least, comments are made on how this exceptional hydria might have found its way to Kyme and the significance of this within the wider world of Greek toreutics.
Keywords: Kyme; hydria; Dionysos; Silenus; late 4th century BC
However, a small rescue excavation conducted nearly a kilometre south of the Tavşandere tends to change this situation. This rescue excavation that took place within a small-scale area revealed two cist graves and one sarcophagus. Especially one of the cist graves attracted attention with its very rich inventory of jewellery. This new burial ground possesses the potential to change our state-of-the-art knowledge on the size, topography and organisation of Parion’s southern necropolis. Evaluated under two publications this new burial ground from the hinterland of Parion still did not find its deserved place within the funerary archaeology of the Troad.
This paper aims to re-evaluate this new burial ground, its topography, organisation and finds with some updated knowledge, new points of view and more in-detail comparanda. To do so, the topography, grave typology and most importantly the find repertories of this burial ground will be re-examined, compared with parallels and evaluated with the other burial grounds of the region.
Nevertheless, such a discovery took place in 2018 as a tumulus located a few kilometres southwest of Parion was rescue excavated under the directorship of Çanakkale Museum. Known as the Beyoba Tumulus this mound and a tomb structure built under it rests on a high hill overlooking one of the plains that were once dominated by Parion. Revealed to be partially destroyed as a result of several illicit excavations the Beyoba Tumulus sup- plied a notable amount of artefacts and an interesting architectural layout. Especially the architecture, reflect- ing a hybrid Thraco-Macedonian character, supplied us with a rare exemplar for its subject matter when the region of Troad is into consideration.
This paper focuses primarily on the more important architectural traits of the Beyoba Tumulus. Within its course firstly a descriptive sharing of the tumulus’ plan, building technique and main architectural traits will be achieved. Following this, in-detail analogies will be established with parallels originating respectively from Thrace and Macedonia. This analogical approach will be further harmonized with certain contemporary local tumuli. By doing so, it is aimed to contextualise the origin and existence of this hybrid structure originating from the Beyoba Tumulus. A further historical and geopolitical contextualisation will also be achieved by the interpretation of this tumular tomb with the historical events of its era.
Keywords: Parion, Thraco-Macedonian tumuli, Late 4th century BC, corbelled roof, barrel-vault
together with five others, were revealed during a rescue excavation between 2005-2006. They supply us with evidence related to the Cypro-
Classical period of Soloi. The specific tomb that will be evaluated is distinguished from its contemporaries, especially by its rich inventory of
gold and silver jewelry and metal vessels. The tomb is characterized by three separate burial chambers that open to a rock-cut central courtyard
(prodomos). It supplies us with valuable information related to the sociocultural structure, internal and external relations of Cypro-
Classical Soloi as well as funerary beliefs and customs of its elite.
The article firstly gives a detailed structural and comparative analysis conducted to reveal both the spatial and architectural characteristics
of the tomb. This will be followed by a superficial, yet still informative, analysis of all the burials and their rich inventories. Last but not least, the burials and their inventories will be contextualized within the setting of
the 4th century BC Cypriot and Greek burial customs.
Marble vessels of various forms and types had an essential role within the life of ancient people. However, the tedious obtaining process and the long-lasting lifetime of marble made the vessels produced from it valuable and scantly obtainable objects for everyone’s domestic life. On the other hand, due to its durability, marble vessels were highly preferred, especially by the elite for ritual but mostly for funerary oriented areas. Two marble vases kept within the storages of the Sinop Archaeological Museum supply us with some good examples of marble vessels produced and used for funerary oriented purposes. The two vases, carved in the shape of a lekythos and a hydria, are important finds for a better understanding of the funerary beliefs, cultural interactions and, even at some point, the demographic structure of ancient Sinop. In the scope of this paper, continuous evaluation will be conducted, firstly for an in detail interpreting and understanding of the two vases. Full or partial comparisons will be drawn with other various vases for establishing a more definite identification and a secure dating. Last but not least, the vases will be tried to be placed within the context of the use of marble vases for funerary purposes.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mermer Cenaze Kapları, Mezar Belirteci, Lekythos, Attik, Hydria
Çeşitli form ve tiplerde mermer kaplar antik dönem insanının hayatında önemli rollere sahip olmuştur. Ancak meşakkatli elde etme süreci ve uzun ömürlü oluşu gibi unsurlar mermerden üretilmiş kapları herkesin gündelik hayatı için değerli ve az miktarda temin edilebilir bir hale sokmuştur. Diğer yandan dayanıklılığı sayesinde mermerden üretilen kaplar özellikle elit kesim tarafından ritüel ancak daha çok ölü gömme odaklı kullanılmak üzere tercih edilmiştir. Sinop Arkeoloji Müzesi depolarında muhafaza altında tutulan iki adet mermer kap, özellikle ölü gömmede kullanılan formlar için güzel örneklemeler sunmaktadır. Biri lekythos diğeri ise hydria formunda olacak şekilde üretilmiş bu iki
kap, antik Sinop’taki ölü gömme inançları, kültürel etkileşimler hatta bir noktada demografik yapı hakkında değerli verilere ulaşmada kıymetli birer eser görevi görmektedir. Bu çalışma bünyesinde her iki kabın da detaylı ve kapsamlı bir incelemesi gerçekleştirilecektir.
The tombs that were built by means of using rubble and mortar were found to be covered with a layer of stucco both from inside and outside. Entrance to the tombs, which are all below the ground level, was made possible by small entrances all opening to the south and understood
to be closed by monolith blocks. All tombs were covered by a built barrel vault. Floors of the chambers were carved from the bedrock itself and in some examples was divided by two basins or was left undivided.
A total of 47 artefacts were recovered from the chambers as well as from the soil taken out by the illegal excavations. The overall repertory comprises of ceramics, glass artefacts, metal objects, coins and jewellery. One of the tombs with a partially preserved context, named as
OM5, especially stands out from the rest as it housed a mass burial made of more than forty bodies piled on top or aside of each other.
All these tombs and their remains, which will be evaluated within this study, posses a high potential for a better understanding of the social, demographic and religious identity of Parion as well as its burials customs during the Early Imperial Roman Period.
Keywords: Burial customs, chamber tomb, Early Imperial Period, Roman, necropolis
note. According to anthropological analyses, this rich burial belonged to a young female.
This paper presents the burial and its offerings, but with a focus on the polychrome Plakettenvasen. It reviews the dating of this pottery group, which has been a problematic issue, on the basis of the wider assemblage recovered from the sarcophagus.
Keywords: Plakettenvasen, Sinope, sarcophagus, polychrome relief ceramics, Late Classical.
boyunca, özellikle metal hydrialar, bilinen ana amacı olan su taşıyıp muhafaza etme dışında spor müsabakalarının kazananlarına ödül olarak verilmiş, tapınaklara adanan başlıca eserler olmuş, savaş ganimeti olarak özellikle tercih edilmiş, seçimlerde oy sandığı olarak kullanılmış hatta gömülerde en sık tercih edilen urne kaplarından olmuştur.
Günümüzde Sinop Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde sergilenmekte olan tunç bir hydria kalpis sade ve süslemesiz formuna rağmen ağız kenarındaki bir
yazıt ile dikkat çekmektedir. Daha önce bilim dünyasına duyurulmamış bu kalpis ağız kenarındaki yazıt ışığında çok az sayıda temsil edilen bir ödül hydriasına yeni bir örnekleme sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu hydrianın tanımını, formsal ve ölçüsel özelliklerini irdeleme yanında, özellikle yazıtı üzerinden yola çıkarak, eserin metal hydria envanterindeki konumuna yerleştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır
Just in this context and situation, a series of coincidental discoveris related to an archaeological landscape within a small valley on the Kyrenia Mountain Range has occurred. Within these coincidental discoveries, a group of various archaeological finds was found not contemporarily at a location known as Sykhari-Lakkin. Among these finds, there were tombs as well as a wide selection of ceramics, figurines, architectural elements, industrial usage tools and even some architectural remains. This article will be the first publication that will evaluate Sykhari-Lakkin in an archaeological perspective in light of the aforementioned finds and reveal its archeological significance for the island of Cyprus.
Türkiye, modern kentlerin antik yerleşimler üzerine yükseldiği nice örnekle nitelenen bir coğrafya konumundadır. Karadeniz’in liman kentlerinden biri olan Sinop da bir zamanların görkemli antik şehri Sinope’nin kalıntıları üzerinde gelişmiş veya halen daha gelişmekte olan bir kent kimliğine sahiptir. Bunun sonucunda, kentte geçmiş ile günümüzün iç içe dokunduğu bir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Sinop’ta 1950’li yıllarda bilimsel çalışmalar uğruna ilk kazmanın vurulmasından itibaren başlayan süreç günümüze kadar kesintisiz bir şekilde devam edecek bir geleneğin müjdecisi olmuştur. Bu gelenek, bir kısmı akademik odaklı “sezonluk” kazılar ile nitelenen, diğer bir kısmı ise yerel Arkeoloji Müzesi tarafından sürdürülen daimi “kentsel” kurtarma kazılarından ibaret bir kazı geleneğine dönüşmüştür.
Bu çalışma, yetmiş yıllık çift yönlü bu geleneğin kısa ve toplu bir kesitini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma bünyesinde, Sinop kenti ve yakın çevresinde bilimsel amaçlar doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiş arkeolojik kazıların başta Sinop ve Karadeniz arkeolojisine, aynı zamanda da Türkiye’nin kentsel arkeolojisine katkıları irdelenecektir. Bu kapsamda yetmiş yıllık süreçte kesintisizce devam eden Müze kazıları yanında TTK Kazıları, Balatlar Kazısı ve Sinop Kale Kazıları gibi mevsimsel kazılar da irdelenecektir.
Böylece kentin arkeolojik kazılarla değişen ve güncellenen antik dokusu, yapısı, kültürel zenginliği ve ilerleyen dönemlerde bilim dünyasına sunabileceği arkeolojik potansiyel toplu bir biçimde değerlendirilmiş olacaktır.
ABSTRACT
Turkey reflects a geography that has been shaped by various examples of modern cities which still develop on ancient settlements. Sinop, one of the port cities of the Black Sea, reflects an urban character which had developed and is still developing on the remains of the once glorious city of Sinope. This, in the end, resulted in an urban structure where modern meets the ancient.
A scientific process of excavations, which had emerged right after the
first excavations of the 1950’s, quickly became the herald of a continuous tradition that has lasted until the present day. This tradition, nowadays, is defined by both academic “seasonal” excavations and Museum directed continuous “urban rescue” excavations.
This paper aims to present a collective but brief portion of this bidirectional excavation tradition. Within these lines, the contributions of the archaeological excavations to the urban archaeology of Sinop, the Black Sea and Turkey will be evaluated through the study of works done in and around the city. This will be achieved by the examining of both rescue excavations and academic based excavations like TTK Excavations, Balatlar Excavations and Sinop Kale Excavations which can be spread to a time span of nearly seventy years.
Thus the everchanging ancient texture of the city, its structure, cultural richness and the potential that it will present to the world of archaeology will be presented as a whole.
The archaeological investigation of Soloi was undertaken by the University of Laval-Quebec between the years 1964 and 1974. However, in the aftermath of the conflicts in 1974, Soloi was neglected until recently, when a rescue excavation was carried out in 2005/2006. This rescue excavation known as “Soli Rescue Excavations” (SRE hereafter) was conducted in the necropolis of the city by the Department of Antiquities and Museums of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The rich "treasures" found in the burial chambers 4A and 4B of the tomb complex “SRE Tomb 4” and a group of other newly discovered tombs from the necropolis are important for shedding light on the Cypro-Classical Period of Soloi. Among the rich finds in both chambers of Tomb 4 are pottery, lamps, figurines, weapons and metal vessels, but the gold and silver jewelry stands out for its material and artistic value.
This article will focus on the precious metal objects from Chamber 4A and 4B, namely the golden and silver jewelry. It aims to present the material, classify and contextualize different jewelry types by style and date, and finally to draw conclusions about the wealthy aristocracy in Soloi.
The large repertory of the jewelry found in Tomb 4 suggests that it derives from the possession of several persons, possibly the members of the same family, buried successively in both chambers.
family grave complex which was found in 2005-2006, during a rescue excavation that was conducted at
the Necropolis of Soloi in Cyprus. The figurine from the chamber, which likely was the burial place of a
high status aristocratic family from the Cypro-Classical Period of the city, bears a significant importance
for the world of archaeology like many other finds from the chamber. The figurine sheds light to the art
of sculpturing of the era, artistic influences on the local productions as well as the character of the Cypro-
Classical Solian sculpture. Stylistic examination of the figurine also reveals the presence of important local
connections and a possible common cult shared by many Cypriot city kingdoms. But the most important
of them all is that Chamber 4A figurine enables us to solidly realise the socio-cultural connections that the
city of Soloi had with Attica Region and especially with Athens during the Cypro-Classical Period. Strong
Attic influence shown by the figurine mixed with local character proves the presence of the Attic sculptors
in the city thus placing Soloi amongst the other Atticly influenced phil-Hellenic city kingdoms like
Marion and Salamis.
The funerary jewellery of 4A and 4B consisting of wreaths and various dress ornaments, forms an extremely important find group for the Island’s past and Classical archaeology, especially due to the fact that they are all made of gold as well as with the quality and high workmanship they are bearing. Aformentioned jewellery especially attracts attention by showing concrete proofs for the presence of prothesis rituels before burial as well as by reflecting the nature of cultural, trading and religious connections of the Classical Solians.
Cultural Heritage in Divided Cyprus:
Problems & Opportunities
23-24 September 2019 / ARUCAD, Kyrenia
Cultural Heritage in Divided Cyprus:
Problems & Opportunities
23-24 September 2019 / ARUCAD, Kyrenia
Beyoba Tumulus nowadays, unfortunately, stands as a looted cultural heritage due to numerous illicit excavations that were done in and around the mound for many years. Scientific investigations were also conducted on this burial mound, only by the Çanakkale Museum on a superficial basis, last of them being in 2009. This “unfortunate” past of this important funerary monument was transformed into a new and better state by a recent full scaled rescue excavation done under the auspices of the Çanakkale Museum. Realized in 2018 by a field team from the Parion Excavations, this last investigation of the tumulus changed the state of this funerary monument from being an object of illicit digging into a piece of cultural heritage under protection.
This paper will be the first study in which the preliminary results of the 2018 rescue excavation on the Beyoba Tumulus will be presented on a scientific basis. By doing so, it is hoped that this long-neglected burial mound will again earn its deserved place within the archaeology of the Troad Region.
The archaeological evidence related to this cleruchy and the people that constituted it, namely the Athenians, is a less focused subject within the scope of Sinopean studies. The few investigations on this subject, to a large extent, seem so far unable of going beyond of being partial and superficial evaluations. Thus, up to today, the subject of Athenian presence in Sinope still lacks the backing of concrete and wide ranged archaeological data.
This paper aims to shed a little more light on the subject of Athenian presence and presence of “Athenians” in Sinope by conducting a general, yet still large-scaled, analysis of present archaeological data. An examination of a varia of archaeological data will be conducted to reveal more about this aspect of the Sinopean past. Grave markers and inscriptions, finds with more possibility to be linked with people themselves, will form the core of the study together with other finds, such as ceramics, which might only present an indirect yet supportive addition to the final result.
İrili ufaklı moloz taşlar ve harç yardımıyla inşa edilmiş olan oda mezarların beden duvarları içten ve dıştan sıva tabakası ile kaplanmıştır. Eşik seviyesine kadar yeraltında olan mezarların girişleri güneye bakmakta olup, birer monolit kapı bloğu ile kapatılmıştır. Mezarların üst örtüsünde, istisnasız olarak beşik tonoz uygulaması görülmektedir. Anakayanın tıraşlanması ile düzleştirilen mezar zeminleri bazen iki tekne ile bölünmüş bazen de tek mekân oluşturularak gömüye hazırlanmıştır.
Söz konusu beş adet oda mezar zemininde ve kaçak kazılar ile mezar dışına rastgele atılan toprak içerisinde 22 adet pişmiş toprak eser, 6 adet cam eser, 5 adet metal eser, 11 adet sikke ve 3 adet takı olmak üzere toplamda 47 adet buluntu ele geçmiştir.
Belli bir tabakaya kadar kontekstinin korunduğu belirlenen OM 5 adlı mezar, içerisinde üst üste ve yan yana 26 adet gömüye rastlanması ve çoklu gömü uygulamasına işaret etmesi ile bu mezar topluluğu içinde ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada mimarileri ve buluntularının inceleneceği söz konusu mezarlar, Parion kentinin Erken Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’ndeki kimliğine, sosyal, demografik ve dini açıdan önemli katkılar sunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Oda Mezar, Erken Roma, gömü, Parion, Troas.
Five adjacent built chamber tombs were revealed as a result of an intense excavation period lasting from 2011 to 2017 within the Toprak Kuleler locality on the southeastern limits of the ancient city of Parion.
The tombs that were built by means of using rubble and mortar were found to be covered with a layer of stucco both from inside and outside. Entrance to the tombs, which are all below the ground level, was made possible by small entrances all opening to the south and understood to be closed by monolith blocks. All tombs were covered by a built barrel vault. Floors of the chambers were carved from the bedrock itself and in some examples was divided by two basins or was left undivided.
A total of 47 artefacts were recovered from the chambers as well as from the soil taken out by the illegal excavations comprising of 22 ceramics, 6 glass artefacts, 5 metal objects, 11 coins and 3 pieces of jewellery.
One of the tombs with a partially preserved context, named as OM 5, especially stands out from the rest as it housed a mass burial made of 26 bodies piled on top or aside of each other. All these tombs and their remains, which will be evaluated within this study, posses a high potential for a better understanding of the social, demographic and religious identity of Parion during the Early Imperial Period.
Keywords: Chamber Tomb, Early Roman, burial, Parion, Troad.
An undecorated sarcophagus was found in 2013 during infrastructure works in the Gelincik neighborhood where the western necropolis of Sinope once located. The rescue excavations of the Museum of Sinop documented a rich assemblage of grave offerings, various types of jewelry, personal care utilities, coins and different types of pottery from the sarcophagus. Within the pottery, a small group of Attic vases and several well-preserved clay vessels with polychrome relief decoration, known in the literature as “Plaketten-vasen”, attract a special attention. According to the anthropological analyses, this rich burial belonged to a young female deceased.
This paper will present this new burial with its offerings by focusing on the polychrome “Plaketten-vasen”. It will review the dating of this pottery-group, controversially discussed in the literature, on the base of the assemblage of the new burial.
Keywords: Plaketten-vasen, Sinope, sarcophagus, polychrome relief ceramics, Late Classical.
This presentation, especially focuses on the 2 lebes gamikoi and 7 lekythoi which comprise the polychrome relief vessels. The vessels will be analyzed in form, decoration and iconography and will be identified and contextualized in light of these features. Last but not the least, the meaning of the preference of a wide range of polychrome relief vessels as burial gifts and the relationship of this phenomenon to the character of the burial will also be explained.
2013 yılında Sinop’ta gerçekleştirilen bir altyapı çalışması esnasında bulunmuş ve “Gelincik Lahdi” olarak adlandırılmış olan lahit mezar yeni çalışmalar ışığında Sinope’nin Klasik Çağına dair yeni bulgular sunmaktadır. Tek bir kadın bireye ait mezar, takılar, kişisel bakım eşyaları, ithal Attik seramikler yanında özellikle çok renkli ve kabartmalı seramikleri ile dikkat çekmektedir.
Bu sunum, özellikle çok renkli ve kabartmalı seramikleri teşkil eden 2 lebes gamikos ve 7 adet lekythos üzerine odaklanacaktır. Eserlerin formsal, bezemesel ve ikonografik analizi gerçekleştirilecek ve eserler bu şekilde tanımlanacaktır. Ardından özellikle form ve tercih edilen sahneler üzerinden bu eserlerin mezara koyulma amacı ve bu amacın gömünün karakteri ile olan ilişkisi açıklanacaktır.
The study of the Beyoba Tumulus, not just only brings new insights to the much-overlooked subject matter of the relations between the Thraco-Macedonian geography and Troad but also sheds light on the material culture, sociopolitical structure, and funerary beliefs/customs of the hinterland communities of Hellenistic and Roman Parion.
https://www.zerobooksonline.com/tr/product/url/the-beyoba-tumulus
Edited 2016 by Latife Summerer and Hazar Kaba
The editors hope that this volume will present and encourage more diverse attitudes towards Northern Cyprus changing the paradigm and paving the way for more bi-communal collaborations between North and South towards the appreciation, protection and exploration of their shared cultural heritage.
My contribution: Of death and life. Funerary and other features of the multi-functional city wall of Lambusa, p. 277-297.
settlement over Sinope, revealed various architectural remains dispersed around different
locations which all were decorated with exceptional and lavish pebble-mosaic floors. Both the
architectural remains and the pebble mosaic floors are rare finds in Sinop, and in many other
parts of the ancient world, even more so given that the floors were found largely intact within
their architectural settings.
All these different elements appear to have constituted surviving portions of a total of three
once-grand houses of the mid-4th to early 3rd centuries BC. This lecture will focus on different
pebble-mosaic floors all recovered from those houses and their scientific analysis in two parts.
At first, the floors will be introduced and both their construction techniques and decorative
programmes will be evaluated. Analogies with contemporaries mostly from Northern Greece will
form an essential part of the analysis to contextualise the pavements within the corpus of Greek
pebble-mosaic floors. A holistic evaluation of the architectural remains and the mosaics will
follow, to consider the setting and use of the floors.
In the second part, a special emphasis will be shown on the sociocultural context of the mosaics.
This analysis will consider the meaning and symbolism of their decorations, as well as the place
they once occupied within the lives of their owners. Ultimately, the position of the examples
from Sinope within the wider sphere of Greek pebble-mosaic floors will be considered, along
with the significance of such lavishly decorated floors in Sinope at this time.
FOR THE REGISTRATION LINK:
https://biaa.ac.uk/events/the-display-of-wealth-status-and-power-two-recently-discovered-mid-fourth-century-bc-pebble-mosaic-floors-from-sinope/
Sinop Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü, bu liman kentinin yapısı, önemi ile gelişimini anlamak ve Karadeniz içindeki rolünü yeni ve güncel bulgular ışığında ortaya koymak adına bu Uluslararası sempozyumu düzenleyecektir.
Sinop Üniversitesi’nin düzenlediği ilk arkeolojik temalı sempozyum olacak olan bu sempozyum, özellikle kentin antik dönemlerine ve bu dönemlerdeki yakın çevresine odaklanacaktır. Sinope ve artalanı sempozyum için ortamı teşkil edecek ve kentin tarihi, dini karakteri, mimarisi, kentsel ve kırsal yapılanması, üretimleri, yazılı kaynakları, ticari ve politik bağlantıları ile su altı zenginlikleri de bu ortamda irdelenecek başlıca konular olacaktır.
Bu bağlamda, yeni ve özgün çalışmalar ışığında aşağıda listelenmiş konulara odaklanan tüm başvurular memnuniyetle kabul edilecektir:
- Tarih öncesi dönemlerden Geç Antik Çağ’a kadar Sinop Bölgesi,
- Tarih boyunca şehir planlaması, yerleşim alanları ve mezarlık alanlarının yapısı
- Sinope’de yerel üretim, endüstri ve ekonomi
- Tunç Çağı’ndan Geç Antik Dönem’e kadar Sinope’nin Karadeniz ticari bağlantıları
- Sinope’nin iç komşuları ile olan kültürel, ticari ve politik ilişkileri
- Sinope’de sosyo kültürel değişimler veya kültürel devamlılık
- Karadeniz ekonomik sistemi içinde Sinope’nin konumu
- Sinop çevresinde gerçekleştirilmiş arkeolojik kazı, su altı araştırmaları ve müze araştırmaları
In order to understand better the character, importance and evolution of this coastal city, as well as revealing its role in the Black Sea in light of the recent evidences, Archaeology Department of the Sinop University took a step in for organizing this International Symposium.
First of its kind for the Sinop University, this symposium will especially focus on the ancient periods of the city and its close surroundings. Sinope and its hinterland will establish the setting for the symposium, where as history of the city, its religious character, architecture, urban and rural organization, productions, epigraphic evidences, trade or politic connections as well as underwater richness will be the main subjects of interest.
In this context, papers focusing to the below listed subjects through recent and inventive studies will be welcomed:
- Region of Sinop during prehistory
- City Planning, urban and mortuary landscape of the city through ages
- Local production, industry and economy in ancient Sinope
- Trading connections of Sinope with the Black Sea from Bronze Age to Late Antique Period
- Sociocultural, trading and political relations of Sinop with its mainland neighbors
- Tracing socio-cultural transformation and cultural continuity in Sinope
- Place of Sinope in the Black Sea monatery system
- Results of the archaeological excavations, underwater surveys and Museum researches
excavation period lasting from 2011 to 2017 within the Toprak Kuleler locality on the southeastern
limits of the ancient city of Parion.
The tombs that were built by means of using rubble and mortar were found to be covered
with a layer of stucco both from inside and outside. Entrance to the tombs, which are all below
the ground level, was made possible by small entrances all opening to the south and understood
to be closed by monolith blocks. All tombs were covered by a built barrel vault. Floors of the
chambers were carved from the bedrock itself and in some examples was divided by two basins
or was left undivided.
A total of 47 artefacts were recovered from the chambers as well as from the soil taken out
by the illegal excavations. The overall repertory comprises of ceramics, glass artefacts, metal
objects, coins and jewellery. One of the tombs with a partially preserved context, named as
OM5, especially stands out from the rest as it housed a mass burial made of more than forty
bodies piled on top or aside of each other.
All these tombs and their remains, which will be evaluated within this study, posses a high
potential for a better understanding of the social, demographic and religious identity of Parion
as well as its burials customs during the Early Imperial Roman Period.