US2864721A - Plural coat enameling process - Google Patents
Plural coat enameling process Download PDFInfo
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- US2864721A US2864721A US547046A US54704655A US2864721A US 2864721 A US2864721 A US 2864721A US 547046 A US547046 A US 547046A US 54704655 A US54704655 A US 54704655A US 2864721 A US2864721 A US 2864721A
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- enameling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
Definitions
- This invention relates to a process for providing a vitreous enamel coating on a metallic surface and, more particularly, to an improved process for providing a very thin mat ground coat for porcelain enameled steel articles.
- Patent applications Serial Nos. 409,539 and 453,424, now U. S. Patent No. 2,786,782
- These ground coats differ from the conventional ground coats in that they are extremely thin (approximately .0005 to .004 inch thick) and are not glassy in appearance.
- the advantageous features of this process over the methods now commonly employed are: much smaller amounts of enameling materials are required for a given area; expensive adherence-promoting oxides, such as the oxides of cobalt, nickel, and manganese, are unnecessary ingredients to the frit compositions; and no specific surface preparation, such as etching or metal plating, other than providing a clean surface, is required.
- the present invention relates to a method of producing a thin mat ground coat which comprises milling a slip directly from raw-batch enameling materials, omitting the step of first fritting these enameling materials, applying the slip to a metallic article to a dry weight of 8 to 17 grams per square foot, two sides, and firing to obtain a coating, .0005 to .004 inch thick.
- raw-batch enameling materials such as fiint, feldspar and borax are brought together and fritted by heating the materials to a temperature of about 2200 F. and quenching in water.
- the frit is then ball milled with clay, water and other mill additions to form a slip which is then applied to a steel article to such a weight or thickness that when fired a glassy ground coat is' obtained.
- a conventional enameling slip is applied at a dry weight of from 1% to 1% ounces per square foot and forms a glass when fired at a temperature of about 1600 F. for from about 3 to 5 minutes.
- the enameling materials employed must be those that will form a glass when fired in the conventional manner but need not contain the conventional adherence promoting oxides. This is believed to be due to the fact that in providing the thin mat coat a conventional glass must first be obtained but that due to the thickness of application and the firing temperatures and times involved, the glass becomes saturated with iron oxide and converts into the desired mat coating.
- the enameling materials that may be used with the process of the present invention are those materials which will melt and form essentially the same calculated glass compositions as those obtained in conventional ground coats, when fired at a temperature of from about 1200 F. to 17 00 F.
- Adherence-promoting oxides such as the oxides of nickel, manganese and cobalt are not necessary enameling ingredients but will not adversely affect the resulting ground coat if present in their usual concentrations.
- Kyanite Sodium aluminate Small amounts of refractory enameling materials may be employed so long as these materials are not present in such quantities that a satisfactory glass and mat coating cannot be attained within the firing rangeof from 1200 F. to 1700 F.
- enameling materials are mixed with the usua slip forming materials, such as clay and water.
- Slip materials commonly used to form vitreous enamel may be employed in the present process. When employing clay in the slip the clay should not exceed 15 weight percent of the slip because of the refractory nature of clay.
- composition ranges disclosed in patent application Serial No. 453,424 applyequally to the process of the present invention. Therefore, it is preferable that any enameling materials used, including the abovementioned materials, on calculated analysis, will fall within the preferred ranges. In the present invention these ranges are calculated enameling. compositions instead of calculated frit compositions.- Table 1 below describes these preferred ranges.
- the preferred firing period is of short duration, the reactions must take place rapidly. To aid in this it is desirable to have intimate contact between fine ground particles. It is advantageous to employ water soluble and finely ground materials. The use of coarse materials requires longer firing times to complete the necessary reactions while firing. It is, therefore, advantageous that even the insoluble enameling constituents possess an average particle size of about 200 mesh or less.
- the enameling composition is ball milled or mixed with mill additions, such as clay and water, to form a liquid slip for enameling purposes.
- the liquid slip is applied to a steel surface by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other suitable means to form a coating.
- This coating is dried before firing.
- the coating should be applied to a weight of from 8 to 17 grams per square foot dry weight two sides (4 to 8 grams per square foot dry weight one side) to form a coating that will be approximately .0005 to .004 inch thick after firing.
- the firing temperature may range from 1200 F. to 1700 F. and the time of firing may vary from 2 to 10 minutes depending on the enameling materials, the temperature used, and the thickness of the metal being enameled. If the coated steel surface is overfired, the coating will become mechanically weak, there may be excessive reaction with a cover coat, there will be a loss of the adhesive-promoting properties of the coating to the metal surface, and the resulting coat may exhibit a rough surface. If underfired, there will be a loss in the adhesion properties of the coating to the metal surface.
- the enameled articles may be given a cover coat of a porcelain enamel by coating and firing again in the conventional manner.
- Enameling slips were prepared by ball milling the compositions illustrated in Table 2, below. The slips thus prepared were applied to steel surfaces by dipping to form a coating. These coatings, after they had dried, weighed approximately 12 grams per square foot of surface area, both sides.
- a vitreous enameled metal body which comprises: mixing with clay and water unfritted enameling materials to form a slip, said enameling materials being capable of forming a glass within a temperature range of from 1200 F. to 1700 F., and said enameling materials being in such proportions as to yield, on calculated analyses, an enameling material consisting esssentially of:
- Weight percent Fe O 1-15 ZnO 0-9 SiO 30-45 B 0 17-28 At least one material selected from the group consisting of Na O and K 0 11-22 CaO 3-8 A1 0 0-7 applying the resulting slip to a steel body to a dry weight of from 8 to 17 grams per square foot two sides, and firing within a temperature range of from 1200 F. to 1700 F.; applying a vitreous enamel cover coat and refiring.
- a vitreous enameled metal body which comprises: mixing unfritted enameling materials selected from the group consisting of alkali silicates boraX, boric acid, sodium calcium borate, colemanite, sodium aluminate, kyanite, alumina, aluminum silicate and black iron oxide, in such proportion as to yield, on calculated analyses, a material consisting essentially of:
- the process of producing a vitreous enameled steel body which comprises: preparing a slip by mixing enameling materials with water and up to percent dry weight clay, said enameling materials selected from the group consisting of alkali silicates, borax, boric acid, sodium calcium borate, colemanite, sodium aluminate, kyanite, alumina, aluminum silicate and black iron oxide, and said enameling material being in such proportion and to yield, on calculated analyses, a material consisting essentially of:
- Weight percent F5304 ZnO 0-9 SiO 30-45 B 0 17-28 At least one material selected from the group consisting of Na O and K 0 11-22 CaO 3-8 A1 0 0-7 applying the resulting slip to a steel body to a dry weight 6 and said enameling materials being in such proportion as to yield, on calculated analyses, when fired at a temperature of from 1200 F. to 1700 F. for a period of from 2 to 10 minutes, a glass consisting essentially of:
- Weight percent Fe O 1-15 ZnO 0-9 SiO 30-45 B 0 17-28 At least one material selected from the group consisting of Na i) and K 0 11-22 CaO 3-8 A1 0 0-7 silicate, l Na O to 2.94 SiO weight ratio) 27.0 Sodium silicate powder (1 Na O to 3.11 S103 weight ratio) 35.0 Regular borax 29.8 Sodium calcium borate 31.0 Clay 10.0 Flint 2.0 Feldspar 2.0 Black lI'OIl oxide 9.1 Kyanite 5.3
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Description
United States PatentO PLURAL COAT ENAMELING PROCESS Burnham W. King and John R. Schultz, Jr., Columbus, Ohio, assignors, by mesne assignments, to The Fletcher Enamel Company, Dunbar, W. Va., a corporation of West Virginia No Drawing. Application November 15, 1955 Serial No. 547,046
5 Claims. (Cl. 117-70) This invention relates to a process for providing a vitreous enamel coating on a metallic surface and, more particularly, to an improved process for providing a very thin mat ground coat for porcelain enameled steel articles.
Patent applications, Serial Nos. 409,539 and 453,424, now U. S. Patent No. 2,786,782, describe a method and preferred compositions for providing thin mat ground coats for porcelain enameling. These ground coats differ from the conventional ground coats in that they are extremely thin (approximately .0005 to .004 inch thick) and are not glassy in appearance. The advantageous features of this process over the methods now commonly employed are: much smaller amounts of enameling materials are required for a given area; expensive adherence-promoting oxides, such as the oxides of cobalt, nickel, and manganese, are unnecessary ingredients to the frit compositions; and no specific surface preparation, such as etching or metal plating, other than providing a clean surface, is required.
In applying vitreous enamel ground coats by means of prior art methods, including the methods disclosed above, it is considered necessary to prepare an enamel frit, then ball-mill the frit with clay and water plus minor mill additions to obtain the enamel slip with which to coat the article. When applying a glassy ground coat, it is necessary to first frit the enameling material in order to obtain an even, homogeneous adherent glassy coat. However, it has now been found that the step of fritting the enamel ground-coat composition is unnecsssary when applying a thin, mat-type ground coat of the nature described in patent applications, Serial Nos. 409,539 and -It is, therefore, the object of this invention to provide an improved method of producing porcelain enameled articles.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method of producing an enameling ground coat whereby the step of fritting enameling materials is eliminated.
Other objects and advantageous features can best be determined by the following specification and examples.
In general, the present invention relates to a method of producing a thin mat ground coat which comprises milling a slip directly from raw-batch enameling materials, omitting the step of first fritting these enameling materials, applying the slip to a metallic article to a dry weight of 8 to 17 grams per square foot, two sides, and firing to obtain a coating, .0005 to .004 inch thick.
When enameling steel parts by the conventional enameling processes, raw-batch enameling materials, such as fiint, feldspar and borax are brought together and fritted by heating the materials to a temperature of about 2200 F. and quenching in water. The frit is then ball milled with clay, water and other mill additions to form a slip which is then applied to a steel article to such a weight or thickness that when fired a glassy ground coat is' obtained. For example, when applying conventional ground coat to ZO-gage steel sheets, a conventional enameling slip is applied at a dry weight of from 1% to 1% ounces per square foot and forms a glass when fired at a temperature of about 1600 F. for from about 3 to 5 minutes. In patent application, Serial No. 409,539 a process is disclosed whereby the slip is applied to a weight of from /8 to ounce per square foot, dry weight, and fired at from 1300 to 1700 F. for from 2 to 8 minutes to form a nonglassy ground coat approximately .0005 to .002 inch thick. This ground coat may then be satisfactorily provided with a conventional enameling cover coat that is ordinarily applied to a glassy-type ground coat. Patent application Serial No. 453,424 discloses preferred theoretical enameling frit compositions when using the process of patent application Serial No. 409,539. These preferred ranges are disclosed in Table 1 below. In obtaining the thin mat ground coat it has been found that the enameling materials employed must be those that will form a glass when fired in the conventional manner but need not contain the conventional adherence promoting oxides. This is believed to be due to the fact that in providing the thin mat coat a conventional glass must first be obtained but that due to the thickness of application and the firing temperatures and times involved, the glass becomes saturated with iron oxide and converts into the desired mat coating.
'It has now been found that the step of fritting may be eliminated when employing the process of patent application Serial No. 409,539. Raw-batch materials may be added directly to the ball mill or grinding apparatus in preparing an enamel slip.
In the practice of the present invention, where the step of fritting is omitted, highly refractoryenameling compositions mustv be avoided. The necessary reactions between the raw materials are accomplished during the firing of the dried slip which is preferably performed within the temperature range of from 1200 F. and 1700 F. It is, therefore, essential that the raw-batch materials employed be predominantly made up of materials that will form a glass within the temperature range of from 1200 F. to 1700 F. For this reason, a conventional flint-, feldspar-, borax-type raw-batch composition may not be employed in the process of the present invention. Flint and feldspar are highly refractory materials and may be used as enameling materials for the present process only in minor quantities.
It is desirable when employing the process of the present invention to avoid using excessive amounts of enameling materials that tend to emit gas during firing. Examples of such materials are the carbonates which emit carbon dioxide when fired. The emission of excessive amounts of gas adversely affects the smoothness and continuity of the ground coat.
The enameling materials that may be used with the process of the present invention are those materials which will melt and form essentially the same calculated glass compositions as those obtained in conventional ground coats, when fired at a temperature of from about 1200 F. to 17 00 F. Adherence-promoting oxides such as the oxides of nickel, manganese and cobalt are not necessary enameling ingredients but will not adversely affect the resulting ground coat if present in their usual concentrations.
In the place of the conventional enameling materials such as flint and feldspar it is advantageous to employ alkali silicates such as sodium silicate. Other enameling materials which have proved to be highly satisfactory are the following:
Kyanite Sodium aluminate Small amounts of refractory enameling materials may be employed so long as these materials are not present in such quantities that a satisfactory glass and mat coating cannot be attained within the firing rangeof from 1200 F. to 1700 F.
These enameling materials are mixed with the usua slip forming materials, such as clay and water. Slip materials commonly used to form vitreous enamel may be employed in the present process. When employing clay in the slip the clay should not exceed 15 weight percent of the slip because of the refractory nature of clay. j
The preferred composition ranges disclosed in patent application Serial No. 453,424 applyequally to the process of the present invention. Therefore, it is preferable that any enameling materials used, including the abovementioned materials, on calculated analysis, will fall within the preferred ranges. In the present invention these ranges are calculated enameling. compositions instead of calculated frit compositions.- Table 1 below describes these preferred ranges.
5101.. 30-45 B103 17-23 N820 and/0r K 0- 11-22 08 ss AlgOs 0 7 Minor additions of other enameling materials may be added to the raw-batch compositions and the theoretical calculated compositions of Table 1 which do not adversely affect the resulting mat ground coat and which do not throw the composition substantially outside of the preferred concentration ranges.
Due to the fact that the preferred firing period is of short duration, the reactions must take place rapidly. To aid in this it is desirable to have intimate contact between fine ground particles. It is advantageous to employ water soluble and finely ground materials. The use of coarse materials requires longer firing times to complete the necessary reactions while firing. It is, therefore, advantageous that even the insoluble enameling constituents possess an average particle size of about 200 mesh or less.
The enameling composition is ball milled or mixed with mill additions, such as clay and water, to form a liquid slip for enameling purposes. The liquid slip is applied to a steel surface by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other suitable means to form a coating. This coating is dried before firing. For best results the coating should be applied to a weight of from 8 to 17 grams per square foot dry weight two sides (4 to 8 grams per square foot dry weight one side) to form a coating that will be approximately .0005 to .004 inch thick after firing.
The firing temperature may range from 1200 F. to 1700 F. and the time of firing may vary from 2 to 10 minutes depending on the enameling materials, the temperature used, and the thickness of the metal being enameled. If the coated steel surface is overfired, the coating will become mechanically weak, there may be excessive reaction with a cover coat, there will be a loss of the adhesive-promoting properties of the coating to the metal surface, and the resulting coat may exhibit a rough surface. If underfired, there will be a loss in the adhesion properties of the coating to the metal surface.
The optimum time and temperature within the ranges given are dependent upon the shape and gage of the 4 steel-basis material, the composition of the coating and the thickness of the slip is applied.
After cooling to a handling temperature, the enameled articles may be given a cover coat of a porcelain enamel by coating and firing again in the conventional manner.
The following specific examples are given to illustrate more fully the process of the present invention. They are given merely as illustrations and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention.
Enameling slips were prepared by ball milling the compositions illustrated in Table 2, below. The slips thus prepared were applied to steel surfaces by dipping to form a coating. These coatings, after they had dried, weighed approximately 12 grams per square foot of surface area, both sides.
All samples were fired for approximately 4 to 6 minutes at a temperature of approximately 1500 F. All samples were coated with a conventional enamel cover coat and refired. All of these samples exhibited commercially acceptable vitreous enamel surfaces.
Table 2 Batch Composition Material Amount, parts by weight Sodium silicate, solution (36.6% solid sodium silicate; 1 NaZO to Sodium aluminate. Kyanite 1 Additional water added after mixing to adjust to dipping consistency. For convenience, the invention has been described in connection with its use on steel surfaces, but it can be used also on enameling iron, cast iron, and similar ferrous materials.
While certain preferred embodiments of this invention have been described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
l. The process of producing a vitreous enameled metal body which comprises: mixing with clay and water unfritted enameling materials to form a slip, said enameling materials being capable of forming a glass within a temperature range of from 1200 F. to 1700 F., and said enameling materials being in such proportions as to yield, on calculated analyses, an enameling material consisting esssentially of:
Weight percent Fe O 1-15 ZnO 0-9 SiO 30-45 B 0 17-28 At least one material selected from the group consisting of Na O and K 0 11-22 CaO 3-8 A1 0 0-7 applying the resulting slip to a steel body to a dry weight of from 8 to 17 grams per square foot two sides, and firing within a temperature range of from 1200 F. to 1700 F.; applying a vitreous enamel cover coat and refiring.
2. The process of producing a vitreous enameled metal body which comprises: mixing unfritted enameling materials selected from the group consisting of alkali silicates boraX, boric acid, sodium calcium borate, colemanite, sodium aluminate, kyanite, alumina, aluminum silicate and black iron oxide, in such proportion as to yield, on calculated analyses, a material consisting essentially of:
Weight percent applying the resulting material in an enameling slip to a steel body to a dry weight from 7 to 17 grams per square foot two sides, and firing within a temperature range of from 1200 F. to 1700 F. for a period of from 2 to minutes; applying a vitreous enamel cover coat and refiring.
3. The process of producing a vitreous enameled steel body which comprises: preparing a slip by mixing enameling materials with water and up to percent dry weight clay, said enameling materials selected from the group consisting of alkali silicates, borax, boric acid, sodium calcium borate, colemanite, sodium aluminate, kyanite, alumina, aluminum silicate and black iron oxide, and said enameling material being in such proportion and to yield, on calculated analyses, a material consisting essentially of:
Weight percent F5304 ZnO 0-9 SiO 30-45 B 0 17-28 At least one material selected from the group consisting of Na O and K 0 11-22 CaO 3-8 A1 0 0-7 applying the resulting slip to a steel body to a dry weight 6 and said enameling materials being in such proportion as to yield, on calculated analyses, when fired at a temperature of from 1200 F. to 1700 F. for a period of from 2 to 10 minutes, a glass consisting essentially of:
Weight percent Fe O 1-15 ZnO 0-9 SiO 30-45 B 0 17-28 At least one material selected from the group consisting of Na i) and K 0 11-22 CaO 3-8 A1 0 0-7 silicate, l Na O to 2.94 SiO weight ratio) 27.0 Sodium silicate powder (1 Na O to 3.11 S103 weight ratio) 35.0 Regular borax 29.8 Sodium calcium borate 31.0 Clay 10.0 Flint 2.0 Feldspar 2.0 Black lI'OIl oxide 9.1 Kyanite 5.3
Total 151.2
applying the resulting slip to a steel body for a dry weight of approximately 12 grams per square foot of surface area, both sides, firing at a temperature of approximately 1500 F. for a period of from 4 to 6 minutes; applying a vitreous enamel cover coat, and refiring.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Rosenburg Jan. 21, 1941 OTHER REFERENCES Andrews: Enamels, Twin City Printing Co., 1935, p. 295 relied on.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No 2, 864,721
December 16, 1958 Burnham W0 King et al,
ed that err ve numbered patent requiri Patent should or appears in the printed specification read as corrected belo ng correction and that the said Letters we Column 5, line 16, for
dry Weight from '7 to 17 grams Weight from 8 to 1'7 grams read me dry Signed and sealed this 14th day of April 1959,
(SEAL) Attest:
KARL H, AXLINE ROBERT C. WATSON Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents
Claims (1)
1. THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING A VITREOUS ENAMELED METAL BODY WHICH COMPRISES: MIXING WITH CLAY AND WATER UNFRITTED ENAMELING MATERIALS TO FORM A SLIP, SAID ENAMELING MATERIALS BEING CAPABLE OF FORMING A GLASS WITHIN A TEMPERATURE RANGE OF FROM 1200*F. TO 1700*F., AND SAID ENAMELING MATERIALS BEING IN SUCH PROPORTIONS AS TO YIELD, ON CALCULATED ANALYSES, AN ENAMELING MATERIAL CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF:
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US547046A US2864721A (en) | 1955-11-15 | 1955-11-15 | Plural coat enameling process |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US547046A US2864721A (en) | 1955-11-15 | 1955-11-15 | Plural coat enameling process |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2864721A true US2864721A (en) | 1958-12-16 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US547046A Expired - Lifetime US2864721A (en) | 1955-11-15 | 1955-11-15 | Plural coat enameling process |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US2864721A (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3174211A (en) * | 1965-03-23 | Gaszak method of manufacturing a resistance-heating type water heater | ||
| US3175920A (en) * | 1961-05-08 | 1965-03-30 | North American Aviation Inc | Corrosion protection at intermediate temperatures |
| US3338732A (en) * | 1964-10-07 | 1967-08-29 | Wolverine Porcelain Enameling | Porcelain enamel coating |
| US4044170A (en) * | 1973-08-10 | 1977-08-23 | Pfaudler-Werke A.G. | Surgical implant and method for its production |
| US4074010A (en) * | 1975-05-12 | 1978-02-14 | Lyle V. Anderson | Ceramic-paint coatings |
| US4110487A (en) * | 1976-10-28 | 1978-08-29 | Ferro Corporation | Dual coat ceramic layer prepared by single firing |
| US4221824A (en) * | 1978-09-05 | 1980-09-09 | Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. | Method for enameling ferrous objects |
| US4508100A (en) * | 1983-04-15 | 1985-04-02 | Seb S.A. | Method for enameling the bottom face of a culinary vessel of aluminum or aluminum alloy and a culinary vessel obtained in accordance with said method |
| US6051275A (en) * | 1998-02-26 | 2000-04-18 | Procelain Metals Corporation, Inc. | Double porcelain-coated gas burner and method of making same |
| US20040188323A1 (en) * | 2003-03-24 | 2004-09-30 | Tzatzov Konstantin K. | Active coating system for reducing or eliminating coke build-up during petrochemical processes |
| US20080214381A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2008-09-04 | Rutgers, The State University | Moldable and low-temperature cure high-temperature composites |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2229524A (en) * | 1939-01-14 | 1941-01-21 | Enamelers Guild Inc | Method of making enamel ware |
-
1955
- 1955-11-15 US US547046A patent/US2864721A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2229524A (en) * | 1939-01-14 | 1941-01-21 | Enamelers Guild Inc | Method of making enamel ware |
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3174211A (en) * | 1965-03-23 | Gaszak method of manufacturing a resistance-heating type water heater | ||
| US3175920A (en) * | 1961-05-08 | 1965-03-30 | North American Aviation Inc | Corrosion protection at intermediate temperatures |
| US3338732A (en) * | 1964-10-07 | 1967-08-29 | Wolverine Porcelain Enameling | Porcelain enamel coating |
| US4044170A (en) * | 1973-08-10 | 1977-08-23 | Pfaudler-Werke A.G. | Surgical implant and method for its production |
| US4074010A (en) * | 1975-05-12 | 1978-02-14 | Lyle V. Anderson | Ceramic-paint coatings |
| US4110487A (en) * | 1976-10-28 | 1978-08-29 | Ferro Corporation | Dual coat ceramic layer prepared by single firing |
| US4221824A (en) * | 1978-09-05 | 1980-09-09 | Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. | Method for enameling ferrous objects |
| US4508100A (en) * | 1983-04-15 | 1985-04-02 | Seb S.A. | Method for enameling the bottom face of a culinary vessel of aluminum or aluminum alloy and a culinary vessel obtained in accordance with said method |
| US6051275A (en) * | 1998-02-26 | 2000-04-18 | Procelain Metals Corporation, Inc. | Double porcelain-coated gas burner and method of making same |
| US6071571A (en) * | 1998-02-26 | 2000-06-06 | Porcelain Metals Corporation, Inc. | Double porcelain-coated gas burner and method of making same |
| US20040188323A1 (en) * | 2003-03-24 | 2004-09-30 | Tzatzov Konstantin K. | Active coating system for reducing or eliminating coke build-up during petrochemical processes |
| US20080214381A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2008-09-04 | Rutgers, The State University | Moldable and low-temperature cure high-temperature composites |
| US7854882B2 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2010-12-21 | Rutgers, The State University | Moldable and low-temperature cure high-temperature composites |
| US7976962B2 (en) | 2006-03-24 | 2011-07-12 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Moldable and low-temperature cure high-temperature composites |
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