US20020096275A1

US20020096275A1 - Sizing dispersion

Info

Publication number: US20020096275A1
Application number: US09/923,092
Authority: US
Inventors: Erik Lindgren; Sten Frolich; Michael Persson; Nicholas Morgan; Ruth Dunleavey
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2000-08-07
Filing date: 2001-08-06
Publication date: 2002-07-25

Abstract

An aqueous dispersion of a sizing agent comprising starch having aromatic groups and a condensed sulfonate, wherein the starch contains less than 95 weight % of amylopectin.

Description

The present invention refers to an aqueous dispersion of a sizing agent comprising starch having aromatic groups containing less than 95 weight % of amylopectine and condensed sulfonate. The invention further encompasses a method for the preparation of an aqueous dispersion and the use of an aqueous dispersion as a stock or surface size.

BACKGROUD

Aqueous dispersions or emulsions of sizing agents are used in papermaking in order to give paper and paper board improved resistance to wetting and penetration by various liquids.

Dispersions of sizing agents generally contain an aqueous phase and finely divided particles or droplets of the sizing agent dispersed therein. The dispersions are usually prepared by homogenizing the sizing agent, water insoluble material in an aqueous phase in the presence of a dispersant using high shear forces and fairly high temperatures. Dispersants conventionally used include anionic, amphoteric and cationic high molecular weight polymers, e.g. lignosulfonates, starches, polyamines, polyamideamines, and vinyl addition polymers. The polymers can be used singly, together or in combination with other compounds to form a dispersant system. Depending on the overall charge of the components of the dispersant system, the size dispersions will be anionic or cationic in nature. The sizing dispersions are usually added to an aqueous suspension containing cellulosic fibres, optional fillers and various additives.

The cellulosic suspension contains a certain amount of non-fibrous material, for example fillers, colloidal substances, charged polymers and various charged contaminants, i.e. anionic trash, electrolytes, charged polymers etc. The charged contaminants has an influence on the sizing efficiency and commonly impairs the sizing performance. High amounts of charged contaminants such as high contents of salts in the suspension renders a suspension which is increasingly difficult to size, i.e. to obtain a paper with satisfactory sizing properties. Other compounds contained in the suspension which deteriorates sizing are various lipophilic wood extractives which may come from recycled fibres and mechanical pulps. An increased amount of added sizing agent often improve sizing, however, leading to higher costs as well an increased accumulation of sizing agents in the white water. The accumulation of non-fibrous material as well as any other components present in the suspension will be even more pronounced in mills where white water is extensively recirculated with the introduction of only low amounts of fresh water into the papermaking process. Thus, it is an objective of the present invention to further improve sizing. Another objective of the present invention is to improve sizing when applying sizes on cellulosic suspensions having high conductivities. Still another objective of the present invention is that the stability of the dispersions are improved. Yet further objectives will appear hereinafter.

INVENTION

In accordance with the invention it has been surprisingly been found that improved sizing can be obtained with an aqueous dispersion according to the claims. More specifically, the present invention refers to an aqueous dispersion of a sizing agent comprising starch having aromatic groups containing less than 95 weight % of amylopectine and a condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and aldehyde. The present invention further also encompasses a method for the preparation of an aqueous dispersion as well the use of the dispersion as a stock size and surface size.

The sizing agent of the dispersion according to the present invention is suitably any sizing agent known, such as non-cellulose-reactive agents including rosin, e.g. disproportionated rosin, hydrogenated rosin, polymerized rosin, formaldehyde-treated rosin, esterified rosin, fortified rosin and mixtures of such treatments and so treated rosins, fatty acids and derivatives thereof, e.g. fatty acid esters and amides like bis-stearamide, resin and derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrocarbon resins, resin acids, resin acid esters and amides, waxes, e.g. crude and refined paraffin waxes, synthetic waxes, naturally occuring waxes, etc, and/or cellulose-reactive agents. Preferably, the sizing agent is a cellulose-reactive sizing agent. The cellulose-reactive sizing agents comprised in the sizing dispersion can be selected from any cellulose-reactive agents known in the art. Suitably, the sizing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrophobic ketene dimers, ketene multimers, acid anhydrides, organic isocyanates, carbamoyl chlorides and mixtures thereof, preferably ketene dimers and acid anhydrides, most preferably ketene dimers. Suitable ketene dimers have the general formula (I) below, wherein R ¹and R²represent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, usually saturated hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon groups suitably having from 8 to 36 carbon atoms, usually being straight or branched chain alkyl groups having 12 to 20 carbon atoms, such as hexadecyl and octadecyl groups. The ketene dimers may be liquid at ambient temperature, i.e. at 25° C., suitably at 20° C. Suitable acid anhydrides can be characterised by the general formula (II) below, wherein R³and R⁴can be identical or different and represent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups suitably containing from 8 to 30 carbon atoms, or R³and R⁴together with the —C—O—C— moiety can form a 5 to 6 membered ring, optionally being further substituted with hydrocarbon groups containing up to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of acid anhydrides which are used commercially include alkyl and alkenyl succinic anhydrides and particularly isooctadecenyl succinic anhydride.

Suitable ketene dimers, acid anhydrides and organic isocyanates include the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,686, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Examples of suitable carbamoyl chlorides include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,427 which is also incorporated herein by reference.

The starch comprised in the dispersion according to the invention has aromatic groups and contains less than 95 weight % of amylopectin. Starch contains primarily two components namely amylos and amylopectin. Amylos is a linear polymer whereas amylopectin is a branched polymer having a molecular weight considerably higher than the molecular weight of amylos. Preferably, the aromatic starch has an amylopectin content less than 92 weight %, more preferably less than 90 weight %, and even more preferably less than 85 weight %. The starch comprised in the dispersion of the present invention is suitably a cationic starch having an aromatic group, i.e. the cationic starch has at least one aromatic group and at least one cationic group, the cationic group suitably being tertiary amino groups or, preferably, quaternary ammonium groups. The starch may also contain one or more anionic groups which can be, for example, phosphate, phosphonate, sulphate, sulphonate or carboxylic acid groups and they are preferably phosphate groups. If present, the anionic groups can be native or introduced by means of chemical treatment in conventional manner; native potato starch contains a substantial amount of covalently bound phosphate monoester groups. In amphoteric starches, cationic groups are preferably present in a predominant amount.

The aromatic group of the starch can be attached to a heteroatom, e.g. nitrogen or oxygen, the heteroatom optionally being charged, for example when it is a nitrogen. The aromatic group can also be attached to a group comprising a heteroatom, e.g. amide, ester or ether, which groups can be attached to the polysaccharide backbone(main-chain) of the starch, for example via a chain of atoms. Example of suitable aromatic groups and groups comprising an aromatic group include aryl and aralkyl groups, e.g. phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, phenylene, xylylene, benzyl and phenylethyl; nitrogen-containing aromatic (aryl) groups, e.g. pyridinium and quinolinium, as well as derivatives of these groups where one or more substituents attached to said aromatic groups can be selected from hydroxyl, halides, e.g. chloride, nitro, and hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Particularly suitable starches comprised in the sizing dispersion include those comprising the general structural formula (I):

wherein P is a residue of the starch polysaccharide; A is a group attaching N to the polysaccharide residue, suitably a chain of atoms comprising C and H atoms, and optionally O and/or N atoms, usually an alkylene group with from 2 to 18 and suitably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted or substituted by one or more heteroatoms, e.g. O or N, e.g. an alkyleneoxy group or hydroxy propylene group (—CH ₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—); R₁and R₂are each H or, preferably, a hydrocarbon group, suitably alkyl, having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, suitably 1 or 2 carbon atoms; R₃is an aromatic hydrocarbon group including aralkyl groups, e.g. benzyl and phenylethyl groups; n is an integer from about 2 to about 300,000, suitably from 5 to 200,000 and preferably from 6 to 125,000 or, alternatively, R₁, R₂and R₃together with N form a aromatic group containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms; and X⁻ is an anionic counterion, usually a halide like chloride.

The aromatic group modified cationic or amphoteric starch can have a degree of substitution varying over a wide range; the degree of cationic substitution (DS _C) can be from 0,01 to 0,5, suitably from 0,02 to 0,3, preferably from 0,025 to 0,2, the degree of aromatic substitution (DS_H) can be from from 0,01 to 0,5, suitably from 0,02 to 0,3, preferably from 0,025 to 0,2, and the degree of anionic substitution (DS_A) can be from 0 to 0,2, suitably from 0 to 0,1, preferably from 0 to 0,05.

The starches can be prepared by subjecting a starch to cationic and aromatic modification in known manner using one or more agents containing a cationic group and/or a aromatic group, for example by reacting the agent with the starch in the presence of an alkaline substance such as an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide. The starch to be subjected to cationic and aromatic modification can be non-ionic, anionic, amphoteric or cationic. Suitable modifying agents include non-ionic agents such as, for example, aromatic substituted succinic anhydrides; aralkyl halides, e.g. benzyl chloride and benzyl bromide; the reaction products of epichlorohydrin and dialkylamines having at least one substituent comprising an aromatic group as defined above, including 3-dialkylamino-1,2-epoxypropanes; and cationic agents such as, for example, the reaction product of epichlorohydrin and tertiary amines having at least one substituent comprising an aromatic group as defined above, including trialkylamines, alkaryldialkylamines, e.g. dimethylbenzylamine; arylamines, e.g. pyridine and quinoline. Suitable cationic agents of this type include 2,3-epoxypropyl trialkylammonium halides and halohydroxypropyl trialkylammonium halides, e.g. N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-(hydrophobic alkyl)-N,N-di(lower alkyl)ammonium chloride and N-glycidyl-N-(hydrophobic alkyl)-N,N-di(lower alkyl)ammonium chloride where the aromatic group is as defined above, notably octyl, decyl and dodecyl, and the lower alkyl is methyl or ethyl; and halo-hydroxypropyl-N,N-dialkyl-N-alkarylammonium halides and N-glycidyl-N-(alkaryl)-N,N-dialkylammonium chloride, e.g. N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-(alkaryl)-N,N-di(lower alkyl)ammonium chloride where the alkaryl and lower alkyl groups are as defined above, particularly N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride; and N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) pyridinium chloride. Generally, when using a non-ionic aromatic agent, the starch is suitably rendered cationic by using any of the cationic agents known in the art before or after the hydrophobic modification. Examples of suitable cationic and/or aromatic modifying agents, aromatic group modified starches and methods for their preparation include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,687,519 and 5,463,127; International Patent Application WO 94/24169, European Patent Application No. 189 935; and S. P. Patel, R. G. Patel and V. S. Patel, Starch/Starke, 41(1989), No. 5, pp. 192-196, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The starch, suitably cationic or amphoteric can be present in the dispersion in amounts varying within wide limits depending on, inter alia, the molecular weight of the compounds, the degree of ionic substitution of the compounds, i.e. the charge density, the desired overall charge of the dispersion and the hydrophobic material used. The starch can be present in an amount of up to 100% by weight, suitably from 0.1 to 35% by weight and preferably from 1 to 30% by weight, based on the hydrophobic material.

The dispersion according to the invention further comprises condensed sulfonates such as the condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and aldehyde. By condensed sulfonate is meant a sulfonate, suitably a polymeric sulfonate, obtained by a condensation reaction. Suitably, the dispersion comprises a condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and formaldehyde. The condensation products are generally polyelectrolytes and readily soluble in water. A wide variety of aromatic sulfonic acids can be used such as aromatic sulfonic acids containing one aromatic ring, usually having six carbon atoms, and aromatic sulfonic acids containing two or more aromatic rings having six carbon atoms as well as fused aromatic sulfonic acids. Suitably, the aromatic sulfonic acid is selected from naphthalene, naphthalene reacted with cresol, diphenyl ether, toluene, isopropylbenzene, cresol, phenol,. Commonly, the condensation products are formed by reacting the aromatic compound with sulfuric acid thereby forming sulfonic acid and thereafter adding the aldehyde whereby the condensation product is obtained. Occasionally, sodium sulfite may be present during the reaction. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the aqueous dispersion comprises a condensation product of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde, a condensation polymer commonly referred to as condensated naphthalene sulfonate.

The amount of condensed sulfonates present in the dispersion can vary within wide limits depending on, inter alia, the type of stock, and other compounds present in the aqueous dispersion like stabilisers, dispersion agent and sizing agents. Usually, the dispersion contains from about 1 up to about 20% by weight based on the sizing agent of condensed sulfonate, suitably from about 1 up to about 15% by weight, preferably from about 2 up to about 10% by weight based on the sizing agent.

The dispersions according to the present invention can be anionic or cationic depending on the amount of starch and/or further additives such as dispersing/stabilising agents and protecting compounds contained in the dispersions. By anionic or cationic dispersions is understood that the dispersant is anionic or cationic, i.e. has an overall anionic or cationic charge. The dispersant (system) refers to any compounds present in the dispersion which facilitate the formation of a dispersion/emulsion such as charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) and surfactants. Suitable additives can be any dispersing/stabilising agents and protecting agent known in the art such as non-ionic polymers; cationic, anionic and amphoteric polymers derived from natural sources, i.e. polysaccharides like starch, guar gum, cellulose, chitins, chitosans, glycans, galactans, glucans, xanthan gums, mannans, dextrins, etc., and synthetic organic polymers like condensation products, e.g. anionic polyurethanes and polymeric anionic compounds based on naphthalene, e.g. condensated naphthalene sulfonates, and further vinyl addition polymers formed from monomers with anionic groups, e.g. acrylic acid, methacylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene and phosphates of hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, optionally copolymerized with non-ionic monomers including acrylamide, alkyl acrylates, styrene and acrylonitrile as well as derivatives of such monomers, vinyl esters, and the like.

Suitably, the dispersion comprises cellulose-reactive sizing agents having a sizing agent contents of from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight, suitably above 20% by weight. Dispersions containing a ketene dimer sizing agent according to the invention may have ketene dimer contents within the range of from 5 to 50% by weight and preferably from about 10 to about 35% by weight. Dispersions, or emulsions, containing an acid anhydride sizing agent according to the invention may have acid anhydride contents within the range of from about 0.1 to about 30% by weight and usually from about 1 to about 20% by weight. Dispersions of non-cellulose-reactive sizing agents generally can have sizing agent contents of from 5 to 50% by weight and preferably from 10 to 35% by weight.

By the “term” dispersion” is meant both dispersion and emulsion depending on the physical state of the sizing agent.

The dispersions according to the invention can be prepared by a method comprising homogenising a sizing agent, suitably under pressure, in the presence of an aqueous phase and a starch preferably at a temperature where the sizing agent is liquid. The obtained aqueous emulsion, which contains droplets of the sizing agent, normally having a size of from 0.1 to 3.5 μm in diameter, is then cooled. Suitable temperatures for ketene dimer sizing agents are from about 55° C. to 95° C. whereas lower temperatures can be employed for acid anhydrides.

The dispersions of the present invention can be used as sizing agents in conventional manner in the production of paper using any type of cellulosic fibres and it can be used both for surface sizing and internal or stock sizing. The term “paper”, as used herein, is meant to include not only paper but all types of cellulose-based products in sheet and web form, including, for example, board and paperboard. The stock contains cellulosic fibres, optionally in combination with mineral fillers, and usually the content of cellulosic fibres is at least 50% by weight, based on dry stock. Examples of mineral fillers of conventional types include kaolin, china clay, titanium dioxide, gypsum, talc and natural and synthetic calcium carbonates such as chalk, ground marble and precipitated calcium carbonate.

The amount of sizing agent added to the stock can be from 0.01 to 5% by weight suitably from 0.05 to 1.0% by weight, based on the dry weight of cellulosic fibres and optional fillers, where the dosage is mainly dependent on the quality of the pulp or paper to be sized, the sizing agent used and the level of sizing desired.

Furthermore, the dispersions of the present invention are preferably used in the manufacture of paper from a stock containing cellulosic fibers, and optional fillers, having a high conductivity. Usually, the conductivity of the stock is at least 0.20 mS/cm, suitably at least 0.5 mS/cm, preferably at least 3.5 mS/cm. Very good sizing results have been observed at conductivity levels above 5.0 mS/cm and even above 7.5 mS/cm. Conductivity can be measured by standard equipment such as, for example a WTW LF 539 instrument supplied by Christian Berner. The values referred to above are suitably determined by measuring the conductivity of the cellulosic suspension that is fed into or present in the headbox of the paper machine or, alternatively, by measuring the conductivity of white water obtained by dewatering the suspension. High conductivity levels mean high contents of salts (electrolytes), where the various salts can be based on mono-, di- and multivalent cations like alkali metals, e.g. Na ⁺ and K⁺, alkaline earths, e.g. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, aluminium ions, e.g. AI³⁺, AI(OH)²⁺ and polyaluminium ions, and mono-, di- and multivalent anions like halides, e.g., Cl⁻, sulfates, e.g. SO₄ ²⁻ and HSO₄ ⁻, carbonates, e.g. CO₃ ²⁻and HCO₃ ⁻, silicates and lower organic acids. The dispersion is particularly useful in the manufacture of paper from stocks having high contents of salts of di- and multivalent cations, and usually the cation content is at least 200 ppm, suitably at least 300 ppm and preferably at least 400 ppm. The salts can be derived from the cellulosic fibres and fillers used to form the stock, in particular in integrated mills where a concentrated aqueous fibre suspension from the pulp mill normally is mixed with water to form a dilute suspension suitable for paper manufacture in the paper mill. The salt may also be derived from various additives introduced into the stock, from the fresh water supplied to the process, or be added deliberately, etc. Further, the content of salts is usually higher in processes where white water is extensively recirculated, which may lead to considerable accumulation of salts in the water circulating in the process.

The invention is further illustrated in the following Examples which, however, are not intended to limit the same. Parts and % relate to parts by weight and % by weight, respectively, unless otherwise stated.

EXAMPLE 1

An anionic sizing dispersion was prepared containing 8.9% of a commercial alkyl ketene dimer, 0.89% of an aromat substituted cationic starch having a DS of 0.065 containing benzyl groups, and 0.22% of condensated naphthalene sulphonate available under the trade name Tamol®. The anionic dispersion was added in an amount of 0.0125% (test 1) and 0,0140 (test 2) as indicated by table 1 to (dry base) based on the ketene dimer to a cellulosic suspension (dry base) containing 30% Pine, 30% Bee, 40% Eucaluptus, and 15% of precipitated CaCO[0025] ₃. The conductivity of the suspension was 500 μS/cm. To the suspension was also added a sizing promoter containing benzyl substituted starch having a DS of 0.065 (5 kg/tonne dry stock) and condensated naphtalene sulphonate (0.120 kg/tonne dry stock) available under the trade name Tamol®.

TABLE 1

anionic

sizing

dispersion/

[kg sizing

agent/tonne cobb

Test no. dry stock] 60/[g/m²]

test 1 0.125 27.0

test 2 0.140 25.5

EXAMPLE 2

In this example the same anionic sizing dispersion was used as in example 1. Furthermore, the same sizing promoter was also used as in example I containing benzyl substituted starch having a DS of 0.065 (5 kg/tonne dry stock) and condensated naphtalene sulphonate (0.120 kg/tonne dry stock) available under the trade name Tamol®. The anionic sizing dispersion was added to the same cellulosic suspension, however, the conductivity of the suspension was 5000 μS/cm instead of 500 μS/cm. [0026]

TABLE 2

anionic

sizing

dispersion/

[kg sizing

agent/tonne

Test no. dry stock] cobb 60/[g/m²]

test 1 0.125 33

test 2 0.140 25

EXAMPLE 3

The sizing performance of a cationic sizing according to prior art was evaluated using the cobb 60 test. The sizing dispersion was prepared by mixing cationic starch having no aromatic groups and lignosulphonate with molten AKD having an AKD content of 15 weight % based on total dispersion. The papermaking stock contained 85% of 30:30:40 pine:birch:eucaluptus sulphate pulp and 15% of precipitated calcium to which CaCl[0027] ₂was added. Stock consistency was 2.5 g/l having a pH of 8.1 and a conductivity of 500 ps. The dispersion was used in conjunction with a retention and dewatering system comprising a cationic aromatic modified starch having a DSc of 0.065 containing bezene groups and condensated naphtalene sulphonate which were added to the stock separately. The cationic aromatic modified starch was added in an amount of 5 kg/tonne, based on dry stock and the condensated naphtalene sulphonate was added in an amount of 0.5 kg/tonne, repectively.

TABLE 3

Sizing dispersion added/[kg

AKD/tonne dry stock] cobb 60/[g/m²]

0, 122 42

EXAMPLE 4

In this example the conditions, i.e. sizing dispersion, dewatering and retention system, etc. were the same as for example 3, however, the conductivity of the stock was 5000 μs by the addition of CaCl[0028] ₂.

TABLE 4

Sizing dispersion added/[kg

AKD/tonne dry stock] Cobb

0, 122 95

Claims

1. An aqueous sizing dispersion comprising a sizing agent, starch having aromatic groups and a condensed sulfonate, wherein the starch contains less than 95 weight % of amylopectin.

2. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the starch contains less than 90 weight % of amylopectin.

3. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and aldehyde.

4. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and formaldehyde.

5. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product derived from aromatic compounds selected from naphthalene, naphthalene and cresol, diphenyl ether, toluene, isopropylbenzene, cresol, and phenol.

6. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde.

7. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the sizing agent is a cellulose-reactive sizing agent.

8. A method of sizing paper comprising adding an aqueous sizing dispersion comprising a sizing agent, starch having aromatic groups containing less than 95 weight % of amylopectin and a condensed sulfonate, to an aqueous suspension containing cellulosic fibres, forming and dewatering the suspension on a wire, wherein the suspension has a conductivity of at least 0.5 mS/cm.

9. The method of sizing paper according to claim 8, wherein the suspension has a conductivity of at least 4.5 mS/cm.

10. The method of sizing paper according to claim 8, wherein the starch contains less than 90 weight % of amylopectin.

11. The method of sizing paper according to claim 8, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde.

12. The method of sizing paper according to claim 8, wherein the sizing agent is a cellulose-reactive sizing agent.

13. An aqueous sizing dispersion comprising a sizing agent, starch having the general structural formula (I):

wherein P is a residue of a starch; A is a chain of atoms comprising C and H atoms attaching N to the polysaccharide residue, R₁and R₂are each H or a hydrocarbon group, R₃is an aromatic hydrocarbon group, n is an integer from 2 up to 300000, and X⁻ is an anionic counter ion, and a condensed sulfonate, wherein the starch contains less than 95 weight % of amylopectin.

14. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the starch contains less than 90 weight % of amylopectin.

15. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and aldehyde.

16. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of aromatic sulfonic acids and formaldehyde.

17. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product derived from aromatic compounds selected from naphthalene, naphthalene and cresol, diphenyl ether, toluene, isopropylbenzene, cresol, and phenol.

18. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde.

20. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein R₁and R₂are alkyl groups having at least 2 carbon atoms, and R₃is an aralkyl group including benzyl and phenylethyl groups.

21. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the sizing agent is a cellulose-reactive sizing agent.

22. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 13, wherein the sizing agent is selected from ketene dimers and acid anhydrides.

23. A method of sizing paper comprising adding an aqueous sizing dispersion comprising a sizing agent, starch having the general structural formula (I):

wherein P is a residue of a starch; A is a chain of atoms comprising C and H atoms attaching N to the polysaccharide residue, R₁and R₂are each H or a hydrocarbon group, R₃is an aromatic hydrocarbon group, n is an integer from 2 up to 300000, and X⁻ is an anionic counter ion, and a condensed sulfonate, the starch containing less than 95 weight % of amylopectin, and a condensed sulfonate, to an aqueous suspension containing cellulosic fibres, forming and dewatering the suspension on a wire, wherein the suspension has a conductivity of at least 0.5 mS/cm.

24. The method of sizing paper according to claim 23, wherein the suspension has a conductivity of at least 4.5 mS/cm.

25. The method of sizing paper according to claim 23, wherein the starch contains less than 90 weight % of amylopectin.

26. The method of sizing paper according to claim 23, wherein the condensed sulfonate is a condensation product of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde.

27. The method of sizing paper according to claim 23, wherein the sizing agent is a cellulose-reactive sizing agent.