WO1999044178A1 - Device for monitoring an enclosed space, in particular an aircraft hold - Google Patents

Device for monitoring an enclosed space, in particular an aircraft hold Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999044178A1
WO1999044178A1 PCT/FR1999/000446 FR9900446W WO9944178A1 WO 1999044178 A1 WO1999044178 A1 WO 1999044178A1 FR 9900446 W FR9900446 W FR 9900446W WO 9944178 A1 WO9944178 A1 WO 9944178A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
camera
image
smoke
sensor
computer
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Application number
PCT/FR1999/000446
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Gérard BOUCOURT
Original Assignee
Societe Industrielle D'aviation Latecoere
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Publication date
Application filed by Societe Industrielle D'aviation Latecoere filed Critical Societe Industrielle D'aviation Latecoere
Priority to EP99906311A priority Critical patent/EP1064634A1/en
Publication of WO1999044178A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999044178A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/12—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
    • G08B17/125—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions by using a video camera to detect fire or smoke
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
    • G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for monitoring an enclosure, in particular the hold of an aircraft.
  • the hold of an airplane contains containers or objects which are stowed on the floor, in order to be immobilized during the movement, in particular the flight of the airplane. It should be ensured that, during the movement of the aircraft, there is no movement of the containers or other objects inside the hold, such displacement can result in damage to the aircraft structure with damaging consequences.
  • the different detection systems are dissociated, requiring as many computers as there are detection types, as well as a large number of sensors, since the latter are all specific to a type of detection.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a device for monitoring an enclosure, in particular of the hold of an airplane, which allows using a single type of sensor of simple design, and a single type computer, to fulfill several detection functions of: fires, smoke, hot spots, load movements, and display of the enclosure, in particular of the hold of an aircraft.
  • the monitoring device which it relates to, comprises at least one sensor constituted by a CCD camera with a very short spectral band between 0.4 ⁇ m and 1.1 ⁇ m, equipped with an infrared filter eliminating the spectral band. between approximately 0.4 ⁇ m and 0.8 ⁇ m, this sensor being associated with a computer ensuring in particular image processing, at least one display screen, and a control panel.
  • each camera can detect hot spots, for temperatures between around 350 and 600 ° C, corresponding to the spectral band between 0.8 and 1.1 ⁇ m.
  • each camera is associated with a lighting element in the near infrared, each lighting element being, by example, consisting of a silicon element at 880 nm.
  • each camera and the associated lighting element are housed inside a sealed housing closed by a porthole.
  • the spectral transmission factor of the window is a constant which only depends on the thickness of the material traversed.
  • each camera is associated with a lighting element, it makes it possible to carry out other types of detection, in particular detection of fires, smoke, charge movements, and display of the enclosure in which this camera is placed.
  • This device is advantageous in the sense that all the sensors are of the same nature, and are associated with the same computer and with the same control panel.
  • the box also contains a device for regulating the temperature, and / or a device for defrosting the window, as well as a power supply, command and control unit.
  • the device can thus operate in various environments, in particular under conditions of humidity, pressure and variable temperatures, without these conditions affecting its reliability. As far as the lighting is concerned, this is not carried out permanently, since the computer causes the lighting of each lighting element for durations, for example, between approximately 40 and 100 milliseconds. It is thus possible to have the results provided by each camera, without lighting, for example for thermographic measurements or certain fire measurements, and to measurements requiring lighting, such as measurements of presence of smoke, movements of the charge, or viewing the interior of the hold.
  • the images can be acquired with more or less long integration times. According to one characteristic, this device compares two images, one of which constitutes a reference image, acquired successively to detect variations in the position of the objects located in the field of each camera.
  • the image of the load forming a reference is memorized before the aircraft takes off, a comparison in real time of the image of the hold in relation to the reference image during the flight, making it possible to detect geographic variations in the load and to locate and measure these variations.
  • the system allows a resolution determining a displacement of the load relative to the hold of a value of 50 mm to 15 m with a horizontal angle of 30 °.
  • the device also allows the localization, in three dimensions, of an object of the scene, in "monocular" vision, provided that the object is provided with a target. It also allows, by this means, dynamic tracking of the object in the scene.
  • an autocalibration of detection is carried out on a flat test pattern, this test pattern being known by the system.
  • the following parameters are extracted from the calibration: geometric distortion, focal length, pixel discretization invoice, optical center.
  • An automatic extraction of the points of the target is carried out, as well as a correction of the distortion from the parameters and a pairing of the distorted points with the object model, and finally the localization (translation, rotation, therefore distance of the object by camera) from the previous steps.
  • the device is made insensitive to interfering phenomena of the vibration type.
  • this device analyzes the histogram of the gray levels of an image supplied by a camera with counting of the points having a level higher than a predetermined threshold and forming a connected region of the image, to deduce the existence thereof and the extent of a fire zone.
  • a detection is triggered on variation of the image histogram, from which the extent of the fire area is deduced on the one hand by accounting for the minimum number of contiguous pixels of the image and, on the other hand
  • the level of the points of the zone of fire that is to say the minimum threshold on the different pixels, by discriminating interfering phenomena, such as those resulting from the sun or from an incandescent lamp.
  • this device analyzes the distribution of the gray levels as well as the number of classes present in each image supplied by a camera to detect the possible presence of smoke.
  • Smoke detection is based on the location in the image of an increase in brightness linked to the opacity of the smoke, knowing that this image is provided while the lighting element is in operation. Detection is triggered by variation of the histogram of the image, from which the average opacity rate is deduced, which results in a percentage of enhancement of the image due to the scattering of light, and the extent of the smoke zone.
  • the fog / smoke discrimination is carried out using a hygrometric sensor located in the enclosure, or by analysis of the space-time diffusion gradient, knowing that the evolution gradient in smoke transmission is low, while the transmission gradient in the fog is strong.
  • the computer is connected to at least one alarm to which a signal is supplied when an anomaly is detected. If it is a question of monitoring the hold of an aircraft, the crew thereof can, in the event of detection activating an alarm, and thanks to the screen, use the device as a display device allowing a vision of the interior of the hold, to check if this detection is justified, and does not result from a malfunction.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of the device
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of a camera and its environment
  • Figures 3 to 7 are views of images and histograms highlighting the mode of detection of a certain number of phenomena by this device.
  • the device for monitoring an enclosure 2 such as the hold of an aircraft according to the invention, comprises, as shown in FIG. 1, a certain number of camera units 3 located in enclosure 2, in order to cover the entire volume thereof, connected to the same computer 4, this computer 4 being itself connected to a control panel 5, to display screens 6, and having an output 7 to alarms.
  • each camera unit 3 contains a CCD camera 8 with a very short spectral band between 0.4 ⁇ m and 1.1 ⁇ m, equipped with an infrared filter 9 eliminating the spectral band between approximately 0.4 ⁇ m and 0.8 ⁇ m.
  • This camera is housed at the interior of a waterproof housing 10, closed by a porthole 12, allowing the camera 8 to capture images.
  • the housing 10, filled with an inert gas, is equipped with a heating device 13 ensuring temperature regulation and with a defrosting device 14 for the porthole 12.
  • an element d lighting 15 in the near infrared for example silicon lighting at 880 nm.
  • the housing 10 also contains a power supply 16, for controlling and monitoring the camera, the lighting, the heating and the defrosting.
  • a connector 17 makes it possible to link this camera unit 3 with the computer 4.
  • each camera can carry out different types of detection.
  • the camera can act as a thermographic detector, detecting a hot spot 18, by graphic overlay on the displayed image.
  • This type of camera can also detect charge movements. It is necessary to carry out the capture of a first image 19, represented in FIG. 4, in which the load occupies a reference position. Then, it is possible to take shots corresponding to those having provided the image 19 which is the reference image, the image 20 thus obtained being compared with the reference image to detect possible variations in position of the load - see figure 5.
  • FIG. 6 represents an image 22 and FIG. 7 a histogram 23 of the image 22.
  • the presence of fire in image 22 is manifested by an area 24 of high luminosity (saturation phenomenon).
  • the gray level histogram 23 is used, which makes it possible to know the distribution of the gray levels of the image. Detection is triggered on a threshold with counting of points or pixels having a level higher than the threshold and forming a number of contiguous points.
  • the treatment here also includes an analysis of the spatio-temporal variations of the flame (frequency of appearance of the gray levels, and its evolution).
  • Smoke detection is based on the location in the image, with lighting, of an increase in brightness linked to the opacity of the smoke.
  • a humidity sensor not shown in the drawing, placed in enclosure 2, makes it possible to discriminate between fog and smoke.
  • the invention brings a great improvement to the existing technique by providing a device for monitoring the interior of an enclosure 2 making it possible to carry out different types of detection using a single type of sensor. Insofar as n sensors 3 are used, these n sensors are managed by a single computer 4.
  • this sensor 3 consists of a standard camera 8, very sensitive in the near infrared, with which is associated a lighting element 15 insensitive to pressure and temperature, the assembly being placed in a waterproof case 10.
  • the monitoring device object of the invention, also has the advantage of understanding, in addition to the sensor or sensors, all the logic for detecting physical measurement of the phenomena, and for monitoring these phenomena. This device can also test all of the functions of the sensor (s).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
  • Closed-Circuit Television Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns a device comprising at least one sensor (3) consisting of a CCD camera with very short spectral band ranging between 0,4 νm and 1.1 νm, equipped with a infrared filter eliminating the spectral band ranging between 0.4 νm and 0.8 νm approximately, said sensor being associated with a computer (4) in particular for image processing, at least a display screen (6), and a control panel (5). Thus it is possible, using only one type of sensor (3), to detect hot spots, flames, smoke, displacement of objects, and to display the inside of the enclosed space (2).

Description

DISPOSITIF DE SURVEILLANCE D UNE ENCEINTE, NOTAMMENT DE LA DEVICE FOR MONITORING A SPEAKER, PARTICULARLY THE
SOUTE D'UN AVIONAIRCRAFT HOLD
La présente invention a pour objet un dispositif de surveillance d'une enceinte, notamment de la soute d'un avion. La soute d'un avion contient des conteneurs ou objets qui sont arrimés au plancher, afin d'être immobilisés pendant le déplacement, notamment le vol de l'avion. Il convient de s'assurer, qu'au cours du déplacement de l'avion, il n'y ait pas de déplacement des conteneurs ou autres objets à l'intérieur de la soute, un tel déplacement pouvant se traduire par un endommagement de la structure de l'avion avec des conséquences dommageables.The present invention relates to a device for monitoring an enclosure, in particular the hold of an aircraft. The hold of an airplane contains containers or objects which are stowed on the floor, in order to be immobilized during the movement, in particular the flight of the airplane. It should be ensured that, during the movement of the aircraft, there is no movement of the containers or other objects inside the hold, such displacement can result in damage to the aircraft structure with damaging consequences.
Il est également important de pouvoir surveiller en permanence la soute d'un avion pour que l'équipage puisse être immédiatement prévenu en cas d'apparition de fumée, d'un feu, ou d'un point chaud résultant par exemple d'un court-circuit électrique.It is also important to be able to constantly monitor the hold of an aircraft so that the crew can be immediately alerted in the event of the appearance of smoke, a fire, or a hot spot resulting for example from a short -electrical circuit.
A ce jour, ces différentes exigences sont plus ou moins bien remplies à l'aide de différents types de capteurs. Il existe des capteurs optiques ou des capteurs ioniques qui détectent essentiellement des fumées en mesurant une opacité éventuelle entre un émetteur et un récepteur. Le nombre de capteurs nécessaires pour équiper ainsi une soute est très important, sans pour cela fournir un résultat parfait, dans la mesure où les détections de fumée sont effectuées tardivement, et que ces détecteurs sont sensibles à l'environnement (pression, humidité, poussière), se traduisant par de fausses alarmes, nécessitant toutefois le retour de l'avion à l'aéroport. Il est également connu d'utiliser des caméras vidéo de type CCD, fonctionnant dans le proche infrarouge, associées à un calculateur de traitement d'image, avec un moniteur dans la cabine de pilotage de l'avion, pour la visualisation de la soute de l'appareil. Les inconvénients des systèmes connus sont : - le caractère ponctuel des détections de feux, de fumées et de points chauds, sans renseignements sur la couverture volumique, le facteur de forme du feu, de la fumée, la densité géographique de la fumée, la visualisation de la répartition des points chauds.To date, these different requirements are more or less well fulfilled using different types of sensors. There are optical sensors or ionic sensors which essentially detect smoke by measuring a possible opacity between a transmitter and a receiver. The number of sensors required to equip a hold in this way is very large, without providing a perfect result, since smoke detections are made late, and these detectors are sensitive to the environment (pressure, humidity, dust ), resulting in false alarms, however requiring the return of the aircraft to the airport. It is also known to use CCD type video cameras, operating in the near infrared, associated with an image processing computer, with a monitor in the cockpit of the aircraft, for viewing the hold of the device. The disadvantages of known systems are: - the punctual nature of fire, smoke and hot spot detections, without information on the volume coverage, the form factor of fire, smoke, geographic density of smoke, visualization the distribution of hot spots.
- les différents systèmes de détection sont dissociés, nécessitant autant de calculateurs que de types de détection, ainsi qu'un grand nombre de capteurs, puisque ces derniers sont tous spécifiques à un type de détection.- the different detection systems are dissociated, requiring as many computers as there are detection types, as well as a large number of sensors, since the latter are all specific to a type of detection.
- les systèmes connus ne renseignent pas sur le mouvement des charges contenues dans la soute et sur les éventuelles détériorations de l'avion résultant du déplacement de telles charges. II serait possible de réaliser des mesures de température à l'aide de caméras thermographiques infrarouges. De telles caméras sont très volumineuses, leur résolution spatiale est faible, et leur coût très élevé. Cette solution n'est donc pas mise en oeuvre.- The known systems do not provide information on the movement of the charges contained in the hold and on the possible deterioration of the aircraft resulting from the displacement of such charges. It would be possible to carry out temperature measurements using infrared thermographic cameras. Such cameras are very large, their spatial resolution is low, and their cost very high. This solution is therefore not implemented.
Des caméras de surveillance avec projecteur infrarouge et éléments sensibles à ce type de rayonnement sont déjà connues, par exemple par les documents DE 19542481 C1 et DE 3812560A1 , ou encore le brevet US 5085525, mais il s'agit essentiellement de caméras fixes, prévues pour être utilisées en milieu extérieur, et non pas conçues pour la surveillance d'une enceinte fermée, et notamment d'une soute d'avion soumise à des vibrations, accélérations, températures et autres conditions plus ou moins sévères. De plus, ces documents se limitent à la description de caméras, constituant des capteurs, sans véritablement décrire un système complet avec traitement des signaux fournis par ces capteurs.Surveillance cameras with infrared projector and elements sensitive to this type of radiation are already known, for example from documents DE 19542481 C1 and DE 3812560A1, or even patent US 5085525, but they are essentially fixed cameras, intended for be used in an outdoor environment, and not designed for monitoring a closed enclosure, and in particular an aircraft hold subjected to vibrations, accelerations, temperatures and other more or less severe conditions. In addition, these documents are limited to the description of cameras, constituting sensors, without really describing a complete system with processing of the signals supplied by these sensors.
Le but de l'invention est de fournir un dispositif de surveillance d'une enceinte, notamment de la soute d'un avion, qui permette à l'aide d'un seul type de capteur de conception simple, et d'un seul type de calculateur, de remplir plusieurs fonctions de détection de : feux, fumées, points chauds, mouvements de charge, et visualisation de l'enceinte, notamment de la soute d'un avion. A cet effet, le dispositif de surveillance qu'elle concerne, comprend au moins un capteur constitué par une caméra CCD à très courte bande spectrale comprise entre 0,4 μm et 1 , 1 μm, équipée d'un filtre infrarouge éliminant la bande spectrale comprise entre environ 0,4 μm et 0,8 μm, ce capteur étant associé à un calculateur assurant notamment le traitement d'image, au moins un écran de visualisation, et un tableau de commande.The object of the invention is to provide a device for monitoring an enclosure, in particular of the hold of an airplane, which allows using a single type of sensor of simple design, and a single type computer, to fulfill several detection functions of: fires, smoke, hot spots, load movements, and display of the enclosure, in particular of the hold of an aircraft. To this end, the monitoring device which it relates to, comprises at least one sensor constituted by a CCD camera with a very short spectral band between 0.4 μm and 1.1 μm, equipped with an infrared filter eliminating the spectral band. between approximately 0.4 μm and 0.8 μm, this sensor being associated with a computer ensuring in particular image processing, at least one display screen, and a control panel.
Ce type de caméra vidéo peut réaliser la détection de points chauds, pour des températures comprises entre environ 350 et 600 °C, correspondant à la bande spectrale comprise entre 0,8 et 1 ,1 μm. Avantageusement, chaque caméra est associée à un élément d'éclairage dans le proche infrarouge, chaque élément d'éclairage étant, par exemple, constitué par un élément au silicium à 880 nm.This type of video camera can detect hot spots, for temperatures between around 350 and 600 ° C, corresponding to the spectral band between 0.8 and 1.1 μm. Advantageously, each camera is associated with a lighting element in the near infrared, each lighting element being, by example, consisting of a silicon element at 880 nm.
Suivant une autre caractéristique de l'invention, chaque caméra et l'élément d'éclairage associé sont logés à l'intérieur d'un boîtier étanche fermé par un hublot. Il est intéressant de noter que, dans la bande spectrale de la caméra CCD, le facteur de transmission spectrale du hublot est une constante qui ne dépend que de l'épaisseur du matériau traversé. Dans la mesure où chaque caméra est associée à un élément d'éclairage, elle permet d'effectuer d'autres types de détection, notamment des détections de feux, de fumées, de mouvements de charge, et de visualisation de l'enceinte dans laquelle cette caméra est placée. Ce dispositif est avantageux en ce sens que tous les capteurs sont de même nature, et sont associés à un même calculateur et à un même tableau de commande.According to another characteristic of the invention, each camera and the associated lighting element are housed inside a sealed housing closed by a porthole. It is interesting to note that, in the spectral band of the CCD camera, the spectral transmission factor of the window is a constant which only depends on the thickness of the material traversed. Insofar as each camera is associated with a lighting element, it makes it possible to carry out other types of detection, in particular detection of fires, smoke, charge movements, and display of the enclosure in which this camera is placed. This device is advantageous in the sense that all the sensors are of the same nature, and are associated with the same computer and with the same control panel.
Suivant une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le boîtier contient également un dispositif de régulation de la température, et/ou un dispositif de dégivrage du hublot, ainsi qu'un bloc d'alimentation, de commande et de contrôle.According to another characteristic of the invention, the box also contains a device for regulating the temperature, and / or a device for defrosting the window, as well as a power supply, command and control unit.
Le dispositif peut ainsi fonctionner dans des environnements divers, notamment dans des conditions d'humidité, de pression et de températures variables, sans que ces conditions n'affectent sa fiabilité. En ce qui concerne l'éclairage, celui-ci n'est pas réalisé de façon permanente, puisque le calculateur provoque l'éclairage de chaque élément d'éclairage pour des durées, par exemple, comprises entre environ 40 et 100 millisecondes. Il est ainsi possible de disposer de résultats fournis par chaque caméra, sans éclairage, par exemple pour des mesures thermographiques ou certaines mesures de feu, et à des mesures nécessitant un éclairage, comme les mesures de présence de fumées, de mouvements de la charge, ou de visualisation de l'intérieur de la soute. Les images peuvent être acquises avec des temps d'intégration plus ou moins importants. Suivant une caractéristique, ce dispositif compare deux images, dont l'une constitue une image de référence, acquises successivement pour détecter des variations de position des objets se trouvant dans le champ de chaque caméra. Il est ainsi possible de détecter le mouvement d'une charge, en se basant sur une comparaison d'images. Dans le cas d'une soute d'avion, l'image de la charge formant référence est mémorisée avant le décollage de l'appareil, une comparaison en temps réel de l'image de la soute par rapport à l'image de référence durant le vol, permettant de détecter des variations géographiques de la charge et de localiser et mesurer ces variations. Le système permet une résolution déterminant un déplacement de la charge par rapport à la soute d'une valeur de 50 mm à 15 m avec un angle horizontal de 30° .The device can thus operate in various environments, in particular under conditions of humidity, pressure and variable temperatures, without these conditions affecting its reliability. As far as the lighting is concerned, this is not carried out permanently, since the computer causes the lighting of each lighting element for durations, for example, between approximately 40 and 100 milliseconds. It is thus possible to have the results provided by each camera, without lighting, for example for thermographic measurements or certain fire measurements, and to measurements requiring lighting, such as measurements of presence of smoke, movements of the charge, or viewing the interior of the hold. The images can be acquired with more or less long integration times. According to one characteristic, this device compares two images, one of which constitutes a reference image, acquired successively to detect variations in the position of the objects located in the field of each camera. It is thus possible to detect the movement of a load, based on a comparison of images. In the case of an aircraft hold, the image of the load forming a reference is memorized before the aircraft takes off, a comparison in real time of the image of the hold in relation to the reference image during the flight, making it possible to detect geographic variations in the load and to locate and measure these variations. The system allows a resolution determining a displacement of the load relative to the hold of a value of 50 mm to 15 m with a horizontal angle of 30 °.
Le dispositif permet aussi la localisation, en trois dimensions, d'un objet de la scène, en vision "monoculaire", sous réserve que l'objet soit muni d'une mire. Il permet également, par ce moyen, le suivi dynamique de l'objet dans la scène. A cet effet, il est réalisé une autocalibration de détection sur une mire plane, cette mire étant connue par le système. Les paramètres suivants sont extraits de la calibration : distorsion géométrique, focale, facture de discrétisation de pixels, centre optique. Une extraction automatique des points de la mire est réalisée, ainsi qu'une correction de la distorsion à partir des paramètres et un appariement des points distordus avec le modèle objet, et enfin la localisation (translation, rotation, donc distance de l'objet par rapport à la caméra) à partir des étapes précédentes.The device also allows the localization, in three dimensions, of an object of the scene, in "monocular" vision, provided that the object is provided with a target. It also allows, by this means, dynamic tracking of the object in the scene. To this end, an autocalibration of detection is carried out on a flat test pattern, this test pattern being known by the system. The following parameters are extracted from the calibration: geometric distortion, focal length, pixel discretization invoice, optical center. An automatic extraction of the points of the target is carried out, as well as a correction of the distortion from the parameters and a pairing of the distorted points with the object model, and finally the localization (translation, rotation, therefore distance of the object by camera) from the previous steps.
Quelque soit le procédé utilisé pour localiser les objets et détecter leurs déplacements, le dispositif est rendu insensible aux phénomènes interferents du type vibrations.Whatever the process used to locate objects and detect their movements, the device is made insensitive to interfering phenomena of the vibration type.
En outre, ce dispositif analyse l'histogramme des niveaux de gris d'une image fournie par une caméra avec comptage des points ayant un niveau supérieur à un seuil prédéterminé et formant une région connexe de l'image, pour en déduire l'existence et l'étendue d'une zone de feu. Une détection est déclenchée sur variation de l'histogramme de l'image, de laquelle on déduit, d'une part, l'étendue de la zone de feu par comptabilisation du nombre minimum de pixels contigus de l'image et, d'autre part, le niveau des points de la zone de feu, c'est-à-dire le seuil minimum sur les différents pixels, en effectuant une discrimination des phénomènes interferents, tels que ceux résultant du soleil ou d'une lampe à incandescence.In addition, this device analyzes the histogram of the gray levels of an image supplied by a camera with counting of the points having a level higher than a predetermined threshold and forming a connected region of the image, to deduce the existence thereof and the extent of a fire zone. A detection is triggered on variation of the image histogram, from which the extent of the fire area is deduced on the one hand by accounting for the minimum number of contiguous pixels of the image and, on the other hand On the other hand, the level of the points of the zone of fire, that is to say the minimum threshold on the different pixels, by discriminating interfering phenomena, such as those resulting from the sun or from an incandescent lamp.
En outre, ce dispositif analyse la distribution des niveaux de gris ainsi que le nombre de classes présentes dans chaque image fournie par une caméra pour détecter la présence éventuelle de fumée. La détection de fumées est basée sur la localisation dans l'image d'un rehaussement de luminosité lié à l'opacité de la fumée, sachant que cette image est fournie alors que l'élément d'éclairage est en fonctionnement. La détection est déclenchée par variation de l'histogramme de l'image, d'où l'on déduit le taux d'opacité moyen qui se traduit par un pourcentage de rehaussement de l'image dû à la diffusion de lumière, et l'étendue de la zone de fumée. La discrimination brouillard/fumées est réalisée à l'aide d'un capteur hygrométrique situé dans l'enceinte, ou par analyse du gradient spatio-temporel de diffusion, sachant que le gradient d'évolution en transmission de la fumée est faible, tandis que le gradient de transmission dans le brouillard est fort. Le calculateur est relié à au moins une alarme à laquelle est fourni un signal lors de la détection d'une anomalie. S'il s'agit de la surveillance de la soute d'un avion, l'équipage de celui-ci peut, en cas de détection actionnant une alarme, et grâce à l'écran, utiliser le dispositif comme un dispositif de visualisation permettant une vision de l'intérieur de la soute, pour contrôler si cette détection est justifiée, et ne résulte pas d'un défaut de fonctionnement.In addition, this device analyzes the distribution of the gray levels as well as the number of classes present in each image supplied by a camera to detect the possible presence of smoke. Smoke detection is based on the location in the image of an increase in brightness linked to the opacity of the smoke, knowing that this image is provided while the lighting element is in operation. Detection is triggered by variation of the histogram of the image, from which the average opacity rate is deduced, which results in a percentage of enhancement of the image due to the scattering of light, and the extent of the smoke zone. The fog / smoke discrimination is carried out using a hygrometric sensor located in the enclosure, or by analysis of the space-time diffusion gradient, knowing that the evolution gradient in smoke transmission is low, while the transmission gradient in the fog is strong. The computer is connected to at least one alarm to which a signal is supplied when an anomaly is detected. If it is a question of monitoring the hold of an aircraft, the crew thereof can, in the event of detection activating an alarm, and thanks to the screen, use the device as a display device allowing a vision of the interior of the hold, to check if this detection is justified, and does not result from a malfunction.
De toute façon, l'invention sera bien comprise à l'aide de la description qui suit, en référence au dessin schématique annexé représentant, à titre d'exemple non limitatif, une forme d'exécution de ce dispositif :In any case, the invention will be clearly understood with the aid of the description which follows, with reference to the appended schematic drawing representing, by way of nonlimiting example, an embodiment of this device:
Figure 1 est un schéma bloc du dispositif ; Figure 2 est une vue schématique d'une caméra et de son environnement ;Figure 1 is a block diagram of the device; Figure 2 is a schematic view of a camera and its environment;
Figures 3 à 7 sont des vues d'images et d'histogrammes mettant en évidence le mode de détection d'un certain nombre de phénomènes par ce dispositif.Figures 3 to 7 are views of images and histograms highlighting the mode of detection of a certain number of phenomena by this device.
Le dispositif de surveillance d'une enceinte 2, telle que la soute d'un avion selon l'invention, comprend, comme montré à la figure 1 , un certain nombre de blocs caméras 3 situés dans l'enceinte 2, afin de couvrir la totalité du volume de celle-ci, reliés à un même calculateur 4, ce calculateur 4 étant lui-même connecté à un panneau de commande 5, à des écrans de visualisation 6, et comportant une sortie 7 vers des alarmes.The device for monitoring an enclosure 2, such as the hold of an aircraft according to the invention, comprises, as shown in FIG. 1, a certain number of camera units 3 located in enclosure 2, in order to cover the entire volume thereof, connected to the same computer 4, this computer 4 being itself connected to a control panel 5, to display screens 6, and having an output 7 to alarms.
Comme montré à la figure 2, chaque bloc caméra 3 contient une caméra CCD 8 à très courte bande spectrale comprise entre 0,4 μm et 1 ,1 μm, équipée d'un filtre infrarouge 9 éliminant la bande spectrale comprise entre environ 0,4 μm et 0,8 μm. Cette caméra est logée à l'intérieur d'un boîtier étanche 10, obturé par un hublot 12, permettant à la caméra 8 de saisir des images. Le boîtier 10, rempli d'un gaz inerte, est équipé d'un dispositif de chauffage 13 assurant la régulation de température et d'un dispositif de dégivrage 14 du hublot 12. A l'intérieur du boîtier 10 est également logé un élément d'éclairage 15 dans le proche infrarouge, par exemple un éclairage au silicium à 880 nm. Le boîtier 10 contient également un bloc 16 d'alimentation, de commande et de contrôle de la caméra, de l'éclairage, du chauffage et du dégivrage. Un connecteur 17 permet de réaliser la liaison de ce bloc caméra 3 avec le calculateur 4. Compte tenu de ces spécificités, chaque caméra peut réaliser différents types de détection. Ainsi, comme montré à la figure 3, la caméra peut agir comme un détecteur thermographique, détectant un point chaud 18, par incrustation graphique sur l'image visualisée.As shown in FIG. 2, each camera unit 3 contains a CCD camera 8 with a very short spectral band between 0.4 μm and 1.1 μm, equipped with an infrared filter 9 eliminating the spectral band between approximately 0.4 μm and 0.8 μm. This camera is housed at the interior of a waterproof housing 10, closed by a porthole 12, allowing the camera 8 to capture images. The housing 10, filled with an inert gas, is equipped with a heating device 13 ensuring temperature regulation and with a defrosting device 14 for the porthole 12. Inside the housing 10 is also housed an element d lighting 15 in the near infrared, for example silicon lighting at 880 nm. The housing 10 also contains a power supply 16, for controlling and monitoring the camera, the lighting, the heating and the defrosting. A connector 17 makes it possible to link this camera unit 3 with the computer 4. In view of these specificities, each camera can carry out different types of detection. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, the camera can act as a thermographic detector, detecting a hot spot 18, by graphic overlay on the displayed image.
Ce type de caméra peut également détecter des déplacements de charge. Il convient de réaliser la saisie d'une première image 19, représentée à la figure 4, dans laquelle la charge occupe une position de référence. Ensuite, il est possible d'effectuer des prises de vues correspondant à celles ayant fourni l'image 19 qui est l'image de référence, l'image 20 ainsi obtenue étant comparée à l'image de référence pour détecter d'éventuelles variations de position de la charge -voir figure 5.This type of camera can also detect charge movements. It is necessary to carry out the capture of a first image 19, represented in FIG. 4, in which the load occupies a reference position. Then, it is possible to take shots corresponding to those having provided the image 19 which is the reference image, the image 20 thus obtained being compared with the reference image to detect possible variations in position of the load - see figure 5.
La figure 6 représente une image 22 et la figure 7 un histogramme 23 de l'image 22. La présence de feu dans l'image 22 se manifeste par une zone 24 à forte luminosité (phénomène de saturation). Pour détecter l'apparition d'un tel phénomène, on utilise l'histogramme 23 des niveaux de gris, qui permet de connaître la distribution des niveaux de gris de l'image. La détection est déclenchée sur un seuil avec comptage des points ou pixels ayant un niveau supérieur au seuil et formant un certain nombre de points contigus. Le traitement comprend ici aussi une analyse des variations spatio-temporelles de la flamme (fréquence d'apparition des niveaux de gris, et son évolution).FIG. 6 represents an image 22 and FIG. 7 a histogram 23 of the image 22. The presence of fire in image 22 is manifested by an area 24 of high luminosity (saturation phenomenon). To detect the appearance of such a phenomenon, the gray level histogram 23 is used, which makes it possible to know the distribution of the gray levels of the image. Detection is triggered on a threshold with counting of points or pixels having a level higher than the threshold and forming a number of contiguous points. The treatment here also includes an analysis of the spatio-temporal variations of the flame (frequency of appearance of the gray levels, and its evolution).
La détection de fumée est basée sur la localisation dans l'image, avec éclairage, d'une augmentation de la luminosité liée à l'opacité de la fumée.Smoke detection is based on the location in the image, with lighting, of an increase in brightness linked to the opacity of the smoke.
Un capteur hygrométrique, non représenté au dessin, placé dans l'enceinte 2, permet d'effectuer la discrimination entre le brouillard et la fumée. Comme il ressort de ce qui précède, l'invention apporte une grande amélioration à la technique existante en fournissant un dispositif de surveillance de l'intérieur d'une enceinte 2 permettant d'effectuer différents types de détection à l'aide d'un seul type de capteur. Dans la mesure où n capteurs 3 sont utilisés, ces n capteurs sont gérés par un seul et même calculateur 4.A humidity sensor, not shown in the drawing, placed in enclosure 2, makes it possible to discriminate between fog and smoke. As is apparent from the above, the invention brings a great improvement to the existing technique by providing a device for monitoring the interior of an enclosure 2 making it possible to carry out different types of detection using a single type of sensor. Insofar as n sensors 3 are used, these n sensors are managed by a single computer 4.
L'avantage de ce capteur 3 est qu'il est constitué par une caméra 8 standard, très sensible dans le proche infrarouge, à laquelle est associé un élément d'éclairage 15 insensible à la pression et à la température, l'ensemble étant placé dans un boîtier étanche 10.The advantage of this sensor 3 is that it consists of a standard camera 8, very sensitive in the near infrared, with which is associated a lighting element 15 insensitive to pressure and temperature, the assembly being placed in a waterproof case 10.
Le dispositif de surveillance, objet de l'invention, a aussi pour avantage de comprendre, outre le ou les capteurs, toute la logique de détection de mesure physique des phénomènes, et de suivi de ces phénomènes. Ce dispositif peut en outre tester l'ensemble des fonctions du ou des capteurs. The monitoring device, object of the invention, also has the advantage of understanding, in addition to the sensor or sensors, all the logic for detecting physical measurement of the phenomena, and for monitoring these phenomena. This device can also test all of the functions of the sensor (s).

Claims

8REVENDICATIONS 8 CLAIMS
1 . Dispositif de surveillance d'une enceinte (2), notamment de la soute d'un avion, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un capteur (3) constitué par une caméra CCD (8) à très courte bande spectrale comprise entre 0,4 μm et 1 , 1 μm, équipée d'un filtre infrarouge (9) éliminant la bande spectrale comprise entre environ 0,4 μm et 0,8 μm, ce capteur étant associé à un calculateur (4) assurant notamment le traitement d'image, au moins un écran de visualisation (6), et un tableau de commande (5).1. Device for monitoring an enclosure (2), in particular of the hold of an aircraft, characterized in that it comprises at least one sensor (3) constituted by a CCD camera (8) with very short spectral band between 0 , 4 μm and 1.1 μm, equipped with an infrared filter (9) eliminating the spectral band between approximately 0.4 μm and 0.8 μm, this sensor being associated with a computer (4) ensuring in particular the processing of image, at least one display screen (6), and a control panel (5).
2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que chaque caméra (8) est associée à un élément d'éclairage (15) dans le proche infrarouge.2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that each camera (8) is associated with a lighting element (15) in the near infrared.
3. Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'élément d'éclairage (15) est un élément au silicium à 880 nm.3. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the lighting element (15) is a silicon element at 880 nm.
4. Dispositif selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que chaque caméra (8) et l'élément d'éclairage (15) associé sont logés à l'intérieur d'un boîtier étanche (10) fermé par un hublot (12).4. Device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that each camera (8) and the associated lighting element (15) are housed inside a sealed housing (10) closed by a window (12 ).
5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le boîtier (10) contient également un dispositif (13) de régulation de la température, et/ou un dispositif (14) de dégivrage du hublot (12), ainsi qu'un bloc (16) d'alimentation, de commande et de contrôle.5. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that the housing (10) also contains a device (13) for regulating the temperature, and / or a device (14) for defrosting the window (12), as well as a power, command and control unit (16).
6. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le calculateur (4) provoque l'éclairage de chaque élément d'éclairage (15) pour des durées comprises entre environ 40 et 100 millisecondes. 6. Device according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the computer (4) causes the lighting of each lighting element (15) for durations of between approximately 40 and 100 milliseconds.
7. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il compare deux images (19, 20), dont l'une constitue une image de référence, acquises successivement pour détecter des variations de position des objets se trouvant dans le champ de chaque caméra (8). 7. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it compares two images (19, 20), one of which constitutes a reference image, acquired successively to detect variations in the position of objects found in the field of each camera (8).
8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'il analyse l'histogramme (23) des niveaux de gris d'une image (22) fournie par une caméra avec comptage des points ayant un niveau supérieur à un seuil prédéterminé et formant une région (24) connexe de l'image, pour en déduire l'existence et l'étendue d'une zone de feu.8. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it analyzes the histogram (23) of the gray levels of an image (22) supplied by a camera with counting of the points having a higher level at a predetermined threshold and forming a connected region (24) of the image, to deduce therefrom the existence and the extent of a zone of fire.
9. Dispositif selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il effectue une discrimination des phénomènes interferents, tels que ceux résultant du soleil ou d'une lampe à incandescence.9. Device according to claim 8, characterized in that it discriminates between interfering phenomena, such as those resulting from the sun or an incandescent lamp.
10. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce qu'il analyse la distribution des niveaux de gris ainsi que le nombre de classes présentes dans chaque image fournie par une caméra (8) pour détecter la présence éventuelle de fumée.10. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it analyzes the distribution of the gray levels as well as the number of classes present in each image supplied by a camera (8) to detect the possible presence of smoke.
1 1 . Dispositif selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un capteur hygrométrique situé dans l'enceinte (2), pour la discrimination entre le brouillard et la fumée. 1 1. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that it comprises a hygrometric sensor located in the enclosure (2), for the discrimination between fog and smoke.
12. Dispositif selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que la discrimination brouillard/fumée est réalisée par analyse du gradient spatiotemporel de diffusion.12. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the fog / smoke discrimination is carried out by analysis of the spatiotemporal gradient of diffusion.
13. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le calculateur (4) est relié à au moins une alarme (7), à laquelle est fourni un signal, lors de la détection d'une anomalie. 13. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the computer (4) is connected to at least one alarm (7), to which a signal is supplied, when an anomaly is detected.
PCT/FR1999/000446 1998-02-27 1999-02-26 Device for monitoring an enclosed space, in particular an aircraft hold WO1999044178A1 (en)

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FR9802653A FR2775534B1 (en) 1998-02-27 1998-02-27 DEVICE FOR MONITORING AN ENCLOSURE, ESPECIALLY THE HOLD OF AN AIRCRAFT
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