WO2016170756A1 - 非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016170756A1 WO2016170756A1 PCT/JP2016/001996 JP2016001996W WO2016170756A1 WO 2016170756 A1 WO2016170756 A1 WO 2016170756A1 JP 2016001996 W JP2016001996 W JP 2016001996W WO 2016170756 A1 WO2016170756 A1 WO 2016170756A1
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- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a spinel-structured lithium titanate whose surface is coated with a basic polymer as a negative electrode active material.
- Patent Document 1 describes a porous cellulose membrane as a separator applicable to the secondary battery.
- a separator composed mainly of cellulose hereinafter sometimes referred to as “cellulose separator” or “cellulose separator” is excellent in air permeability and heat resistance, for example, and is suitable for a battery for high output. It is.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a cellulose separator has a problem that a large amount of gas is generated during charge / discharge cycles and during storage as compared with, for example, a polyolefin separator.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode in which a positive electrode mixture layer is formed on a positive electrode current collector, a negative electrode in which a negative electrode mixture layer is formed on a negative electrode current collector, cellulose
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a separator composed mainly of a non-aqueous electrolyte and a fluorine-containing non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode mixture layer contains a lithium transition metal oxide and a phosphate compound It is characterized by.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that generates a small amount of gas during charge / discharge cycles and during storage, while using a cellulose separator.
- a cellulose separator is excellent in mechanical strength, air permeability, heat resistance, and the like, but has hygroscopicity because cellulose molecules contain many hydroxyl groups. Therefore, when a cellulose separator is used, the amount of moisture brought into the battery increases, and when the battery is charged and discharged, the amount of gas generated when the battery is stored increases. The moisture brought in by the cellulose separator reacts with the fluorine-containing non-aqueous electrolyte to generate hydrofluoric acid (HF). The HF elutes the metal component of the positive electrode active material, and the corrosion of the positive electrode proceeds. 2 Gases such as CO and CO 2 are considered to be generated.
- the present inventors have made gas generation specific in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a cellulose separator by including a phosphoric acid compound in the positive electrode mixture layer. It was found that it was suppressed. Due to the action of the phosphoric acid compound contained in the positive electrode mixture layer, a high-quality protective film made of a decomposition product of the electrolytic solution is formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material, and the film dissolves metal components from the positive electrode active material by HF. It is thought that gas generation is prevented and suppressed.
- the separator comprised from resin other than a cellulose for example, the separator made from polyolefin has low hygroscopic property, when the said separator is used, it is hard to generate gas by carrying in of a water
- the group 4-6 oxide means an oxide containing at least one selected from the group 4 element, the group 5 element, and the group 6 element in the periodic table.
- the group 4-6 oxide is excellent in stability at a high potential and has characteristics suitable for a negative electrode active material, it contains a large amount of hydroxyl groups.
- the BET specific surface area increases, the number of water molecules that hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl groups increases. Adsorbs a lot of moisture.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present disclosure sufficiently suppresses generation of gas during charge / discharge cycles and storage of the battery even when a group 4-6 oxide is used.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 which is an example of an embodiment.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes a positive electrode 11 in which a positive electrode mixture layer is formed on a positive electrode current collector, a negative electrode 12 in which a negative electrode mixture layer is formed on a negative electrode current collector, and a fluorine-containing nonaqueous electrolyte. With. A separator 13 is preferably provided between the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 has a structure in which, for example, a wound electrode body 14 in which a positive electrode 11 and a negative electrode 12 are wound via a separator 13 and a nonaqueous electrolyte are housed in a battery case.
- a battery case that accommodates the electrode body 14 and the nonaqueous electrolyte, a metal case such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, or a button shape, a resin case formed by laminating a resin sheet on a metal foil (laminated battery) And the like.
- a battery case is constituted by a bottomed cylindrical case body 15 and a sealing body 16.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes insulating plates 17 and 18 disposed above and below the electrode body 14, respectively.
- the positive electrode lead 19 attached to the positive electrode 11 extends to the sealing body 16 side through the through hole of the insulating plate 17, and the negative electrode lead 20 attached to the negative electrode 12 passes through the outside of the insulating plate 18.
- the positive electrode lead 19 is connected to the lower surface of the filter 22 that is the bottom plate of the sealing body 16 by welding or the like, and the cap 26 that is the top plate of the sealing body 16 electrically connected to the filter 22 serves as the positive electrode terminal.
- the negative electrode lead 20 is connected to the bottom inner surface of the case main body 15 by welding or the like, and the case main body 15 serves as a negative electrode terminal.
- the sealing body 16 is provided with a current interruption mechanism (CID) and a gas discharge mechanism (safety valve). It is preferable to provide a gas discharge valve at the bottom of the case body 15 as well.
- the case body 15 is a bottomed cylindrical metal container, for example.
- a gasket 27 is provided between the case main body 15 and the sealing body 16 to ensure the airtightness inside the battery case.
- the case body 15 preferably has an overhanging portion 21 that supports the sealing body 16 formed by pressing the side surface portion from the outside, for example.
- the overhang portion 21 is preferably formed in an annular shape along the circumferential direction of the case body 15, and supports the sealing body 16 on the upper surface thereof.
- the sealing body 16 includes a filter 22 in which a filter opening 22 a is formed, and a valve body disposed on the filter 22.
- the valve element closes the filter opening 22a of the filter 22, and breaks when the internal pressure of the battery rises due to heat generated by an internal short circuit or the like.
- a lower valve body 23 and an upper valve body 25 are provided as valve bodies, and an insulating member 24 disposed between the lower valve body 23 and the upper valve body 25, and a cap having a cap opening 26a. 26 is further provided.
- the members constituting the sealing body 16 have, for example, a disk shape or a ring shape, and the members other than the insulating member 24 are electrically connected to each other.
- the filter 22 and the lower valve body 23 are joined to each other at the peripheral portion, and the upper valve body 25 and the cap 26 are also joined to each other at the peripheral portion.
- the lower valve body 23 and the upper valve body 25 are connected to each other at the center, and an insulating member 24 is interposed between the peripheral edges.
- the positive electrode is composed of a positive electrode current collector such as a metal foil and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode current collector a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of the positive electrode such as aluminum, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer preferably includes a lithium transition metal oxide and a phosphoric acid compound, and further includes a conductive material and a binder. By including a phosphoric acid compound in the positive electrode mixture layer, a high-quality protective film is formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide during charging, and gas generation during charge / discharge cycles and storage of the battery is suppressed. it is conceivable that.
- the positive electrode is applied by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a lithium transition metal oxide, a phosphoric acid compound, a conductive material, a binder, and the like onto the positive electrode current collector, drying the coating film, and then rolling the positive electrode It can be produced by forming a composite layer on both sides of the current collector.
- Lithium transition metal oxide functions as a positive electrode active material.
- An example of a suitable lithium transition metal oxide is an oxide containing at least one selected from nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) as a transition metal. Further, the lithium transition metal oxide may contain a non-transition metal such as aluminum (Al) or magnesium (Mg).
- metal elements contained in the lithium transition metal oxide in addition to Co, Ni, Mn, Al, Mg, tungsten (W), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), iron (Fe ), Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb), zirconium (Zr), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), sodium (Na), potassium (K), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) ), Calcium (Ca) and the like.
- lithium transition metal oxides include complex oxides such as lithium cobaltate, Ni—Co—Mn, Ni—Co—Al, and Ni—Mn—Al.
- the molar ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn in the Ni—Co—Mn lithium transition metal oxide is, for example, 1: 1: 1, 5: 2: 3, 4: 4: 2, 5: 3: 2, 6 : 2: 2, 55:25:20, 7: 2: 1, 7: 1: 2, 8: 1: 1.
- the difference in the molar ratio of Ni and Mn to the sum of the moles of Ni, Co and Mn The above is preferable.
- the molar ratio of Ni, Co and Al in the Ni—Co—Al based lithium transition metal oxide is, for example, 82: 15: 3, 82: 12: 6, 80:10:10, 80: 15: 5, 87. : 9: 4, 90: 5: 5, 95: 3: 2.
- the lithium transition metal oxide preferably has a layered structure.
- the lithium transition metal oxide has a spinel structure such as lithium manganese oxide or lithium nickel manganese oxide, or LiMPO 4 (M: at least one selected from Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) It may have an olivine structure represented by As the positive electrode active material, one kind of lithium transition metal oxide may be used alone, or a plurality of kinds may be mixed and used.
- the lithium transition metal oxide is, for example, particles having an average particle diameter of 2 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the particles may be secondary particles formed by aggregating primary particles of 100 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the lithium transition metal oxide is the median diameter measured with a scattering type particle size distribution analyzer (for example, LA-750 manufactured by HORIBA). “Dv50”).
- tungsten (W) is dissolved in the lithium transition metal oxide. Further, tungsten oxide is preferably attached to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide. That is, it is preferable that W is dissolved in the lithium transition metal oxide, and tungsten oxide is attached to the surface of the metal oxide. Thereby, for example, a good-quality protective film is formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide, and gas generation during charge / discharge cycles and storage of the battery is further suppressed. If tungsten oxide is contained in the positive electrode mixture layer, that is, if it is present in the vicinity of the lithium transition metal oxide, the above effect is expected, but preferably in a state where it adheres to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide. Exists.
- W dissolved in the lithium transition metal oxide is preferably 0.01 to 3.0 mol%, more preferably 0.03 to 2.0 mol%, based on the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li. Preferably, 0.05 to 1.0 mol% is particularly preferable.
- the solid solution amount of W is within the above range, a good quality film is easily formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide without reducing the positive electrode capacity.
- the fact that W is in solid solution in the lithium transition metal oxide means a state where W is substituted for a part of Ni, Co, etc. in the metal oxide (a state existing in the crystal).
- the solid solution of W in the lithium transition metal oxide and the amount of the solid solution are determined by cutting the particle or scraping the particle surface, and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) inside the particle. ), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) -energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and the like.
- AES Auger electron spectroscopy
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- TEM Transmission electron microscope
- EDX -energy dispersive X-ray analysis
- a method for dissolving W in a lithium transition metal oxide As a method for dissolving W in a lithium transition metal oxide, a composite oxide containing Ni, Co, Mn, etc., a lithium compound such as lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, and a tungsten compound such as tungsten oxide are mixed. And a method of firing.
- the firing temperature is preferably 650 to 1000 ° C., particularly preferably 700 to 950 ° C.
- the firing temperature is lower than 650 ° C., for example, the decomposition reaction of lithium hydroxide is not sufficient, and the reaction may not proceed easily.
- the firing temperature exceeds 1000 ° C. for example, cation mixing becomes active, which may cause a decrease in specific capacity, a decrease in load characteristics, and the like.
- the tungsten oxide contained in the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably 0.01 to 3.0 mol% in terms of W element with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li in the lithium transition metal oxide, 0.03 to 2.0 mol% is more preferable, and 0.05 to 1.0 mol% is particularly preferable. Most of the tungsten oxide is preferably attached to the particle surface of the lithium transition metal oxide. That is, tungsten oxide adhering to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide is 0.01 to 3.0 mol% in terms of W element with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li of the metal oxide. preferable. When the content of tungsten oxide is within the above range, a good quality film is easily formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide without reducing the positive electrode capacity.
- tungsten oxide is scattered and adhered to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- Tungsten oxide for example, aggregates and adheres uniformly to the entire surface without being unevenly distributed on a part of the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- tungsten oxide include WO 3 , WO 2 , and W 2 O 3 . Of these, WO 3 is preferable because the oxidation number of W is the most stable hexavalent.
- the average particle diameter of tungsten oxide is preferably smaller than the average particle diameter of the lithium transition metal oxide, and particularly preferably smaller than 1 ⁇ 4. If tungsten oxide is larger than the lithium transition metal oxide, the contact area with the lithium transition metal oxide becomes small, and the above effects may not be sufficiently exhibited.
- the average particle diameter of tungsten oxide attached to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide can be measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, 100 particles of tungsten oxide are randomly selected from SEM images of positive electrode active material particles (lithium transition metal oxide with tungsten oxide attached to the surface), and the longest diameter is measured for each particle. The values are averaged to obtain the average particle size.
- the average particle diameter of tungsten oxide measured by this method is, for example, 100 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- Examples of the method of attaching tungsten oxide to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide include a method of mechanically mixing the lithium transition metal oxide and tungsten oxide.
- tungsten oxide can be added to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide by adding tungsten oxide to a slurry raw material such as a positive electrode active material in the step of preparing the positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the former method is preferably applied.
- the positive electrode mixture layer contains a phosphate compound as described above.
- the phosphoric acid compound forms a good quality protective film on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the phosphate compound include lithium phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, cobalt phosphate, nickel phosphate, manganese phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, diphosphate phosphate. Examples include ammonium hydrogen. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may mix and use multiple types. Considering the stability of the phosphate compound during overcharge of the battery, it is preferable to use lithium phosphate.
- the lithium phosphate may be lithium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium hydrogen phosphite, lithium monofluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, etc., but Li 3 PO 4 is preferred.
- the lithium phosphate is, for example, particles having a Dv50 of 50 nm to 10 ⁇ m, and preferably 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the content of the phosphoric acid compound in the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably 0.1 to 5.0% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 4.0% by mass with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material. 0.0 to 3.0% by mass is particularly preferable. If the content of the phosphoric acid compound is within the above range, a good quality film is easily formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide without reducing the positive electrode capacity, and gas generation during charge / discharge cycles and storage is prevented. It can be suppressed efficiently.
- a lithium transition metal oxide with a tungsten oxide adhered to the surface and the phosphoric acid compound are mechanically mixed in advance, so that the phosphoric acid compound is added to the positive electrode mixture layer.
- the method of adding can be illustrated. Or you may add lithium phosphate to slurry raw materials, such as a positive electrode active material, in the process of producing a positive mix slurry.
- Examples of the conductive material contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, vapor grown carbon (VGCF), carbon nanotube, and carbon nanofiber. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, vapor grown carbon (VGCF), carbon nanotube, and carbon nanofiber. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- binder contained in the positive electrode mixture layer examples include fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), ethylene-propylene-isoprene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-butadiene copolymer, and the like.
- fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), ethylene-propylene-isoprene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-butadiene copolymer, and the like.
- Polyolefin resin polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and the like.
- these resins, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof (CMC-Na, CMC-K, CMC-NH 4 or the like, may be a partially neutralized salt), polyethylene oxide (PEO) Etc. may be used in combination. These may
- the negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode current collector made of a metal foil or the like, and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of a negative electrode such as copper, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may be a copper foil, a nickel foil, a stainless steel foil or the like, but an aluminum foil is preferable when a group 4-6 oxide is used as the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode mixture layer preferably includes a binder in addition to the negative electrode active material. When a group 4-6 oxide is used as the negative electrode active material, it is preferable to further include a conductive material.
- the negative electrode is prepared by applying a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material, a binder, etc. on a negative electrode current collector, drying the coating film, and rolling the negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the current collector. It can be manufactured by forming.
- a group 4-6 oxide is used as the negative electrode active material.
- the group 4-6 oxide is an oxide containing at least one selected from group 4 elements, group 5 elements, and group 6 elements in the periodic table as described above.
- the group 4-6 oxide is excellent in stability at a high potential as described above and has characteristics suitable for a negative electrode active material, but adsorbs a large amount of moisture because it contains many hydroxyl groups.
- Examples of the Group 4 element, Group 5 element, and Group 6 element of the periodic table constituting the Group 4-6 oxide include titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), and niobium. (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W).
- Ti titanium
- Zr zirconium
- V vanadium
- Nb tantalum
- Cr chromium
- Mo molybdenum
- W tungsten
- titanium oxide examples include titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and lithium-containing titanium oxide. From the viewpoints of the output characteristics of the battery and the stability during charging and discharging, it is preferable to use a lithium-containing titanium oxide. Among them, lithium titanate is more preferable, and lithium titanate having a spinel crystal structure is particularly preferable.
- the lithium titanate having a spinel crystal structure is, for example, Li 4 + X Ti 5 O 12 (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 3). A part of Ti in lithium titanate may be substituted with one or more other elements. Lithium titanate having a spinel crystal structure is small in expansion and contraction due to insertion / extraction of lithium ions and hardly deteriorates. Therefore, when the oxide is applied to the negative electrode active material, a battery having excellent durability can be obtained. That lithium titanate has a spinel structure can be confirmed by, for example, X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the group 4-6 oxide (lithium titanate) is, for example, a particle having a Dv50 of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the BET specific surface area of the group 4-6 oxide is preferably 2 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 3 m 2 / g or more, and particularly preferably 4 m 2 / g or more.
- the BET specific surface area can be measured by a BET method using a specific surface area measuring device (for example, Tristar II 3020 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- a specific surface area measuring device for example, Tristar II 3020 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the effect of suppressing gas generation according to the present invention is reduced.
- the specific surface area of the group 4-6 oxide becomes too large, the crystallinity of the group 4-6 oxide deteriorates and the durability tends to be impaired. Therefore, the specific surface area is 8 m 2 / g or less. It is preferable that
- the negative electrode active material it is preferable to use a group 4-6 oxide, particularly lithium titanate alone. However, it is also possible to use a mixture of a group 4-6 oxide and another negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can reversibly insert and desorb lithium ions.
- carbon materials such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, silicon (Si), tin (Sn), and the like.
- a metal alloyed with lithium, an alloy containing a metal element such as Si or Sn, a composite oxide, or the like can be used.
- the group 4-6 oxide and other negative electrode active materials are used in combination, the content of the group 4-6 oxide is preferably 80% by mass or more based on the total mass of the negative electrode active material. .
- the same carbon material as in the case of the positive electrode can be used.
- the binder contained in the negative electrode mixture layer fluororesin, PAN, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, and the like can be used as in the case of the positive electrode.
- CMC or a salt thereof may be a partially neutralized salt
- SBR rubber
- PAA polyacrylic acid
- PAA-Na, PAA-K, etc. or a partially neutralized salt
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- the separator is a porous membrane having ion permeability and insulating properties, and is a cellulose separator composed mainly of cellulose.
- the cellulose separator is excellent in mechanical strength, air permeability, heat resistance and the like as described above, but has hygroscopicity because the cellulose molecules contain a large amount of hydroxyl groups.
- a cellulose separator is a nonwoven fabric which has a cellulose fiber as a main component, for example.
- having cellulose (cellulose fiber) as a main component means that the mass ratio of cellulose to the constituent material of the separator is the highest, and preferably contains 80% by mass or more of cellulose with respect to the total mass of the separator.
- the cellulose separator may contain organic fibers other than cellulose fibers, for example, aramid fibers, polyolefin fibers, polyamide fibers, polyimide fibers, etc., and may contain fine particles such as silica and alumina.
- the cellulose separator may be substantially composed only of cellulose.
- the thickness of the cellulose separator is preferably from 5 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably from 10 to 25 ⁇ m, considering the mechanical strength and ion permeability.
- the thickness of the separator is measured by observation with, for example, a micrometer or an electron microscope (SEM, TEM, etc.).
- the porosity of the cellulose separator is preferably 65 to 90%, more preferably 70 to 85%.
- the cellulose separator preferably has a mode diameter (maximum frequency) in the pore size distribution of less than 0.5 ⁇ m, and preferably 80% or more of the pore volume is in the range of 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the pore size distribution of the separator is measured by a bubble point method (JIS K3832, ASTM F316-86). Specifically, it is measured using a palm porometer (for example, CFP-1500AE type manufactured by Seika Sangyo) using SILWICK (20 dyne / cm) or GALKWICK (16 dyne / cm), which is a low surface tension solvent. .
- SILWICK 20 dyne / cm
- GALKWICK (16 dyne / cm
- the air permeability of the cellulose separator is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 second / 100 cc to 20 seconds / 100 cc.
- the air permeability of the separator is measured by a Gurley type densometer or the like.
- the basis weight of the separator is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 5 g / m 2 to 20 g / m 2 .
- Nonaqueous electrolyte As the non-aqueous electrolyte, a fluorine-containing non-aqueous electrolyte containing fluorine (F) is used.
- the fluorine-containing non-aqueous electrolyte includes, for example, a non-aqueous solvent and a fluorine-containing electrolyte salt (solute) dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is not limited to a liquid electrolyte (nonaqueous electrolyte solution), and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent may be a halogen-substituted product in which at least a part of hydrogen in the solvent molecule is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate, and chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate
- chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate
- a cyclic carbonate By using a cyclic carbonate, a good quality film is formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide, so that corrosion of the positive electrode active material by HF and metal elution are suppressed, and gas generation during charge / discharge cycles and storage is further increased. It is suppressed.
- Propylene carbonate is preferably used as the cyclic carbonate. Since propylene carbonate is difficult to be decomposed, the amount of gas generated is reduced. Further, when propylene carbonate is used, excellent low-temperature input / output characteristics can be obtained. When using a carbon material as the negative electrode active material, if propylene carbonate is contained, an irreversible charging reaction may occur. Therefore, it is preferable to use ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, or the like together with propylene carbonate. On the other hand, when lithium titanate is used as the negative electrode active material, an irreversible charging reaction is unlikely to occur, so that the proportion of propylene carbonate in the cyclic carbonate is preferably large. For example, the proportion of propylene carbonate in the cyclic carbonate is 80% by volume or more, more preferably 90% by volume or more, and may be 100% by volume.
- non-aqueous solvent it is preferable to use a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate from the viewpoints of lowering the viscosity, lowering the melting point, improving lithium ion conductivity, and the like.
- the volume ratio of cyclic carbonate to chain carbonate in this mixed solvent is preferably in the range of 2: 8 to 5: 5.
- esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, and ⁇ -butyrolactone
- compounds containing sulfone groups such as propane sultone, ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran are included.
- nitriles such as compounds, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, n-heptanenitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimeonitrile, 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile
- nitriles such as compounds, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, n-heptanenitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimeonitrile, 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile
- a compound, a compound containing an amide such as dimethylformamide, and the like can be used together with the above solvent.
- a fluorine-containing lithium salt is preferably used as the electrolyte salt.
- the fluorine-containing lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2) (C 4 F 9 SO 2), LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 3, LiAsF 6 , and the like.
- lithium salts other than fluorine-containing lithium salts lithium salts other than fluorine-containing lithium salts [lithium salts containing one or more elements among P, B, O, S, N, and Cl (for example, LiClO 4 , LiPO 2 F 2 Etc.)] may be added.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.8 to 1.8 mol per liter of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the lithium transition metal oxide and tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) were mixed using a hibis disperse mix (manufactured by Primex) to prepare a positive electrode active material in which WO 3 was adhered to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the metal elements Ni, Co, Mn, W
- Li in the lithium transition metal oxide and W in WO 3 were mixed so that the molar ratio was 1: 0.005.
- the positive electrode active material and 2% by mass of lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) were mixed with respect to the active material.
- the mixture, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride are mixed at a mass ratio of 93.5: 5: 1.5, an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is added, and the mixture is kneaded and mixed with the positive electrode.
- a material slurry was prepared.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector made of an aluminum foil, the coating film is dried, rolled by a rolling roller, and further, an aluminum current collecting tab is attached, thereby collecting the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode having a positive electrode mixture layer formed on both sides of the body was produced.
- the obtained positive electrode was observed by SEM, it was confirmed that tungsten oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 150 nm were adhered to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide particles.
- LiOH ⁇ H 2 O and TiO 2 raw material powders which are commercially available reagents, were weighed so that the molar ratio of Li and Ti was slightly more Li than the stoichiometric ratio, and these were mixed in a mortar.
- TiO 2 one having an anatase type crystal structure was used.
- the mixed raw material powder is put into a crucible made of Al 2 O 3 , heat-treated at 850 ° C. for 12 hours in the air atmosphere, the heat-treated material is pulverized in a mortar, and a coarse powder of lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) Got.
- the negative electrode active material, carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride are mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 7: 3, an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is added, and the mixture is kneaded and mixed with a negative electrode mixture slurry.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector made of aluminum foil, the coating film is dried, and then rolled with a rolling roller, and a nickel current collector tab is attached to the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode having a negative electrode mixture layer formed on both sides of the body was produced.
- the cellulose separator was a non-woven fabric composed of cellulose fibers, and had a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, a porosity of 75%, and an air permeability of 8 seconds / 100 cc.
- a battery A1 was produced by enclosing the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte in an outer package made of an aluminum laminate sheet in a glove box under an argon atmosphere. The design capacity of the battery A1 was 15.6 mAh.
- Example 2 A battery A2 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that Li 3 PO 4 was not mixed in the production of the positive electrode.
- Charging / discharging conditions for the 2nd to 20th cycles Under a temperature condition of 25 ° C., the battery voltage is constant-current charged to 2.35V with a charging current of 2.3 It (36 mA), and the battery voltage is 2.65V. The constant voltage charging was performed until the current became 0.03 It (0.5 mA) at a constant voltage of. Next, constant current discharge was performed to 1.5 V with a discharge current of 2.3 It (36 mA).
- the presence of lithium phosphate in the positive electrode mixture layer promotes oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the positive electrode active material, and has a high function of protecting the positive electrode active material from HF. It is thought that the amount of gas generated was reduced because the film was formed. On the other hand, in Battery A2, it is considered that a good quality protective film was not formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material was corroded by HF, resulting in an increase in the amount of gas generated.
- a battery B1 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that a microporous film having a three-layer structure of polypropylene (PP) / polyethylene (PE) / polypropylene (PP) was used for the separator. The amount of gas generated after the storage test was determined.
- PP polypropylene
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- a battery B2 was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that Li 3 PO 4 was not mixed in the production of the positive electrode, and the amount of gas generated after the storage test was determined.
- the presence of lithium phosphate in the positive electrode mixture layer promotes oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the positive electrode active material, and a coating that protects the positive electrode active material from HF. It is thought to generate.
- the coating film produced in the battery B1 is easier to protect the positive electrode active material from HF than the decomposition product film produced in the battery B2, but the batteries B1 and B2 use a polyolefin separator. , Less moisture is mixed into the battery, and therefore less HF is produced. For this reason, it is thought that the effect by addition of lithium phosphate was small.
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Abstract
Description
正極は、金属箔等の正極集電体と、正極集電体上に形成された正極合材層とで構成される。正極集電体には、アルミニウムなどの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層には、リチウム遷移金属酸化物と、リン酸化合物とが含まれ、さらに導電材及び結着材が含まれることが好適である。正極合材層中にリン酸化合物が含まれることで、充電時においてリチウム遷移金属酸化物の表面に良質な保護被膜が形成され、電池の充放電サイクル時や保存時のガス発生が抑制されると考えられる。正極は、例えば正極集電体上にリチウム遷移金属酸化物、リン酸化合物、導電材、及び結着材等を含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して正極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
くとも1種)で表されるオリビン構造を有するものであってもよい。正極活物質には、リチウム遷移金属酸化物を1種単独で用いてもよいし、複数種を混合して用いてもよい。
らの樹脂と、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)又はその塩(CMC-Na、CMC-K、CMC-NH4等、また部分中和型の塩であってもよい)、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)等が併用されてもよい。これらは、単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
負極は、金属箔等からなる負極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層とで構成される。負極集電体には、銅などの負極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極集電体は、銅箔、ニッケル箔、ステンレス箔等であってもよいが、負極活物質として4-6族酸化物を用いる場合はアルミニウム箔が好ましい。負極合材層は、負極活物質に加えて、結着材を含むことが好適であり、負極活物質として4-6族酸化物を用いる場合はさらに導電材を含むことが好適である。負極は、例えば負極集電体上に負極活物質、結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して負極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
セパレータは、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔質膜であって、セルロースを主成分として構成されるセルロースセパレータである。セルロースセパレータは、上記のように機械的強度、通気性、耐熱性等に優れるが、セルロース分子が水酸基を多く含むため、吸湿性を有する。セルロースセパレータは、例えばセルロース繊維を主成分とする不織布である。ここで、セルロース(セルロース繊維)を主成分とするとは、セパレータの構成材料に対するセルロースの質量比が最も高いことを意味し、好ましくはセパレータの総質量に対してセルロースが80質量%以上含まれる。セルロースセパレータは、セルロース繊維以外の有機繊維、例えばアラミド繊維、ポリオレフィン繊維、ポリアミド繊維、ポリイミド繊維等を含んでいてもよく、シリカ、アルミナ等の微粒子を含んでいてもよい。セルロースセパレータは、実質的にセルロースのみから構成されていてもよい。
空隙率(%) = (1-見掛け密度/真密度)×100・・・式(1)
非水電解質には、フッ素(F)を含有する含フッ素非水電解質が用いられる。含フッ素非水電解質は、例えば非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解したフッ素含有電解質塩(溶質)とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質(非水電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。非水溶媒は、溶媒分子の水素の少なくとも一部がフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換されたハロゲン置換体であってもよい。
[正極活物質の作製]
共沈により得られた[Ni0.50Co0.20Mn0.30](OH)2で表される水酸化物を500℃で焼成して、ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物を得た。次に、炭酸リチウムと、上記ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物と、酸化タングステン(WO3)とを、Liと、Ni、Co、及びMnの総量と、WO3中のWとのモル比が1.2:1:0.005になるように、石川式らいかい乳鉢にて混合した。この混合物を空気雰囲気中にて900℃で20時間熱処理し、粉砕することにより、タングステンが固溶したLi1.07[Ni0.465Co0.186Mn0.279W0.005]O2で表されるリチウム遷移金属酸化物を得た。得られた複合酸化物の粉末を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察して、酸化タングステンの未反応物が残っていないことを確認した。
上記正極活物質と、活物質に対して2質量%のリン酸リチウム(Li3PO4)とを混合した。当該混合物と、アセチレンブラックと、ポリフッ化ビニリデンとを、93.5:5:1.5の質量比で混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンを適量加えた後、これを混練して正極合材スラリーを調製した。当該正極合材スラリーを、アルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延ローラーにより圧延し、さらにアルミニウム製の集電タブを取り付けることにより、正極集電体の両面に正極合剤層が形成された正極を作製した。得られた正極をSEMで観察したところ、平均粒径が150nmの酸化タングステン粒子がリチウム遷移金属酸化物の粒子表面に付着していることが確認された。
市販試薬であるLiOH・H2OとTiO2の原料粉末を、LiとTiとのモル比が化学量論比よりもややLi過剰となるように秤量し、これらを乳鉢で混合した。原料のTiO2には、アナターゼ型の結晶構造を有するものを用いた。混合した原料粉末をAl2O3製のるつぼに入れ、大気雰囲気中850℃で12時間熱処理し、熱処理した材料を乳鉢で粉砕して、チタン酸リチウム(Li4Ti5O12)の粗粉末を得た。得られたLi4Ti5O12の粗粉末の粉末X線回折測定を行ったところ、空間群がFd3mに帰属されるスピネル型構造からなる単相の回折パターンが得られた。Li4Ti5O12の粗粉末をジェットミル粉砕及び分級して、Dv50が0.7μmのLi4Ti5O12粉末を得た。このLi4Ti5O12粉末を負極活物質として用いる。Li4Ti5O12粉末のBET比表面積を比表面積測定装置(島津製作所製、トライスターII 3020)を用いて測定したところ、6.8m2/gであった。
上記負極活物質と、カーボンブラックと、ポリフッ化ビニリデンとを、100:7:3の質量比で混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンを適量加えた後、これを混練して負極合剤スラリーを調製した。当該負極合剤スラリーを、アルミニウム箔からなる負極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延ローラーにより圧延し、さらにニッケル製の集電タブを取り付けることにより、負極集電体の両面に負極合剤層が形成された負極を作製した。
プロピレンカーボネート(PC)と、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、25:35:40の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.2モル/リットルの割合で溶解させて、含フッ素非水電解質を調製した。
セルロースセパレータを介して、上記正極及び上記負極渦巻き状に巻回し、105℃150分の条件で真空乾燥して巻回型の電極体を作製した。セルロースセパレータは、セルロース繊維から構成される不織布であって、厚み20μm、空隙率75%、通気度8秒/100ccであった。アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス中にて、電極体及び非水電解質をアルミニウムラミネートシートで構成される外装体内に封入することにより、電池A1を作製した。電池A1の設計容量は15.6mAhであった。
正極の作製において、Li3PO4を混合しなかったこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A2を作製した。
電池A1、A2について、以下の条件で20サイクルの充放電を行い、3日間保存した後、ガス発生量を求めた。
1サイクル目の充放電条件:25℃の温度条件下において、0.22It(3.5mA)の充電電流で電池電圧が2.65Vまで定電流充電を行い、次に0.22It(3.5mA)の放電電流で1.5Vまで定電流放電した。
上記20サイクルの充放電後に、25℃の温度条件において、2.65Vまで定電流充電を行った。続いて、60℃の温度条件で3日間静置し、その後25℃の温度条件において放電させた。
充放電前及び上記保存試験後の各電池について、アルキメデス法に基づき、大気中における電池質量と水中における電池質量の差を測定し、電池にかかる浮力(体積)を算出した。充放電試験前の浮力と保存試験後の浮力の差をガス発生量とした。
電池の作製において、ポリプロピレン(PP)/ポリエチレン(PE)/ポリプロピレン(PP)の三層構造を有する微多孔膜をセパレータに用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池B1を作製し、上記保存試験後のガス発生量を求めた。
正極の作製において、Li3PO4を混合しなかったこと以外は、上記参考例1と同様にして電池B2を作製し、上記保存試験後のガス発生量を求めた。
Claims (6)
- 正極集電体上に正極合材層が形成された正極と、負極集電体上に負極合材層が形成された負極と、セルロースを主成分として構成されるセパレータと、含フッ素非水電解質とを備える非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記正極合材層には、リチウム遷移金属酸化物と、リン酸化合物とが含まれる、非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記負極合材層には、周期表の4族元素、5族元素、及び6族元素から選択される少なくとも1種を含有する4-6族酸化物が含まれる、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記4-6族酸化物は、チタン酸リチウムである、請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記リン酸化合物は、リン酸リチウムである、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属酸化物には、タングステンが固溶しており、且つ当該金属酸化物の表面には、酸化タングステンが付着している、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記酸化タングステンは、WO3である、請求項5に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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WO2019217759A1 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-11-14 | Amtek Research International Llc | Acid stratification mitigation, electrolytes, devices, and methods related thereto |
JP7091201B2 (ja) * | 2018-09-14 | 2022-06-27 | 株式会社東芝 | 活物質、電極、二次電池、電池パック、及び車両 |
JPWO2021132203A1 (ja) * | 2019-12-27 | 2021-07-01 | ||
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