WO2018195619A1

WO2018195619A1 - Differential-cycle heat engine comprising four isobaric processes and four polytropic processes with regenerator and method for controlling the thermodynamic cycle of the heat engine

Info

Publication number: WO2018195619A1
Application number: PCT/BR2018/050107
Authority: WO
Inventors: Marno Iockheck; Saulo Finco; LUIS Mauro MOURA
Original assignee: Associação Paranaense De Cultura - Apc
Priority date: 2017-04-25
Filing date: 2018-04-17
Publication date: 2018-11-01
Also published as: BR102017008545A2; BR102017008545A8

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat engine and the eight-process thermodynamic cycle thereof, and more specifically to a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each implementing a four-process thermodynamic cycle interdependently with one another, forming a complex eight-process cycle, operating with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system being closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, this system implementing a thermodynamic cycle comprising eight processes so that, at any moment of the cycle, same is implementing two simultaneous, complementary and interdependent processes, four of these processes being "isobaric" and four being "polytropic" with variable mass transfer, which transfer may be zero or partial.

Description

"DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL THERMAL CYCLE"

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a thermal motor and its eight process thermodynamic cycle, more specifically, it is a thermal machine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each operating a four process but interdependent thermodynamic cycle. forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system is closed in differential configuration, based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system, this system performs a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it performs At any time during the cycle, two complementary and simultaneous interdependent processes, four of which are "isobaric" and four "polytropic" processes with variable mass transfer, may be null or partial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the nineteenth century in the early days of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all motor cycles known to date.

The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the engine development.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which energy and matter can enter and leave this system. Examples of an open thermodynamic system are the Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle, Otto cycle, diesel cycle, Sabathe cycle, diesel cycle, internal combustion engine, Rankine cycle, internal combustion engine steam exhaust to the environment. The materials that come into these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The materials that come out of these systems are the combustion or working fluid exhaust, gases, waste, the energies that come out of these systems are the mechanical working energy and part of the heat dissipated.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system. Examples are closed thermodynamic systems, external combustion engines such as Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, Camot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energies that come out of this system is the working mechanical energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter comes out of these systems, as they do in the open system.

Both systems, open and closed, as input they have at time (t1) temperature (Tq), mass (m1) and number of mol (n1) and at output, at time (t2), both have the temperature (Tf), the mass (m1) and the number of mol (n1), the mass is constant, the difference between them is that in the open system the mass (m1) goes through the system and in the closed system the mass (m1) remains in the system as shown in figure 1. THE CURRENT STATE OF TECHNIQUE

Motors known to date are based on open thermodynamic systems or closed thermodynamic systems, they have their thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and a single process occurs at a time until the cycle completes, as can be seen in the pressure / volume graph in figure 2. So are the Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Rankine, Stirling, Ericsson cycle engines and Carnot's ideal theoretical cycle, and the Brayton cycle also belongs to either open or closed systems. but unlike the others, its four processes all occur simultaneously.

[008] The internal working gas energy of motors based on open and closed systems is not constant during their cycle, the equation representing internal energy is given in equation (a)

In equation (a), (U) represents the internal energy in "Joule", (n) represents the number of mol, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (7) represents the gas temperature in "Kelvir e (γ) represents the adiabatic expansion coefficient.

[010] Since only one process occurs at a time on most motors designed with the open or closed system concept, the internal energy varies over time as the product: mol number (/?) By temperature (7 ), (nT) is not constant during the cycle because temperature (7) is a process variable and the number of mol (n) is a process constant.

[011] The current state of the art that characterizes all engines is further characterized by the property where the process output, the work, is a direct consequence of the input of energy, heat or combustion, ie when more work is needed, more heat is injected or more combustion is promoted, all processes that form the engine cycle are equally influenced, in other words the motors are controlled by direct power. For example, in internal combustion engines, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, to get more power, more fuel, more oxygen is injected and thus more work is done, more rotation. For greater power with constant speed, gearboxes or speed transformation are usually used. By analogy, such technologies can be compared in electricity to direct current motors, which, to increase power, increase the motor supply voltage.

[012] The current state of the art comprises a series of internal combustion and external combustion engines, most of these engines require a second auxiliary engine to get them into operation. Internal combustion engines require compression, mixing fuel with oxygen, and a spark or pressure combustion, so a normally electric auxiliary starter motor is used. External combustion engines such as the Stirling or Ericsson cycle in turn also require high power auxiliary engines, as they must overcome the resting state under pressure to start operating. One exception is the Rankine cycle engine, which can start via the camshaft to provide the steam pressure to the motive power elements.

[013] The current state of the art comprises a number of engines, most of them dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example, internal combustion engines, each requiring its own specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, fuel flexibility is quite limited. In this category, of motors based on open and closed systems, the most flexible motor is Rankine cycle, external combustion or Stiriing, also external combustion, these are more flexible in their source, but have other important deficiencies.

[014] The current state of the art comprises a series of cycle engines, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and therefore the need for oxygen.

[015] The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require high operating temperatures, especially those of internal combustion, usually operating with working gas at temperatures above 1000 ° C. External combustion engines or engines operating from external heat sources, such as Rankine and Stiriing cycle, are typically designed to operate at working gas temperatures between 400 ° C and 800 ° C. In addition to motors based on open and closed systems often requiring high temperatures to operate, they all have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b).

[016] In equation (b), () is the yield, {Tf) is the cold source temperature and (Tq) is the hot source temperature, both in "Kelvin".

[017] The current state of the art, based on open and closed systems, comprises basically six motor cycles and some versions thereof: Atkinson cycle Otto cycle, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, similar to Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stiriing cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle diesel, the ideal theoretical reference for open and closed engine based engines. The latest news of the current state of the art has been presented through innovations by joining more than one old cycle into combined cycles, ie new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycling machine running on fossil fuels, gas or oil and a heat-dependent Rankine cycle machine rejected by the Brayton cycle. Or the same philosophy, joining a Diesel cycle engine with a Rankine cycle engine or even an Otto cycle engine, too, joining it with a Rankine cycle engine.

[018] The current state of the art has a number of limitations and also offers a number of problems. Most engines, such as Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe and Brayton internal combustion engines, require specific fuels for each concept, for example: gasoline, diesel, gas, kerosene, and high calorific power, need to work. under high temperatures and consequently, for many years has been relying on fossil fuels, bringing severe damage to the climate and the environment, that is, they are characterized by non-sustainability. The thermodynamic system under which these motors are designed brings as a limitation of efficiency the Carnot theorem which, due to its principle, imposes the limit of efficiency as a direct and exclusive function of temperatures, according to equation (b).

[019] Most engines today require refined fuels and pollutants that have a detrimental effect on the climate and the environment and thus compromise sustainability. One of the latest technologies developed to minimize the impact was the joining of two old engine concepts, the Brayton cycle engine and the Rankine cycle engine, forming a system composed of two combined cycles, such that the heat waste The first machine is used by the second machine to improve the efficiency of the set, but the use of fossil fuels and their effects remain. The combined cycle continues to be characterized by an engine under an open system concept and an engine under a closed system concept, independent, that is, it is classified as combined system, two completely independent cycles, is not characterized as hybrid system.

[020] The other engines, Stirling and Ericsson cycle, are engines under the closed system concept, are of external combustion or external heat source. Because of their properties, although they have the simplest motor concepts, they are difficult to build. They require married design parameters, that is, they work well, with good efficiency, only in their specific operating regime, temperature, pressure, load, outside the central point of operation their efficiencies drop sharply, or do not operate. Therefore they are machines very little used for industrial or popular use.

[021] Carnot's ideal motor, figure 3, while considered the ideal motor, most perfect to date, it is in theory and within open and closed system concepts considering all ideal parameters, for example. This is the reference to date for all existing engine concepts. The Carnot engine is not found in practical use because real materials do not have the properties required to make the Carnot engine a reality, the physical dimensions for the Carnot cycle to be performed as in theory would be unfeasible in a practical case. Therefore, it is an ideal Engine in the open system and closed system concepts, but in the theoretical concept.

[022] The power, rotation and torque control of existing Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton cycle engines, these internal combustion engines, are derived directly from the fuel and oxygen supply and as a result offer increased rotation and torque. simultaneously. For separation between torque and rotation, they require gearboxes. These machines do not allow controllability, or at the very least, offer difficulties in controllability through their thermodynamic cycles.

[023] Power, rotation and torque control of existing cycle motors Rankine, this from external combustion, is due to the flow and pressure of the steam or working gas, and as a result offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation.

[024] The power, speed and torque control of existing Stirling and Ericsson cycle engines, these from external combustion, are due to working gas mass or pressure, temperatures, construction geometry, and as a result offer interdependent variations. of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation. These machines have very narrow operating curves offering low controllability and a narrow operating range. In these cases, designs that do not work are common because the parameters in their interdependencies may not offer the conditions that make the engine run.

[025] The current state of the art has recently revealed some references that already meet similar concepts of the hybrid system, are motors that have characteristics of having two interdependent thermodynamic cycles constituting a complex cycle formed by eight processes, always with two processes operating simultaneously. in a system consisting of two integrated subsystems. The patent "PI 1000624-9" registered in Brazil defined as "Thermomechanical Energy Converter" consists of two subsystems operating through a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes and four isochoric processes without regeneration. The "PCT / BR2013 / 000222" patent registered in the United States of America defined as "Carnot thermodynamic cycle thermal control machine and control process" which consists of two subsystems and operates in each subsystem, one cycle. thermodynamic formed by two isothermal processes of two adiabatic processes. "PCT / BR2014 / 000381" United States Patent of America defined as "Differential Thermal Machine with Eight Thermodynamic Transformation Cycle and Control Process" which consists of two subsystems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes. These references differ from the present invention as to the thermodynamic processes that form their cycles, each cycle gives the engine its own characteristics. The concept of hybrid thermodynamic system provides the basis for the development of a new family of thermal engines, each engine will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that constitute their respective thermodynamic cycles, such as the Otto engine and the Diesel engine. engines based on the open thermodynamic internal combustion system, but constitute distinct engines and what distinguishes them are details of their thermodynamic cycles, the Otto engine cycle is basically constituted by an adiabatic compression process, an isocoric combustion process, an adiabatic process. diesel engine cycle consists of an adiabatic compression process, an isobaric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an isocoric exhaust process, so they differ in only one of the processes that form enough cycles to give each u m, specific and different properties and uses. Similarly, the concept of hybrid system provides the basis for a new family of thermal motors consisting of two subsystems and these will operate with so-called differential cycles formed by processes where two simultaneous processes will always occur, each having its own particularities which will characterize each one. one of the motor cycles.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[026] The major problems of the state of the art are, therefore, the difficulty of current technologies to meet sustainable projects, due to the dependence on fossil fuels, pollutants, with serious impacts on environment and climate, low efficiency, limited exclusively to temperatures, demonstrated by Carnot's theorem, low level of controllability due to limitations in the variability of model parameters based on open and closed thermodynamic systems, lack of flexibility in energy sources, many require refined and specific fuels, high reliance on air (oxygen) for combustion, and many rely on a second engine to drive them into operation (a starter).

[027] The aim of the invention is to eliminate some of the existing problems and minimize other problems, but the major objective was to develop new motor cycles based on a new thermodynamic system concept so that the efficiency of the motors would not be more dependent. temperatures only and whose energy sources could be diversified and which would allow the design of engines for environments even without air (oxygen). The concept of the hybrid system, the very characteristic that underlies this invention, eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and its potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials. where the mass of the gas is constant and for this reason they cancel out in the equations, in hybrid systems the mass is not necessarily constant, so they do not cancel out and their efficiencies depend on the potentials from which the driving force originates, ie the pressures. The concept of hybrid system provides dependent potentials, proportional to the product of the working gas mass by temperature, as in the hybrid system, unlike open and closed systems, mass is variable, its efficiency becomes a non-exclusive function of temperature. but mass dependent and for a differential cycle motor composed of four isobaric processes, four regenerative polytropic processes, the efficiency is demonstrated as presented in equation (c) and figure 4.

In equation (c), () is the yield, (T1) is the initial temperature of the isobaric process of aita temperature, (72) is the final temperature of the isobaric process of aita, this temperature tends to equalize with the hot source temperature (Tq), (T3) is the initial temperature of the low temperature isobaric process, (74) is the final temperature of the low temperature isobaric process, this temperature tends to equalize with the cold source temperature (7r ), all temperatures in "Kelvin ^* , (n1) is the number of moles of subsystem 1, indicated by region (21) in Figure 4, (n2) is the number of moles of subsystem 2, indicated by region (23) of figure 4.

[029] The high temperature dependence of most state-of-the-art engines also leads to dependence on high calorific fuels, making it difficult to use clean sources which typically offer lower temperatures. The concept of differential cycle under the hybrid system , and working fluid whose processes do not require physical phase change, eliminates this requirement of dependence on high temperatures. The differential concept where the cycle always operates two processes at a time, (26) and (27) of figure 5, simultaneously and interdependent, enables machines that can operate at low temperatures and as a result, renewable renewable sources such as thermosolar, geothermal, become fully viable and their efficiencies have the mass, or number of moles, as shown in equation (c ) as a parameter for obtaining better efficiencies even with relatively low temperature differentials.

[030] The major known thermodynamic cycles, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine and the Carnot cycle perform one process at a time sequentially, as shown in Figure 2, referenced to the mechanical cycle of the driving force elements. its control is a direct function of the power supply power, in turn the cycles Differentials of the hybrid system, perform two processes at a time, Figure 5, enabling the control of the thermodynamic cycle separate from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and thus the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle and not the other way around.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[031] Differential cycle motors are characterized by having two subsystems forming a hybrid system, represented by (21) and (23) of Figure 4, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute two simultaneous processes. and interdependent. Otherwise, considering a hybrid system with properties of both open and closed systems simultaneously, it is said that the system performs a compound thermodynamic cycle, Figure 5, that is, always executes two simultaneous processes (26) and (27). Figure 5, interdependent, including mass transfer. Therefore they are completely different motors and cycles from motors and cycles based on open or closed systems. Figure 6 shows the relationship between the hybrid system and the differential thermodynamic cycle.

[032] The concept of hybrid thermodynamic system is new, it is formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is exchange of matter and energy and both provide out of bounds, energy in the form of work and heat dissipated part of the energy . This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of thermal motors.

[033] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical either for use in power generation or other use as mechanical force for movement and traction. Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: the total flexibility regarding the energy source (heat), the independence of the atmosphere, does not require In order for a differential cycle motor to operate, temperature flexibility, the differential cycle motor can be designed to operate over a very wide temperature range, well above most motors based on open and closed systems, including , a differential cycle motor can be designed to operate at both temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, it is sufficient that the design conditions promote the expansion and contraction of the working gas and it is sufficient that the materials chosen for its construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at design temperatures. Other important advantages that distinguish the differential-cycle engine based on the hybrid system is its controllability due to the ease of modulation of thermodynamic processes and designs of engines that do not require the use of starters, or at least these would be small. , due to the ease of generating a torque through the force differential provided by the system formed by two conversion sub-chambers, that is, two subsystems. Therefore, the advantages found include the flexibility of the sources, promoting the use of clean and renewable sources as the operational advantages, and can theoretically operate in any temperature range and its rotation and torque control property.

[034] The differential system engine based on the hybrid system concept may be constructed of materials and techniques similar to conventional engines and Stirling cycle engines, as it is a closed-loop gas engine considering the complete system, that is, the complete system is formed by two integrated thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), forming a hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem is formed by a chamber, (33) and (35), containing working gas and each one of these are formed by three sub-chambers, one heated (33) with (317), and (35) with (42), a cold (33) with (41), and (35) with (318), and another isolated , (33) with (32) and (35) with (36), or in some cases nonexistent, connected to these two chambers is a driving force element (312), each subsystem has a regenerator, (310) and (314), which can be active or passive, between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34), therefore the subsystems are open to each other, between the complete system and the external environment is considered closed, these two subsystems simultaneously execute one cycle of four interdependent processes forming a unique differential thermodynamic cycle (82) of eight processes, four of them isobaric, (ab), (1-2), (cd) and (3-4), four polytropic, (bc), (2-3), (da) and (4-1), with transfer of variable mass. This closed-circuit concept of working gas with respect to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases leaks may be permitted provided they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted and are similar in this respect to Stirling cycle engine design technologies. The working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be various, each will provide specific characteristics, as the gases may be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.

[035] Conversion chambers, items that characterize the hybrid system, may be constructed of various materials, depending on design temperatures, working gas used, pressures involved, environment and operating conditions. These chambers each have three sub-chambers and these should be designed keeping in mind the requirement of thermal insulation to minimize the flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for the overall efficiency of the system. These chambers have internal elements that move the working gas between the hot, cold, and insulated sub chambers where they exist, these elements can be of various geometric shapes, depending on the requirement and design parameters, could for example be in shape. discs in cylindrical or other form allowing the movement of work in a controlled manner between sub-chambers.

The mass transfer element, 34, interconnects the two chambers, 33 and 35, this element is responsible for the transfer of part of the working gas mass between the chambers that occurs at a specific time. during the polytropic processes. This element may be designed in various ways depending on the requirements of the design, may operate by simple pressure difference, ie valve-shaped, or may operate in a forced manner, for example turbine, piston-shaped or in another geometric shape allowing it to perform the mass transfer of part of the working gas.

[037] Active regenerators, (310) and (314), operate on a specific working gas and this gas stores the energy of the engine gas during polytropic temperature lowering processes through internal expansion and regenerates, ie. returns this energy to the engine gas during polytropic processes of temperature rise through compression. This regenerator is called an active regenerator because it performs its regeneration process dynamically through moving mechanical elements and its own working gas, unlike known passive regenerators, which operate by thermal exchange between the gas and a static element, operant by conducting heat between the gas your body. In the event that the use of a passive regenerator is considered in the project, it usually operates by conducting heat exchange between the working gas and the elements forming the regenerator. Passive regenerators do not use gas and moving elements.

[038] The driving force element, (312), is responsible for performing mechanical work and making it available for use. This driving force element operates by the working gas forces of the engine, this element may be designed in various ways, depending on the design requirements, may for example be turbine shaped, cylinder piston shaped, connecting rods, crankshafts, in the form of a diaphragm or otherwise permitting work to be performed from gas forces during thermodynamic conversions.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[039] The attached figures show the main characteristics and properties of the old concepts of thermal machines and the proposed innovations based on the hybrid system, in which they are represented:

Figure 1 represents the concept of open thermodynamic system and the concept of closed thermodynamic system;

Figure 2 represents the characteristic of all thermodynamic cycles based on open and closed systems;

Figure 3 shows the original idea of Carnot's thermal machine, conceptualized in 1824 by Nicolas Sadi Carnot;

Figure 4 represents the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system;

Figure 5 represents the characteristic of differential thermodynamic cycles based on the hybrid system;

Figure 6 shows the hybrid thermodynamic system and a differential thermodynamic cycle and the detail of the two simultaneously occurring thermodynamic processes;

Figure 7 shows the mechanical model consisting of the two thermodynamic subsystems that form a thermal motor under the concept of hybrid system and its active regenerator;

Figure 8 shows the motor indicating the phase at which one of the regenerators, element 310, equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source;

Figure 9 shows the motor indicating the phase at which the second regenerator, element 314, equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source;

Figure 10 shows one of the subsystems, group (31), performing the high temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), performing the low temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 11 shows one of the subsystems, group (31), performing the polytropic temperature lowering process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), performing the polytropic temperature raising process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 12 shows in turn the first subsystem group (31) performing its low temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem group (37) performing the high temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 13 shows the first subsystem, group (31), performing the polytropic temperature raising process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), performing the polytropic temperature lowering process of the thermodynamic cycle;

Figure 14 shows the ideal thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator;

Figure 15 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat transfer process for its respective active regenerator;

Figure 16 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the process of heat regeneration by part of its respective active regenerator;

Figure 17 shows the ideal differential thermodynamic cycle composed of two high-temperature isobaric processes, two low-temperature isobaric processes, two temperature-lowering, heat transfer, two-temperature increasing, heat-regenerating polytropic processes, and thermodynamic processes of the active regenerator;

Figure 18 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant using geothermal energy as its primary source;

Figure 19 shows an example of motor application for an electricity generating plant having thermosolar energy as its primary source;

Figure 20 shows an example of differential cycle engine application for a combined system design, forming a combined cycle with an open system internal combustion engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[040] The differential cycle motor consisting of two high temperature isobaric processes, two low temperature isobaric processes, two polytropic heat transfer processes, two polytropic heat regeneration processes with active or passive regenerator is based on a thermodynamic system. hybrid because it has two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform a thermodynamic cycle that interact with each other and can exchange heat, work and mass as shown in figure 4. In (22), of figure 4, the hybrid system is shown. two subsystems indicated by (21) and (23).

[041] Figure 6 shows again the hybrid thermodynamic system and the differential thermodynamic cycle, detailing in this case the processes that when in one of the subsystems, at time (t1) the cycle operates with mass (m1), mo number! (n1) and temperature (Tq), at the same time, simultaneously, in the other subsystem, the cycle operates with mass (m2), mol number (n2), temperature (Tf). In a machine based on a hybrid system composed of two subsystems, the sum of the working gas mass is always constant (m1 + m2 = cte), but not necessarily constant in their respective subsystems, between them there may be mass exchange.

[042] Figure 7 shows the engine model based on the hybrid system containing two subsystems indicated by (31) and (37). Each subsystem has its thermomechanical conversion chamber, (33) and (35), a driving force element, (312), an active regenerator, (310) and (314), its drive shafts, respectively, (38), (39), (311) and (313), (315), (316). Linking the subsystems for mass transfer processes, there is a mass transfer element (34).

[043] In Figure 8 and Figure 9, the process responsible for generating the initial state of operation of the regenerators 310 and 314 is shown. In the initial state of operation, both regenerators are brought to equalize with the temperature of the hot source (Tq). In Figure 8, while one of the subsystems (31) performs its high temperature isobaric process, its respective regenerator is mechanically pressurized through the transmissions, (38), (39) and (311), equalizing with the working gas temperature of subsystem (31) at (Tq), shown in the graph of figure 14 in the path indicated at (71). In Figure 9, while the second subsystem, 37, performs its high temperature isobaric process, its respective regenerator is mechanically pressurized through the transmissions 316, 315 and 313, equalizing with the working gas temperature of subsystem (37) at (Tq), also shown in the graph of figure 14 in the path indicated at (71).

[1044] Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show how mechanically occur the eight processes, four isobaric and four mass transfer and heat regeneration polytropic. In Figure 10, subsystem (31) exposes working gas to the hot source at the temperature (Tq) indicated in (317), this subsystem performs the high temperature isobaric process and at the same time the subsystem indicated by (37) exposes the working gas at the cold source at the temperature (Tf) indicated in (318), and at this time simultaneously this subsystem performs the low temperature isobaric process. These processes alternate between subsystems as shown in figure 12. After completion of the isobaric processes, figures 11 and 13 show how the subsystems process their respective polytropic processes with or without mass transfer and with regeneration after the subsystem ( 31) At the end of its high temperature isobaric process, the gas is exposed to a thermally isolated region, indicated by (32), the gas, initially at the hot temperature (Tq), yields heat to the regenerator (310) which starts from the state hot, expands the internal gas until it withdraws heat from the working gas and its own, until it reaches a cold temperature (Tf) by expanding the gas, transferring the energy to its axis as mechanical kinetic energy, simultaneously part of the gas. working pressure of subsystem (31) is transferred to subsystem (37) at lower pressure via the mass transfer element indicated in (34), if so the polytropic process of subsystem temperature lowering (31) simultaneously, subsystem (37) receives part of the working gas mass of subsystem (31), and heat regeneration of regenerator (314) occurs simultaneously. , bringing the cold temperature gas (Tf) to a warmer temperature at which the high temperature isobaric process is initiated by pressurizing the regenerator internal gas by the mechanical energy in the axes obtained in the expansion process, ending the polytropic process. regeneration. And subsystem (37) has a larger mass than subsystem (31). But in polytropic processes, the driving force elements also perform compressions and expansions and there is a sharing in the heat and energy process between the gas as the regenerator and with the driving force elements simultaneously.

[045] The polytropic process in this cycle motor has intermediate characteristics between isochoric and adiabatic processes and can be described by expression (d).

[046] At the limit where

the polytropic process gains isochoric characteristics, and at the limit where

the polytropic process gains isentropic or adiabatic characteristics, so in practical projects, the parameter (k) will be greater than (y), the adiabatic coefficient of expansion, and the slope of the pressure variation curve with volume will be between the slope of the isocoric process and the inclination of the adiabatic process.

[047] The graph in figure 14 clarifies how the active regenerator works, the curve indicated by (71) shows the initial process for conditioning the regenerator's operability, the curve indicated by (72) shows the regenerator process in operation with the cycle. The heat transfer of the gas from the motor to the regenerator occurs alternately and sequentially, from the hot temperature (Tq) to the temperature (Tf) and regeneration when the process occurs in the opposite direction, from the temperature (Tf) to the regenerator. the temperature (Tq). These processes always occur during the engine cycle polytropic processes.

[048] Curve 71 of Figure 14 is an adiabatic process and its unit energy (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[049] This energy (W71) is the internal energy of the regenerator's own gas. which stays internally for as long as the engine will be running.

[048] Curve 72 of Figure 14 is also an adiabatic process and its unit energy (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[050] The first energy term (W72) is the internal gas energy itself shown by (W71) and remains indefinitely in the regenerator, the second term is the motor cycle adiabatic energy in the polytropic processes, corresponds to the sum of the energies of the regenerator gas expansion and the motor gas expansion itself, the parameters (Tq) and (77) are replaced by the parameters of the respective range in which heat transfer to the regenerator and regeneration occur, both are equal.

[051] The thermodynamic process of curve 72 of Figure 14 takes place under the conditions shown in the mechanical drawings of Figures 11 and 13.

Figure 15 shows in (73) the processes that form the cycle of one of the subsystems. Process (bc) of the cycle shown in (73) is polytropic and starts at point (b) at hot temperature (Tq) with (n1) mol of gas and proceeds to point (c), transferring part of the gas mass , equivalent to (n1 -n2) mol of gas to the other subsystem and transferring its heat (energy) to the regenerator and departs simultaneously to the engine motive power element, reaching point (c) at a cooler start temperature. isobaric process (Tc) and with (n2) mol of gas. Graph (75) shows the process in which the regenerator removes heat from the subsystem gas by expanding the internal gas from the active regenerator.

[053] Figure 16 shows in (77), simultaneously with the cycle shown in figure 15, the processes that form the cycle of the other subsystem comprising the engine concept formed by two interdependent subsystems. The polytropic process (bc) shown in figure 15 in the first subsystem is of lowering the gas temperature, its energy is transferred to the active regenerator and the driving force element, while simultaneously occurs in the second subsystem a polytropic process (4-1) of temperature growth, shown in figure 16, the gas mass equivalent to (n1 - n2) mol of gas of the first subsystem is transferred from point (b) shown in (73) to the second subsystem, indicated in detail (78), Figure 16, which initiates this polytropic process with (n2) mol of gas at (4) and arrives at (1) with (n1) mol of gas at a warmer temperature (T1) received from the stored energy of the active regenerator and the motive power element of the motor whose curve of the regenerator portion of its process is indicated in (76).

[054] Figure 17 shows the complete eight-process ideal engine differential cycle based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system, where two simultaneous engine processes always occur, exemplified by indications (86) and (88), until the full eight process cycle and two process cycles on each of the two active regenerators. In (82), the sequence (1 -2-3-4-1) shows the processes of one of the subsystems that form the engine cycle, the sequence (abcda) shows the processes of the other subsystem, in (81) are shown. The processes of one of the active regenerators in (83) show the processes of the other active regenerator, all interdependent.

[055] In Figure 17, at (82). The curve indicated by (87) shows the processes (abcda) of one of the subsystems, the process (a ~ b) is high temperature isobaric where energy enters the system, occurs simultaneously with the low temperature isobaric process. (3-4) where the unused energy is discharged from the curve indicated by (85) of the other subsystem. Process (bc) is a polytropic temperature lowering, occurring simultaneously with process (4-1), also In the process (bc), the heat transfer (heat) from the engine gas to the engine driving force element and also from the engine gas to the regenerator shown in (83) occurs in one process. indicated by curve (89), simultaneously in process (4-1) heat (energy) regeneration occurs for the engine gas received from the engine driving force element and the regenerator shown in (81), also in an adiabatic process indicated by curve (84), simultaneously, during the engine cycle polytropic processes and during the adiabatic processes of the active regenerators, mass transfer occurs, leaving (n1 - n2) mol of gas in the process (bc) to the another subsystem during the polytropic process (4-1) shown in detail (78) on the curve of graph (77) in figure 16. Processes (2-3) and (da) are identical to processes (bc) and ( 4-1). Process (c-d) is low temperature isobaric and occurs simultaneously with process (1-2), high temperature isobaric. The (da) process is polytropic with temperature increase (regeneration), with mass increment and occurs simultaneously with the (2-3) process of temperature reduction (heat transfer to the regenerator), with mass reduction, thus finalizing the process. thermodynamic cycle with eight motor processes, always two simultaneous and the cycles of the two active regenerators, each with two adiabatic processes. The sum of the working gas mass of the two subsystems that make up the engine is always constant.

[056] In engine conversion chambers, isobaric engine cycle processes (1-2), (ab), (3-4) and (cd) are performed with gas confined to a geometry characterized by thermal inertia. wherein the gas has a rate of change of temperature such that it tends to equalize with hot or cold elements only at the end of these processes, making the pressure relatively stable, that is, isobaric. This geometry shall be characterized by a depth not too small for the penetration of heat into the gas, or a gas displacement between the hot and not too fast to produce a rate of change in temperature throughout the isobaric process causing the pressure to behave steadily. The engine cycle (2-3) and (bc) polytropic processes are performed with the gas in a thermally insulated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the engine driving force element and the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform rapid adiabatic expansion by transferring the energy from the gas to the mechanical elements of the regenerator and the engine, storing the energy in the form of kinetic energy and in the engine cycle polytropic processes (4- 1) and (da) are also performed with gas in a thermally insulated region or in the transition between hot and cold engine areas, and in this process the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform a rapid compression together with the element. engine power, adiabatic, transferring the kinetic energy of its elements back to the engine gas, raising its temperature, completing regeneration.

[057] Table 1 shows process by process forming the differential cycle of eight heat engine processes shown step by step, with four isobaric processes, four polytropic processes, and the thermodynamic cycle with two active regenerator adiabatic processes and transfer steps. pasta.

Table 1

[058] This differential cycle of an engine consisting of two subsystems based on the hybrid system concept, whose pressure and volume curve is shown in Figure 17, has eight processes, two high temperature isobaric processes of energy input into the system, curves (1-2) and (ab) are represented by expressions (g) and (h), two low temperature isobaric processes of discarding unused energy, curves (3-4) and (cd) represented by expressions (i ) and (j), two polytropic heat transfer processes (2-3) and (bc) by means of an active regenerator, represented by the expressions (k) and (I), two polytropic heat regeneration processes (4- 1) and (da), represented by the expressions (m) and (n). Expressions consider the direction signal of the flow of energies.

[059] Whereas

the total input energy in the motor is the sum of the energies and is represented by the expression

(o) below.

Considering that (73 = Tc) and (74 = Td), the total energy discarded to the outside environment is the sum of the energies Qp-) and and in their positive form, is represented by the expression (p) below.

[061] The total useful motor work, considering an ideal lossless model, is the difference between the input and output of the energy and is represented by the expression (q) below.

[062] The polytropic processes, shown by the expressions (k), (I), (m) and (n) are equal and regenerative, energy is transferred in the temperature lowering process and regenerated in the temperature raising processes, ie that is, energy is conserved in the subsystems.

[063] The theoretical final demonstration of the differential cycle efficiency of eight processes, four isobaric processes, four mass transfer polytropic processes and active regenerator is given by the expression (r), characterizing that differential cycles based on the hybrid thermodynamic system have as efficiency parameter, also the number of moles or mass in the processes and therefore these cycles do not have their efficiencies solely dependent on temperatures.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

[064] Hybrid based differential cycle motors operate on heat, do not require combustion, although they can be used, do not require fuel burning, although they can be used, so they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere. The thermodynamic cycle does not require changing the physical state of the working gas. Due to their properties set forth in this description, differential cycle motors can be designed to operate over a wide temperature range, superior to most existing motor cycles based on open or closed systems. Differential cycle motors are fully flexible in terms of their energy source (heat). Figure 18 shows an application for the use of differential cycle motors for power generation from geothermal sources. Figure 18 shows a ground heat transfer system 96 for a manifold (94), formed basically by a pump (97) that injects a fluid, usually water, through the duct (93). The heat in the collector (94) is transferred to the differential cycle motor (91), which discards part of the energy to the external medium through the heat exchanger (95) and converts another part of the energy to work by operating a generator ( 92) which produces electricity.

[065] Figure 19 shows another useful application for the differential cycle motor for producing heat from the sun's heat. The sun's rays are collected through the concentrator (103), the energy (heat) is transferred to the element (104) which dries heat to the differential cycle motor (101), which converts part of the energy into useful work to operate. an electricity generator, (102), part of the energy is discharged to the outside through the exchanger (105).

[066] Figure 20 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines by forming combined cycles with them. The heat rejected by the exhausts 116 of the internal combustion engines indicated by 112 fueled engines 117 of Brayton cycle Diesel cycle Sabathe cycle Otto cycle Atkinson cycle are channeled to energy (heat) input from the differential cycle engine (111) via a heat exchanger (113) providing a heat flow (1111) from the internal combustion engine (112) towards the cycle motor differential (111) and this converts part of this energy into useful mechanical force, (1113) which can be integrated with the mechanical force of the internal combustion engine, (1112) generating a single mechanical force, (118), or directed to produce electrical energy. . Discharge of energy not converted by the differential cycle motor proceeds to the external medium indicated by (1110). This application allows you to recover some of the energy that internal combustion engine cycles cannot use to perform useful work and thus improve overall system efficiency.

Claims

1) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES", characterized in that it consists of two thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), forming a hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem consisting of one chamber (33) and (35) containing working gas and each of these two chambers are formed by three sub-chambers, one heated, (33 with 317) and (35 with 42), one cold, (33 with 41) and (35 with 318), and one isolated, (33 with 32) and (35 with 36), connected to these two chambers is a driving force element, (312), each subsystem has an active or passive regenerator, (310) and (314), between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34) these two subsystems simultaneously execute each other, a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a single differential thermodynamic cycle (82) of eight processes. , four of them isobaric, (ab), (1-2), ( c-d) and (3-4), four polytropic, (b-c), (2-3), (d-a) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer.

2) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claim 1, comprising two chambers, (33) and (35), each chamber is divided into three sub-chambers, a heated sub-chamber (33 with 317) and (35 with 42), a cooled sub-chamber, (33 with 41) and (35 with 318), and a thermally insulated sub-chamber, (33 with 32) and (35 with 36 ), each chamber forming a subsystem, (31) and (37), and the junction of these two subsystems form a hybrid thermodynamic system.

3) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it has a driving force element, (312), connected to both chambers. thermodynamic conversion, (33) and (35).

4) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized by having an active or passive regenerator, (310) and (314), in each of the chambers (33) and (35).

(5) "DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE HEAT MOTOR COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYROPIC REGENERATOR PROCESSES" according to claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that it has a working gas mass transfer element, (34) ), between chambers (33) and (35).

6) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE", characterized by a process performed by the hybrid system forming a differential thermodynamic cycle of eight engine thermodynamic processes, (82) being two high temperature isobarics, (ab) and (1-2), two low temperature isobarics, (cd) and (3-4), two mass transfer temperature lowering polytropics, (bc) and (2-3), two temperature elevation polytropics with mass reception, (da) and (4- 1), and two adiabatic processes, (84) and (89), from the regenerator.

7) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claim 6, characterized in that it has a high temperature isobaric process, (ab), in one of the subsystems which is performed simultaneously with another isobaric process of low temperature (3-4) in the other subsystem and a low temperature isobaric process (cd) in the first subsystem running simultaneously with another high temperature isobaric process (1-2) in the second subsystem, composing the four isobaric processes of the cycle. 8. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claim 6, characterized in that it has a polytropic process of lowering temperature and mass transfer, (bc), in one of the subsystems which is executed simultaneously. to another polytropic process, (4-1), in the second subsystem, which is the second process of temperature rise by regeneration and this process receives the mass of the temperature lowering process and a polytropic temperature rise process, regenerative with mass increase, (da), in the first subsystem, simultaneously to a polytropic process of temperature lowering, and mass transfer, (2-3), of the second subsystem, composing the four polytropic processes of the cycle.

9) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claims 6 and 8, characterized in that it has in the thermodynamic cycle two processes of heat energy regeneration (84) and (89), which are performed by the engine driving force element and regenerators, 310 and 314, where the energy - heat - is delivered during the polytropic temperature lowering processes, (bc) and (2-3), and is stored in the regenerator and part in the engine driving force element, and received, regenerated by the polytropic temperature increase processes, (da) and (4-1).

10. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE" according to claims 6, 8 and 9, characterized in that the thermodynamic cycle has two energy storage processes (89) carried out by the driving force element ( 312) of the motor and regenerators, (310) and (314), for further regeneration, (84), through the regenerators, which absorb energy during the polytropic temperature lowering processes, (bc) and (2-3). ). 11) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THERMAL MOTOR "according to claims 6, 8 and 9, characterized in that it has in the thermodynamic cycle two energy regeneration processes, (84), performed by the regenerators, (310) and (314), which return the energy to the engine gas during polytropic temperature rise processes, (da) and (4-1).