WO2010115172A2 - Antigenic peptide of hsv-2 and methods for using same - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides HSV antigens that are useful for the prevention and treatment of HSV infection. Disclosed herein are epitopes confirmed to be recognized by T-cells derived from herpetic lesions. T-cells having specificity for antigens of the invention have demonstrated cytotoxic activity against cells loaded with virally-encoded peptide epitopes, and in many cases, against cells infected with HSV, The identification of immunogenic antigens responsible for T-cell specificity provides improved anti-viral therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Compositions containing antigens or polynucleotides encoding antigens of the invention provide effectively targeted vaccines for prevention and treatment of HSV infection.

Description

ANTIGENIC PEPTIDE OF HSV-2 AND METHODS FOR USING SAME

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States provisional patent applications 61/166,637, filed April 3, 2009, and 61/228,489, filed July 24, 2009, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

[0002] This invention was made with government support under grant number AI042528-11 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The invention relates to molecules, compositions and methods that can be used for the treatment and prevention of viral infection and other diseases. More particularly, the invention identifies epitopes of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) proteins that can be used for methods involving molecules and compositions having the antigenic specificity of HSV-specific T cells. In addition, the invention relates to methods for detecting, treating and preventing HSV infection, as well as methods for inducing an immune response to HSV. The epitopes described herein are also useful in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for detecting, preventing and treating viral infection and other diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] HSV-2 infects about 22% of persons in the US. The level of infection is increasing. HSV-2 infection is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of HIV-1 infection, the main cause of AIDS. HSV-2 infection is associated with death or morbidity of infants who are infected in the neonatal period by transit through areas of HSV-2 infection in the cervix or vagina. HSV-2 also causes painful recurrent ulcerations in the genital or rectal areas of some infected persons and as such leads to a very high level of health care utilization and pharmacy costs. There are positive data from a phase III clinical trial showing about 40% efficacy to prevent HSV-2 infection, and about 70% efficacy to prevent HSV-2-induced clinical disease (Stanberry, 2002, N. Engl. J. Med. 347(21):1652-1661. However there was only positive efficacy data in the subset of study participants who were female and who were uninfected with HSV type 1 at the time the study started. A very large phase III confirmatory clinical trial in HSV-1 uninfected women only is currently being planned and will take several years. [0005] Once HSV-2 infection occurs, the virus causes latent infection of the sensory neurons in the ganglia that enervate the area of skin or mucosal infection. Periodically, the virus reactivates from latency in the neurons, travels down their axons, and causes a productive infection of the skin or mucosa in the areas that are enervated by the neuron. Current therapy can decrease this lytic replication in the skin or mucosa. However, current therapy does not remove latent virus from neurons. If the antiviral therapy is not being taken at the time the virus reactivates in the neuron, it will not prevent replication of the virus in the skin or mucosa, and thus is not able to reduce new symptoms or block the chance of shedding of live HSV-2 into the environment and thus transmission of HSV-2. Current therapy can be taken on a continual basis (suppressive therapy), which reduces symptomatic outbreaks and HSV-2 shedding, but as soon as it is stopped, the same underlying pattern of recurrent symptoms and lesions returns.

[0006] There remains a need to identify specific epitopes capable of eliciting an effective immune response to HSV infection. Such information can lead to the identification of more effective immunogenic antigens useful for the prevention and treatment of HSV infection.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The invention provides a specific epitope encoded by the HSV genome that elicits an immune response in a large proportion of the human population, those persons with the common HLA allele A*0201. The epitope is located in amino acids 369-383 of U_L25, and, more specifically, the 9mer at amino acids 372-380 (FLWEDQTLL; SEQ ID NO: 1). The invention provides antigens containing this epitope, polypeptides comprising antigens, polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, vectors, and recombinant viruses containing the polynucleotides, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting the polypeptides, immune cells directed against the epitopes, and pharmaceutical compositions. The pharmaceutical compositions can be used both prophylactically and therapeutically.

[0008] The invention additionally provides methods, including methods for preventing and treating infection, for killing infected cells, for inhibiting viral replication, for enhancing secretion of antiviral and/or immunomodulatory lymphokines, and for enhancing production of HSV-specific antibody. The method comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of a polypeptide, polynucleotide, recombinant virus, APC, immune cell or composition of the invention. The methods for killing infected cells and for inhibiting viral replication comprise contacting an infected cell with an immune cell of the invention. The immune cell of the invention is one that has been stimulated by an antigen of the invention or by an APC that presents an antigen of the invention. A method for producing such immune cells is also provided by the invention. The method comprises contacting an immune cell with an APC, preferably a dendritic cell, that has been modified to present an antigen of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the immune cell is a T cell such as a CD4+ or CD8+ T cell.

[0009] The invention additionally provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antigens and epitopes identified herein. Also provided is an isolated polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide of the invention, and a composition comprising the polynucleotide. The invention additionally provides a recombinant virus genetically modified to express a polynucleotide of the invention, and a composition comprising the recombinant virus. In one embodiment, the recombinant virus is a vaccinia virus, canary pox virus, HSV, lentivirus, retrovirus or adenovirus. A composition of the invention can be a pharmaceutical composition. The composition can optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an adjuvant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The invention provides HSV antigens that are useful for the prevention and treatment of HSV infection, and more particularly, a specific epitope encoded by the HSV genome that elicits an immune response in a large proportion of the human population. Disclosed herein are antigens and/or their constituent epitopes confirmed to be recognized by T-cells derived from herpetic lesions of infected patients having a known history and shedding levels. In some embodiments, T-cells having specificity for antigens of the invention have demonstrated cytotoxic activity against vi rally infected cells. The identification of immunogenic antigens responsible for T-cell specificity facilitates the development of improved anti-viral therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Compositions containing antigens or polynucleotides encoding antigens of the invention provide effectively targeted vaccines for prevention and treatment of HSV infection.

Definitions

[0011] All scientific and technical terms used in this application have meanings commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. As used in this application, the following words or phrases have the meanings specified.

[0012] As used herein, "polypeptide" includes proteins, fragments of proteins, and peptides, whether isolated from natural sources, produced by recombinant techniques or chemically synthesized. Polypeptides of the invention typically comprise at least about 6 amino acids, and can be at least about 15 amino acids. Typically, optimal immunological potency is obtained with lengths of 8-10 amino acids. Those skilled in the art also recognize that additional adjacent sequence from the original (native) protein can be included, and is often desired, in an immunologically effective polypeptide suitable for use as a vaccine.

This adjacent sequence can be from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acids in length to as much as 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75 or 100 amino acids in length or more.

[0013] As used herein, particularly in the context of polypeptides of the invention, "consisting essentially or means the polypeptide consists of the recited amino acid sequence and, optionally, adjacent amino acid sequence. The adjacent sequence typically consists of additional, adjacent amino acid sequence found in the full length antigen, but variations from the native antigen can be tolerated in this adjacent sequence while still providing an immunologically active polypeptide.

[0014] As used herein, "epitope" refers to a molecular region of an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response and of being specifically recognized by the specific immune T-cell produced by such a response. Another term for "epitope" is "determinant" or "antigenic determinant". Those skilled in the art often use the terms epitope and antigen interchangeably in the context of referring to the determinant against which an immune response is directed.

[0015] As used herein, "HSV polypeptide" includes HSV-1 and HSV-2, unless otherwise indicated. References to amino acids of HSV proteins or polypeptides are based on the genomic sequence information regarding HSV-2 as described in A. Dolan et at., 1998, J. Virol. 72(3):2010-2021.

[0016] As used herein, "substitutional variant" refers to a molecule having one or more amino acid substitutions or deletions in the indicated amino acid sequence, yet retaining the ability to be "immunologically active", or specifically recognized by an immune cell. The amino acid sequence of a substitutional variant is preferably at least 80% identical to the native amino acid sequence, or more preferably, at least 90% identical to the native amino acid sequence. Typically, the substitution is a conservative substitution.

[0017] One method for determining whether a molecule is "immunologically active", "immunologically effective", or can be specifically recognized by an immune cell, is the cytotoxicity assay described in D.M. Koelle et al., 1997, Human Immunol. 53:195-205. Other methods for determining whether a molecule can be specifically recognized by an immune cell are described in the examples provided hereinbelow, including the ability to stimulate secretion of interferon-gamma or the ability to lyse cells presenting the molecule. An immune cell will specifically recognize a molecule when, for example, stimulation with the molecule results in secretion of greater interferon-gamma than stimulation with control molecules. For example, the molecule may stimulate greater than 5 pg/ml, or preferably greater than 10 pg/ml, interferon-gamma secretion, whereas a control molecule will stimulate less than 5 pg/ml interferon-gamma.

[0018] As used herein, "vector" means a construct, which is capable of delivering, and preferably expressing, one or more gene(s) or sequence(s) of interest in a host cell. -Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, viral vectors, naked DNA or RNA expression vectors, plasmid, cosmid or phage vectors, DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents, DNA or RNA expression vectors encapsulated in liposomes, and certain eukaryotic cells, such as producer cells.

[0019] As used herein, "expression control sequence" means a nucleic acid sequence that directs transcription of a nucleic acid. An expression control sequence can be a promoter, such as a constitutive or an inducible promoter, or an enhancer. The expression control sequence is operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed.

[0020] The term "nucleic acid" or "polynucleotide" refers to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogs of natural nucleotides that hybridize to nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides.

[0021] As used herein, "antigen-presenting cell" or "APC" means a cell capable of handling and presenting antigen to a lymphocyte. Examples of APCs include, but are not limited to, macrophages, Langerhans-dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, B cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes. Dendritic cells are a preferred type of antigen presenting cell. Dendritic cells are found in many non-lymphoid tissues but can migrate via the afferent lymph or the blood stream to the T-dependent areas of lymphoid organs. In non-lymphoid organs, dendritic cells include Langerhans cells and interstitial dendritic cells. In the lymph and biood, they include afferent lymph veiled cells and blood dendritic cells, respectively. In lymphoid organs, they include lymphoid dendritic cells and interdigitating cells. [0022] As used herein, "modified" to present an epitope refers to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have been manipulated to present an epitope by natural or recombinant methods. For example, the APCs can be modified by exposure to the isolated antigen, alone or as part of a mixture, peptide loading, or by genetically modifying the APC to express a polypeptide that includes one or more epitopes.

[0023] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects. Examples of such salts include, but are not limited to, (a) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; and salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, furmaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, pamoic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acids, naphthaleπedisulfonic acids, polygalacturonic acid; (b) salts with polyvalent metal cations such as zinc, calcium, bismuth, barium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and the like; or (c) salts formed with an organic cation formed from N.N'-dibenzylethylenediamine or ethylenediamine; or (d) combinations of (a) and (b) or (c), e.g., a zinc tannate salt; and the like. The preferred acid addition salts are the trifluoroacetate salt and the acetate salt.

[0024] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any material which, when combined with an active ingredient, allows the ingredient to retain biological activity and is non-reactive with the subject's immune system. Examples include, but are not limited to, any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions such as oil/water emulsion, and various types of wetting agents. Preferred diluents for aerosol or parenteral administration are phosphate buffered saline or normal (0.9%) saline.

[0025] Compositions comprising such carriers are formulated by well known conventional methods (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, A. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA₁ 1990).

[0026] As used herein, "adjuvant" includes those adjuvants commonly used in the art to facilitate the stimulation of an immune response. Examples of adjuvants include, but are not limited to, helper peptide; aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Ml); Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, NJ); AS-2 (Smith-Kline Beecham); QS-21 (Aquilla); MPL or 3d-MPL (Corixa Coφoration, Hamilton, MT); LEIF; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine; acylated sugars; cationically or anioπically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; monophosphoryl lipid A and quil A; muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl ethanolamine or an immunostimulating complex, including cytokines (e.g., GM- CSF or interleukin-2, -7 or —12) and immunostimulatory DNA sequences. In some embodiments, such as with the use of a polynucleotide vaccine, an adjuvant such as a helper peptide or cytokine can be provided via a polynucleotide encoding the adjuvant.

[0027] As used herein, "a" or "an" means at least one, unless clearly indicated otherwise.

[0028] As used herein, to "prevent" or "protect against" a condition or disease means to hinder, reduce or delay the onset or progression of the condition or disease.

Overview

[0029] HSV-2 encodes about 85 proteins using DNA which contains about 85 genes. Very little is known about which genes encode proteins that are recognized by HSV-2-specific CD8 T-cells. Each unique clonotype of CD8 T-cell recognizes an 8 to 10 amino acid linear fragment of a protein encoded by HSV-2. Most of these fragments, called epitopes, are 9 amino acids long, but there is no strict upper limit on their length. Each epitope is physically bound to a molecule on the surface of a cell (termed the antigen presenting cells). Typically, the antigen presenting cell is infected with HSV-2, although this is not always the case. In some instances, the antigen presenting cell may phagocytose material from outside the cell that contains non-viable HSV-2 material.

[0030] The HLA molecule, in the case of CD8 T-cell recognition, is a heterodimer composed of a HLA class I heavy chain molecule and the molecule p2 microglobulin. Because there are many different allelic variants of HLA class I molecules in the human population, an HSV-2 epitope peptide that binds to one allelic variant of HLA class I may not bind to another allelic variant. As a consequence, a HSV-2 epitope peptide that is recognized by CD8 T-cells from one person may not be recognized by CD8 T-cells from another person.

[0031] An HSV-2 antigen which has been proven to contain at least one smaller peptide epitope may contain diverse epitopes that are capable of being recognized by CD8 T-cells from many different persons. This pattern has generally been noted for the human immune response to many viruses. The invention described herein relates to the identity of HSV-2 protein antigens encoded by HSV-2 genes, and peptide epitopes that are internal fragments of these HSV-2 proteins. These HSV-2 proteins are logical vaccine compounds because they are now proven to stimulate T-cell responses.

HSV Polypeptides

[0032] In one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated herpes simplex virus (HSV) polypeptide. The polypeptide comprises an UL25 protein or a fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the fragment comprises amino acids 372 to 380 (FLWEDQTLL; SEQ ID NO: 1) of UL25 or a substitutional variant thereof. The reference to amino acid residues is made with respect to the proteins of the HSV-2 genome as described in A. Dolan et al., 1998, J. Virol. 72(3):2010-2021. The amino acid sequence of UL25 is as follows.

[0033] UL25 (SEQ ID NO: 2):

1 mdpyypfdal dvwehrrfiv adsrsfitpe fprdfwmlpv fnipretaae raavlqaqrt

61 aaaaalenaa lqaaelpvdi errirpieqq vhhiadalea letaaaaaee adaardaear

121 gegaadgaap sptagpaaae mevqivrndp plrydtnlpv dllhravyagr gaagssgvvf 181 gtwyrtiqer tiadfplttr sadfrdgrms ktfmtalvls lqscgrlyvg qrhysafeca 241 vlclyllyrt thesspdrdr apvafgdlla rlprylarla avigdesgrp qyryrddklp 301 kaqfaaaggr yehgalathv viatlvrhgv lpaapgdvpr dtstrvnpdd vahrddvnra 361 aaaflarghn lflwedqtll ratantital avlrrllang nvyadrldnr lqlgmlipga 421 vpaeaiarga sgldsgaiks gdnnlealcv nyvlplyqad ptveltqlfp glaalcldaq 481 agrplastrr wdmssgarq aalvrltale linrtrtntt pvgeiinahd algiqyeqgp 541 gllaqqarig lasntkrfat fnvgsdydll yflclgfipq ylsva

[0034] And for HSV-1, UL25 (SEQ ID NO: 3), the 15mer corresponding to HSV-2 amino acids 369-383 is found at amino acids 364-378 (underlined) while the 9mer corresponding to HSV-2 amino acids 372-380 is at amino acids 367-375 (per Genbank Accession No. ACM62247.1):

MDPYCPFDALDVWEHRRFIVADSRNFITPEFPRDFWMSPVFNLPRETAAEQWVLQAQRTAAAAALENAA MQAAELPVDIERRLRPIERNVHEIAGALEALETAAAAAEEADAARGDEPAGGGDGGAPPGLAVAEMEVQI VRNDPPLRYDTNLPVDLLHMVYAGRGATGSSGVWGTWYRTIQDRTITDFPLTTRSADFRDGRMSKTFMT ALVLSLQACGRLYVGQRRYSAFECAVLCLYLLYRNTHGAADDSDRAPVTFGDLLGRLPRYLACLAAVIGT EGGRPQYRYRDDKLPKTQFAAGGGRYEHGALASHIVIATLMHHGVLPAAPGDVPRDASTHVNPDGVAHHD DINRAAAAFLSRGHNLFLWEDQTLLRATANTITALGVIQRLLANGNVYADRLNNRLQLGMLIPGAVPSEA IARGASGSDSGAI KSGDNNLEALCAN YVLPLYRADPAVELTQLFPGLAALCLDAQAGRPVGSTRRWDMS SGARQAALVRLTALELINRTRTNPTPVGEVIHAHDALAIQYEQGLGLLAQQARIGLGSNTKRFSAFNVSS DYDMLYFLCLGFIPQYLSAV

[0035] A fragment of the invention consists of less than the complete amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein, but includes the recited epitope or antigenic region. As is understood in the art and confirmed by assays conducted using fragments of widely varying lengths, additional sequence beyond the recited epitope can be included without hindering the immunological response. A fragment of the invention can be as few as 8 amino acids in length, or can encompass 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the full length of the protein.

[0036] The optimal length for the polypeptide of the invention will vary with the context and objective of the particular use, as is understood by those in the art. in some vaccine contexts, a full-length protein or large portion of the protein (e.g., up to 100 amino acids, 150 amino acids, 200 amino acids, 250 amino acids or more) provides optimal immunological stimulation, while in others, a short polypeptide (e.g., less than 50 amino acids, 40 amino acids, 30 amino acids, 20 amino acids, 15 amino acids or fewer) comprising the minimal epitope and/or a small region of adjacent sequence facilitates delivery and/or eases formation of a fusion protein or other means of combining the polypeptide with another molecule or adjuvant.

[0037] A polypeptide for use in a composition of the invention comprises an HSV polypeptide that contains an epitope or minimal stretch of amino acids sufficient to elicit an immune response. These polypeptides typically consist of such an epitope and, optionally, adjacent sequence. Those skilled in the art are aware that the HSV epitope can still be immunologically effective with a small portion of adjacent HSV or other amino acid sequence present. Accordingly, a typical polypeptide of the invention will consist essentially of the recited epitope and have a total length of up to 15, 20, 25 or 30 amino acids.

[0038] A typical embodiment of the invention is directed to a polypeptide consisting essentially of amino acids 369 to 383 of UL25 (H N LFLWE DQTLLRAT; SEQ ID NO: 5). More specifically, a polypeptide consisting of 372 to 380 (FLWEDQTLL; SEQ ID NO: 1) of UL25 and, optionally, up to 15 amino acids of adjacent native sequence. In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a fragment of UL25 consisting of amino acids 405- 419 (DRLDNRLQLGMLIPG; SEQ ID NO: 4). In some embodiments, the polypeptide is fused with or co-administered with a heterologous peptide. The heterologous peptide can be another epitope or unrelated sequence. The unrelated sequence may be inert or it may facilitate the immune response. In some embodiments, the epitope is part of a multi-epitopic vaccine, in which numerous epitopes are combined in one polypeptide.

[0039] In general, polypeptides (including fusion proteins) and polynucleotides as described herein are isolated. An "isolated" polypeptide or polynucleotide is one that is removed from its original environment. For example, a naturally occurring protein is isolated if it is separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system. An isolated HSV polypeptide of the invention is one that has been isolated, produced or synthesized such that it is separate from a complete, native herpes simplex virus, although the isolated polypeptide may subsequently be introduced into a recombinant virus. A recombinant virus that comprises an isolated polypeptide or polynucleotide of the invention is an example of subject matter provided by the invention. Preferably, such isolated polypeptides are at least about 90% pure, more preferably at least about 95% pure and most preferably at least about 99% pure. A polynucleotide is considered to be isolated if, for example, it is cloned into a vector that is not part of the natural environment.

[0040] The polypeptide can be isolated from its naturally occurring form, produced by recombinant means or synthesized chemically. Recombinant polypeptides encoded by DNA sequences described herein can be readily prepared from the DNA sequences using any of a variety of expression vectors known to those of ordinary skill in the art. [Expression may be achieved in any appropriate host cell that has been transformed or transfected with an expression vector containing a DNA molecule that encodes a recombinant polypeptide. Suitable host cells include prokaryotes, yeast and higher eukaryotic cells. Preferably the host cells employed are E. coli, yeast or a mammalian cell line such as Cos or CHO. Supernatants from the soluble host/vector systems that secrete recombinant protein or polypeptide into culture media may be first concentrated using a commercially available filter. Following concentration, the concentrate may be applied to a suitable purification matrix such as an affinity matrix or an ion exchange resin. Finally, one or more reverse phase HPLC steps can be employed to further purify a recombinant polypeptide.

[0041] Fragments and other variants having less than about 100 amino acids, and generally less than about 50 amino acids, may also be generated by synthetic means, using techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, such polypeptides may be synthesized using any of the commercially available solid-phase techniques, such as the Merrifield solid-phase synthesis method, wherein amino acids are sequentially added to a growing amino acid chain (Merrifield, 1963, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2146-2149). Equipment for automated synthesis of polypeptides is commercially available from suppliers such as Perkin Elmer/Applied BioSystems Division (Foster City, CA), and may be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0042] Variants of the polypeptide for use in accordance with the invention can have one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions and/or insertions in the amino acid sequence indicated that result in a polypeptide that retains the ability to elicit an immune response to HSV or HSV-infected cells. Such variants may generally be identified by modifying one of the polypeptide sequences described herein and evaluating the reactivity of the modified polypeptide using a known assay such as a T cell assay described herein. Polypeptide variants preferably exhibit at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95% identity to the identified polypeptides. These amino acid substitutions include, but are not necessarily limited to, amino acid substitutions known in the art as "conservative". Those skilled in the art recognize that any substitutions are preferably made in amino acids outside of the minimal epitope identified herein.

[0043] A "conservative" substitution is one in which an amino acid is substituted for another amino acid that has similar properties, such that one skilled in the art of peptide chemistry would expect the secondary structure and hydropathic nature of the polypeptide to be substantially unchanged. Amino acid substitutions may generally be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues. For example, negatively charged amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid; positively charged amino acids include lysine and arginine; and amino acids with uncharged polar head groups having similar hydrophilicity values include leucine, isoleucine and valine; glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; and serine, threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Other groups of amino acids that may represent conservative changes include: (1) ala, pro, gly, glu, asp, gin, asn, ser, thr; (2) cys, ser, tyr, thr; (3) val, ile, leu, met, ala, phe; (4) lys, arg, his; and (5) phe, tyr, trp, his. A variant may also, or alternatively, contain nonconservative changes. In a preferred embodiment, variant polypeptides differ from a native sequence by substitution, deletion or addition of five amino acids or fewer. Variants may also (or alternatively) be modified by, for example, the deletion or addition of amino acids that have minimal influence on the immunogenicity, secondary structure and hydropathic nature of the polypeptide.

[0044] One can readily confirm the suitability of a particular variant by assaying the ability of the variant polypeptide to elicit an immune response. The ability of the variant to elicit an immune response can be compared to the response elicited by the parent polypeptide assayed under identical circumstances. One example of an immune response is a cellular immune response. The assaying can comprise performing an assay that measures T cell stimulation or activation. Examples of T cells include CD4 and CD8 T cells. [0045] One example of a T cell stimulation assay is a cytotoxicity assay, such as that described in Koelle, DM et al., Human Immunol. 1997, 53;195-205. In one example, the cytotoxicity assay comprises contacting a cell that presents the antigenic viral peptide in the context of the appropriate HLA molecule with a T cell, and detecting the ability of the T cell to kill the antigen presenting cell. Cell killing can be detected by measuring the release of radioactive ⁵¹Cr from the antigen presenting cell. Release of ⁵¹Cr into the medium from the antigen presenting cell is indicative of cell killing. An exemplary criterion for increased killing is a statistically significant increase in counts per minute (cpm) based on counting of ⁵¹Cr radiation in media collected from antigen presenting cells admixed with T cells as compared to control media collected from antigen presenting cells admixed with media.

Fusion Proteins

[0046] The polypeptide can be a fusion protein. In one embodiment, the fusion protein is soluble. A soluble fusion protein of the invention can be suitable for injection into a subject and for eliciting an immune response. Within certain embodiments, a polypeptide can be a fusion protein that comprises multiple polypeptides as described herein, or that comprises at least one polypeptide as described herein and an unrelated sequence. In one example, the fusion protein comprises a HSV epitope described herein (with or without flanking adjacent native sequence) fused with non-native sequence. A fusion partner may, for example, assist in providing T helper epitopes (an immunological fusion partner), preferably T helper epitopes recognized by humans, or may assist in expressing the protein (an expression enhancer) at higher yields than the native recombinant protein. Certain preferred fusion partners are both immunological and expression enhancing fusion partners. Other fusion partners may be selected so as to increase the solubility of the protein or to enable the protein to be targeted to desired intracellular compartments. Still further fusion partners include affinity tags, which facilitate purification of the protein.

[0047] Fusion proteins may generally be prepared using standard techniques, including chemical conjugation. Preferably, a fusion protein is expressed as a recombinant protein, allowing the production of increased levels, relative to a non-fused protein, in an expression system. Briefly, DNA sequences encoding the polypeptide components may be assembled separately, and ligated into an appropriate expression vector. The 3' end of the DNA sequence encoding one polypeptide component is ligated, with or without a peptide linker, to the 5' end of a DNA sequence encoding the second polypeptide component so that the reading frames of the sequences are in phase. This permits translation into a single fusion protein that retains the biological activity of both component polypeptides. [0048] A peptide linker sequence may be employed to separate the first and the second polypeptide components by a distance sufficient to ensure that each polypeptide folds into its secondary and tertiary structures. Such a peptide linker sequence is incorporated into the fusion protein using standard techniques well known in the art. Suitable peptide linker sequences may be chosen based on the following factors: (1) their ability to adopt a flexible extended conformation; (2) their inability to adopt a secondary structure that could interact with functional epitopes on the first and second polypeptides; and (3) the lack of hydrophobic or charged residues that might react with the polypeptide functional epitopes. Preferred peptide linker sequences contain Gly, Asn and Ser residues. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala may also be used in the linker sequence. Amino acid sequences which may be usefully employed as linkers include those disclosed in Maratea et al., 1985. Gene 40:39-46; Murphy et al., 1986. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8258-8262; U.S. Patent No. 4,935,233 and U.S. Patent No. 4,751,180. The linker sequence may generally be from 1 to about 50 amino acids in length. Linker sequences are not required when the first and second polypeptides have non-essential N-terminai amino acid regions that can be used to separate the functional domains and prevent steric interference.

[0049] The ligated DNA sequences are operably linked to suitable transcriptional or translational regulatory elements. The regulatory elements responsible for expression of DNA are located 5' to the DNA sequence encoding the first polypeptides. Similarly, stop codons required to end translation and transcription termination signals are present 3' to the DNA sequence encoding the second polypeptide.

[0050] Fusion proteins are also provided that comprise a polypeptide of the present invention together with an unrelated immunogenic protein. Preferably the immunogenic protein is capable of eliciting a recall response. EExamples of such proteins include tetanus, tuberculosis and hepatitis proteins (see, for example, Stoute et al., 1997, New Engl. J. Med., 336:86-9).

[0051] Within preferred embodiments, an immunological fusion partner is derived from protein D, a surface protein of the gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenza B (WO 91/18926). Preferably, a protein D derivative comprises approximately the first third of the protein (e.g., the first N-terminal 100-110 amino acids), and a protein D derivative may be lipidated. Within certain preferred embodiments, the first 109 residues of a Lipoprotein D fusion partner is included on the N-terminus to provide the polypeptide with additional exogenous T-cell epitopes and to increase the expression level in E. coli (thus functioning as an expression enhancer). The lipid tail ensures optimal presentation of the antigen to antigen presenting cells. Other fusion partners include the non-structural protein from influenza virus, NS1 (hemaglutinin). Typically, the N-terminal 81 amino acids are used, although different fragments that include T-helper epitopes may be used.

[0052] In another embodiment, the immunological fusion partner is the protein known as LYTA, or a portion thereof (preferably a C-terminal portion). LYTA is derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae, which synthesizes an N-acetyl-L-alanine amidase known as amidase LYTA (encoded by the LytA gene; Gene 43:265-292, 1986). LYTA is an autolysin that specifically degrades certain bonds in the peptidoglycan backbone. The C-terminal domain of the LYTA protein is responsible for the affinity to the choline or to some choline analogues such as DEAE. This property has been exploited for the development of E. coli C-LYTA expressing plasmids useful for expression of fusion proteins. Purification of hybrid proteins containing the C-LYTA fragment at the amino terminus has been described (see Biotechnology 10:795-798, 1992). Within a preferred embodiment, a repeat portion of LYTA may be incorporated into a fusion protein. A repeat portion is found in the C-terminal region starting at residue 178. A particularly preferred repeat portion incorporates residues 188- 305.

[0053] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to couple a therapeutic agent and a polypeptide of the invention, or to couple more than one polypeptide of the invention. For example, more than one agent or polypeptide may be coupled directly to a first polypeptide of the invention, or linkers that provide multiple sites for attachment can be used. Alternatively, a carrier can be used. Some molecules are particularly suitable for intercellular trafficking and protein delivery, including, but not limited to, VP22 (Elliott and O'Hare, 1997, Cell 88:223-233; see also Kim et al., 1997, J. Immunol. 159:1666-1668; Rojas et al., 1998, Nature Biotechnology 16:370; Kato et al., 1998, FEBS Lett. 427(2):203-208; Vives et al., 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272(25): 16010-7; Nagahara et al., 1998, Nature Med. 4(12):1449- 1452).

[0054] A carrier may bear the agents or polypeptides in a variety of ways, including covalent bonding either directly or via a linker group. Suitable carriers include proteins such as albumins (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,507,234, to Kato et al.), peptides and polysaccharides such as aminodextran (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,699,784, to Shih et al.). A carrier may also bear an agent by noncovalent bonding or by encapsulation, such as within a liposome vesicle (e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,429,008 and 4,873.088). Polynucleotides. Vectors. Host Cells and Recombinant Viruses

[0055] The invention provides polynucleotides that encode one or more polypeptides of the invention. The complete genome sequence of HSV-2, strain HG52, can be found on the NCBI web site (www.ncbi.nih.gov), Accession No. Z86099. The polynucleotide can be included in a vector. The vector can further comprise an expression control sequence operably linked to the polynucleotide of the invention. In some embodiments, the vector includes one or more polynucleotides encoding other molecules of interest. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention and an additional polynucleotide can be linked so as to encode a fusion protein.

[0056] Within certain embodiments, polynucleotides may be formulated so to permit entry into a cell of a mammal, and expression therein. Such formulations are particularly useful for therapeutic purposes, as described below. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many ways to achieve expression of a polynucleotide in a target cell, and any suitable method may be employed. For example, a polynucleotide may be incorporated into a viral vector such as, but not limited to, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, vaccinia or a pox virus (e.g., avian pox virus). Techniques for incorporating DNA into such vectors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A retroviral vector may additionally transfer or incorporate a gene for a selectable marker (to aid in the identification or selection of transduced cells) and/or a targeting moiety, such as a gene that encodes a ligand for a receptor on a specific target cell, to render the vector target specific. Targeting may also be accomplished using an antibody, by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0057] The invention also provides a host cell transformed with a vector of the invention. The transformed host cell can be used in a method of producing a polypeptide of the invention. The method comprises culturing the host cell and recovering the polypeptide so produced. The recovered polypeptide can be purified from culture supernatant.

[0058] Vectors of the invention can be used to genetically modify a cell, either in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro. Several ways of genetically modifying cells are known, including transduction or infection with a viral vector either directly or via a retroviral producer cell, calcium phosphate precipitation, fusion of the recipient cells with bacterial protoplasts containing the DNA, treatment of the recipient cells with liposomes or microspheres containing the DNA, DEAE dextran, receptor-mediated endocytosis, electroporation, microinjection, and many other techniques known to those of skill. See, e.g., Sam brook et al. Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.) 1-3, 1989; and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel et al., eds., Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (1994 Supplement).

[0059] Examples of viral vectors include, but are not limited to retroviral vectors based on, e.g., HIV, SIV, and murine retroviruses, gibbon ape leukemia virus and other viruses such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and adenoviruses. (Miller et al. 1990, MoI. Cell Biol. 10:4239; J. Kolberg 1992, NIH Res. 4:43, and Cornetta et al. 1991 , Hum. Gene Ther. 2:215). Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), ecotropic retroviruses, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and combinations. See, e.g. Buchscher et al. 1992, J. Virol. 66(5):2731-2739; Johann et al. 1992, J. Virol. 66(5):1635-1640;

Sommerfelt et al. 1990, Virol. 176:58-59; Wilson et al. 1989, J. Virol. 63:2374-2378; Miller et al. 1991, J. Virol. 65:2220-2224, and Rosenberg and Fauci 1993 in Fundamental Immunology, Third Edition, W.E. Paul (ed.) Raven Press, Ltd., New York and the references therein; Miller et al. 1990, MoI. Cell. Biol. 10:4239; R. Kolberg 1992, J. NIH Res. 4:43; and Cometta et al. 1991 , Hum. Gene Ther. 2:215.

[0060] In vitro amplification techniques suitable for amplifying sequences to be subcloned into an expression vector are known. Examples of such in vitro amplification methods, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), Qβ-replicase amplification and other RNA polymerase mediated techniques (e.g., NASBA), are found in Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed) 1^3; and U.S.

Patent No. 4,683,202; PCR Protocols A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al. eds.) Academic Press Inc. San Diego, CA 1990. Improved methods of cloning in vitro amplified nucleic acids are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,426,039.

[0061] The invention additionally provides a recombinant microorganism genetically modified to express a polynucleotide of the invention. The recombinant microorganism can be useful as a vaccine, and can be prepared using techniques known in the art for the preparation of live attenuated vaccines. Examples of microorganisms for use as live vaccines include, but are not limited to, viruses and bacteria. In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is a virus. Examples of suitable viruses include, but are not limited to, vaccinia virus and other poxviruses. Compositions

[0062] The invention provides compositions that are useful for treating and preventing HSV infection. The compositions can be used to inhibit viral replication and to kill virally- infected cells. In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. The composition can comprise a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a polypeptide, polynucleotide, recombinant virus, APC or immune cell of the invention. An effective amount is an amount sufficient to elicit or augment an immune response, e.g., by activating T cells. One measure of the activation of T cells is a cytotoxicity assay, as described in D.M. Koelle et al., 1997, Human Immunol. 53:195-205. In some embodiments, the composition is a vaccine.

[0063] The composition can optionally include a carrier, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration, such as, for example, by intraarticular (in the joints), intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes, and carriers include aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, preservatives, liposomes, microspheres and emulsions.

[0064] The composition of the invention can further comprise one or more adjuvants. Examples of adjuvants include, but are not limited to, helper peptide, alum, Freund's, muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl ethanolamine or an immunostimulating complex, including cytokines. In some embodiments, such as with the use of a polynucleotide vaccine, an adjuvant such as a helper peptide or cytokine can be provided via a polynucleotide encoding the adjuvant. Vaccine preparation is generally described in, for example, M. F. Powell and MJ. Newman, eds., "Vaccine Design (the subunit and adjuvant approach)," Plenum Press (NY, 1995). Pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines within the scope of the present invention may also contain other compounds, which may be biologically active or inactive. For example, one or more immunogenic portions of other viral antigens may be present, either incorporated into a fusion polypeptide or as a separate compound, within the composition or vaccine.

[0065] A pharmaceutical composition or vaccine may contain DNA encoding one or more of the polypeptides of the invention, such that the polypeptide is generated in situ. As noted above, the DNA may be present within any of a variety of delivery systems known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including nucleic acid expression systems, bacteria and viral expression systems. Numerous gene delivery techniques are well known in the art, such as those described by Rolland, 1998, Crit. Rev. Therap. Drug Carrier Systems 15:143-198, and references cited therein. Appropriate nucleic acid expression systems contain the necessary DNA sequences for expression in the patient (such as a suitable promoter and terminating signal). Bacterial delivery systems involve the administration of a bacterium (such as Bacillus-Calmette-Guerrin) that expresses an immunogenic portion of the polypeptide on its cell surface or secretes such an epitope. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA may be introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus), which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective), replication competent virus. Suitable systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:317-321; Flexner et al., 1989, Ann. My Acad. Sci. 569:86-103; Flexner et al., 1990, Vaccine 8:17-21 ; U.S. Patent Nos.4,603,112, 4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89/01973; U.S. Patent No. 4,777,127; GB 2,200,651; EP 0,345,242; WO 91102805; Berkner, 1988, Biotechniques 6:616-627; Rosenfeld et al., 1991 , Science

252:431-434; KoIIs et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :215-219; Kass-Eisler et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11498-11502; Guzman et al., 1993, Circulation 88:2838-2848; and Guzman et al., 1993, Cir. Res. 73:1202-1207. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be "naked," as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., 1993,

Science 259:1745-1749 and reviewed by Cohen, 1993, Science 259:1691-1692. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads, which are efficiently transported into the cells.

[0066] While any suitable carrier known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, the type of carrier will vary depending on the mode of administration. Compositions of the present invention may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including for example, topical, oral, nasal, intravenous, intracranial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. For parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous injection, the carrier preferably comprises water, saline, alcohol, a fat, a wax or a buffer. For oral administration, any of the above carriers or a solid carrier, such as mannttol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, and magnesium carbonate, may be employed. Biodegradable microspheres (e.g., polylactate polyglycolate) may also be employed as carriers for the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. Suitable biodegradable microspheres are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,897,268 and 5,075,109.

[0067] Such compositions may also comprise buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione, adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) and/or preservatives. Alternatively, compositions of the present invention may be formulated as a lyophilizate. Compounds may also be encapsulated within liposomes using well known technology.

[0068] Any of a variety of adjuvants may be employed in the vaccines of this invention. Most adjuvants contain a substance designed to protect the antigen from rapid catabolism, such as aluminum hydroxide or mineral oil, and a stimulator of immune responses, such as lipid A, Bortadella pertussis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived proteins. Suitable adjuvants are commercially available as, for example, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Ml); Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and

Company, Inc., Rahway, NJ); aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine acylated sugars; cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes biodegradable microspheres; monophosphoryl lipid A and quil A. Cytokines, such as GM CSF or interieukin-2, -7, or -12, may also be used as adjuvants.

[0069] Within the vaccines provided herein, the adjuvant composition is preferably designed to induce an immune response predominantly of the Th1 type. High levels of Th1- type cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-12) tend to favor the induction of cell mediated immune responses to an administered antigen. In contrast, high levels of Th2-type cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-β) tend to favor the induction of humoral immune responses. Following application of a vaccine as provided herein, a patient will support an immune response that includes Th1- and Th2-type responses. Within a preferred embodiment, in which a response is predominantly TM-type, the level of Th1-type cytokines will increase to a greater extent than the level of Th2-type cytokines. The levels of these cytokines may be readily assessed using standard assays. For a review of the families of cytokines, see Mosmann and Coffman, 1989, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 7:145-173.

[0070] Preferred adjuvants for use in eliciting a predominantly Th 1 -type response include, for example, a combination of monophosphoryl lipid A₁ preferably 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL), together with an aluminum salt. MPL™ adjuvants are available from Corixa Corporation (see US Patent Nos. 4,436,727; 4,877,611 ; 4,866,034 and 4,912,094). CpG-containing oligonucleotides (in which the CpG dinucleotide is unmethylated) also induce a predominantly Th1 response. Such oligonucleotides are we// known and are described, for example, in WO 96/02555. Another preferred adjuvant is a saponin, preferably QS21 , which may be used alone or in combination with other adjuvants. For example, an enhanced system involves the combination of a monophosphoryl lipid A and saponin derivative, such as the combination of QS21 and 3D-MPL as described in WO 94/00153, or a less reactogenic composition where the QS21 is quenched with cholesterol, as described in WO 96/33739. Other preferred formulations comprises an oil-in-water emulsion and tocopherol. A particularly potent adjuvant formulation involving QS21, 3D-MPL and tocopherol in an oil-in-water emulsion is described in WO 95/17210. Another adjuvant that may be used is AS-2 (Smith-Kline Beecham). Any vaccine provided herein may be prepared using well known methods that result in a combination of antigen, immune response enhancer and a suitable carrier or excipient.

[0071] The compositions described herein may be administered as part of a sustained release formulation (i.e., a formulation such as a capsule or sponge that effects a slow release of compound following administration). Such formulations may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site. Sustained-release formulations may contain a polypeptide, polynucleotide or antibody dispersed in a carrier matrix and/or contained within a reservoir surrounded by a rate controlling membrane. Carriers for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of active component release. The amount of active compound contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of the condition to be treated or prevented. [0072] Any of a variety of delivery vehicles may be employed within pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines to facilitate production of an antigen-specific immune response that targets HSV-infected cells. Delivery vehicles include antigen presenting cells (APCs)₁ such as dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, monocytes and other cells that may be engineered to be efficient APCs. Such cells may, but need not, be genetically modified to increase the capacity for presenting the antigen, to improve activation and/or maintenance of the T cell response, to have antiviral effects perse and/or to be immunologically compatible with the receiver (i.e., matched HLA haplotype). APCs may generally be isolated from any of a variety of biological fluids and organs, including tumor and peritumoral tissues, and may be autologous, allogeneic, syngeneic or xenogeneic cells.

[0073] Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention use dendritic cells or progenitors thereof as antigen-presenting cells. Dendritic cells are highly potent APCs (Banchereau and Steinman, Nature 392:245-251, 1998) and have been shown to be effective as a physiological adjuvant for eliciting prophylactic or therapeutic immunity (see Timmerman and Levy, Ann. Rev. Med. 50:507-529, 1999). In general, dendritic cells may be identified based on their typical shape (stellate in situ, with marked cytoplasmic processes (dendrites) visible in vitro) and based on the lack of differentiation markers of B cells (CD19 and CD20), T cells (CD3), monocytes (CD14) and natural killer cells (CD56), as determined using standard assays. Dendritic cells may, of course, be engineered to express specific cell-surface receptors or ligands that are not commonly found on dendritic cells in vivo or ex vivo, and such modified dendritic cells are contemplated by the present invention. As an alternative to dendritic cells, secreted vesicles antigen-loaded dendritic cells (called exosomes) may be used within a vaccine (Zitvogel et al., 1998, Nature Med. 4:594-600).

[0074] Dendritic cells and progenitors may be obtained from peripheral blood, bone marrow, tumor-infiltrating cells, peritumoral tissues-infiltrating cells, lymph nodes, spleen, skin, umbilical cord blood or any other suitable tissue or fluid. For example, dendritic cells may be differentiated ex vivo by adding a combination of cytokines such as GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-13 and/or TNFα to cultures of monocytes harvested from peripheral blood. Alternatively, CD34 positive cells harvested from peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow may be differentiated into dendritic cells by adding to the culture medium combinations of GM-CSF, IL-3, TNFα, CD40 ligand, LPS, flt3 ligand and/or other compound(s) that induce maturation and proliferation of dendritic cells. [0075] Dendritic cells are conveniently categorized as "immature" and "mature" cells, which allows a simple way to discriminate between two well-characterized phenotypes. However, this nomenclature should not be construed to exclude all possible intermediate stages of differentiation. Immature dendritic cells are characterized as APC with a high capacity for antigen uptake and processing, which correlates with the high expression of Fey receptor, mannose receptor and DEC-205 marker. The mature phenotype is typically characterized by a lower expression of these markers, but a high expression of cell surface molecules responsible for T cell activation such as class I and class Il MHC, adhesion molecules (e.g., CD54 and CD11) and costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD40, CD80 and CD86).

[0076] APCs may generally be transfected with a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide (or portion or other variant thereof) such that the polypeptide, or an immunogenic portion thereof, is expressed on the cell surface. Such transfection may take place ex vivo, and a composition or vaccine comprising such transfected cells may then be used for therapeutic purposes, as described herein. Alternatively, a gene delivery vehicle that targets a dendritic or other antigen presenting cell may be administered to a patient, resulting in transfection that occurs in vivo. In vivo and ex vivo transfection of dendritic cells, for example, may generally be performed using any methods known in the art, such as those described in WO 97/24447, or the gene gun approach described by Mahvi et al., 1997, Immunology and Cell Biology 75:456-460. Antigen loading of dendritic cells may be achieved by incubating dendritic cells or progenitor cells with the tumor polypeptide, DNA (naked or within a plasmid vector) or RNA; or with antigen-expressing recombinant bacterium or viruses (e.g., vaccinia, fowlpox, adenovirus or lentivirus vectors). Prior to loading, the polypeptide may be covalently conjugated to an immunological partner that provides T cell help (e.g., a carrier molecule). Alternatively, a dendritic cell may be pulsed with a non-conjugated immunological partner, separately or in the presence of the polypeptide.

Administration of the Compositions

[0077] Treatment includes prophylaxis and therapy. Prophylaxis or treatment can be accomplished by a single direct injection at a single time point or multiple time points. Administration can also be nearly simultaneous to multiple sites. Patients or subjects include mammals, such as human, bovine, equine, canine, feline, porcine, and ovine animals as well as other veterinary subjects. Preferably, the patients or subjects are human. [0078] Compositions are typically administered in vivo via parenteral (e.g. intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular) or other traditional direct routes, such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, oral, nasal, topical, (such as transdermal and ophthalmic), vaginal, pulmonary, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intraocular, or intranasal routes or directly into a specific tissue.

[0079] The compositions are administered in any suitable manner, often with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable methods of administering cells in the context of the present invention to a patient are available, and, although more than one route can be used to administer a particular cell composition, a particular route can often provide a more immediate and more effective reaction than another route.

[0080] The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time, or to inhibit infection or disease due to infection. Thus, the composition is administered to a patient in an amount sufficient to elicit an effective immune response to the specific antigens and/or to alleviate, reduce, cure or at least partially arrest symptoms and/or complications from the disease or infection. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose."

[0081] The dose will be determined by the activity of the composition produced and the condition of the patient, as well as the body weight or surface areas of the patient to be treated. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that accompany the administration of a particular composition in a particular patient. In determining the effective amount of the composition to be administered in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases such as HSV infection, the physician needs to evaluate the production of an immune response against the virus, progression of the disease, and any treatment-related toxicity.

[0082] For example, a vaccine or other composition containing a subunit HSV protein can include 1-10,000 micrograms of HSV protein per dose. In a preferred embodiment, 10-1000 micrograms of HSV protein is included in each dose in a more preferred embodiment 10-100 micrograms of HSV protein dose. Preferably, a dosage is selected such that a single dose will suffice or, alternatively, several doses are administered over the course of several months. For compositions containing HSV polynucleotides or peptides, similar quantities are administered per dose. [0083] In one embodiment, between 1 and 10 closes may be administered over a 52 week period. Preferably, 6 doses are administered, at intervals of 1 month, and booster vaccinations may be given periodically thereafter. Alternate protocols may be appropriate for individual patients. A suitable dose is an amount of a compound that, when administered as described above, is capable of promoting an antiviral immune response, and is at least 10- 50% above the basal (i.e., untreated) level. Such vaccines should also be capable of causing an immune response that leads to an improved clinical outcome in vaccinated patients as compared to non-vaccinated patients. In general, for pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines comprising one or more polypeptides, the amount of each polypeptide present in a dose ranges from about 0.1 μg to about 5 mg per kg of host.

Preferably, the amount ranges from about 10 to about 1000 μg per dose. Suitable volumes for administration will vary with the size, age and immune status of the patient, but will typically range from about 0.1 ml_ to about 5 ml_, with volumes less than about 1 ml_ being most common.

[0084] Compositions comprising immune cells are preferably prepared from immune cells obtained from the subject to whom the composition will be administered. Alternatively, the immune cells can be prepared from an HLA-compatible donor. The immune cells are obtained from the subject or donor using conventional techniques known in the art, exposed to APCs modified to present an epitope of the invention, expanded ex vivo, and administered to the subject. Protocols for ex vivo therapy are described in Rosenberg et al., 1990, New England J. Med. 9:570-578. In addition, compositions can comprise APCs modified to present an epitope of the invention.

[0085] Immune cells may generally be obtained in sufficient quantities for adoptive immunotherapy by growth in vitro, as described herein. Culture conditions for expanding single antigen-specific effector cells to several billion in number with retention of antigen recognition in vivo are well known in the art. Such in vitro culture conditions typically use intermittent stimulation with antigen, often in the presence of cytokines (such as IL-2) and non-dividing feeder cells. As noted above, immunoreactive polypeptides as provided herein may be used to enrich and rapidly expand antigen-specific T cell cultures in order to generate a sufficient number of cells for immunotherapy. In particular, antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic, macrophage, monocyte, fibroblast and/or B cells, may be pulsed with immunoreactive polypeptides or transfected with one or more polynucleotides using standard techniques well known in the art. For example, antigen-presenting cells can be transfected with a polynucleotide having a promoter appropriate for increasing expression in a recombinant virus or other expression system. Cultured effector cells for use in therapy must be able to grow and distribute widely, and to survive long term in vivo. Studies have shown that cultured effector cells can be induced to grow in vivo and to survive long term in substantial numbers by repeated stimulation with antigen supplemented with IL-2 (see, for example, Cheever et al., 1997, Immunological Reviews 157:177).

[0086] Administration by many of the routes of administration described herein or otherwise known in the art may be accomplished simply by direct administration using a needle, catheter or related device, at a single time point or at multiple time points.

In Vivo Testing of Identified Antigens

[0087] Conventional techniques can be used to confirm the in vivo efficacy of the identified HSV antigens. For example, one technique makes use of a mouse challenge model. Those skilled in the art, however, will appreciate that these methods are routine, and that other models can be used.

[0088] Once a compound or composition to be tested has been prepared, the mouse or other subject is immunized with a series of injections. For example up to 10 injections can be administered over the course of several months, typically with one to 4 weeks elapsing between doses. Following the last injection of the series, the subject is challenged with a dose of virus established to be a uniformly lethal dose. A control group receives placebo, while the experimental group is actively vaccinated. Alternatively, a study can be designed using sublethal doses. Optionally, a dose-response study can be included. The end points to be measured in this study include death and severe neurological impairment, as evidenced, for example, by spinal cord gait. Survivors can also be sacrificed for quantitative viral cultures of key organs including spinal cord, brain, and the site of injection. The quantity of virus present in ground up tissue samples can be measured. Compositions can also be tested in previously infected animals for reduction in recurrence to confirm efficacy as a therapeutic vaccine.

[0089] Efficacy can be determined by calculating the IC50, which indicates the micrograms of vaccine per kilogram body weight required for protection of 50% of subjects from death. The IC50 will depend on the challenge dose employed. In addition, one can calculate the LD50, indicating how many infectious units are required to kill one half of the subjects receiving a particular dose of vaccine. Determination of the post mortem viral titer provides confirmation that viral replication was limited by the immune system. [0090] A subsequent stage of testing would be a vaginal inoculation challenge. For acute protection studies, mice can be used. Because they can be studied for both acute protection and prevention of recurrence, guinea pigs provide a more physiologically relevant subject for extrapolation to humans. In this type of challenge, a non-lethal dose is administered, the guinea pig subjects develop lesions that heal and recur. Measures can include both acute disease amelioration and recurrence of lesions. The intervention with vaccine or other composition can be provided before or after the inoculation, depending on whether one wishes to study prevention versus therapy.

Methods of Treatment and Prevention

[0091] The invention provides a method for treatment and/or prevention of HSV infection in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject a composition of the invention. The composition can be used as a therapeutic or prophylactic vaccine. In one embodiment, the HSV is HSV-2. Alternatively, the HSV is HSV-1. The invention additionally provides a method for inhibiting HSV replication, for killing HSV-infected cells, for increasing secretion of lymphokines having antiviral and/or immunomodulatory activity, and for enhancing production of herpes-specific antibodies. The method comprises contacting an HSV-infected cell with an immune cell directed against an antigen of the invention, for example, as described in the Examples presented herein. The contacting can be performed in vitro or in vivo. In a preferred embodiment, the immune cell is a T cell. T cells include CD4 and CD8 T cells. Compositions of the invention can also be used as a tolerizing agent against immunopathologic disease.

[0092] In addition, the invention provides a method of producing immune cells directed against HSV. The method comprises contacting an immune cell with an HSV polypeptide of the invention. The immune cell can be contacted with the polypeptide via an antigen- presenting cell, wherein the antigen-presenting cell is modified to present an antigen included in a polypeptide of the invention. Preferably, the antigen-presenting cell is a dendritic cell. The cell can be modified by, for example, peptide loading or genetic modification with a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. In one embodiment, the immune cell is a T cell. T cells include CD4 and CD8 T cells. Also provided are immune cells produced by the method. The immune cells can be used to inhibit HSV replication, to kill HSV-infected cells, in vitro or in vivo, to increase secretion of lymphokines having antiviral and/or immunomodulatory activity, to enhance production of herpes-specific antibodies, or in the treatment or prevention of HSV infection in a subject. [0093] The invention also provides a diagnostic assay. The diagnostic assay can be used to identify the immunological responsiveness of a patient suspected of having a herpetic infection and to predict responsiveness of a subject to a particular course of therapy. The assay comprises exposing T ceils of a subject to an antigen of the invention, in the context of an appropriate APC, and testing for immunoreactivity by, for example, measuring IFNγ, proliferation or cytotoxicity. Suitable assays are known in the art.

EXAMPLES

[0094] The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention and to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using the same. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the invention.

.Example 1 : Identification of a specific epitope of U_L25 that is highly effective. [0095] A large quantity of 15mers from select proteins of HSV-2 was obtained and screened using flow cytometry to identify which peptides could elicit responses from CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells obtained from infected patients meeting particular criteria relating to their history and shedding levels. The 15mers were screened in 29 pools of up to 100 peptides each. ELISPOT technology was used to further identify individual peptides. Of the 15mers testing positive, further analysis was used to guide identification of the minimal epitope given the patient HLA types. This was followed by confirmatory testing, which led to identification of the 9 amino acid peptide FLWEDQTLL (SEQ ID NO: 1) as the epitope within the 15mer at amino acids 369 to 383 of U_L25 (SEQ ID NO: 5) identified through screening.

[0096] This 9mer and its corresponding 15mer were repeatedly and strongly positive and antigenic for persons with the common HLA allele A*0201 , A*0202 or other HLA-A2 subtypes. About 40% of persons in several ethnic groups have the HLA A^*0201 allele in their genetic background, and a very large portion of the global population exhibits one of the HLA-A2 subtypes. Accordingly, a vaccine containing this 9 amino acid epitope, or a longer variant including up to the full-length U_L25, would be expected to provoke or amplify CD8 T-cell responses in a relatively large proportion of the human population.

Example 2: Discovery of specific epitopes from HSV-2 that activate polvfunctional cytotoxic T lymphocytes

[0097] Increasing evidence shows cytotoxic T cell responses are critical to the containment of HSV infections in the ganglion and in the periphery. Yet little is known about the breadth and functional diversity of HSV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in humans. We conducted an investigation to evaluate whether the ability of CD8+ T cells, specific for distinct epitopes in an individual, varied in their function. We sampled, in 55 HSV-2 seropositive persons, CD8+ T cell responses to 14 HSV-2 ORFs previously identified as immunoprevalent targets and identified >20 previously unidentified epitopes. Persons with multiple CD8+ T cell epitopes were studied further. Regardless of stimulatory epitope, peripheral HSV-2 specific CD8+ T-cells produced cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α, and expressed CD107a, a marker for degranulation. Decreased graπzyme levels occurred in these T-cells following activation by HSV-2 specific peptides consistent with the ability of these lymphocytes to degranulate, and CFSE stained T-cells markedly reduce CFSE brightness following exposure to HSV-2 peptides, indicating their potential to proliferate. We found variability in cytokine production in T cell lines between individuals and within protein and epitope specific responses within an individual. In general, those with strong responses during initial intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) screening, tended to be polyfunctional, those with low responses (<0.05% of CD8+ T cells) tended to be more monofunctional. Individual differences in T cell lines to different epitopes were demonstrated.

Methods

Antigen selection

[0098] 14 HSV-2 ORFs were selected based on frequent CD8+ T cell responses found in HSV- 2 seropositive subjects [1].

Peptide pools

[0099] Antigenic proteins were constructed as peptide pools using HG52 sequence (Z86099) with local consensus sequence modifications. 15-mers with 11 aa overlap were combined into pools of up to 100 peptides to generate 29 pools total.

Study subjects

HSV-2 seropositive subjects 55 1%) HSV-2 seronegative subjects 18 (%)

Gender N (%) Gender N (%)

Female 26 (47) Female 8 (44)

Male 29 (53) Male 10 (56)

Race Race

Caucasian 45 (82) Caucasian 14 (78)

Non-Caucasian 10 (18) Non-Caucasian 4 (22) Age Age

(min: 27.8; max: 69.1; median: 51.9) (min: 23.1; max: 60.2; median: 29.8)

<30 2 (4) <30 10 (56)

31-50 24 (44) 31-50 6 (33)

>50 29 (53) >50 2 (11)

HSV-1 status HSV-1 status

Positive 21 (38) Positive 0 (0)

Negative 34 (62) Negative 18 (100)

Epitope discovery

[0100] High throughput intracellular cytokine staining-flow cytometry (ICS) was used to detect IFN-Y, IL-2, TNF-q expression in CD8+ T cells following 6h exposure of PBMC with HSV-2 peptides (or control antigen) in the presence of co-stimulatory antibodies (α- CD28/α- CD49d) and Brefeldin A. Cytokine responses to peptide antigen were scored positive if they differed from the negative control (p<0.02; Fisher's one-sided test); this cutoff was defined during trial and error validation studies with HSV-2 seronegative subjects and allows for a 5% false positive error rate. Peptide pools giving positive responses by ICS in HSV-2 seropositive subjects were deconvoluted using IFN-γ ELISpot to identify the causative peptide. Deconvolution cutoff was determined as at least 11 spots per well and 3-fold higher spots than DMSO (negative) control.

Examination of T cell function to individual epitopes

[0101] Identified single peptides were used to individually stimulate CD8+ T cells in subjects with multiple epitopes. These responses were analyzed by ICS to determine the polyfunctional profiles of HSV-2 specific T cells. Single peptides were also used to assess degranulation; the presence of lytic proteins granzyme B and perforin, in HSV-2 specific CD8+ T cells, was determined by flow cytometry. The proliferative capacities of HSV-2 specific T cells were determined by pre-staining peptide exposed PBMC with CFSE. A cell division index (CDI) >2 was used as a cut-off for proliferation positivity.

Results

Epitope discovery and prevalence

[0102] More than 20 peptides were confirmed as CD8+ T cell epitopes by ELISpot and follow-up ICS. A novel epitope identified in UL25 was confirmed as a common HLA-A02 restricted epitope; it was confirmed to produce responses in at least 5 subjects. Table 1 : CD8+ T cell epitopes in HSV-2 UL25 ORF

Summary

[0103] We detected HSV-2 specific CD8+ T cells in HSV-2 seropositive subjects, and isolated more than 20 unique CD8+ T cell epitopes, many of which have never been previously described. With the peptide epitopes, we assessed polyfunctionality, degranulation potential and proliferation capacity of HSV-2 specific T cells, and examined intra- and inter-individual differences.. A mixture of mono- and polyfunctional CD8+ T cells were found for all subjects tested, although the proportions of monofunctional cells varied. Although some modest inter-individual differences were observed in the functional phenotypes, all polyfunctional HSV-2 specific cells predominantly produced IFN-γ. Granzyme B was identified in HSV-2 specific T cells, and these cells could degranulate. All individuals had CD8+ T cells that could proliferate, although some intra-individual differences were apparent for at least one subject.

Polyfunctional T cells

[0104] Single peptides identified during this study were used to activate epitope specific CD8+ T cells. Antigen specific CD8+ T cells were identified using a gating strategy. 15 possible distinct combinations of the 4 functional markers were observed.. A mixture of monofunctional and polyfunctional HSV-2-specific CD8+ T cells were identified for all subjects. The polyfunctional profiles of responding cells, with reference to the expression of IFN-y, 1L2, and TNF-α, and the mobilization of CD107a were determined.

Inter-individual comparison of HSV-2 epitope specific T cells

[0105] One individual was identified with four HLA-B07 restricted epitopes within a single antigen. This individual allowed the comparison of epitope specific responses without influence from the kinetics of ORF expression, or from genetic and HLA differences. One immunodominant epitope in this individual produced the largest detectable response in Elispot and ICS assays. The cells responding to this epitope showed some characteristic differences from other tested epitopes: they comprised less CD107a positive cells relative to IFN-Y+ cells, contained higher levels of IFN-γ, but not other cytokines, and they comprised less monofunctional cells. The unique properties of the epitope and/or the T cell receptors that recognize it, likely influence the functional characteristics of the T cells.

[0106] A similar observation was made for other subjects, with responses to multiple epitopes, indicating polyfunctionality was not restricted to a particular antigen-specific or HLA-B07 restricted T cells. While differences were seen between epitopes and individuals, polyfunctional cells, in all cases, were predominantly IFN-γ+, and monofunctional cells were mostly IFN-Y+ or CD107a+, consistent with a Th1 "effector" T cell phenotype.

Degranulation

[0107] CD107a mobilization is an indicator of degranulation but does not confirm that lytic molecules are stored within cells. To assess whether HSV-2 specific T cells store lytic proteins, single peptides were used to activate and identify HSV-2 specific CD8+ T cells during flow cytometric analyses of granzyme B and perforin expression. Activated CD8+ T cells were identified by gating on IFN-γ+ CD3+CD8+ T cells following the gating strategy.

Regardless of epitope or individual: Few activated HSV-2 specific T cells had detectable Pert; 2.2% (median; range 0-9.1%) were GrzB-Perf+IFN-γ+ and 6.5% (median; range 1.6-

13.3%) were GrzB+Perf+IFN-γ+; GrzB+ cells were more frequent, with 42.3% (median; range 34.1- 50.8%) of responding T cells having a GrzB+Perf-IFN-γ+ phenotype, and similar levels of IFN-γ+ T cells with neither GrzB nor Perf (median 47.6%; range 40.0-53.2%).

Confirming CD107a mobilization in epitope specific T cells, ICS was performed on PBMC exposed to the same peptides. An increase in IFN-γ+ T cells was observed in both GrzB+ and GrzB- and perforin+ populations in all tested subjects.

Proliferation

[0108] To evaluate the proliferative capacity of HSV-2 specific CD8+ T cells, we utilized CFSE to stain PBMC prior to epitope specific stimulation. Four subjects were each tested with two distinct CD8+ T cell peptides; a CDI index >2 was seen with all HSV-2 epitopes from all four subjects (range=2.1-14, median=7). References

[0109] 1. Hosken et al., 2006. Diversity of the CD8+ T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 2 proteins among persons with genital herpes. J Virol 80:5509.

[0110] 2. Koelle et al., 2001. CD8 CTL from genital herpes simplex lesions: recognition of viral tegument and immediate early proteins and lysis of infected cutaneous cells. J Immunol 166:4049.

[0111] Throughout this application various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

[0112] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptions and specific embodiments disclosed in the foregoing description may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other embodiments for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that such equivalent embodiments do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated HSV polypeptide, wherein the HSV polypeptide consists of FLWEDQTLL (SEQ ID NO: 1), and up to 15 amino acids of adjacent native sequence of U_L25 (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the HSV polypeptide consists of amino acids 372 to 380 or 369 to 383 of U_L25 (SEQ ID NO: 2).

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the polypeptide is a fusion protein.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the fusion protein is soluble.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 or 2, further comprising an adjuvant.

6. A polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide set forth in claim 1 or 2.

7. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 6.

8. A host cell transformed with the vector of claim 7.

9. A method of producing an HSV polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 8 and recovering the polypeptide so produced.

10. A polypeptide produced by the method of claim 9.

11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the polynucleotide of claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 , further comprising an adjuvant.

13. A recombinant virus genetically modified to express an amino acid sequence consisting essentially of amino acids as recited in claim 2.

14. The recombinant virus of claim 13 which is an vaccinia virus, canary pox virus or adenovirus.

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the virus of claim 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, further comprising an adjuvant.

17. A method of producing immune cells directed against HSV comprising contacting an immune cell with an antigen-presenting cell, wherein the antigen-presenting cell is modified to present an epitope included in amino acids as recited in claim 2.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the immune cell is a T cell.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the T cell is a CD4+ or CD8+ T cell.

20. An immune cell produced by the method of claim 17.

21. A method of killing an HSV infected cell comprising contacting the infected cell with the immune cell of claim 20.

22. A method of inhibiting HSV replication comprising contacting a herpes simplex virus with the immune cell of claim 20.

23. A method of enhancing secretion of antiviral or immunomodulatory lymphokines comprising contacting an HSV infected cell with the immune cell of claim 20.

24. A method of enhancing production of HSV-specific antibody comprising contacting an HSV infected cell in a subject with the immune cell of claim 20.

25. A method of enhancing proliferation of HSV-specific T cells comprising contacting the HSV-specific T cells with an isolated polypeptide that comprises an epitope as recited in claim 2.

26. A method of inducing an immune response to an HSV infection in a subject comprising administering the composition of any of the previous claims to the subject.

27. A method of treating an HSV infection in a subject comprising administering the composition of any of the previous claims to the subject.

28. A method of treating an HSV infection in a subject comprising administering an antigen-presenting cell modified to present an epitope as recited in claim 2.