US3813627A - Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability - Google Patents

Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability Download PDF

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Publication number
US3813627A
US3813627A US00369051A US36905173A US3813627A US 3813627 A US3813627 A US 3813627A US 00369051 A US00369051 A US 00369051A US 36905173 A US36905173 A US 36905173A US 3813627 A US3813627 A US 3813627A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fuse element
main fuse
auxiliary
fusion
current limiting
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00369051A
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English (en)
Inventor
R Koch
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US00369051A priority Critical patent/US3813627A/en
Priority to CA198,408A priority patent/CA992593A/en
Priority to GB2049474A priority patent/GB1466975A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3813627A publication Critical patent/US3813627A/en
Priority to DE19742427708 priority patent/DE2427708A1/de
Priority to JP49065127A priority patent/JPS5027940A/ja
Priority to DK308874A priority patent/DK308874A/da
Priority to FR7420120A priority patent/FR2232829A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/38—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc

Definitions

  • a current limiting fuse is employed as a part of a high voltage electrical distribution system to limit the flow of current under a fault condition to a magnitude substantially less than the current available for conduction under a short-circuit condition. Such performance is attained as a result of the construction of the current limiting fuse.
  • a current limiting fuse typically comprises one or more main fuse elements, each having a plurality of fusionpoints distributed along its length. Each main fuse element is longitudinally interconnected between electrical terminals and supported on a core of high-temperature-resistant ceramic material. A mass of inert granular arc quenching material surrounds each main fuse element and the core.
  • the current limiting fuse is serially connected in a portion of the electrical distribution system, and the current flowing in that portion of the distribution system is conducted by the main fuse elements.
  • the fusion points being pointsof higher resistance in the main fuse element, melt due to the increased temperature at the fusion points.
  • the melted fusion points create a series of arc gaps in the main fuse element, and the high voltage of the distribution system causes electrical arcs to bridge these are gaps.
  • the are gaps are electrically in series in the current path, and the voltage drop or potential across each of them. reduces or limits the amount of fault current conducted by the current limiting fuse to a magnitude substantially less than the current available under short-circuit conditions.
  • Theobjective of a current limiting fuse is not only to create as many serially connected arc gaps as possible to initially limit the magnitude of current conducted as a result of a short circuiton the system, but further to extinguish the arcs as rapidly as possible to terminate further conduction of current.
  • the inert granular arc quenching material helps achieve this result by providing a medium for the metal vapors of the melting main fuse element to be received and condensed, thereby removing energy from the arc.
  • the high temperature of the are at the arc gaps causes the inert arc quenching material to melt and form a material surrounding the arc gap called a fulgurite.
  • the fulgurite is a semiconductor of current when hot but an insulator when cool. Thus, the fulgurite must be cooled as rapidly as possible to terminate the flow of current and ex-,
  • Rapid cooling of the fulgurite during high fault current operation can be achieved by reducing the amount of arc energy at each arc gap, by creating a large number of serially connected arc gaps.
  • the operation of the current limiting fuse is precise and consistent.
  • the fault current causes each of the longitudinally displaced fusion points to substantially instantaneously melt, creating a large number of serially connected arc gaps in the current path, to limit the current as described above.
  • additional features must be incorporated in the current limiting fuse to insure reliable low current in.- terrupting ability.
  • a conventional feature for improving the low current interrupting capability of a current limiting fuse is that of employing a body of low-melting-temperature alloy in intimate contact with each main fuse element in its middle section. Under the influence of low magnitude overload current and before the fusion points melt the body of low-melting-temperature alloy melts and amalgamates with the main fuse element. This amalgamation is a spot of high resistance which causes an initial arc gap and a resulting semiconductive fulgurite. As the main fuse element begins to burn back from the initial arc gap, the heat energy present maintains the fulgurite in a conductive state to sustain the arc.
  • the arc and the semiconductive fulgurite will continue to lengthen along the total length of the main fuse element until a conductive path of fulgurite exists between the electrical terminals. Should this condition occur, the current limiting fuse will become a conductor having no ability to provide the desired function of a fuse which is to terminate the flow of current.
  • the additional series arc gaps provided in the aforementioned patent are the result of auxiliary arc gaps spaced from the main fuse element at points intermediate the body of low-melting-temperature alloy and the electrical terminals.
  • the auxiliary arc gaps are interconnected by an auxiliary fuse element whose melting characteristic is coordinated with the melting characteristic of the main fuse element.
  • the auxiliary arc gaps interconnected by the auxiliary fuse element form an electrical circuit which is electrically in parallel with the initial arc gap created by the body of low-meltingtemperature alloy.
  • a low magnitude overload current causes the ,body of low-meltingtemperature alloy to melt and form an initial arc gap.
  • the main fuse element begins to burn back and the voltage across the initial arc gap increases in magnitude and causes the auxiliary arc gaps to are over.
  • the arcs at the auxiliary arc gaps begin to melt the main fuse element in two additional positions.
  • the coordinated melting ratios of the main and auxiliary fuse elements should insure that the auxiliary arc gaps will conduct current long enough to melt completely through the mainfuse element at the two additional points, thereby forming two additional arc gaps or a total of three are gaps electrically connected in series.
  • the auxiliary fuse element melts in a number of spots to limit the current flowing through it. In this condition the main and auxiliary fuse elements theoretically both have a sufficient number of series are gaps to terminate current conduction.
  • a current limiting fuse constructed according to the present invention avoids this problem. It provides reliable, low current, interrupting capability by insuring that the auxiliary arc gaps consistently melt the main fuse element to produce additional series arc under a low magnitude overload current condition. This im proved low current interrupting capability is achieved by locating auxiliary arc gaps at points adjacent fusion points of the main fuse element and controlling the gap spacing to assure low sparkover voltage. The reduced cross-sectional area of the fusion points and the location and controlled gap spacing of the auxiliary arc gaps adjacent these points insure that the auxiliary fuse element will conduct current long enough to completely melt the main fuse element at the auxiliary arc gaps.
  • a current limiting fuse embodying the invention and having improved low current interrupting capability employs means for providing auxiliary arc gaps adjacent fusion points of at least one or a primary main fuse element.
  • the primary main fuse element is supported on a core of insulating material within a hollow insulating housing, and the primary main fuse element is electrically interconnected longitudinally between electrical terminals attached to the ends of the insulating housing.
  • a plurality of fusion points are distributed along the length of the primary main fuse element, and a body of low-meltingtemperature alloy is in intimate contact with the primary main fuse element at a point separated from the electrical terminals by a first and a second group of fusion points.
  • the first group comprises the fusion points longitudinally distributed along the primary main fuse element between one electrical terminal and the body of low-melting-temperature alloy
  • the second group comprises the fusion points longitudinally distributed along the remainder of the primary main fuse element between the other electrical terminal and the body of the low-melting-temperature alloy.
  • Means for providing a first auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the first group and means for providing a second auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the second group are electrically interconnected by an auxiliary fuse element.
  • An inert granular arc quenching material surrounds all of the elements within the hollow insulating housing.
  • the means for providing the auxiliary arc gaps adjacent the fusion points of the first and second groups insures that the primary main fuse element will completely melt through to establish at least two additional series arc gaps between the electrical terminals after the body of low-melting-temperature alloy has produced the initial arc gap.
  • Complete and reliable melting of the primary main fuse element is achieved as a result of the concise location and adjustment of the means for providing the first and second auxiliary spark gaps adjacent the fusion points of the first and second groups, respectively, of the primary main fuse element.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a current limiting fuse embodying the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken on line 2-2 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a longitudinal view of a main fuse element comprising a part of the invention.
  • FIG. 4a and 4b are views of preferred forms of arcing clips forming a portion of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1;
  • FIG; 5 is a partial view illustrating the arcing clip of FIG. 4a or 4b as it may be employed in the invention.
  • FIGS. 60 through 6f are illustrative schematic representations of the operation of the current limiting fuse of the present invention, illustrating its improved interrupting capability under low magnitude overload currents.
  • the current limiting fuse comprises a hollow insulating housing 10 having two ends to which are attached electrical terminals 12 and 14 through which current from the electrical distribution system passes.
  • the hollow insulating housing 10 may be constructed of ceramic material, pyrex glass, or a composite of glass fibers mixed with epoxy resin, and it encloses the elements of the current limiting fuse within its interior.
  • a spider or core 16 extends axially between the electrical terminals 12 and 14 within the housing 10.
  • the core may be constructed of inert ceramic material such as steatite, but it is preferably of an electrical insulating material adapted to evolve gas in the presence of an arc, for example a thermosetting composition including a filler having water of hydration which is emitted when the core is heated.
  • the core is generally of a star-shaped or cruciform cross-section (as best seen in FIG. 2), and has a plurality of longitudinally extending and radially protruding ribs 18. Each of the ribs 118 includes depressions 20 for defining a number of shoulders 22.
  • the arrangement of the shoulders generally form a helical path between the electrical terminals, and at least one or a primary main fuse element 24 is wound or supported on the shoulders 22 in a generally helical path to electrically interconnect the terminals 12 and 14.
  • the current requirements of current limiting fuses may require that more than one main fuse element be employed, but, at minimum, the primary main fuse element 24 must always be employed.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates two main fuse elements, the primary main fuse element 24 and one secondary main fuse element 26.
  • Each secondary main fuse element is electrically connected in parallel with the primary main fuse element 24 between the electrical terminals 12 and 14, and is also mechanically supported by the shoulders 22 in a generally helical path parallel to the helical path ofthe primary main fuse element 24.
  • An inert granular arc quenching material 28, for example quartz sand, is packed within the housing and surrounds all of the elements.
  • the main fuse element also includes a body 32 of low-melting-temperature alloy, for example lead-tin solder, in intimate contact with the main fuse element at a point intermediate the ends of the main fuse element. Because the main fuse element is electrically interconnected longitudinally between the electrical terminals, the body 32 of the low-meltingtemperature alloy is separated from one terminal by a first group 34 of fusion points and is separated from the other electrical terminal by a second group 36 of fusion points.
  • the first and second groups 34 and 36 respectively, each include at least one fusion point, thereby insuring that at least one fusion point separates the body of low-melting-temperature allow from each electrical terminal.
  • the body of low-melting-temperature alloy melts and forms an amalgamation with the main fuse element.
  • This amalgamation has a resistance much higher than the resistance of the fusion points 30 and will melt the main fuse element at the point of amalgamation to create an initial arc gap.
  • auxiliary arc gaps adjacent fusion points Attached to the core 16 in a position intermediate the axially extending and radially protruding ribs 18 are means 38' for providing a first auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the first group 34 and means 38" for providing a second auxiliary spark gap adjacent a fusion point of the second group 36.
  • Means 38 and 38" are rigidly attached to the core by cement or are mechanically attached.
  • An auxiliary fuse element 40 electrically interconnects the means 38' and 38 and is tightly wound and supported in a helical path in the depressions 20 of the ribs 18.
  • the melting characteristics of the auxiliary fuse element are coordinated with the melting characteristics of the main fuse element, and in many applications the auxiliary fuse element 40 may comprise a plurality of fuse wires electrically connected in parallel between the means 38' and 38". Generally, the ratio of the one hundred second melting current of the main fuse element will be a number of times greater than the one hundred second melting current of the auxiliary fuse element.
  • Means 38' and 38" may comprise, for example, an arcing clip 38, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 4a and 4b.
  • Each arcing clip 38 comprises a base portion 42 for attaching the arcing clip to the core 16 and an electrode portion 44 electrically connected to the base portion 42.
  • the base portion may include tabs 42' as shown in FIG. 4a for centering or positioning the arcing clip in depressions which have been formed in the core.
  • the electrode portion 44 may include extensions 44a and 44b, as illustrated in FIG. 4b, which may be bent and adjusted to align the electrode portion in a precise position to secure maximum perfonnance. As best seen in FIG. 2, the electrode portion 44 extends upward from the core 16 a distance less than than needed to touch the main fuse element 24, and the resulting spacing between the main fuse element, and the electrode portion of the arcing clip 38 forms the auxiliary arc gap. This spacing is referenced by dimension 46, and this spacing is adjustable due to the bendable construction of the electrode portion 44 and the extensions 44a and 44b.
  • the extensions 44a and 44b also insure that the electrode portion of the arcing clip can readily be adjusted to produce the auxiliary arc gap at a point adjacent a fusion point in the main fuse element.
  • the electrode extensions 44a and 44b of the arcing clip 38 are readily adjustable both in position relative to the fusion points and in spacing from the main fuse elements.
  • any number of main fuse elements may be connected in parallel depending upon the current requirements of a particular current limiting fuse.
  • FIG. 5 one primary main fuse element 24 and three secondary main fuse elements 26 are shown, but the auxiliary arc gaps are provided adjacent only two main fuse elements.
  • the extensions 44a and 44b have been adjusted to align the auxiliary arc gaps adjacent fusion points in the primary fuse element 24 and the outermost secondary main fuse element 26.
  • FIGS. 6a through 6f are merely schematic representations used to clearly describe the operation of the invention.
  • FIG. 6a means 38' for providing a first'auxiliary arc gap 60 adjacent a fusion point 30 of the first group 34 is shown.
  • Means 38' and 38" are interconnected by the auxiliary fuse element 40.
  • the heat associated with the are energy at the first and second auxiliary arc gaps melts the main fuse element at the first andsecond auxiliary arc gaps as shown in FIG. 6c to form two are gaps 66 and 68 in the main fuse element in addition to the initial arc gap 64. Because the first and second auxiliary arc gaps are located adjacent the fusion points and 30", this adjacent alignment insures that the main fuse element will reliably melt to produce the additional arc gaps 66 and 68.
  • the arcs at the first and second auxiliary arc gaps 60 and 62 continue conducting current until the auxiliary fuse element melts in a number of spots, a few of these melting spots being illustratedat 70. Arcs are established in these melting spots, and the voltage across each of these arcs limits the flow of current through the first and second auxiliary arc gaps and the auxiliary fuse element. The arcs in the auxiliary fuse element continue to lengthen until they can .no longer sustain a flow of current, at which time the flow of current through the auxiliary fuse element is terminated. At this time the initial arc gap 64 and gaps 66 and 68 reignite and resume arcing.
  • the improved low current interrupting capability previously described results from aligning the means 38' and 38" adjacent fusion points of the main fuse element. This alignment and gap spacing insures that the main fuse element will always reliably and rapidly melt to create the additional arc gaps 66 and 68.
  • the additional arc gaps 66 and 68 are not always created because the auxiliary fuse elements 40 melts and terminates the flow of current through it before additional arc gaps have been formed in the main fusion element. If the additional arc gaps are not completely formed, the initial arc gap 64 may resume arcing while the fulgurite surrounding the initial arc gap 64 remains a semiconductor. If this occurs the main fuse element will continue to burn-back at one point in its length whichcould result in a failure of the currentlimiting fuse to interrupt the low fault current.
  • the current limiting fuse has a reliable and improved low current interrupting capability that eliminates the danger of damage to the electrical system.
  • a current limiting fuse comprising:
  • a primary main fuse element having a plurality of fusion points, said primary main fuse element having a length and being electrically interconnected longitudinally between said electrical terminals, the fusion points being distributed along the length of said primary main fuse element, said primary main fuse element being supported on said core, a body of low-melting-temperature alloy in intimate contact with said primary main fuse element, the body of low-melting-temperature alloy being separated from one electrical terminal by a first group of fusion points and being separated from the other electrical terminal by a second group of fusion points, the first and second groups each including at least one fusion point;
  • auxiliary fuse element electrically interconnecting said means for providing first andsecond auxiliary arc gaps,,said auxiliary fuse element being within said housing;
  • said means for providing first and second auxiliary arc gaps each comprise an arcing clip having a base portion for attaching said arcing clip to said core and an electrode portion electrically connected to the base portion.
  • each electrode portion is adjustable both in position relative to the fusion point adjacent each auxilia'ry arc gap and in spacing from said primary main fuse element.
  • the current limiting fuse as recited in claim 1 further including:
  • each secondary main fuse element having substantially the same construction as said primary main fuse element;
  • said means for providing a first auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the first group of said primary main fuse element further provides a first auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the first group of at least one secondary main fuse element;
  • said means for providing a second auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the second group of said primary main fuse element further provides a second auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of the second group of each secondary main fuse element also having a first auxiliary arc gap adjacent a fusion point of its first group.
  • said means for providing first and second auxiliary arc gaps adjacent fusion points of said primary and secondary main fuse elements each comprise an arcing clip having a base portion for attaching said arcing clip to said core and an electrode portion electrically connected to the base portion.
  • first and second auxiliary arc gaps are provided adjacent fusion points of one secondary main fuse element
  • each said arcing clip includes two extensions, one extension being adjustable both in position relative to the fusion point of said primary main fuse element and in spacing from said primary main fuse element, and the other extension being adjustable both in position relative to the fusion point of said secondary main fuse element and in spacing from said secondary main fuse element.

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US00369051A 1973-06-11 1973-06-11 Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability Expired - Lifetime US3813627A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00369051A US3813627A (en) 1973-06-11 1973-06-11 Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability
CA198,408A CA992593A (en) 1973-06-11 1974-04-29 Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability
GB2049474A GB1466975A (en) 1973-06-11 1974-05-09 Current limiting fuse
DE19742427708 DE2427708A1 (de) 1973-06-11 1974-06-08 Strombegrenzende schmelzsicherung
JP49065127A JPS5027940A (de) 1973-06-11 1974-06-10
DK308874A DK308874A (de) 1973-06-11 1974-06-10
FR7420120A FR2232829A1 (de) 1973-06-11 1974-06-11

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00369051A US3813627A (en) 1973-06-11 1973-06-11 Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3813627A true US3813627A (en) 1974-05-28

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US00369051A Expired - Lifetime US3813627A (en) 1973-06-11 1973-06-11 Current limiting fuse having improved low current interrupting capability

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US3813627A (de)
JP (1) JPS5027940A (de)
CA (1) CA992593A (de)
DE (1) DE2427708A1 (de)
DK (1) DK308874A (de)
FR (1) FR2232829A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1466975A (de)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3843948A (en) * 1973-09-12 1974-10-22 Chase Shawmut Co High-voltage fuse
US3866318A (en) * 1973-09-12 1975-02-18 Chase Shawmut Co Method of manufacturing high-voltage fuse
US3986157A (en) * 1975-10-16 1976-10-12 The Chase-Shawmut Company Electric fuse having substantially prismatic casing
US4123738A (en) * 1977-05-16 1978-10-31 Mcgraw-Edison Company High voltage current limiting fuse
US4260976A (en) * 1979-02-09 1981-04-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Current limiting fuse with auxiliary element
US4388603A (en) * 1981-05-15 1983-06-14 Mcgraw-Edison Company Current limiting fuse
US5463366A (en) * 1992-09-17 1995-10-31 Cooper Industries, Inc. Current limiting fuse and dropout fuseholder
US20070236323A1 (en) * 2004-02-21 2007-10-11 Wickmann-Werke Gmbh Fusible Conductive Coil with an Insulating Intermediate Coil for Fuse Element
US20160189905A1 (en) * 2014-12-31 2016-06-30 Eaton Corporation Protection Device Employing Current Limiting Fuse and Vacuum Fuse
EP3188197A1 (de) * 2015-12-16 2017-07-05 PHOENIX CONTACT GmbH & Co. KG Überspannungsschutzgerät vom typ ii
US11393651B2 (en) * 2018-05-23 2022-07-19 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Fuse with stone sand matrix reinforcement

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4420735A (en) * 1981-07-20 1983-12-13 Rte Corporation Low current clearing back up fuse
JPS60147142U (ja) * 1984-03-09 1985-09-30 株式会社明電舎 限流フユ−ズ

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3243552A (en) * 1964-09-08 1966-03-29 Mc Graw Edison Co Current limiting fuse
US3256408A (en) * 1962-06-22 1966-06-14 Licentia Gmbh Fuse having an auxiliary arctransfer electrode
US3287525A (en) * 1965-02-26 1966-11-22 Mc Graw Edison Co Terminal means for fusible element of current limiting fuse
US3603909A (en) * 1970-07-06 1971-09-07 Chase Shawmut Co Multi-fuse-link high-voltage fuse having a link-supporting mandrel and means for equalizing the interrupting duty of the fuse links
US3733572A (en) * 1970-12-24 1973-05-15 Mc Graw Edison Co Current limiting fuse

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3256408A (en) * 1962-06-22 1966-06-14 Licentia Gmbh Fuse having an auxiliary arctransfer electrode
US3243552A (en) * 1964-09-08 1966-03-29 Mc Graw Edison Co Current limiting fuse
US3287525A (en) * 1965-02-26 1966-11-22 Mc Graw Edison Co Terminal means for fusible element of current limiting fuse
US3603909A (en) * 1970-07-06 1971-09-07 Chase Shawmut Co Multi-fuse-link high-voltage fuse having a link-supporting mandrel and means for equalizing the interrupting duty of the fuse links
US3733572A (en) * 1970-12-24 1973-05-15 Mc Graw Edison Co Current limiting fuse

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3843948A (en) * 1973-09-12 1974-10-22 Chase Shawmut Co High-voltage fuse
US3866318A (en) * 1973-09-12 1975-02-18 Chase Shawmut Co Method of manufacturing high-voltage fuse
US3986157A (en) * 1975-10-16 1976-10-12 The Chase-Shawmut Company Electric fuse having substantially prismatic casing
US4123738A (en) * 1977-05-16 1978-10-31 Mcgraw-Edison Company High voltage current limiting fuse
US4260976A (en) * 1979-02-09 1981-04-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Current limiting fuse with auxiliary element
US4388603A (en) * 1981-05-15 1983-06-14 Mcgraw-Edison Company Current limiting fuse
US5463366A (en) * 1992-09-17 1995-10-31 Cooper Industries, Inc. Current limiting fuse and dropout fuseholder
US20070236323A1 (en) * 2004-02-21 2007-10-11 Wickmann-Werke Gmbh Fusible Conductive Coil with an Insulating Intermediate Coil for Fuse Element
US20160189905A1 (en) * 2014-12-31 2016-06-30 Eaton Corporation Protection Device Employing Current Limiting Fuse and Vacuum Fuse
EP3188197A1 (de) * 2015-12-16 2017-07-05 PHOENIX CONTACT GmbH & Co. KG Überspannungsschutzgerät vom typ ii
US11393651B2 (en) * 2018-05-23 2022-07-19 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Fuse with stone sand matrix reinforcement

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2427708A1 (de) 1975-01-02
CA992593A (en) 1976-07-06
JPS5027940A (de) 1975-03-22
FR2232829A1 (de) 1975-01-03
DK308874A (de) 1975-01-27
GB1466975A (en) 1977-03-16

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