WO2004106278A1 - (メタ)アクリル酸n−アルキルアミノアルキルエステルの製造方法 - Google Patents
(メタ)アクリル酸n−アルキルアミノアルキルエステルの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004106278A1 WO2004106278A1 PCT/JP2004/007250 JP2004007250W WO2004106278A1 WO 2004106278 A1 WO2004106278 A1 WO 2004106278A1 JP 2004007250 W JP2004007250 W JP 2004007250W WO 2004106278 A1 WO2004106278 A1 WO 2004106278A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- meth
- alkylaminoalkyl
- acrylate
- reaction
- acrylic acid
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C213/06—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton from hydroxy amines by reactions involving the etherification or esterification of hydroxy groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an N_alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate
- (Meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl esters are widely used as raw materials for polymer flocculants, lubricating calories, paper strength enhancers, and the like.
- the molecular weight may be increased in order to improve the performance of the flocculant, but at that time, there is a problem that a gel-like substance insoluble in water is generated.
- the mechanism of formation of this gel-like substance has not been elucidated in detail, but the low-boiling components contained in N-alkylaminoalkylester (meth) acrylate, in particular, the reaction raw material (meth) acrylate and It is presumed that N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol is the cause, and there is a demand for (meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl esters having a low low boiling point component.
- the concentration of the low-boiling component contained in the (meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl ester may vary depending on the purpose of use, but cannot be unconditionally stated, but is preferably 0.06% by mass or less. It is said that 0.5% by mass or less is more preferable, and 0.04% by mass or less is more preferable.
- the double bond of the raw material (meth) acrylic acid ester and the target product (meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl ester is Alkylaminoalkyl alcohols and alkyl alcohols by-produced in the reaction have an addition reaction, and there are by-products of the so-called Michael addition reaction (hereinafter, referred to as Michael addition products).
- Michael addition products This Maikenole addition reaction is a reversible reaction, not only during transesterification, but also during subsequent distillation of the raw materials and distillation of the target product.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a method for producing an N_alkylaminoalkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid having a low boiling point component, which is obtained by conducting a transesterification reaction in the presence of a catalyst.
- N-alkylaminoalkylester high-purity N-alkylaminoalkylester (meth) acrylate is obtained by first separating the catalyst from the reaction mixture, removing the low-boiling components, and purifying the target product. Is described.
- Patent Document 5 describes a method for suppressing a side reaction by adding a raw material N_alkylaminoalkyl alcohol to a reaction system over time.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-322680
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-112949
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-11-222469
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-95054
- the present invention provides:
- a low-boiling-point component can be obtained without performing complicated operations and without requiring special equipment.
- it can produce N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with low raw material components.
- step (D) it is preferable to add water to the reaction solution after the step (A) and before the step (C). Preferably, the step (D) is performed before the step (B).
- At least a part of the catalyst contained in the residue remaining after the step (C) in the method for producing the (meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl ester comprises (meth) acrylic acid ester and N-alkylamino It can be reused for the reaction with alkyl alcohol.
- (meth) acrylic acid means methacrylic acid or acrylic acid.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a production apparatus which is an example that can be used in the method for producing an N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a production apparatus which is an example that can be used in the method for producing an N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate of the present invention.
- the method for producing an N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate in the present invention is as follows.
- (A) a step of subjecting (meth) acrylic acid ester and N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol to a transesterification reaction in the presence of a catalyst to obtain a reaction solution containing (meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl ester.
- the (meth) acrylate used as a raw material includes (meth) ac Methyl acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, i_propyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate and the like can be used.
- R 1 represents hydrogen or a methyl group
- R 2 represents an alkyl group having 12 to 12 carbon atoms
- methyl (meth) acrylate or (meth) acrylate Is preferred.
- methyl (meth) acrylate is preferred.
- the N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol used as a raw material includes, for example, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, etc., and the (meth) acrylic produced N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohols corresponding to the acid N-alkylaminoalkyl esters can be used.
- the charging ratio of (meth) acrylic acid ester and N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol can be set arbitrarily. From the viewpoint of power productivity, 1 mole of N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol is used. Usually, the amount of (meth) acrylic acid ester is 0.1 to 10 mol, preferably 0.5 to 4 mol. Furthermore, during the transesterification reaction, the raw material (meth) acrylate and / or N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol may be appropriately added to the reaction system.
- the catalyst used in the present invention may be a known catalyst used in a transesterification reaction, for example, a metal alcoholate catalyst such as an alkali metal alcoholate, a magnesium alcoholate, and a titanium alcoholate, dibutyltin oxide, and dioctyltin oxide. And other tin-containing catalysts.
- a tin-containing catalyst is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of reaction activity and selectivity of a target product.
- the amount of the catalyst used in the reaction is usually from 0.0001 to 0.1 mol per mol of N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol.
- the pressure is not particularly limited, and it can be carried out at any of normal pressure, reduced pressure, and increased pressure.
- the reaction temperature can be usually from 60 ° C to 150 ° C. Since the above-mentioned transesterification reaction is an equilibrium reaction, it is desirable to proceed the reaction while removing by-product alkyl alcohol.
- a solvent is not necessarily required, but a solvent can be used for the purpose of removing by-product alkyl alcohol by azeotropic distillation. Examples of the solvent to be used include n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, benzene, toluene, cyclohexane and the like. When a solvent is used, for example, the following method described in Patent Document 6 can be used.
- alkyl alcohol as a by-product is extracted as an azeotrope together with an azeotropic solvent, a part is refluxed to the top of the column, and the remainder is mixed with water and separated into two layers by a decanter.
- the upper layer composed of a boiling solvent is refluxed to the column, and the lower layer composed mainly of water and an alkyl alcohol can be extracted out of the system.
- the polymerization of the (meth) acrylate ester as a raw material or the N-alkylaminoalkylester (meth) acrylate as a reaction product is suppressed. Therefore, usually, a polymerization inhibitor is allowed to coexist in the reaction solution.
- the polymerization inhibitor is not particularly limited, and a known one can be used. For example, hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, phenothiazine, N, N, di-2-naphthyl p-phenylenediamine, N-year-old xyl compound and the like can be mentioned.
- the addition amount of the polymerization inhibitor is preferably 0.001 to 2% by mass based on the mass of the reaction solution.
- the (meth) a as a raw material is obtained.
- an inert gas such as air, a mixed gas of oxygen and argon, and the like
- distillation apparatus In carrying out such transesterification, it is preferable to use a distillation apparatus.
- the distillation apparatus to be used is not particularly limited, and a known apparatus can be used. For example, a tray column type distillation column, a packed column type distillation column, a thin film type distillation apparatus and the like can be mentioned.
- the type of the reaction can be carried out by a commonly used method such as a batch reaction or a continuous reaction.
- an azeotropic solvent of an azeotropic solvent or (meth) acrylic acid ester and the by-produced alkyl alcohol can be used.
- the composition of the reflux liquid is preferably an azeotropic composition.
- azeotropes have low mutual solubility.Condensate in a capacitor may be separated into two layers: an upper layer mainly composed of an azeotropic solvent and a lower layer mainly composed of alkyl alcohol by-produced. .
- the composition of the reflux liquid is biased toward the upper layer composition or the lower layer composition and deviates from the azeotropic composition.Therefore, it is preferable that the condensate is refluxed after approaching the azeotropic composition.
- a method of bringing the condensate closer to the azeotropic composition for example, a method of applying mechanical energy to the condensate with a static mixer or a pump to bring it closer to the azeotropic composition, separating the condensate into two layers with a decanter, and separating the upper and lower layers from each other
- the reaction solution after such transesterification reaction contains the reaction product N-alkylaminoalkyl alkyl (meth) acrylate, the force S containing the catalyst used, and other raw materials such as In many cases, low-boiling components remain.
- the admixture of Mirenole which is a by-product of the Mirenole addition reaction, which is a side reaction is also contained.Since the Michael addition reaction is a reversible reaction, the components resulting from the decomposition of the Michael adduct are also used in the step (A ) May be present in the reaction solution obtained in the above.
- the steps (B) and (C) are preferably performed using a distillation apparatus.
- the distillation apparatus to be used is not particularly limited, and a known apparatus can be used.
- a tray column type distillation column, a packed column type distillation column, a thin film type distillation apparatus and the like can be mentioned.
- the one used in the above step (A) may be used as it is, or another distillation apparatus may be used.
- the method is not particularly limited as long as it is a known method.
- the method can be carried out according to a commonly used method such as a batch method or a continuous method.
- step (B) and step (C) are appropriately selected so as to obtain a (meth) acrylic acid N-alkylaminoalkyl ester having as high a purity as possible in step (C).
- the components contained in the reaction solution obtained in the step (A) have a lower boiling point than that of the N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate, and the components are mostly raw materials for the reaction.
- step (B) it is preferable to recover the raw materials under conditions that allow the raw materials for the reaction to be distilled off, and in step (C), it is preferable to distill the N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate.
- step (B) and the step (C) in order to suppress polymerization of the remaining raw material (meth) acrylate and N-alkylaminoalkylalkyl (meth) acrylate, As in the step (A), it is preferable that a polymerization inhibitor coexists in the reaction solution of the steps (B) and (C), or that oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and an inert gas is introduced.
- the polymerization inhibitor used in step (A) can also suppress polymerization in steps (B) and (C). Therefore, it is not necessary to add a polymerization inhibitor again.
- step (D) a step of adjusting the concentration of water in the reaction solution after the step (A) and before the step (C) to 0.01-1 mass%.
- the concentration of water is 0.01-1% by mass.
- the content is 0.01% by mass or more, low boiling components can be sufficiently reduced.
- the catalyst contained in the residue remaining after the step (C) can be reused again as the catalyst for the transesterification reaction.
- the concentration of water is preferably 0.015% by mass to 0.5% by mass, more preferably 0.015% by mass and 0.2% by mass. In the present invention, the concentration of water is measured by the Karl Fischer method.
- the concentration of water in the reaction solution after the step (A) and before the step (C) is adjusted.
- the method of adjustment includes (i) charging water into the reaction solution, (ii) putting the reaction solution in an atmosphere with adjusted humidity, (iii) introducing steam into the reaction solution, and (iv) esterification. It is possible to adjust the conditions for removing water during the exchange reaction, etc. It is easy to adjust the power concentration.
- the method of adding water into the reaction solution is preferable.
- step (D) It is important that the adjustment of the water concentration in the step (D) is performed on the reaction solution after the step (A) and before the step (C). That is, it is important that the concentration of water in the reaction liquid is 0.011% by mass after step (A) and before step (C). It is preferable to perform the step (D) before the step (B) because water can be removed as a low-boiling component in the step (B).
- the adjustment of the concentration of water in the step (D) may be performed a plurality of times on the reaction solution after the step (A) and before the step (C). Furthermore, the reaction can be performed continuously on the reaction solution after step (A) and before step (C). Further, step (D) is preferably performed in a state where the temperature of the reaction solution is reduced to, for example, 90 ° C. or less.
- FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show examples of the configuration of a production apparatus that can be used in the method for producing an N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate of the present invention.
- a manufacturing method using this apparatus will be described as one embodiment.
- the remaining condensate is mixed with water from a water supply line 9 in a distillate line 8 and introduced into a decanter 10.
- the upper layer can return to the distillation column 3 from the upper layer reflux line 11, and the lower layer can be extracted from the lower layer extraction line 12.
- An oxygen-containing gas for preventing polymerization can be introduced into the reaction system from the gas inlet 4.
- the reaction solution containing the N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate is transferred to another distillation vessel 13 equipped with a stirrer 14, and the unreacted raw material (meth) acrylic Acid ester and N_alkylaminoalkyl alcohol from the top of distillation column 15
- the desired product, N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate is then distilled off.
- the vapor distilled from the top is condensed in the condenser 17, and a part can be returned to the top by the reflux line 19 by the liquid distributor 18, and can be recovered by the distillation line 20.
- An oxygen-containing gas for preventing polymerization can be introduced from the gas inlet 16.
- the catalyst used in the method for producing an N-alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate of the present invention as described above is contained in the residue remaining after the step (C).
- the part can be reused in the ester exchange reaction between the (meth) acrylate and the N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol.
- the residue may be used in whole or in part. In addition, there is no problem even if additional catalyst is used for reusing.
- the catalyst When the catalyst is reused as described above, at least a part of the raw material of the transesterification reaction for reusing the catalyst is mixed with the residue remaining after the step (C), and the mixture is mixed.
- the method of recovering as a liquid is preferable because the handleability is improved.
- the raw material to be mixed may be (meth) acrylic acid ester or N-alkylaminoalkyl alcohol, but it is particularly preferable to mix (meth) acrylic acid ester.
- it is important that the raw materials to be mixed are raw materials for the transesterification reaction to be reused. It is not always necessary to use the raw material for the transesterification reaction performed earlier, but it is preferable to reuse it for the transesterification reaction using the same raw material because a product with higher purity can be obtained.
- Methanol by-product is removed from the top of the column by azeotropic distillation with n-hexane, and a part of the condensate is refluxed to the top so that the temperature at the 5th stage from the top is 50 ° C, and the remainder is 137 g / It was mixed with the water supplied in h and introduced into the decanter.
- the condensate introduced into the decanter was separated into two layers, the upper layer was refluxed to the 15th stage from the top of the tower, and the lower layer was withdrawn so that the interface of the decanter was kept constant.
- the top temperature during the reaction was always 50 ° C.
- 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate obtained is 685 g, containing a total of 0.0313% by weight methyl acrylate 0.012 8 mass 0/0, 2-dimethyl ⁇ amino ethanol 0.0185 wt% As a result, 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate having a small amount of raw materials was obtained.
- Example 2 a transesterification reaction was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 109 g of the residue remaining in the still was used instead of the catalyst. Six hours after the start of the transesterification, the conversion of 2-dimethylaminoethanol reached 95%, and the reactivity of the catalyst was equivalent.
- 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate obtained is 680 g, methyl acrylate 0 - 055 7 Weight 0/0, 2-dimethyl ⁇ amino ethanol 0. Total 0.0982 wt% of 0,425% by weight including I was out.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/558,193 US7411086B2 (en) | 2003-05-28 | 2004-05-27 | Process for the production of n-alkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylates |
EP20040745356 EP1634866B1 (en) | 2003-05-28 | 2004-05-27 | Process for the production of n-alkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylates |
JP2004569242A JP4520310B2 (ja) | 2003-05-28 | 2004-05-27 | (メタ)アクリル酸n−アルキルアミノアルキルエステルの製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003-150720 | 2003-05-28 | ||
JP2003150720 | 2003-05-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004106278A1 true WO2004106278A1 (ja) | 2004-12-09 |
Family
ID=33487191
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2004/007250 WO2004106278A1 (ja) | 2003-05-28 | 2004-05-27 | (メタ)アクリル酸n−アルキルアミノアルキルエステルの製造方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7411086B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1634866B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4520310B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1312113C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004106278A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009515914A (ja) * | 2005-11-16 | 2009-04-16 | チバ ホールディング インコーポレーテッド | エステルの製造 |
US8027230B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2011-09-27 | Mediatek Inc. | Apparatus having switchable servo gains and offsets for optical disk drive and method thereof |
DE202013008305U1 (de) | 2013-09-20 | 2013-11-25 | Basf Se | Härtbare Beschichtung, hergestellt mit einem aus Alkylaminoalkyl(meth)acrylaten aufgebauten Copolymer |
KR101644629B1 (ko) * | 2016-01-06 | 2016-08-02 | 이종천 | Dmaea 제조방법 및 이를 위한 제조장치 |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR101178239B1 (ko) * | 2008-11-19 | 2012-08-30 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | (메트)아크릴산 에스테르의 회수방법 |
US7829738B1 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2010-11-09 | Nalco Company | Production of N,N-dialklylaminoethyl (meth)acrylates |
JP6363599B2 (ja) * | 2013-06-27 | 2018-07-25 | 大阪有機化学工業株式会社 | (メタ)アクリル酸エステルの製造システム |
CN105294462A (zh) * | 2015-11-13 | 2016-02-03 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | 一种酯交换法制备丙烯酸二甲基胺基乙酯的方法 |
CN111040744B (zh) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-11-23 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | 一种梳状丙烯酸酯共聚物润滑剂及水基钻井液 |
CN114591186A (zh) * | 2022-03-25 | 2022-06-07 | 山东蓝湾新材料有限公司 | 一种丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲氨乙酯的工业制备方法 |
CN114956960B (zh) * | 2022-07-01 | 2023-08-22 | 山东蓝湾新材料有限公司 | 一种丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯制备中回收甲醇的方法和回收系统 |
Citations (4)
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EP0906902A2 (en) | 1997-10-01 | 1999-04-07 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | A method for the production of an alkylamino (meth)acrylate and apparatus therefor. |
JPH11222469A (ja) * | 1998-02-04 | 1999-08-17 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | アルキルアミノ(メタ)アクリレートの製造法 |
JPH11246494A (ja) * | 1998-02-27 | 1999-09-14 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | アルキルアミノ(メタ)アクリレート蒸留残渣の取り扱い方法 |
DE10127941A1 (de) | 2001-06-08 | 2002-05-29 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von (Meth)acrylsäureestern |
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JPH0713050B2 (ja) | 1989-09-26 | 1995-02-15 | 東亞合成株式会社 | ジメチルアミノエチルアクリレートの製造方法 |
JP2793045B2 (ja) | 1990-08-10 | 1998-09-03 | 株式会社日本触媒 | アクリル酸またはメタクリル酸のアルキルアミノアルキルエステル及びその第4級塩の製造方法 |
JP3585989B2 (ja) | 1995-03-29 | 2004-11-10 | 大阪有機化学工業株式会社 | アクリル酸メチルまたはメタクリル酸メチルとメタノールの分離方法 |
JPH10279540A (ja) | 1997-03-31 | 1998-10-20 | Kohjin Co Ltd | ゲル化要因物質を低減したアクリレートの製法 |
FR2777561B1 (fr) | 1998-04-21 | 2000-06-02 | Atochem Elf Sa | Procede de fabrication en continu de (meth)acrylates de dialkylaminoalkyle |
-
2004
- 2004-05-27 US US10/558,193 patent/US7411086B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-27 JP JP2004569242A patent/JP4520310B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-27 EP EP20040745356 patent/EP1634866B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-05-27 CN CNB200480014491XA patent/CN1312113C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-27 WO PCT/JP2004/007250 patent/WO2004106278A1/ja active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
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EP0906902A2 (en) | 1997-10-01 | 1999-04-07 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | A method for the production of an alkylamino (meth)acrylate and apparatus therefor. |
JPH11222469A (ja) * | 1998-02-04 | 1999-08-17 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | アルキルアミノ(メタ)アクリレートの製造法 |
JPH11246494A (ja) * | 1998-02-27 | 1999-09-14 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | アルキルアミノ(メタ)アクリレート蒸留残渣の取り扱い方法 |
DE10127941A1 (de) | 2001-06-08 | 2002-05-29 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von (Meth)acrylsäureestern |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP1634866A4 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8027230B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2011-09-27 | Mediatek Inc. | Apparatus having switchable servo gains and offsets for optical disk drive and method thereof |
JP2009515914A (ja) * | 2005-11-16 | 2009-04-16 | チバ ホールディング インコーポレーテッド | エステルの製造 |
DE202013008305U1 (de) | 2013-09-20 | 2013-11-25 | Basf Se | Härtbare Beschichtung, hergestellt mit einem aus Alkylaminoalkyl(meth)acrylaten aufgebauten Copolymer |
KR101644629B1 (ko) * | 2016-01-06 | 2016-08-02 | 이종천 | Dmaea 제조방법 및 이를 위한 제조장치 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPWO2004106278A1 (ja) | 2006-07-20 |
CN1312113C (zh) | 2007-04-25 |
EP1634866B1 (en) | 2015-05-13 |
EP1634866A4 (en) | 2007-10-17 |
CN1795168A (zh) | 2006-06-28 |
JP4520310B2 (ja) | 2010-08-04 |
US7411086B2 (en) | 2008-08-12 |
EP1634866A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 |
US20060287550A1 (en) | 2006-12-21 |
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