WO2013098489A1 - Device for controlling the conversion of energy in thermal and photovoltaic hybrid solar concentrators - Google Patents

Device for controlling the conversion of energy in thermal and photovoltaic hybrid solar concentrators Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013098489A1
WO2013098489A1 PCT/FR2012/000537 FR2012000537W WO2013098489A1 WO 2013098489 A1 WO2013098489 A1 WO 2013098489A1 FR 2012000537 W FR2012000537 W FR 2012000537W WO 2013098489 A1 WO2013098489 A1 WO 2013098489A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solar
energy
target
solar radiation
photovoltaic
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PCT/FR2012/000537
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French (fr)
Inventor
Joël GILBERT
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Sunpartner
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Publication of WO2013098489A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013098489A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/40—Thermal components
    • H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids

Definitions

  • the present invention is. relates to mixed solar concentrators and more particularly to those which make it possible to make cogeneration of solar energy, that is to say to transform solar energy into two types of energy, namely partly into electrical energy and partly for heat energy.
  • concentrating solar collectors convert solar energy into only one other energy, for example, electrical energy through photovoltaic cells, or heat energy through thermal sensors.
  • photovoltaic cells only transform electricity into 20% to 30% of the solar energy received.
  • the rest of the solar energy received is typically lost in heat dissipated into the atmosphere which leads to the passage of heating the cell and a loss of its effectiveness.
  • Concentrated solar photovoltaic collectors are already known that recover both the electrical energy generated and the heat energy not converted into electricity, which is recovered mainly by circulating a heat transfer liquid in thermal contact with the photovoltaic cell. This operation also lowers the temperature of the cell, which increases its efficiency, since it is known that the conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells decreases beyond a certain temperature.
  • concentrated solar collectors of this type do not control the share of solar energy that will be converted into electricity and the part that will be converted into heat energy.
  • This sharing remains uncertain and depends mainly on the climatic conditions and sunshine of the solar concentrator, while it might be interesting to focus in a controlled manner the production of electricity or the production of heating according to needs.
  • solar energy into calories for heating homes than to transform it into electric energy, since the conversion efficiency of heat energy is much better than that of conversion to energy. electric energy.
  • the main purpose of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of known mixed solar concentrators.
  • the invention aims to describe a device that will allow on the one hand to capture and focus solar energy, and then convert it into electrical energy and heat energy, without the disadvantages of known CHP systems .
  • the invention also aims to provide a solar concentrator capable of controlling in real time the amount of solar energy that will be converted into electricity and that which will be transformed into heat calories. This controlled distribution between the two modes of conversion of solar energy will have to be made according to the light conditions, according to the needs and / or according to the performances and the required returns. Indeed a photovoltaic cell is expensive, and increase the intensity and duration of its operation can then increase its profitability.
  • the subject of the invention is a new solar concentrator which comprises on the one hand an optics for concentrating the solar radiation and, on the other hand, a target towards which said optical concentrator concentrates the incident solar radiation, and the The target has at least two energy conversion areas having different solar energy conversion modes that are capable of converting solar energy into at least two other types of energy.
  • This new solar concentrator further comprises means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation between the different areas of energy conversion of the target. In this way, it is possible to direct the concentrated solar radiation towards such or such energy conversion zone of the target, according to the needs or according to the brightness.
  • the concentrator is configured so that the distance (D1, D2) between at least one of said energy conversion zones of the target and the concentration optics is variable, and that the variation of this distance causes the variation of the amount of solar radiation concentrated on said first energy conversion zone and the amount of solar radiation concentrated on said second energy conversion zone.
  • the target's illumination surface will be small, the radiation will be highly concentrated and will only affect the photovoltaic cell at the center of the target.
  • the illuminated surface of the target will be larger, the radiation will be less concentrated and will affect the photovoltaic cell placed in the center of the target but also the peripheral portion corresponding to the thermal sensor.
  • the intensity of the solar radiation received by the photovoltaic cell can thus vary according to the distance between the cell and the optical part, in the same way as the intensity of the solar radiation that is received by the party. peripheral of the target, corresponding to the thermal sensor.
  • the concentrator comprises lenses or polarizing filters interposed in the path of the concentrated solar radiation towards one of the sensors, these lenses or polarizing filters being configured to vary the proportion of concentrated solar radiation. towards the photovoltaic sensor and that of the concentrated solar radiation towards the thermal sensor.
  • said means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation are automated and receive as input a signal representative of the priority to be allocated to the production of a type of energy with respect to another type of energy, this signal then being used to control the distribution of concentrated solar radiation between the different energy conversion zones.
  • the signal used is, for example, constituted by a real-time measurement of the ambient luminosity, and the control of the distribution of the radiation between the different conversion zones is done continuously or in short time intervals, for example in the order of a few seconds.
  • said conversion zones comprise at least one zone for converting solar energy into electrical energy, and a zone for converting solar energy into heat energy.
  • the zone of the target which converts solar energy into electrical energy comprises a photovoltaic sensor to which all or part of the incident solar radiation is concentrated, and the zone of the target which provides the conversion of solar energy into heat energy is constituted by a thermal sensor towards which is directed the part of the incident solar radiation which is not directed towards the photovoltaic sensor.
  • the photovoltaic sensor is positioned at the center of the solar radiation concentration zone by the concentration optics, and the thermal sensor is positioned around the area covered by the photovoltaic sensor.
  • the thermal sensor remains thermally in contact with the photovoltaic sensor, so as to recover by heat conduction the energy due to heating of the photovoltaic sensor which corresponds to the losses in the process of conversion by the solar energy sensor into electricity.
  • the two sensors are juxtaposed and the concentrated solar radiation is directed by the optical concentration either on the photovoltaic sensor, or on the thermal sensor, or both.
  • the optical concentrator is composed of either parabolic or cylindro-parabolic mirrors, or lenses or Fresnel lenses whose focal length is point or rectilinear, or a combination of these different optics.
  • the concentrating optics comprises on the one hand a Fresnel lens constituted on at least part of its surface, by a transparent and polarizing material for the light which crosses, and secondly a polarizing filter placed in front of the Fresnel lens or placed between the Fresnel lens and the target.
  • the rotation of the lens or filter relative to each other and around a common axis which passes through their center and which is perpendicular to their surface causes the progressive extinction of the concentrated solar radiation which has passed through the two polarizing surfaces.
  • the distance between the lens and the target remains fixed and the automation, which aims to vary the light intensity that illuminates the target, controls the rotation of a more or less important angle between the lens and the filter.
  • the relative rotation of the lens and the polarizing filter then makes it possible to vary the proportion of concentrated solar radiation towards the photovoltaic sensor and that of the concentrated solar radiation towards the thermal sensor.
  • the configurations envisaged for the solar concentrator according to the invention make it possible to adjust it to different positions.
  • it can be adjusted for example so that the concentrated solar radiation only illuminates the surface of the photovoltaic sensor, or so that the concentrated solar radiation illuminates both the surface of the photovoltaic cell and a portion of the surface of the thermal sensor. .
  • the concentrator can still be adjusted so that the intensity of the radiation solar energy that is received by the photovoltaic sensor remains substantially constant, even when the light intensity of the sun varies.
  • the target is composed of a photovoltaic cell and a thermal sensor of which at least a portion of the surface surrounds the photovoltaic cell so that the concentrated solar radiation can illuminate both the photovoltaic cell and the peripheral part of the thermal sensor.
  • the other part of the thermal sensor is positioned behind the cell while remaining in thermal contact therewith so as to collect the heat of the cell and thus cool it.
  • the thermal sensor is for example constituted by a metal pipe traversed by a coolant, gaseous or liquid, such as air, water or a mixture of water and glycol.
  • the thermal sensor comprises for example a copper surface covered with a layer of colloidal titanium, said surface being placed under vacuum so as to increase the thermal insulation with the outside.
  • the photovoltaic sensor is constituted by a photovoltaic cell for example of crystalline silicon type, organic, monolayer or multilayer, or a combination of these different known types, or by any new type of photovoltaic cell depending on the developments of new technologies. cells.
  • the solar concentrator including the target, is mounted on a sun follower in order to receive a maximum of direct radiation from the sun during the seasonal and seasonal movement of the latter.
  • the target is fixed relative to the ground and the solar concentrator uses at least one heliostat to redirect the solar radiation to the target.
  • it is the target that moves relative to the optics of the concentrator to vary their relative distance.
  • the distance between the optical part and the target is controlled by an electromechanical automatism so as for example to maintain constant the amount of energy of the solar radiation received by the cell.
  • photovoltaic namely that the variations in intensity of solar radiation that occur during the day and during the seasons can be offset by an inversely proportional change in the concentration rate applied to the cell.
  • This radiation stability of the cell will have the advantage of minimizing thermal shocks at the cell and minimizing the peaks of electrical power to be absorbed by the electrical components such as inverters and transformers.
  • the position of the target will be such that the concentrated solar radiation will cover and spread over the entire capture surface of the target.
  • the invention also relates to a device consisting of a plurality of solar concentrators according to the invention, all the concentrators then being connected by a mechanical and / or electrical connection so that all the movements and displacements of the different parts of the unit concentrators are do at the same time and identically.
  • a mechanical and / or electrical connection so that all the movements and displacements of the different parts of the unit concentrators are do at the same time and identically.
  • FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional diagram of the device according to the invention with a Fresnel lens as optical concentration, the device being in a position of high concentration of solar radiation on the photovoltaic cell, and zero on the thermal sensor.
  • FIG. 1B is an illustration of the device on the front face of FIG. 1A with the visualization of the surface of the target illuminated by concentrated solar radiation.
  • FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional diagram of the device according to the invention with a Fresnel lens as concentration optics, the device being represented in a position of low concentration on the photovoltaic cell and its distribution on the thermal sensor.
  • FIG. 2B is an illustration of the device on the front face of FIG. 2A with the visualization of the illuminating surface of the concentrated solar radiation which is distributed over the cell and on the thermal sensor.
  • FIG. 3A is a schematic block diagram of the device according to the invention, in a particular embodiment where a portion of the Fresnel lens is polarizing and a polarizing filter is placed in front of said lens.
  • FIG. 3B is a schematic block diagram of the device according to the invention in another particular embodiment in which part of the Fresnel lens is polarizing and where a polarizing filter is placed between the lens and the target.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the case of a plurality of concentrators according to the invention, connected by a mechanical link for the operation of the Fresnel lenses, and an electrical connection for collecting the electric current.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B which represent the device according to the invention in the particular case where the solar concentrator is a Fresnel lens (1) whose focal length is punctual.
  • the incident solar radiation (2) concentrates on a target (4,5) composed, without this choice being limiting, of a photovoltaic cell (4) and a thermal sensor (5) of which at least a part of the surface surrounds the photovoltaic cell (4) so that the concentrated solar radiation (3) from the Fresnel lens can illuminate both the cell (4) and the peripheral portion of the target corresponding to the thermal sensor (5).
  • the central part of the thermal sensor (5) is positioned behind the photovoltaic cell (4) while remaining in contact with it so as to collect the heat the cell (4) and thus cool it.
  • the thermal sensor (5) is in this example constituted by a metal pipe traversed by a fluid (6) coolant composed of a mixture of water and glycol.
  • the Fresnel lens (1) is movable so as to vary its distance (D1) with respect to the target (4,5).
  • Figures 1A and 1B show the case where the target (4,5) is positioned very close to the focus area of the Fresnel lens.
  • the illuminated surface (7A) of the target is therefore small and the solar radiation (3) is very concentrated on the photovoltaic cell (4) which is placed in the center of the target.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B represent the same particular case as FIGS. 1A and 1B but in a position where the target (4,5) is at a distance (D2) from the lens (1) lower than the preceding case (D1).
  • the illuminated surface of the target (7B) is then larger than in the previous case (7A) and spreads on both the cell (4) and on the thermal sensor (5) surrounding it.
  • the concentrated solar radiation (7B) is then distributed over the two sensors (4,5).
  • the cell (4) therefore receives less solar energy than in the previous case ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) while the thermal sensor (5) receives more.
  • the solar energy collected by the concentrator (1) is distributed differently between the photovoltaic cell (4) and the thermal sensor (5) simply by varying the distance (D1, D2). between the lens (1) and the target (4,5), thanks to the displacement of the lens (1).
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B show another way of varying the distribution of solar radiation between the sensor photovoltaic (4) and the thermal sensor (5) without having to vary the relative distance between the Fresnel lens (1) and the target (4,5).
  • the central part (1P) of the Fresnel lens (1) has been made polarizing, either by a suitable surface treatment, or by the addition of a specific compound at the time of manufacture of the lens, either by placing a polarizing film on one of its faces.
  • a polarizing filter (8) is then placed either in front of the lens ( Figure 3A), or between the lens (1) and the target (4,5) ( Figure 3B).
  • the incident solar radiation (2) which does not pass through the polarizing filters concentrates (3) essentially on the thermal sensor (5) while the incident solar radiation (2) which passes through both the filter polarizing (8, 2P) and the polarizing surface (1P) of the lens (1), concentrates (3P) essentially on the photovoltaic cell (4).
  • the distance D2 between the lens (1) and the target (4,5) is then preferably fixed and chosen so that the illuminated surface (7B) of the target covers both the thermal sensor (5) and the cell (4). ).
  • the rotation of the Fresnel lens (1) about its axis of symmetry perpendicular to its surface and passing through its center is carried out for example by means of a worm (9) acting on the periphery of the lens provided for this purpose with a profile integrated or gear-shaped.
  • a worm 9 acting on the periphery of the lens provided for this purpose with a profile integrated or gear-shaped.
  • the relative rotation of the polarizing lens (1) relative to the polarizing filter (8) causes the more or less pronounced extinction of the concentrated radiation (3P) which illuminates the cell (4) because the light has passed through two polarizing filters whose axes of polarization intersect progressively.
  • this particular embodiment also makes it possible to control the proportion of incident solar radiation (2) that will reach the photovoltaic sensor (4) and the proportion that will reach the thermal sensor (5).
  • This control can again be realized in real time, for example using an unspecified automation but whose realization is within the reach of the skilled person.
  • This automatism will stabilize as much as possible the solar energy received by the cell (4), even during the variations in brightness of the sun, while transforming part of this solar energy into calories thanks to the thermal sensor (5) and its heat transfer fluid (6).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a particular device which consists of a plurality of solar concentrators according to the invention.
  • Each concentrator is equipped in this example with a heliostat (11), a Fresnel lens (1), a thermal sensor (5) and a photovoltaic cell (4). All the individual concentrators are connected together on the one hand by a mechanical connection (12) between all the mirrors (11) of the heliostats, and on the other hand by a mechanical connection (10) between all the Fresnel lenses (1), so that all the movements and displacements of the different parts of the concentrators are done at the same time and in the same way. It will also be useful to electrically connect the various photovoltaic sensors (4) to allow the collection of all the electrical energy produced. Similarly, the thermal sensors (5) will be inserted into a circulation circuit of the heat transfer fluid to recover the heat energy produced by the entire device.
  • a device consists of a square Fresnel lens (1) made of transparent polymethyl methacrylate 0.8 meters square and 4 mm thick.
  • the lens is of focal point type and its focal length is 90 cm.
  • the Fresnel lens (1) receives, perpendicular to its surface, the sunlight of a heliostat whose mirror (11) is 1m x 1.50m.
  • a target consisting of a photovoltaic cell (4) in crystalline silicon of 7 cm side and a peak power of 1 watt under a sunshine of 1000 Watts / m2.
  • This cell (4) is glued to the center of a hollow, black anodized aluminum heat sensor (5) 25 cm square and 1 cm thick.
  • the thermal sensor (5) is traversed by a mixture of water and glycol in a proportion of 70/30.
  • the target is fixed to the ground and receives concentrated solar radiation (3) from the Fresnel lens (1).
  • the distance between the lens (1) and the target (4,5) is made variable by a carriage supporting the lens (1) and sliding along two parallel metallic tubes perpendicular to the surface of the lens (1). ).
  • the distance D1 between the center of the lens (1) and the cell (4) is 80 cm
  • the size of the surface of the target illuminated by the concentrated radiation is substantially the same as the size of the cell (4) a circular surface with a diameter of 8 cm.
  • the cell (4) therefore receives all of the solar radiation with a concentration of about 120 times.
  • the diameter of the illumination surface on the target is substantially 25 cm.
  • the cell (1) and the thermal sensor (5) thus receive all of the direct solar radiation with a concentration of the order of 10 times. But as the thermal sensor (5) has a surface illuminated 12 times that of the cell (4), it will capture 12 times more solar energy than the cell (4).
  • the solar concentration on the cell (4) can vary between 10 times and 120 times, and the rest of the energy not transformed into electricity will be transformed into calories that will be absorbed by the coolant (6) in contact with the thermal sensor (5).
  • an electric stepper motor will move the carriage supporting the Fresnel lens (1) so as to position it at a distance of the cell (4) between 55 cm and 80 cm, which will cause a variable solar concentration between 10 and 120 times so that the solar intensity received by the cell (4) is regular and close 15 kW / m2.
  • concentration will be x30 and for a veiled sun of 125 W / m2 the concentration will be xl20, four times higher.
  • An electromechanical automatism will therefore allow the cell (4) to regularly produce 15 Watts of electricity (1 watt per kW / m2 of sunshine), even during a variable direct sunlight between 125 and 500 W / m2.
  • the photovoltaic cell (4) has been exploited to the maximum of its profitability because it will have operated at the maximum of its production possibilities (maximum solar concentration for a maximum of time).
  • the invention meets the goals and allows to capture, focus, and transform solar energy into electricity and calories, while controlling the amount of solar energy that will be converted into electricity and the amount that will be converted into energy. calorific, this distribution can be made in real time and depending on the ambient light conditions.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
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  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Solar concentrators which transform solar energy into both electrical energy and heat energy do not control the proportion of electrical energy produced relative to that of the heat energy produced. This proportion is left to the random fluctuations in the intensity of the sunlight, yet it can be advantageous to prioritise the production of one kind of energy relative to another. The invention describes a device which allows said control over production. Said device consists of a solar concentrator lens (1), preferably a Fresnel lens (1), and a target consisting for example of a photovoltaic cell (4) and a thermal sensor (5) positioned at least at the periphery of the cell (4). The distance (D2) between the Fresnel lens (1) and the cell (4) is variable, which also results in a variation in the size of the illumination surface (7B) of the solar radiation concentrated (3) on the target. When the size of the illuminated surface (7B) is small, the light intensity is high and is centred on the photovoltaic cell (4) which therefore produces maximum electrical energy. When the size (7B) is large, the light intensity is lower and is also distributed over the surface of the thermal sensor (5) positioned at the periphery, which produces more heat energy and less electrical energy. Automatic regulation is provided to regulate the light intensity received by the cell (4) even during variations in the sunlight.

Description

Dispositif pour contrôler les conversions d'énergie dans les concentrateurs solaires mixtes thermiques et photovoltaïques  Device for controlling energy conversions in mixed solar thermal and photovoltaic concentrators
La présente invention se . rapporte aux concentrateurs solaires mixtes et plus particulièrement à ceux qui permettent de faire de la cogénération d'énergie solaire, c'est-à-dire de transformer l'énergie solaire en deux types d'énergie, à savoir pour partie en énergie électrique et pour partie en énergie calorifique. The present invention is. relates to mixed solar concentrators and more particularly to those which make it possible to make cogeneration of solar energy, that is to say to transform solar energy into two types of energy, namely partly into electrical energy and partly for heat energy.
ETAT DE LA TECHNIQUE STATE OF THE ART
La plupart des capteurs solaires à concentration ne transforment l'énergie solaire qu'en une seule autre énergie, par exemple soit en énergie électrique grâce à des cellules photovoltaïques, soit en énergie calorifique grâce à des capteurs thermiques. Most concentrating solar collectors convert solar energy into only one other energy, for example, electrical energy through photovoltaic cells, or heat energy through thermal sensors.
Pourtant il est intéressant de collecter aussi l'énergie calorifique qui apparaît lors de l'utilisation des cellules photovoltaïques. En effet les cellules photovoltaïques ne transforment en électricité que 20 à 30% de l'énergie solaire reçue. Le reste de l'énergie solaire reçue est typiquement perdu en chaleur dissipée dans l'atmosphère ce qui entraine au passage échauffement de la cellule et une perte de son efficacité.  Yet it is interesting to also collect the heat energy that appears when using photovoltaic cells. In fact, photovoltaic cells only transform electricity into 20% to 30% of the solar energy received. The rest of the solar energy received is typically lost in heat dissipated into the atmosphere which leads to the passage of heating the cell and a loss of its effectiveness.
On connaît déjà des capteurs solaires photovoltaïques sous concentration qui récupèrent à la fois l'énergie électrique générée et l'énergie calorifique non transformée en électricité, qui est récupérée principalement en faisant circuler un liquide caloporteur en contact thermique avec la cellule photovoltaïque. Cette opération permet aussi d'abaisser la température de la cellule, ce qui augmente son efficacité, puisqu'on sait que le rendement de conversion des cellules photovoltaïques diminue au-delà d'une certaine température.  Concentrated solar photovoltaic collectors are already known that recover both the electrical energy generated and the heat energy not converted into electricity, which is recovered mainly by circulating a heat transfer liquid in thermal contact with the photovoltaic cell. This operation also lowers the temperature of the cell, which increases its efficiency, since it is known that the conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells decreases beyond a certain temperature.
Mais ces capteurs à cogénération d'énergie électrique et d'énergie calorifique connus utilisent les cellules photovoltaïques comme capteurs thermiques uniquement à titre accessoire et pour limiter les pertes, ce qui ne correspond pas à leur fonction dédiée de conversion d'énergie solaire en énergie électrique. Cet usage accessoire offre par conséquent un rendement de conversion médiocre. But these sensors for cogeneration of electrical energy and heat energy known use photovoltaic cells as heat sensors only as an accessory and to limit losses, which does not correspond to their function dedicated conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. This accessory use therefore offers a poor conversion efficiency.
En outre, les capteurs solaires mixtes sous concentration de ce type ne permettent pas de contrôler la part d'énergie solaire qui sera transformée en électricité et la part qui sera transformée en énergie calorifique. Ce partage reste aléatoire et dépend principalement des conditions climatiques et d'ensoleillement du concentrateur solaire, alors qu'il pourrait être intéressant de privilégier de façon contrôlée la production d'électricité ou la production de chauffage en fonction des besoins. Ainsi en hiver il est plus intéressant de transformer l'énergie solaire en calories pour le chauffage des habitations que de la transformer en l'énergie électrique, étant donné que les rendements de la conversion en énergie calorifique sont bien meilleurs que ceux de la conversion en énergie électrique.  In addition, concentrated solar collectors of this type do not control the share of solar energy that will be converted into electricity and the part that will be converted into heat energy. This sharing remains uncertain and depends mainly on the climatic conditions and sunshine of the solar concentrator, while it might be interesting to focus in a controlled manner the production of electricity or the production of heating according to needs. Thus in winter it is more interesting to transform solar energy into calories for heating homes than to transform it into electric energy, since the conversion efficiency of heat energy is much better than that of conversion to energy. electric energy.
BUT DE L'INVENTION PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
L'invention a pour but principal de remédier aux inconvénients précités des concentrateurs solaires mixtes connus. En particulier, l'invention a pour but de décrire un dispositif qui va permettre d'une part de capturer et de concentrer l'énergie solaire, puis de la transformer en énergie électrique et en énergie calorifique, sans les inconvénients des systèmes à cogénération connus. L'invention a également pour but de proposer un concentrateur solaire capable de contrôler en temps réel la quantité d'énergie solaire qui sera transformée en électricité et celle qui sera transformée en calories thermiques. Cette répartition contrôlée entre les deux modes de conversion de l'énergie solaire devra être faite en fonction des conditions de luminosité, en fonction des besoins et/ou en fonction des performances et des rentabilités demandées. En effet une cellule photovoltaïque est coûteuse, et augmenter l'intensité et la durée de son fonctionnement permet alors d'augmenter sa rentabilité. The main purpose of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of known mixed solar concentrators. In particular, the invention aims to describe a device that will allow on the one hand to capture and focus solar energy, and then convert it into electrical energy and heat energy, without the disadvantages of known CHP systems . The invention also aims to provide a solar concentrator capable of controlling in real time the amount of solar energy that will be converted into electricity and that which will be transformed into heat calories. This controlled distribution between the two modes of conversion of solar energy will have to be made according to the light conditions, according to the needs and / or according to the performances and the required returns. Indeed a photovoltaic cell is expensive, and increase the intensity and duration of its operation can then increase its profitability.
RESUME DE L'INVENTION Dans son principe de base, l'invention a pour objet un nouveau concentrateur solaire qui comporte d'une part une optique de concentration du rayonnement solaire et d'autre part une cible vers laquelle ladite optique de concentration concentre le rayonnement solaire incident, et la cible possède au moins deux zones de conversion énergétique ayant des modes de conversion de l'énergie solaire différents et qui sont aptes à convertir l'énergie solaire en au moins deux autres types d'énergie. Ce nouveau concentrateur solaire comporte en outre des moyens de contrôle de la répartition du rayonnement solaire entre les différentes zones de conversion énergétique de la cible. De cette manière, il est possible de diriger le rayonnement solaire concentré vers telle ou telle zone de conversion énergétique de la cible, en fonction des besoins ou en fonction de la luminosité. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In its basic principle, the subject of the invention is a new solar concentrator which comprises on the one hand an optics for concentrating the solar radiation and, on the other hand, a target towards which said optical concentrator concentrates the incident solar radiation, and the The target has at least two energy conversion areas having different solar energy conversion modes that are capable of converting solar energy into at least two other types of energy. This new solar concentrator further comprises means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation between the different areas of energy conversion of the target. In this way, it is possible to direct the concentrated solar radiation towards such or such energy conversion zone of the target, according to the needs or according to the brightness.
Selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, le concentrateur est configuré pour que la distance (Dl, D2) entre au moins l'une desdites zones de conversion énergétique de la cible et l'optique de concentration soit variable, et pour que la variation de cette distance entraine la variation de la quantité de rayonnement solaire concentrée sur ladite première zone de conversion énergétique et de la quantité de rayonnement solaire concentrée sur ladite seconde zone de conversion énergétique.  According to a first embodiment of the invention, the concentrator is configured so that the distance (D1, D2) between at least one of said energy conversion zones of the target and the concentration optics is variable, and that the variation of this distance causes the variation of the amount of solar radiation concentrated on said first energy conversion zone and the amount of solar radiation concentrated on said second energy conversion zone.
Selon cette première variante de l'invention, il suffit de faire varier la distance entre l'optique de concentration et la cible, pour produire plutôt de l'énergie électrique ou de l'énergie calorifique.  According to this first variant of the invention, it suffices to vary the distance between the optical concentration and the target, to produce rather electrical energy or heat energy.
Si la cible est positionnée très près de la zone de focalisation de l'optique de concentration, la surface d'éclairage de la cible sera faible, le rayonnement sera très concentré et ne touchera que la cellule photovoltaïque placée au centre de la cible.  If the target is positioned very close to the focusing area of the focusing optics, the target's illumination surface will be small, the radiation will be highly concentrated and will only affect the photovoltaic cell at the center of the target.
Si la cible est éloignée de la zone de focalisation, la surface éclairée de la cible sera plus grande, le rayonnement sera moins concentré et touchera la cellule photovoltaïque placée au centre de la cible mais aussi la partie périphérique correspondant au capteur thermique.  If the target is far from the focusing zone, the illuminated surface of the target will be larger, the radiation will be less concentrated and will affect the photovoltaic cell placed in the center of the target but also the peripheral portion corresponding to the thermal sensor.
L'intensité du rayonnement solaire reçu par la cellule photovoltaïque pourra ainsi varier en fonction de la distance entre la cellule et la partie optique, de la même manière que l'intensité du rayonnement solaire qui est reçue par la partie périphérique de la cible, correspondant au capteur thermique. The intensity of the solar radiation received by the photovoltaic cell can thus vary according to the distance between the cell and the optical part, in the same way as the intensity of the solar radiation that is received by the party. peripheral of the target, corresponding to the thermal sensor.
Selon un second mode de réalisation de l'invention, le concentrateur comporte des lentilles ou filtres polarisants interposés sur le trajet du rayonnement solaire concentré vers l'un des capteurs, ces lentilles ou filtres polarisants étant configurés pour faire varier la proportion de rayonnement solaire concentré vers le capteur photovoltaïque et celle du rayonnement solaire concentré vers le capteur thermique.  According to a second embodiment of the invention, the concentrator comprises lenses or polarizing filters interposed in the path of the concentrated solar radiation towards one of the sensors, these lenses or polarizing filters being configured to vary the proportion of concentrated solar radiation. towards the photovoltaic sensor and that of the concentrated solar radiation towards the thermal sensor.
De façon avantageuse, quel que soit l'agencement du concentrateur, lesdits moyens de contrôle de la répartition du rayonnement solaire sont automatisés et reçoivent en entrée un signal représentatif de la priorité à allouer à la production d'un type d'énergie par rapport à un autre type d'énergie, ce signal étant alors utilisé pour piloter la répartition du rayonnement solaire concentré entre les différentes zones de conversion énergétique. Le signal utilisé est par exemple constitué par une mesure en temps réel de la luminosité ambiante, et le pilotage de la répartition du rayonnement entre les différentes zones de conversion est fait en continu ou par intervalles de temps courts, par exemple de l'ordre de quelques secondes.  Advantageously, whatever the arrangement of the concentrator, said means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation are automated and receive as input a signal representative of the priority to be allocated to the production of a type of energy with respect to another type of energy, this signal then being used to control the distribution of concentrated solar radiation between the different energy conversion zones. The signal used is, for example, constituted by a real-time measurement of the ambient luminosity, and the control of the distribution of the radiation between the different conversion zones is done continuously or in short time intervals, for example in the order of a few seconds.
Selon une variante concrète avantageuse du concentrateur selon l'invention, lesdites zones de conversion comportent au moins une zone de conversion de l'énergie solaire en énergie électrique, et une zone de conversion de l'énergie solaire en énergie calorifique.  According to an advantageous concrete variant of the concentrator according to the invention, said conversion zones comprise at least one zone for converting solar energy into electrical energy, and a zone for converting solar energy into heat energy.
A titre d'exemple non limitatif, la zone de la cible qui assure la conversion de l'énergie solaire en énergie électrique comporte un capteur photovoltaïque vers lequel est concentrée tout ou partie du rayonnement solaire incident, et la zone de la cible qui assure la conversion de l'énergie solaire en énergie calorifique est constituée par un capteur thermique vers lequel est dirigée la part du rayonnement solaire incident qui n'est pas dirigée vers le capteur photovoltaïque.  By way of nonlimiting example, the zone of the target which converts solar energy into electrical energy comprises a photovoltaic sensor to which all or part of the incident solar radiation is concentrated, and the zone of the target which provides the conversion of solar energy into heat energy is constituted by a thermal sensor towards which is directed the part of the incident solar radiation which is not directed towards the photovoltaic sensor.
Selon un agencement avantageux des zones de conversion énergétique de la cible, le capteur photovoltaïque est positionné au centre de la zone de concentration du rayonnement solaire par l'optique de concentration, et le capteur thermique est positionné autour de la zone couverte par le capteur photovoltaïque, mais d'autres agencements sont possibles. De préférence, le capteur thermique reste thermiquement en contact avec le capteur photovoltaïque, de façon à pouvoir récupérer par conduction thermique l'énergie due à échauffement du capteur photovoltaïque qui correspond aux pertes dans le processus de conversion par le capteur de l'énergie solaire en électricité. According to an advantageous arrangement of the energy conversion zones of the target, the photovoltaic sensor is positioned at the center of the solar radiation concentration zone by the concentration optics, and the thermal sensor is positioned around the area covered by the photovoltaic sensor. but other arrangements are possible. Preferably, the thermal sensor remains thermally in contact with the photovoltaic sensor, so as to recover by heat conduction the energy due to heating of the photovoltaic sensor which corresponds to the losses in the process of conversion by the solar energy sensor into electricity.
Selon un autre agencement des zones de conversion de la cible, les deux capteurs sont juxtaposés et le rayonnement solaire concentré est dirigé par l'optique de concentration soit sur le capteur photovoltaïque, soit sur le capteur thermique, soit sur les deux.  According to another arrangement of the conversion zones of the target, the two sensors are juxtaposed and the concentrated solar radiation is directed by the optical concentration either on the photovoltaic sensor, or on the thermal sensor, or both.
Le concentrateur optique est composé soit de miroirs paraboliques ou cylindro-paraboliques, soit de lentilles ou de lentilles de Fresnel dont la focale est ponctuelle ou rectiligne, soit d'une combinaison de ces différentes optiques.  The optical concentrator is composed of either parabolic or cylindro-parabolic mirrors, or lenses or Fresnel lenses whose focal length is point or rectilinear, or a combination of these different optics.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation particulier du concentrateur solaire selon l'invention, l'optique de concentration comprend d'une part une lentille de Fresnel constituée sur une partie au moins de sa surface, par un matériau transparent et polarisant pour la lumière qui la traverse, et d'autre part un filtre polarisant placé devant la lentille de Fresnel ou placé entre la lentille de Fresnel et la cible. La rotation de la lentille ou du filtre l'un par rapport à l'autre et autour d'un axe commun qui passe par leur centre et qui est perpendiculaire à leur surface, provoque l'extinction progressive du rayonnement solaire concentré qui a traversé les deux surfaces polarisantes. Dans ce mode de réalisation la distance entre la lentille et la cible reste fixe et l'automatisme, qui a pour but de faire varier l'intensité lumineuse qui éclaire la cible, commande la rotation d'un angle plus ou moins important entre la lentille et le filtre. La rotation relative de la lentille et du filtre polarisant permet alors de faire varier la proportion de rayonnement solaire concentré vers le capteur photovoltaïque et celle du rayonnement solaire concentré vers le capteur thermique.  According to another particular embodiment of the solar concentrator according to the invention, the concentrating optics comprises on the one hand a Fresnel lens constituted on at least part of its surface, by a transparent and polarizing material for the light which crosses, and secondly a polarizing filter placed in front of the Fresnel lens or placed between the Fresnel lens and the target. The rotation of the lens or filter relative to each other and around a common axis which passes through their center and which is perpendicular to their surface, causes the progressive extinction of the concentrated solar radiation which has passed through the two polarizing surfaces. In this embodiment, the distance between the lens and the target remains fixed and the automation, which aims to vary the light intensity that illuminates the target, controls the rotation of a more or less important angle between the lens and the filter. The relative rotation of the lens and the polarizing filter then makes it possible to vary the proportion of concentrated solar radiation towards the photovoltaic sensor and that of the concentrated solar radiation towards the thermal sensor.
Les configurations envisagées pour le concentrateur solaire selon l'invention permettent de le régler sur différentes positions. Ainsi, il peut être réglé par exemple pour que le rayonnement solaire concentré n'éclaire que la surface du capteur photovoltaïque, ou pour que le rayonnement solaire concentré éclaire à la fois la surface de la cellule photovoltaïque et une partie de la surface du capteur thermique.  The configurations envisaged for the solar concentrator according to the invention make it possible to adjust it to different positions. Thus, it can be adjusted for example so that the concentrated solar radiation only illuminates the surface of the photovoltaic sensor, or so that the concentrated solar radiation illuminates both the surface of the photovoltaic cell and a portion of the surface of the thermal sensor. .
Le concentrateur peut encore être réglé pour que l'intensité du rayonnement solaire qui est reçue par le capteur photovoltaïque reste sensiblement constante, même lorsque l'intensité lumineuse du soleil varie. The concentrator can still be adjusted so that the intensity of the radiation solar energy that is received by the photovoltaic sensor remains substantially constant, even when the light intensity of the sun varies.
Toutefois, lorsque la quantité d'énergie de radiation solaire reçue par la cellule photovoltaïque diminuera, alors celle reçue par le capteur thermique augmentera, car la surface de capture de la cellule restera fixe alors que la surface de capture du capteur thermique augmentera dans la même proportion que la surface d'éclairage.  However, when the amount of solar radiation energy received by the photovoltaic cell decreases, then that received by the thermal sensor will increase because the capture surface of the cell will remain fixed while the capture surface of the thermal sensor will increase in the same proportion that the lighting surface.
Dans un mode de réalisation envisagé, la cible est composée d'une cellule photovoltaïque et d'un capteur thermique dont une partie au moins de la surface entoure la cellule photovoltaïque de sorte que le rayonnement solaire concentré puisse éclairer à la fois la cellule photovoltaïque et la partie périphérique du capteur thermique.  In one embodiment envisaged, the target is composed of a photovoltaic cell and a thermal sensor of which at least a portion of the surface surrounds the photovoltaic cell so that the concentrated solar radiation can illuminate both the photovoltaic cell and the peripheral part of the thermal sensor.
L'autre partie du capteur thermique se positionne derrière la cellule tout en restant en contact thermique avec celle-ci de manière à collecter la chaleur de la cellule et ainsi la refroidir.  The other part of the thermal sensor is positioned behind the cell while remaining in thermal contact therewith so as to collect the heat of the cell and thus cool it.
Le capteur thermique est par exemple constitué par une conduite métallique parcourue par un fluide caloporteur, gazeux ou liquide, comme de l'air, de l'eau ou un mélange d'eau et de glycol. Le capteur thermique comporte par exemple une surface de cuivre recouverte d'une couche de titane colloïdal, ladite surface étant placée sous vide de manière à augmenter l'isolation thermique avec l'extérieur.  The thermal sensor is for example constituted by a metal pipe traversed by a coolant, gaseous or liquid, such as air, water or a mixture of water and glycol. The thermal sensor comprises for example a copper surface covered with a layer of colloidal titanium, said surface being placed under vacuum so as to increase the thermal insulation with the outside.
Le capteur photovoltaïque est constitué par une cellule photovoltaïque par exemple de type au silicium cristallin, organique, monocouche ou multi couches, ou une combinaison de ces différents types connus, ou encore par tout nouveau type de cellule photovoltaïque en fonction des développements de nouvelles technologies de cellules.  The photovoltaic sensor is constituted by a photovoltaic cell for example of crystalline silicon type, organic, monolayer or multilayer, or a combination of these different known types, or by any new type of photovoltaic cell depending on the developments of new technologies. cells.
Dans un mode particulier de réalisation le concentrateur solaire, y compris la cible, est monté sur un suiveur de soleil afin de recevoir un maximum de rayonnement direct du soleil pendant le déplacement horaire et saisonnier de ce dernier.  In a particular embodiment, the solar concentrator, including the target, is mounted on a sun follower in order to receive a maximum of direct radiation from the sun during the seasonal and seasonal movement of the latter.
Dans un autre mode particulier de réalisation la cible est fixe par rapport au sol et le concentrateur solaire utilise au moins un héliostat pour rediriger le rayonnement solaire vers la cible. In another particular embodiment, the target is fixed relative to the ground and the solar concentrator uses at least one heliostat to redirect the solar radiation to the target.
Dans un autre mode particulier de réalisation, c'est la cible qui se déplace par rapport à l'optique du concentrateur pour faire varier leur distance relative.  In another particular embodiment, it is the target that moves relative to the optics of the concentrator to vary their relative distance.
Dans un mode particulier de réalisation donnant la priorité à la production d'électricité, la distance entre la partie optique et la cible est pilotée par un automatisme électromécanique de manière par exemple à maintenir constante la quantité d'énergie du rayonnement solaire reçue par la cellule photovoltaïque, à savoir que les variations d'intensité du rayonnement solaire qui se produisent au cours de la journée et au cours des saisons pourront être compensées par une variation inversement proportionnelle du taux de concentration appliqué à la cellule. Cette stabilité d'irradiation de la cellule aura pour avantage de minimiser les chocs thermiques au niveau de la cellule et de minimiser les pics de puissance électrique à absorber par les composants électriques comme les onduleurs et les transformateurs.  In a particular embodiment giving priority to the production of electricity, the distance between the optical part and the target is controlled by an electromechanical automatism so as for example to maintain constant the amount of energy of the solar radiation received by the cell. photovoltaic, namely that the variations in intensity of solar radiation that occur during the day and during the seasons can be offset by an inversely proportional change in the concentration rate applied to the cell. This radiation stability of the cell will have the advantage of minimizing thermal shocks at the cell and minimizing the peaks of electrical power to be absorbed by the electrical components such as inverters and transformers.
Dans un autre exemple de réalisation donnant la priorité à la production maximale d'énergie calorifique, la position de la cible sera telle que le rayonnement solaire concentré couvrira et s'étalera sur toute la surface de capture de la cible.  In another embodiment giving priority to the maximum heat energy production, the position of the target will be such that the concentrated solar radiation will cover and spread over the entire capture surface of the target.
L'invention a également pour objet un dispositif constitué d'une pluralité de concentrateurs solaires selon l'invention, tous les concentrateurs étant alors reliés par une liaison mécanique et/ou électrique afin que tous les mouvements et déplacements des différentes parties des concentrateurs unitaires se fassent en même temps et à l'identique. Bien entendu, dans ce cas il sera utile de relier également les connexions électriques et les réseaux de circulation de fluide caloporteur de tous les concentrateurs individuels. DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTION  The invention also relates to a device consisting of a plurality of solar concentrators according to the invention, all the concentrators then being connected by a mechanical and / or electrical connection so that all the movements and displacements of the different parts of the unit concentrators are do at the same time and identically. Of course, in this case it will be useful to also connect the electrical connections and heat transfer fluid networks of all individual concentrators. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
L'invention est maintenant décrite plus en détails à l'aide de la description des figures 1 à 4 indexées. The invention is now described in more detail with the aid of the description of the indexed FIGS. 1 to 4.
La figure 1A est un schéma de principe en coupe du dispositif selon l'invention avec une lentille de Fresnel comme optique de concentration, le dispositif étant dans une position de concentration importante du rayonnement solaire sur la cellule photovoltaïque, et nulle sur le capteur thermique. FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional diagram of the device according to the invention with a Fresnel lens as optical concentration, the device being in a position of high concentration of solar radiation on the photovoltaic cell, and zero on the thermal sensor.
La figure 1B est une illustration du dispositif en face avant de la figure 1A avec la visualisation de la surface de la cible éclairée par le rayonnement solaire concentré.  FIG. 1B is an illustration of the device on the front face of FIG. 1A with the visualization of the surface of the target illuminated by concentrated solar radiation.
La figure 2A est un schéma de principe en coupe du dispositif selon l'invention avec une lentille de Fresnel comme optique de concentration, le dispositif étant représenté dans une position de concentration faible sur la cellule photovoltaïque et sa répartition sur le capteur thermique.  FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional diagram of the device according to the invention with a Fresnel lens as concentration optics, the device being represented in a position of low concentration on the photovoltaic cell and its distribution on the thermal sensor.
La figure 2B est une illustration du dispositif en face avant de la figure 2A avec la visualisation de la surface d'éclairage du rayonnement solaire concentré qui se répartit sur la cellule et sur le capteur thermique.  FIG. 2B is an illustration of the device on the front face of FIG. 2A with the visualization of the illuminating surface of the concentrated solar radiation which is distributed over the cell and on the thermal sensor.
La figure 3A est un schéma de principe en coupe du dispositif selon l'invention, dans un mode particulier de réalisation où une partie de la lentille de Fresnel est polarisante et où un filtre polarisant est placé devant ladite lentille.  FIG. 3A is a schematic block diagram of the device according to the invention, in a particular embodiment where a portion of the Fresnel lens is polarizing and a polarizing filter is placed in front of said lens.
La figure 3B est un schéma de principe en coupe du dispositif selon l'invention dans un autre mode particulier de réalisation où une partie de la lentille de Fresnel est polarisante et où un filtre polarisant est placé entre la lentille et la cible.  FIG. 3B is a schematic block diagram of the device according to the invention in another particular embodiment in which part of the Fresnel lens is polarizing and where a polarizing filter is placed between the lens and the target.
La figure 4 illustre le cas d'une pluralité de concentrateurs selon l'invention, reliés par une liaison mécanique pour l'actionnement des lentilles de Fresnel, et une liaison électrique pour la collecte du courant électrique.  FIG. 4 illustrates the case of a plurality of concentrators according to the invention, connected by a mechanical link for the operation of the Fresnel lenses, and an electrical connection for collecting the electric current.
On se réfère aux figures 1A et 1B qui représentent le dispositif selon l'invention dans le cas particulier où le concentrateur solaire est une lentille de Fresnel (1) dont la focale est ponctuelle. Le rayonnement solaire incident (2) se concentre sur une cible (4,5) composée, sans que ce choix ne soit limitatif, d'une cellule photovoltaïque (4) et d'un capteur thermique (5) dont une partie au moins de la surface entoure la cellule photovoltaïque (4) de sorte que le rayonnement solaire concentré (3) issu de la lentille de Fresnel puisse éclairer à la fois la cellule (4) et la partie périphérique de la cible correspondant au capteur thermique (5).  Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, which represent the device according to the invention in the particular case where the solar concentrator is a Fresnel lens (1) whose focal length is punctual. The incident solar radiation (2) concentrates on a target (4,5) composed, without this choice being limiting, of a photovoltaic cell (4) and a thermal sensor (5) of which at least a part of the surface surrounds the photovoltaic cell (4) so that the concentrated solar radiation (3) from the Fresnel lens can illuminate both the cell (4) and the peripheral portion of the target corresponding to the thermal sensor (5).
La partie centrale du capteur thermique (5) se positionne derrière la cellule photovoltaïque (4) tout en restant en contact avec celle-ci de manière à collecter la chaleur de la cellule (4) et ainsi la refroidir. Le capteur thermique (5) est dans cet exemple constitué par une conduite métallique parcourue par un fluide (6) caloporteur composé d'un mélange d'eau et de glycol. The central part of the thermal sensor (5) is positioned behind the photovoltaic cell (4) while remaining in contact with it so as to collect the heat the cell (4) and thus cool it. The thermal sensor (5) is in this example constituted by a metal pipe traversed by a fluid (6) coolant composed of a mixture of water and glycol.
Selon un aspect important de l'invention, la lentille de Fresnel (1) peut se déplacer de manière à faire varier sa distance (Dl) par rapport à la cible (4,5). Les figures 1A et 1B représentent le cas où la cible (4,5) est positionnée très près de la zone de focalisation de la lentille de Fresnel. La surface éclairée (7A) de la cible est donc faible et le rayonnement solaire (3) est très concentré sur la cellule photovoltaïque (4) qui est placée au centre de la cible.  According to an important aspect of the invention, the Fresnel lens (1) is movable so as to vary its distance (D1) with respect to the target (4,5). Figures 1A and 1B show the case where the target (4,5) is positioned very close to the focus area of the Fresnel lens. The illuminated surface (7A) of the target is therefore small and the solar radiation (3) is very concentrated on the photovoltaic cell (4) which is placed in the center of the target.
Les figures 2A et 2B représentent le même cas particulier que les figures 1A et 1B mais dans une position où la cible (4,5) est à une distance (D2) de la lentille (1) inférieure au cas précédant (Dl). La surface éclairée de la cible (7B) est alors plus grande que dans le cas précédent (7A) et s'étale à la fois sur la cellule (4) et sur le capteur thermique (5) qui l'entoure. Le rayonnement solaire concentré (7B) se répartit alors sur les deux capteurs (4,5). La cellule (4) reçoit donc moins d'énergie solaire que dans le cas précédent (ΙΑ,ΙΒ) alors que le capteur thermique (5) en reçoit davantage. Au final, dans cette position du dispositif, l'énergie solaire collectée par le concentrateur (1) s'est répartie différemment entre la cellule photovoltaïque (4) et le capteur thermique (5) simplement en faisant varier la distance (D1,D2) entre la lentille (1) et la cible (4,5), grâce au déplacement de la lentille (1).  FIGS. 2A and 2B represent the same particular case as FIGS. 1A and 1B but in a position where the target (4,5) is at a distance (D2) from the lens (1) lower than the preceding case (D1). The illuminated surface of the target (7B) is then larger than in the previous case (7A) and spreads on both the cell (4) and on the thermal sensor (5) surrounding it. The concentrated solar radiation (7B) is then distributed over the two sensors (4,5). The cell (4) therefore receives less solar energy than in the previous case (ΙΑ, ΙΒ) while the thermal sensor (5) receives more. Finally, in this position of the device, the solar energy collected by the concentrator (1) is distributed differently between the photovoltaic cell (4) and the thermal sensor (5) simply by varying the distance (D1, D2). between the lens (1) and the target (4,5), thanks to the displacement of the lens (1).
Bien entendu ce raisonnement et ce fonctionnement sont applicables pour un choix différents de la nature des capteurs 4,5 de la cible.  Of course this reasoning and this operation are applicable for a different choice of the nature of the sensors 4,5 of the target.
Cette répartition variable et contrôlée de l'énergie solaire sur les deux capteurs (4,5) de la cible va entraîner une production d'électricité et de calories elle- même variable en fonction des besoins, ce qui est bien le but de l'invention. En particulier, en reprenant l'exemple décrit, si la priorité est donnée à la production d'électricité photovoltaïque, un automatisme (non illustré) permettra de maintenir à son maximum la quantité d'énergie reçue par la cellule photovoltaïque (4) même pendant les variations de luminosité du soleil.  This variable and controlled distribution of solar energy on the two sensors (4,5) of the target will lead to a production of electricity and calories itself variable according to the needs, which is the goal of the invention. In particular, following the example described, if the priority is given to the production of photovoltaic electricity, an automation (not shown) will maintain the maximum amount of energy received by the photovoltaic cell (4) even during the variations of brightness of the sun.
On se réfère maintenant aux figures 3A et 3B qui montrent une autre manière de faire varier la répartition du rayonnement solaire entre le capteur photovoltaïque (4) et le capteur thermique (5) sans avoir à faire varier la distance relative entre la lentille de Fresnel (1) et la cible (4,5). Reference is now made to FIGS. 3A and 3B which show another way of varying the distribution of solar radiation between the sensor photovoltaic (4) and the thermal sensor (5) without having to vary the relative distance between the Fresnel lens (1) and the target (4,5).
A cet effet, la partie centrale (1P) de la lentille de Fresnel (1) a été rendue polarisante, soit par un traitement de surface approprié, soit par l'ajout d'un composé spécifique au moment de la fabrication de la lentille, soit par la pose d'un film polarisant sur une de ses faces. Un filtre polarisant (8) est alors placé soit devant la lentille (Figure 3A), soit entre la lentille (1) et la cible (4,5) (Figure 3B). Dans ces deux cas de figure, le rayonnement solaire incident (2) qui ne traverse pas les filtres polarisants se concentre (3) essentiellement sur le capteur thermique (5) alors que le rayonnement solaire incident (2) qui traverse à la fois le filtre polarisant (8, 2P) et la surface polarisante (1P) de la lentille (1), se concentre (3P) essentiellement sur la cellule photovoltaïque (4). La distance D2 entre la lentille (1) et la cible (4,5) est alors de préférence fixe et choisie pour que la surface éclairée (7B) de la cible recouvre à la fois le capteur thermique (5) et la cellule (4). La mise en rotation de la lentille de Fresnel (1) autour de son axe de symétrie perpendiculaire à sa surface et passant par son centre est réalisée par exemple à l'aide d'une vis sans fin (9) agissant sur la périphérie de la lentille pourvue à cet effet d'un profil intégré ou rapporté en forme de roue dentée. Alternativement on pourrait garder la lentille de Fresnel (1) fixe en rotation et mettre en rotation le filtre polarisant (8). La rotation relative de la lentille polarisante (1) par rapport au filtre polarisant (8) provoque l'extinction plus ou moins prononcée du rayonnement concentré (3P) qui éclaire la cellule (4) car la lumière aura traversé deux filtres polarisants dont les axes de polarisation se croisent progressivement.  For this purpose, the central part (1P) of the Fresnel lens (1) has been made polarizing, either by a suitable surface treatment, or by the addition of a specific compound at the time of manufacture of the lens, either by placing a polarizing film on one of its faces. A polarizing filter (8) is then placed either in front of the lens (Figure 3A), or between the lens (1) and the target (4,5) (Figure 3B). In these two cases, the incident solar radiation (2) which does not pass through the polarizing filters concentrates (3) essentially on the thermal sensor (5) while the incident solar radiation (2) which passes through both the filter polarizing (8, 2P) and the polarizing surface (1P) of the lens (1), concentrates (3P) essentially on the photovoltaic cell (4). The distance D2 between the lens (1) and the target (4,5) is then preferably fixed and chosen so that the illuminated surface (7B) of the target covers both the thermal sensor (5) and the cell (4). ). The rotation of the Fresnel lens (1) about its axis of symmetry perpendicular to its surface and passing through its center is carried out for example by means of a worm (9) acting on the periphery of the lens provided for this purpose with a profile integrated or gear-shaped. Alternatively one could keep the Fresnel lens (1) fixed in rotation and rotate the polarizing filter (8). The relative rotation of the polarizing lens (1) relative to the polarizing filter (8) causes the more or less pronounced extinction of the concentrated radiation (3P) which illuminates the cell (4) because the light has passed through two polarizing filters whose axes of polarization intersect progressively.
Ainsi ce mode particulier de réalisation permet aussi de contrôler la proportion du rayonnement solaire incident (2) qui va atteindre le capteur photovoltaïque (4) et la proportion qui va atteindre le capteur thermique (5). Ce contrôle peut là encore être réalisé en temps réel, par exemple à l'aide d'un automatisme non décrit mais dont la réalisation est à la portée du l'homme du métier. Cet automatisme va stabiliser à son maximum l'énergie solaire reçue par la cellule (4), même' pendant les variations de luminosité du soleil, tout en transformant une partie de cette énergie solaire en calories grâce au capteur thermique (5) et à son fluide caloporteur (6). Thus, this particular embodiment also makes it possible to control the proportion of incident solar radiation (2) that will reach the photovoltaic sensor (4) and the proportion that will reach the thermal sensor (5). This control can again be realized in real time, for example using an unspecified automation but whose realization is within the reach of the skilled person. This automatism will stabilize as much as possible the solar energy received by the cell (4), even during the variations in brightness of the sun, while transforming part of this solar energy into calories thanks to the thermal sensor (5) and its heat transfer fluid (6).
La figure 4 illustre un dispositif particulier qui est constitué d'une pluralité de concentrateurs solaires selon l'invention. Chaque concentrateur est équipé dans cet exemple d'un héliostat (11), d'une lentille de Fresnel (1), d'un capteur thermique (5) et d'une cellule photovoltaïque (4). Tous les concentrateurs individuels sont reliés ensemble d'une part par une liaison mécanique (12) entre tous les miroirs (11) des héliostats, et d'autre part par une liaison mécanique (10) entre toutes les lentilles de Fresnel (1), afin que tous les mouvements et les déplacements des différentes parties des concentrateurs se fassent en même temps et à l'identique. Il sera utile également de relier ensemble électriquement les différents capteurs photovoltaïques (4) afin de permettre la collecte de l'ensemble de l'énergie électrique produite. De même, les capteurs thermiques (5) seront insérés dans un circuit de circulation du fluide caloporteur pour récupérer l'énergie calorifique produite par l'ensemble du dispositif.  FIG. 4 illustrates a particular device which consists of a plurality of solar concentrators according to the invention. Each concentrator is equipped in this example with a heliostat (11), a Fresnel lens (1), a thermal sensor (5) and a photovoltaic cell (4). All the individual concentrators are connected together on the one hand by a mechanical connection (12) between all the mirrors (11) of the heliostats, and on the other hand by a mechanical connection (10) between all the Fresnel lenses (1), so that all the movements and displacements of the different parts of the concentrators are done at the same time and in the same way. It will also be useful to electrically connect the various photovoltaic sensors (4) to allow the collection of all the electrical energy produced. Similarly, the thermal sensors (5) will be inserted into a circulation circuit of the heat transfer fluid to recover the heat energy produced by the entire device.
On décrit maintenant un exemple concret de réalisation :  We now describe a concrete example of realization:
Un dispositif selon l'invention est constitué d'une lentille de Fresnel (1) carrée en poly méthacrylate de méthyle transparent de 0,8 mètre de côté et de 4 mm d'épaisseur. La lentille est de type focale ponctuelle et sa longueur focale est de 90 cm. La lentille de Fresnel (1) reçoit, perpendiculairement à sa surface, la lumière solaire d'un héliostat dont le miroir (11) fait 1 m x 1,50 mètre. A une distance de 90 cm de la lentille de Fresnel (1) est positionnée une cible constituée d'une cellule photovoltaïque (4) en silicium cristallin de 7 cm de côté et d'une puissance crête de 1 watt sous un ensoleillement de 1000 Watts/m2. Cette cellule (4) est collée au centre d'un capteur thermique (5) creux en aluminium anodisé noir et carré de 25 cm de côté et de 1 cm d'épaisseur.  A device according to the invention consists of a square Fresnel lens (1) made of transparent polymethyl methacrylate 0.8 meters square and 4 mm thick. The lens is of focal point type and its focal length is 90 cm. The Fresnel lens (1) receives, perpendicular to its surface, the sunlight of a heliostat whose mirror (11) is 1m x 1.50m. At a distance of 90 cm from the Fresnel lens (1) is positioned a target consisting of a photovoltaic cell (4) in crystalline silicon of 7 cm side and a peak power of 1 watt under a sunshine of 1000 Watts / m2. This cell (4) is glued to the center of a hollow, black anodized aluminum heat sensor (5) 25 cm square and 1 cm thick.
Le capteur thermique (5) est parcouru par un mélange d'eau et de glycol dans une proportion de 70/30. La cible est fixe par rapport au sol et reçoit le rayonnement solaire concentré (3) par la lentille de Fresnel (1). La distance entre la lentille (1) et la cible (4,5) est rendue variable grâce à un chariot supportant la lentille (1) et coulissant le long de deux tubes métalliques parallèles entre eux et perpendiculaires à la surface de la lentille (1). Lorsque la distance Dl entre le centre de la lentille (1) et la cellule (4) est de 80 cm, la taille de la surface de la cible éclairée par le rayonnement concentré est sensiblement la même que la taille de la cellule (4), soit une surface circulaire d'un diamètre de 8 cm. La cellule (4) reçoit donc la totalité du rayonnement solaire avec une concentration de l'ordre de 120 fois. The thermal sensor (5) is traversed by a mixture of water and glycol in a proportion of 70/30. The target is fixed to the ground and receives concentrated solar radiation (3) from the Fresnel lens (1). The distance between the lens (1) and the target (4,5) is made variable by a carriage supporting the lens (1) and sliding along two parallel metallic tubes perpendicular to the surface of the lens (1). ). When the distance D1 between the center of the lens (1) and the cell (4) is 80 cm, the size of the surface of the target illuminated by the concentrated radiation is substantially the same as the size of the cell (4) a circular surface with a diameter of 8 cm. The cell (4) therefore receives all of the solar radiation with a concentration of about 120 times.
Lorsque la distance D2 entre le centre de la lentille (1) et la cellule (4) est de 55 cm, le diamètre de la surface d'éclairage sur la cible est sensiblement de 25 cm. La cellule (1) et le capteur thermique (5) reçoivent donc la totalité du rayonnement solaire direct avec une concentration de l'ordre de 10 fois. Mais comme le capteur thermique (5) possède une surface éclairée 12 fois supérieure à celle de la cellule (4), il va capturer 12 fois plus d'énergie solaire que la cellule (4).  When the distance D2 between the center of the lens (1) and the cell (4) is 55 cm, the diameter of the illumination surface on the target is substantially 25 cm. The cell (1) and the thermal sensor (5) thus receive all of the direct solar radiation with a concentration of the order of 10 times. But as the thermal sensor (5) has a surface illuminated 12 times that of the cell (4), it will capture 12 times more solar energy than the cell (4).
En définitive, et en fonction de la distance entre la cellule (4) et la lentille (1), la concentration solaire sur la cellule (4) pourra varier entre 10 fois et 120 fois, et le reste de l'énergie non transformée en électricité sera transformée en calories qui seront absorbées par le liquide caloporteur (6) en contact avec le capteur thermique (5).  Finally, and depending on the distance between the cell (4) and the lens (1), the solar concentration on the cell (4) can vary between 10 times and 120 times, and the rest of the energy not transformed into electricity will be transformed into calories that will be absorbed by the coolant (6) in contact with the thermal sensor (5).
Comme la cellule (4) en silicium cristallin est à son maximum d'efficacité sous une irradiation de 15 kW/m2, un moteur électrique pas à pas va déplacer le chariot soutenant la lentille de Fresnel (1) de manière à positionner celle-ci à une distance de la cellule (4) comprise entre 55 cm et 80 cm, ce qui va provoquer une concentration solaire variable entre 10 et 120 fois de manière à ce que l'intensité solaire reçue par la cellule (4) soit régulière et proche de 15 kW/m2. Par exemple pour une irradiation directe normale d'un soleil clair de 500 W/m2 la concentration sera de x30 et pour un soleil voilé de 125 W/m2 la concentration sera de xl20, soit quatre fois supérieure. Un automatisme électromécanique va donc permettre à la cellule (4) de produire régulièrement 15 Watts d'électricité (1 watt par kW/m2 d'ensoleillement), même pendant un ensoleillement direct variable entre 125 et 500 W/m2.  As the crystalline silicon cell (4) is at its maximum efficiency under an irradiation of 15 kW / m2, an electric stepper motor will move the carriage supporting the Fresnel lens (1) so as to position it at a distance of the cell (4) between 55 cm and 80 cm, which will cause a variable solar concentration between 10 and 120 times so that the solar intensity received by the cell (4) is regular and close 15 kW / m2. For example for normal direct irradiation of a clear sun of 500 W / m2 the concentration will be x30 and for a veiled sun of 125 W / m2 the concentration will be xl20, four times higher. An electromechanical automatism will therefore allow the cell (4) to regularly produce 15 Watts of electricity (1 watt per kW / m2 of sunshine), even during a variable direct sunlight between 125 and 500 W / m2.
Le reste de l'énergie non transformée en électricité sera transformé en calories thermiques qui vont d'une part élever la température du mélange eau glycol et d'autre part être perdue à hauteur d'environ 20% par conduction et irradiation dans l'air ambiant. The rest of the energy that is not converted into electricity will be transformed into thermal calories, which will, on the one hand, raise the temperature of the glycol water mixture and, on the other hand, be lost by about 20% by conduction and irradiation. in the ambient air.
Au total ce sera 80% de l'irradiation solaire directe qui aura été capturée, au lieu d'environ 70 % dans les systèmes mixtes connus dans l'état de la technique.  In total it will be 80% of the direct solar radiation that has been captured, instead of about 70% in mixed systems known in the state of the art.
En outre, si la priorité aura été donnée à la production d'électricité, la cellule photovoltaïque (4) aura été exploitée au maximum de sa rentabilité car elle aura fonctionné au maximum de ses possibilités de production (maximum de concentration solaire pendant un maximum de temps).  In addition, if priority has been given to the production of electricity, the photovoltaic cell (4) has been exploited to the maximum of its profitability because it will have operated at the maximum of its production possibilities (maximum solar concentration for a maximum of time).
Bien entendu il serait aisément possible de modifier la priorité de production de l'énergie électrique par rapport à l'énergie calorifique.  Of course it would be easily possible to change the priority of production of electrical energy with respect to the heat energy.
AVANTAGES DE L'INVENTION ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
En définitive l'invention répond aux buts fixés et permet bien de capturer, concentrer, et transformer l'énergie solaire en électricité et en calories, tout en contrôlant la quantité d'énergie solaire qui sera transformée en électricité et celle qui sera transformée en énergie calorifique, cette répartition pouvant être faite en temps réel et en fonction notamment des conditions de luminosité ambiante.  Ultimately the invention meets the goals and allows to capture, focus, and transform solar energy into electricity and calories, while controlling the amount of solar energy that will be converted into electricity and the amount that will be converted into energy. calorific, this distribution can be made in real time and depending on the ambient light conditions.
Cette répartition entre les deux modes de conversion de l'énergie solaire (électrique et calorifique) est rendue possible grâce à la superposition des deux capteurs respectifs et grâce à la reconfiguration en temps réel de la partie optique du concentrateur en tenant compte des conditions de luminosité ambiantes (soleil clair, soleil voilé, ...), ce qui permet bien de favoriser une forme d'énergie ou une autre en fonction des besoins et/ou en fonction des performances et rentabilités souhaitées pour un capteur ou pour l'autre.  This distribution between the two modes of conversion of solar energy (electric and heat) is made possible thanks to the superposition of the two respective sensors and thanks to the real-time reconfiguration of the optical part of the concentrator taking into account the light conditions. ambient (clear sun, veiled sun, ...), which makes it possible to favor one form of energy or another according to the needs and / or according to the performances and profitability desired for a sensor or the other.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 - Concentrateur solaire comportant d'une part une optique de concentration (1) du rayonnement solaire et d'autre part une cible (4,5) vers laquelle ladite optique (1) concentre le rayonnement solaire incident, la cible possédant au moins une première zone de conversion énergétique (4) et une seconde zone de conversion énergétique (5), lesdites zones (4,5) ayant des modes de conversion de l'énergie solaire différents et étant aptes à convertir l'énergie solaire en au moins deux autres types d'énergie, et le concentrateur solaire comportant des moyens de contrôle de la répartition du rayonnement solaire entre lesdites au moins deux zones de conversion énergétique (4,5) de la cible, caractérisé en ce qu'il est configuré pour que la distance (Dl, D2) entre au moins l'une desdites zones de conversion énergétique (4,5) de la cible et l'optique de concentration (1) soit variable, et en ce que la variation de cette distance entraine la variation de la quantité de rayonnement solaire concentrée sur ladite première zone de conversion énergétique (4) et de la quantité de rayonnement solaire concentrée sur ladite seconde zone de conversion énergétique (5). 2 - Concentrateur solaire comportant d'une part une optique de concentration (1) du rayonnement solaire et d'autre part une cible (4,5) vers laquelle ladite optique (1) concentre le rayonnement solaire incident, la cible possédant au moins une première zone de conversion énergétique (4) et une seconde zone de conversion énergétique (5), lesdites zones (4,5) ayant des modes de conversion de l'énergie solaire différents et étant aptes à convertir l'énergie solaire en au moins deux autres types d'énergie, et le concentrateur solaire comportant des moyens de contrôle de la répartition du rayonnement solaire entre lesdites au moins deux zones de conversion énergétique (4,5) de la cible, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte des lentilles ou filtres polarisants interposés sur le trajet du rayonnement solaire concentré vers l'un des capteurs, ces lentilles ou filtres polarisants étant configurés pour faire varier la proportion de rayonnement solaire concentré vers le capteur photovoltaïque (4) et celle du rayonnement solaire concentré vers le capteur thermique. 1 - Solar concentrator comprising on the one hand an optical concentration (1) of the solar radiation and on the other hand a target (4,5) towards which said optic (1) concentrates the incident solar radiation, the target having at least one first energy conversion zone (4) and a second energy conversion zone (5), said zones (4,5) having different solar energy conversion modes and being able to convert the solar energy into at least two other types of energy, and the solar concentrator having means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation between said at least two energy conversion zones (4,5) of the target, characterized in that it is configured so that the distance (D1, D2) between at least one of said energy conversion zones (4,5) of the target and the concentration optic (1) is variable, and in that the variation of this distance causes the variation of the quantity of rayon solar energy concentrated on said first energy conversion zone (4) and the amount of solar radiation concentrated on said second energy conversion zone (5). 2 - Solar concentrator comprising on the one hand an optical concentration (1) of the solar radiation and on the other hand a target (4,5) to which said optic (1) concentrates the incident solar radiation, the target having at least one first energy conversion zone (4) and a second energy conversion zone (5), said zones (4,5) having different solar energy conversion modes and being able to convert the solar energy into at least two other types of energy, and the solar concentrator comprising means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation between said at least two energy conversion zones (4,5) of the target, characterized in that it comprises lenses or filters polarizers interposed in the path of the concentrated solar radiation towards one of the sensors, these lenses or polarizing filters being configured to vary the proportion of concentrated solar radiation towards the sensor photovoltaic (4) and concentrated solar radiation towards the thermal sensor.
3 - Concentrateur solaire selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de contrôle de la répartition du rayonnement solaire sont automatisés et reçoivent en entrée un signal représentatif de la priorité à allouer à la production d'un type d'énergie par rapport à un autre type d'énergie, ledit signal étant utilisé pour piloter la répartition du rayonnement entre les différentes zones (4,5) de conversion énergétique. 3 - solar concentrator according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that said means for controlling the distribution of solar radiation are automated and receive as input a signal representative of the priority to be allocated to the production of a type of energy relative to another type of energy, said signal being used to control the distribution of radiation between the different zones (4,5) of energy conversion.
4 - Concentrateur selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que ledit signal est une mesure en temps réel de la luminosité ambiante, et en ce que le pilotage de la répartition du rayonnement entre les différentes zones de conversion se fait en continu ou par intervalles de temps courts en fonction de la luminosité ambiante. 4 - Concentrator according to claim 3, characterized in that said signal is a real-time measurement of the ambient brightness, and in that the control of the distribution of radiation between the different conversion zones is continuous or at intervals of short times depending on the ambient brightness.
5 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que lesdites première et seconde zones de conversion énergétique (4,5) de la cible comportent au moins une zone de conversion (4) de l'énergie solaire en énergie électrique, et une zone de conversion (5) de l'énergie solaire en énergie calorifique. 5 - solar concentrator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said first and second energy conversion zones (4,5) of the target comprise at least one conversion zone (4) of solar energy into energy electric, and a conversion zone (5) of solar energy into heat energy.
6 - Concentrateur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la cible comporte d'une part un capteur photovoltaïque (4) vers lequel est concentrée tout ou partie du rayonnement solaire incident, et d'autre part un capteur thermique (5) vers lequel est dirigée la part du rayonnement solaire incident qui n'est pas dirigée vers le capteur photovoltaïque (4). 6 - Concentrator according to claim 5, characterized in that the target comprises on the one hand a photovoltaic sensor (4) to which is concentrated all or part of the incident solar radiation, and on the other hand a thermal sensor (5) to which is directed the part of the incident solar radiation which is not directed towards the photovoltaic sensor (4).
7 - Concentrateur selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que capteur photovoltaïque (4) est positionné au centre de la zone de concentration du rayonnement solaire par l'optique de concentration (1), et en ce que le capteur thermique (5) est positionné autour de la zone couverte par le capteur photovoltaïque (4) et est thermiquement en contact avec elle. 7 - Concentrator according to claim 6, characterized in that photovoltaic sensor (4) is positioned in the center of the solar radiation concentration zone by the concentration optics (1), and in that the thermal sensor (5) is positioned around the area covered by the sensor photovoltaic (4) and is thermally in contact with it.
8 - Concentrateur selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les deux capteurs (4,5) sont juxtaposés et en ce que le rayonnement solaire concentré est dirigé soit sur le capteur photovoltaïque (4), soit sur le capteur thermique (5), soit sur les deux. 8 - Concentrator according to claim 7, characterized in that the two sensors (4,5) are juxtaposed and in that the concentrated solar radiation is directed either on the photovoltaic sensor (4) or on the thermal sensor (5), either on both.
9 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il est réglé pour que le rayonnement solaire concentré (3) n'éclaire que la surface du capteur photovoltaïque (4). 9 - solar concentrator according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it is set so that the concentrated solar radiation (3) illuminates only the surface of the photovoltaic sensor (4).
10 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il est réglé pour que le rayonnement solaire concentré (3) éclaire à la fois la surface de la cellule photovoltaïque (4) et une partie de la surface du capteur thermique (5). 10 - solar concentrator according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it is set so that the concentrated solar radiation (3) illuminates both the surface of the photovoltaic cell (4) and a portion of the surface of the thermal sensor (5).
11 - Concentrateur solaire selon une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il est réglé pour que l'intensité du rayonnement solaire qui est reçue par le capteur photovoltaïque (4) reste sensiblement constante, même lorsque l'intensité lumineuse du soleil varie. 11 - solar concentrator according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it is set so that the intensity of solar radiation that is received by the photovoltaic sensor (4) remains substantially constant, even when the sun's light intensity varied.
12 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'optique de concentration (1) comporte un des éléments suivants ou une combinaison des éléments suivants: une lentille de Fresnel dont la focale est ponctuelle ou rectiligne, un miroir parabolique ou cylindro- parabolique, au moins un héliostat. 12 - solar concentrator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the optical concentration (1) comprises one of the following elements or a combination of the following elements: a Fresnel lens whose focal length is point or rectilinear, a parabolic or cylindro-parabolic mirror, at least one heliostat.
13 - Concentrateur solaire selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que l'optique de concentration (1) comporte une lentille de Fresnel (1) dont une partie (1P) est polarisante pour le rayonnement solaire (2) qui la traverse, et en ce qu'un filtre polarisant (8) est placé soit devant la partie polarisante (1P) de la lentille de Fresnel (1) soit entre cette partie polarisante (1P) de la lentille de Frésnel (1) et la cible (4,5). 13 - solar concentrator according to claim 12, characterized in that the optical concentration (1) comprises a Fresnel lens (1), a portion (1P) is polarizing for the solar radiation (2) which passes through it, and a polarizing filter (8) is placed either in front of the polarizing portion (1P) of the lens of Fresnel (1) is between this polarizing part (1P) of the Frésnel lens (1) and the target (4,5).
14 - Concentrateur solaire selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que la lentille de Fresnel (1) et/ou le filtre polarisant (8) sont mobiles autour d'un axe de rotation qui est perpendiculaire à leurs surfaces, de manière à faire varier leur position relative et par conséquent la quantité de rayonnement solaire transmise à chaque zone de conversion (4,5) énergétique de la cible. 15 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5 à 14, caractérisé en ce que le capteur photovoltaïque (4) et le capteur thermique (5) sont fixes par rapport au sol et en ce que le concentrateur solaire comporte au moins un héliostat pour rediriger la rayonnement solaire vers la cible (4,5). 16 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5 à 14, caractérisé en ce que le concentrateur solaire et la cible sont montés sur un suiveur de soleil de manière à recevoir un maximum de rayonnement direct du soleil pendant le déplacement horaire et saisonnier de ce dernier. 17 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une des revendications 5 à 16, caractérisé en ce que le capteur photovoltaïque (4) est constitué par une cellule photovoltaïque de type silicium cristallin, organique, monocouche ou multi couches, ou une combinaison de ces différents types. 18 - Concentrateur solaire selon l'une des revendications 5 à 17, caractérisé en ce que le capteur thermique (5) est une conduite de section carrée, rectangulaire, circulaire, ou une combinaison de ces formes, qui est parcourue par un fluide (6) caloporteur gazeux ou liquide. 19. Concentrateur solaire selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que le capteur thermique comporte une surface de cuivre recouverte d'une couche de titane colloïdal, ladite surface étant placée sous vide de manière à augmenter l'isolation thermique avec l'extérieur. 14 - Solar concentrator according to claim 13, characterized in that the Fresnel lens (1) and / or the polarizing filter (8) are movable about an axis of rotation which is perpendicular to their surfaces, so as to vary their relative position and therefore the amount of solar radiation transmitted to each energy conversion zone (4,5) of the target. 15 - solar concentrator according to any one of claims 5 to 14, characterized in that the photovoltaic sensor (4) and the thermal sensor (5) are fixed relative to the ground and in that the solar concentrator comprises at least one heliostat to redirect solar radiation to the target (4,5). 16 - solar concentrator according to any one of claims 5 to 14, characterized in that the solar concentrator and the target are mounted on a sun follower so as to receive a maximum of direct radiation from the sun during the seasonal and seasonal movement of this last. 17 - solar concentrator according to one of claims 5 to 16, characterized in that the photovoltaic sensor (4) is constituted by a photovoltaic cell type crystalline silicon, organic, monolayer or multi-layer, or a combination of these different types. 18 - solar concentrator according to one of claims 5 to 17, characterized in that the thermal sensor (5) is a square section, rectangular, circular, or a combination of these forms, which is traversed by a fluid (6 gaseous or liquid coolant. 19. Solar concentrator according to claim 18, characterized in that the thermal sensor comprises a copper surface covered with a titanium layer. colloidal, said surface being placed under vacuum so as to increase the thermal insulation with the outside.
20 - Concentrateur solaire selon une des revendications 5 à 19, caractérisé en ce qu'une partie au moins du capteur thermique (5) est en contact thermique avec la face arrière du capteur photovoltaïque (4). 20 - solar concentrator according to one of claims 5 to 19, characterized in that at least a portion of the thermal sensor (5) is in thermal contact with the rear face of the photovoltaic sensor (4).
21 - Dispositif comprenant une pluralité de concentrateurs solaires selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que toutes les optiques de concentrations (1,11) sont reliées mécaniquement (10,12) entre elles de sorte que tous leurs déplacements se font en même temps et à l'identique. 21 - Device comprising a plurality of solar concentrators according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that all optical concentrations (1,11) are mechanically connected (10,12) to each other so that all their movements are in same time and identically.
PCT/FR2012/000537 2011-12-28 2012-12-19 Device for controlling the conversion of energy in thermal and photovoltaic hybrid solar concentrators WO2013098489A1 (en)

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FR1104127A FR2985377B1 (en) 2011-12-28 2011-12-28 DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING ENERGY CONVERSIONS IN THERMAL AND PHOTOVOLTAIC MIXED SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
FR11/04127 2011-12-28

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