RU2798616C2 - Method for obtaining layers with optical effect - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: document protection.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions can be used to protect documents from illegal reproduction. The method for producing a layer with an optical effect containing an ornament includes applying a curable composition to the substrate. The coating contains non-spherical magnetic or magnetisable particles. The coating layer is subjected to a magnetic field with the orientation of non-spherical magnetic or magnetisable particles. The first region of the coating layer is irradiated with an LED source of actinic radiation with fixation of non-spherical magnetic or magnetisable particles. The coating layer is then subjected to a magnetic field with non-spherical magnetic or magnetisable particles oriented in the second region, and the second region of the coating layer is cured. The LED source of actinic radiation contains a matrix of individually addressable radiation emitters. The actinic radiation of the LED source is projected by the projector onto the coating layer while reducing the size of the projected image. Also proposed is a device for obtaining a layer with an optical effect.

EFFECT: group of inventions improves the resolution of a drawing made on a layer with an optical effect.

16 cl, 15 dwg

Description

The technical field to which the invention belongs

[001] The present invention relates to the field of protecting valuable documents and valuable commercial goods from counterfeiting and illegal reproduction. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for obtaining optical effect layers (OEL) containing an ornament made of at least two areas made from a single deposited and cured layer and containing magnetically oriented non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, using selective curing carried out by irradiation with an actinic radiation source.

Prerequisites for the creation of the invention

[002] It is known in the art to use radiation-curable inks, compositions or layers containing magnetic or magnetizable particles or pigments for the manufacture of security features, also known as security features, for example in the field of security documents such as, for example, banknotes.

[003] Security features, for example, for security documents, can be broken down into "hidden" and "overt" security features. The protection provided by latent security features is based on the principle that such features are hidden to the human senses, which usually require special equipment and knowledge to detect, while “overt” security features can be easily detected using the naked organs. human senses, such as, for example, such features may be visible and/or tactile and yet difficult to manufacture and/or replicate. The effectiveness of overt security features depends more on being easily recognized as a security feature, since users will only actually perform a security check based on such a security feature if they are aware of its existence and nature.

[004] The magnetic or magnetizable particles in the coatings allow the creation of magnetically induced images, patterns and/or patterns by applying an appropriate magnetic field, resulting in local orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles in the uncured coating, followed by curing of the latter. As a result, specific optical effects are obtained, i.e. fixed magnetically oriented images, patterns or drawings, which are highly resistant to forgery. Security features based on oriented magnetic or magnetizable particles can only be made with access to magnetic or magnetizable particles or an appropriate paint or coating composition containing said particles, a specific technology used to apply said paint or composition and to orient said pigment particles in the applied paint or coating composition, as well as methods for curing said composition containing said particles into a cured state, while fixing the magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations.

[005] A general method for producing an OEL, wherein said OEL comprises an ornament made from at least two areas made from a single cured layer, comprises: i) applying to a substrate a UV-curable paint or coating composition containing magnetic or magnetizable particles, with the formation of a coating layer, and the specified coating layer is in the first state; ii) exposing the coating layer to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device, orienting the pigment particles, iii) curing one or more first regions of the coating layer into a second state, fixing the magnetic or magnetizable particles in their assumed positions and orientations, said curing being carried out by selective irradiation of the coating layer with a radiation source; iv) exposing the coating layer to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device, with the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles that are contained in the coating layer still after the first state due to the selective curing of step iii), and v) curing the coating layer with fixation magnetic or magnetizable particles in their newly adopted positions and orientations.

[006] A method for producing an OEL, wherein said OEL comprises an ornament made from at least two areas made from a single cured layer using a fixed photomask comprising one or more cavities corresponding to a pattern to be formed as part of an image on the layer coverage transferred by a fixed substrate is disclosed, for example, in US 2011/221431. US 2011/221431 discloses a method in which a fixed photomask contains one or more holes corresponding to a pattern to be formed as part of an image. The magnetically oriented coating layer is irradiated with a UV source through said photomask to achieve selective curing under the photomask apertures. However, the disclosed methods can lead to the potential creation of shadow effects on the coating layer due to the limitations that a) the photomask cannot touch the uncured ink layer, but must be located at a certain distance from it, and that b) The UV source is necessarily an extended light source. This results in a low resolution image and requires operation at low print speeds due to the need to keep the substrate, photomask and UV source in a fixed assembly during the exposure time.

[007] Methods for producing OEL using a fixed photomask in which the coating layer is transferred by a moving substrate are disclosed in WO 2017/178651 A1, WO 2016/015973 A1, WO 2002/090002 A2, US 2010/021658. However, the disclosed methods may also result in shadow effects on the coating layer and/or blurring of the image due to the movement of the substrate at industrial speeds during exposure to irradiation without any possibility of realizing variable image information during printing.

[008] Methods for producing OEL using a moving photomask and a moving substrate are also known in the art, for example, from documents WO 2016/193252 A1, WO 2016/083259 A1, EP 3178569 A1, EP 1407897 A1. However, the disclosed methods may also result in the creation of shadow effects on the coating layer, resulting in a low resolution image.

[009] For example, WO 2016/015973 discloses a method for producing an OEL containing an ornament made from at least two areas made from a single cured coating layer on a substrate. The method includes the step of exposing a coating layer containing a plurality of magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to a device generating a magnetic field, and simultaneously or partially simultaneously solidifying the coating layer into a second state, with fixing the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their accepted positions and orientations, and the specified solidification is carried out through the substrate by irradiation with a UV-visible radiation source located on the side of the substrate, said substrate being transparent to one or more actinic wavelengths emitted by the radiation source. In one embodiment, the radiation source is equipped with a photomask so that one or more areas of the substrate carrying the coating layer are not exposed to UV and visible radiation. However, the disclosed methods may also result in the creation of shadow effects and haze on the coating layer as a result of partially exposed areas resulting from the optical geometry of the system.

[010] WO 02/090002 A2 discloses a method for producing images on coated articles. The method includes the steps of: i) applying a layer of a magnetizable pigment coating in liquid form to a substrate, wherein the magnetizable pigment coating contains a plurality of magnetic non-spherical particles or flakes, ii) exposing the coating to a magnetic field, and iii) curing the coating under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. During the curing step, an external photomask with cavities can be positioned between the pigment coating and the electromagnetic radiation source. The photomask described in WO 02/090002A2 allows curing only those areas of the coating that face the cavities of the photomask, thereby allowing the flake orientation to be fixed/immobilized only in these areas. The flakes dispersed in the non-exposed parts of the pigment coating can be reoriented in the next step using a second magnetic field. A pattern formed by selective curing with a photomask produces an image with a higher resolution than can be obtained using patterned magnetic fields, or patterns that cannot be obtained using simple magnetic fields. In this process, it is imperative to keep the relative positions of the coated substrate, photomask and radiation source in the same configuration during the curing step. As a consequence, the coated substrate cannot move in continuous translational motion in front of the fixed photomask and the source of electromagnetic radiation.

[011] In the art of curing a coating or ink composition with a UV source, it is known that the characteristics and design of the UV source and the precise conditions under which the coating or ink composition is exposed to the UV source are critical to high resolution imaging and fast composition curing.

[012] US 2012/0162344 discloses a system and method for selectively curing a magnetic flake coating using a scanning laser beam that scans a moving coated substrate. Selective curing is carried out in a magnetic field, which makes it possible to form images of magnetically aligned flakes and fix their orientation and position in selected areas of the coating. Thus, the images have areas of cured aligned flakes and areas that are not yet cured and can be reoriented with the second magnetic field and cured with the second irradiation. The scanning laser beam is moved to a plurality of positions along the path of the moving substrate to cure the magnetically oriented flake coating in the targeted areas.

[013] WO 2017/021504 A1 discloses the use of a UV block comprising an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs) to cure under UV radiation a coating layer located on a substrate. The matrix is formed from LED strings, each LED string is covered with a collimator lens that creates an enlarged image of the UV source on the substrate to realize a larger working width. Thus, the use of such a collimator lens with the possibility of reducing the size of the UV source allows curing across the entire width of a large moving web. However, this leads to a decrease in the density of UV radiation, which leads to an increase in curing time.

[014] "Printing anisotropic appearance with magnetic flakes" (Thiago Pereira et al., ACM Transactions on Graphics, Issue 36 (4), Article 123, July 2017) discloses the use of electromagnets and a Digital Light Processing (DLP) unit in which one of its color LEDs is replaced by a powerful 385 nm UV LED to selectively cure magnetically oriented magnetic pigment flakes in a coating layer placed on a substrate. The indicated LED is supplied with a current of 800 mA. Because the magnetic field is only uniform over a small area, the image needs to be projected over a small area, so the SLR lens is used in reverse to focus the projector on the target. During the printing process, each image is projected onto the substrate for twenty seconds to partially cure the resin and prevent the flakes from realigning in magnetic fields. The disadvantage of this process is the loss of light intensity on the DLP, which leads to a rather slow curing process, which, in turn, does not allow the process to run at industrial speeds. In addition, the image generated by the DLP unit cannot be applied to a curved surface such as an impression cylinder, nor can a moving substrate be used.

[015] Alternatively, light emitting diode (LED) printing and LED printers have been developed and are disclosed in, for example, US 6,137,518, which discloses a device comprising an array of light emitting diodes (Light Emitting Diodes) having a number of LEDs arranged in the form of a matrix and made with the possibility of controlled emission of light according to the image data. In LED printers, the photosensitive drum is selectively exposed to an addressable LED array via a lens array, such as a SELFOC lens array. The exposed drum is then used to print toner onto a substrate, just like a laser printer. The LED arrays used in LED printers are fully integrated high density linear LED arrays (at least 600dpi) having individually addressable LEDs and integrated addressable electronics. However, the main disadvantages of LED printer arrays in this context are that i) they rely only on low intensity radiation, and ii) the emission intensity of their individual emitters is too low to cure a coating layer containing magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles under reasonable industrial speed.

[016] There remains a need for improved methods that enable the industrial production of optical effect layers (OEL) containing an ornament made from at least two areas made from a single deposited and cured layer, while these methods use an irradiation source, when this avoids unnecessary loss of light density resulting in longer curing times and poor print quality. In addition, the methods must be capable of producing an OEL with at least two regions by selective irradiation determined by variable and adjustable information, said information being implemented at print time.

Brief description of the invention

[017] Accordingly, the aim of the present invention is to eliminate the above disadvantages of the prior art.

[018] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x10), wherein the OEL comprises an ornament made of at least two regions made from a single deposited and cured layer, the method comprising the steps :

a) applying, preferably by a printing process, to a substrate (x10) a radiation-curable coating composition containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles to form a coating layer (x20), the coating layer being in a first state, said first state is a liquid state;

b) b1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) with at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles oriented,

b2) at least partially curing one or more first regions of the coating layer (x20) into a second state while fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations; moreover, the curing is carried out by irradiating an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation with at least partial curing of one or more first regions of the layer (x20) of the coating, and as a result of which one or more second regions of the layer (x20) of the coating are not affected by irradiation,

while step b2) is carried out partly simultaneously with step b1) or after it, preferably partly simultaneously with it; And

c) at least partially curing one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) while fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations in the one or more second regions; moreover, the curing is carried out using a radiation source,

wherein the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation comprises a matrix, preferably a linear matrix or a two-dimensional matrix, of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters, and

wherein the actinic radiation is projected onto the coating layer (x20) to form one or more projected images.

[019] Preferably, step c) described herein consists of the following two steps: c1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to a magnetic field of either a first device (x31) generating a magnetic field or a second device (x32) generating a magnetic field, with orientation of at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, and c2) the step of at least partially curing one or more second regions of the layer (x20) of the coating, fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations in one or more second areas; moreover, curing is carried out using a radiation source, while said step c2) is carried out partly simultaneously with said step c1) or after it, preferably partly simultaneously with it.

[020] This document also describes optical effect layers (OEL) obtained by the method described in this document, as well as the use of these layers with an optical effect to protect a security document or a security product from forgery or falsification, as well as applications for decorative purposes .

[021] Also described herein are security documents, security articles, and decorative items or objects containing one or more optical effect layers (OELs) described herein.

[022] Also described in this document are devices for obtaining an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x10) described in this document, and the specified OEL contains an ornament made from at least two areas made from a single deposited and cured layer , and said device contains:

i) a printing unit configured to apply to the substrate (x10) a radiation-curable coating composition containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles to form a coating layer (x20),

ii) at least a first magnetic field generating device (x31) and optionally a second magnetic field generating device (x32) configured to orient at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles of the coating layer (x20),

iii) one or more LED actinic sources (x41) comprising an array, preferably a linear array or a two-dimensional array, of individually addressable actinic emitters configured to selectively cure one or more areas of the coating layer (x20), and

iv) optionally one or more magnetic devices configured to perform biaxial orientation; And

v) optionally a transport means capable of transporting the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) close to the LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation, and

vi) optionally a transfer device configured to simultaneously move the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) with a first magnetic field generating device (x31) and an optional second magnetic field generating device (x32).

[023] The method described herein makes it possible to obtain optical effect layers (OEL) made from a single layer and containing two or more areas made from a radiation-curable coating composition containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, when this two or more areas contain non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, oriented according to an excellent pattern of orientation with high resolution. Advantageously, the method described herein uses an LED actinic source (x41) comprising an array, which may be a linear (one-dimensional) array or a two-dimensional array, of the individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to selectively cure one or more than the first areas with improvements in resolution, heat dissipation, curing speed, and the size of equipment needed to obtain OEL. In addition, there are no moving parts subject to mechanical degradation or damage.

[024] Irradiation of the LED source (x41) with actinic radiation is directly (i.e., without a photomask) mapped onto the coating layer (x20), which maximizes the illumination intensity of the coating layer (x20) and maintains high production speed. This allows two or more distinct magnetic orientation images or patterns to be combined in one single printed optical effect layer (OEL) in a single pass on the press, avoiding additional printing passes and associated wastage of printing ink, as well as labor and processing time. By virtue of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (x41) described herein, the selective curing thus obtained allows variable information to be selectively transmitted to the optical effect layer, allowing individualization or serialization.

Brief description of the drawings

In FIG. 1A-D schematically illustrate a substrate (110) carrying a coating layer (120) that is exposed to an LED source (x11) of actinic radiation, said source (141) comprising a linear (one-dimensional, 1D) array of individually addressable actinic emitters.

In FIG. 2A-E schematically illustrate a substrate (x20) carrying a coating layer (220) that is exposed to an LED source (241) of actinic radiation, said source (241) comprising a two-dimensional (2D) array of individually addressable actinic emitters.

In FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an embodiment in which the selective curing of the coating layer (320) with an LED actinic light source (341) comprising an array of individually addressable actinic emitters is carried out by means of a projector (350).

In FIG. 4A1-2 - fig. 6A1-A2 schematically illustrate methods for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) described herein, said method comprising the following steps: step a) applying to a substrate (x10) (substrates with an asterisk on the right correspond to substrates in motion) cured by radiation compositions for coating containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles described in this document; step b) which consists of step b1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) described herein, step b2) at least partially curing one or more first areas of the layer (x20 ) coatings by irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation described in this document; and step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) while fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations.

In FIG. 7A1-2 - fig. 12A1-A2 schematically illustrate methods for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) described herein, said method comprising the following steps: step a) applying to a substrate (x10) (substrates with an asterisk on the right correspond to substrates in motion) cured by radiation compositions for coating containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles described in this document; step b) which consists of step b1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) described herein, step b2) at least partially curing one or more first areas of the layer (x20 ) coating by irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation described in this document; and step c) consisting of step c1) of exposing the coating layer (x20) to a magnetic field of either the first magnetic field generating device (x31) or the second magnetic field generating device (x32) and step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second areas of the layer (x20) of the coating with fixation of non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations.

In FIG. 7A3 - fig. 12A3 schematically illustrates methods for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) described herein, said method comprising the following steps: step a) applying to a substrate (x10) (substrates with an asterisk on the right correspond to substrates in motion) of a radiation-curable composition for coating containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles described in this document; step b) which consists of step b1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) described herein, step b2) at least partially curing one or more first areas of the layer (x20 ) coatings by irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation described in this document; step c) consisting of step c1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to a magnetic field of either the first device (x31) generating a magnetic field or the second device (x32) generating a magnetic field, and step c2) at least partially curing one or more second areas of the layer (x20) of the coating with the fixation of non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations; and optionally step d) consisting of step d1) of exposing the coating layer (x20) to either the magnetic field of the n ^th magnetic field generating device (x33) or the n ^th region of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) and step d2 ) at least partially curing one or more n ^th regions of the layer (x20) of the coating, fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations.

In FIG. 13 schematically shows how a drive logic chip can be connected to a linear array of 16 UV LEDs using direct chip-on-board technology.

In FIG. 14 schematically shows the first (FIG. 14a)) and second (FIG. 14b)) optical arrangement of the combined drive logic chip and UV LEDs of FIG. 13 to build a linear array of 128 pixels.

In FIG. 15 schematically depicts one optional method of addressing drive logic circuits with a serial data stream.

Detailed description

Definitions

[025] To interpret the meaning of the terms discussed in the description and set forth in the claims, the following definitions should be used.

[026] In the context of this document, the singular form of an object indicates one or more objects and does not necessarily limit the object to a single number.

[027] In the context of this document, the term "approximately" means that the specified amount or value may have a specific defined value or some other value adjacent to it. In general, the term "approximately" denoting a specific value is intended to mean a range within ±5% of the value. As one example, the phrase "about 100" means the range of 100 ± 5, i.e., the range from 95 to 105. In general, when using the term "about", it can be expected that similar results or effects according to the present invention can be obtained in range within ± 5% of the specified value.

[028] The term "substantially orthogonal" refers to a deviation of no more than 10° from perpendicular/orthogonal alignment.

[029] In the context of this document, the term "and/or" means that either all or only one of the elements of the specified group can be present. For example, "A and/or B" would mean "only A or only B, or both A and B". In the case of "only A", this term also covers the possibility of the absence of B, i.e. "only A, but not B".

[030] The term "comprising" in the context of this document is non-exclusive and subject to change. Thus, for example, a composition containing compound A may contain other compounds besides A. However, the term "comprising" also encompasses, as does its specific embodiment, the more restrictive meanings of "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of" so that, for example, "a composition comprising A, B and optionally C" could also (mostly) consist of A and B or (mostly) consist of A, B and C.

[031] The term "coating composition" refers to any composition that is capable of forming an optical effect layer (OEL) of the present invention on a solid substrate and that can be applied preferably, but not exclusively, by printing. The coating composition contains magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and a binder.

[032] The term "optical effect layer (OEL)" as used herein means a layer that contains magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and a binder, wherein the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed or immobilized (fixed/immobilized) in the binder.

[033] The term "curing" is used to refer to a process in which the viscosity of the coating composition is increased to convert it to a state, i.e., a hardened or solid state, when magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / immobilized in their current positions and orientations and can no longer move or rotate.

[034] When the present description relates to "preferred" embodiments/features, combinations of these "preferred" embodiments/features should also be considered as disclosed as long as the given combination of "preferred" embodiments/features is technically relevant.

[035] In the context of this document, the term "at least" means one or more, for example, one, or two, or three.

[036] The term "security document" refers to a document that is typically protected from forgery or falsification by at least one security feature. Examples of secure documents include, without limitation, documents of value and valuable commercial goods.

[037] The term "security feature" is used to refer to an image, pattern, or graphic element that can be used for authentication purposes.

[038] The present invention provides methods for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) on a (x10) substrate, wherein said OELs comprise an ornament made from at least two regions made from a single deposited and cured layer, and wherein at least At least two areas have a different orientation pattern of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. In a first embodiment, said distinct orientation pattern is obtained by at least partial disorientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles after step b2) described herein, said at least partial disorientation occurring in one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) who were not exposed to radiation during step b1) described in this document. In a second embodiment, said distinct orientation pattern is obtained by the additional step of exposing the coating layer (x20) to a magnetic field of either the first magnetic field generating device (x31) or the second magnetic field generating device (x32) described herein during step c1). The present invention also provides OEL obtained by these methods. The at least two ornamental regions may be adjacent, spaced apart or interconnected, preferably at least two ornamental regions are adjacent or interconnected. The at least two regions may be continuous or discontinuous.

[039] The methods for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) described herein include the step of a) applying, preferably by a printing process such as those described herein, to a substrate (x10) a radiation-curable coating composition, containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, such as those described herein, to form a coating layer (x20), step b) comprising step b1) of exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of a first device (x31) generating a magnetic field, with orienting at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles and, partly simultaneously with said step b1) or after it, preferably partly simultaneously with it, step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first regions of the coating layer (x20), wherein said curing is carried out by irradiating an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, preferably a LED source (x41) of actinic radiation in the UV and visible region, described in this document, with at least partial curing of one or more first regions of the layer (x20) of the coating, as a result of which one or more second areas of the layer (x20) of the coating are not affected by irradiation. By using an LED actinic source (x41), preferably a UV/VIS LED source (x41) as described herein, the coating layer (x20) is irradiated at one or more specific and selected positions of the coating layer (x20) to form one or more first regions of the layer (x20) of the coverage. After at least partially curing one or more first regions of the coating layer (x20), the method described herein further includes step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) with fixation of non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations in one or more second regions; moreover, the curing is carried out using a radiation source. Preferably, step c) described herein consists of step c1) of exposing the coating layer (x20) to a magnetic field or a second region of a first magnetic field generating device (x31), wherein the magnetic field line pattern of said second region is different from that of the first the magnetic field generating device used during step b1) or the second magnetic field generating device (x32) described herein with at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles oriented; and partly simultaneously with or after said step c1), preferably partly simultaneously with it, and step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20), said curing being carried out using the radiation source described in this document. By "partially simultaneously" it is to be understood that both steps are partly carried out simultaneously, i.e., the timing of each of the steps partially overlaps. In the context described herein, when curing b2)/c2) is carried out partly simultaneously with the orienting step b1)/c1), it should be understood that the curing takes effect after the orienting, so that the pigment particles are oriented before the complete or partial curing of one or more first/second layer areas (x20) of coverage.

[040] The single applied and cured layer described herein is obtained by applying to the substrate (x10) described herein a radiation-cured coating composition to form a layer (x20) of coating (step a)), wherein said the coating layer is in the first state, and by at least partially curing (steps b2) and c2)) said radiation-curable coating composition with a LED actinic radiation source (x41) containing an array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters, during said step b2) and with a light source during step c2), said light source may be an LED actinic light source containing an array of individually addressable actinic emitters such as those described herein, or may be a standard light source , which is non-addressable (x60), such as, for example, non-addressable carbon arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, medium, high and low pressure mercury lamps doped where appropriate with metal halides (metal halide lamps), microwave-pumped vapor lamps , excimer lamps, superactinoid fluorescent tubes, fluorescent lamps, argon-filled incandescent lamps, flash lamps, photographic floodlights and light emitting diodes, to the second state with fixation/immobilization of non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their accepted positions and orientations. The first and second states described herein can be achieved by using a binder material that exhibits a sufficient increase in viscosity in response to exposure to radiation. Thus, if the coating layer is at least partially cured, said layer is converted to a second state, i.e. a highly viscous or solidified or solid state in which the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are substantially fixed/immobilized in their current positions and orientations. and can no longer perceptibly move or rotate within the layer. Thus, it should be noted that the radiation-curable coating composition must be in a first state, i.e., a liquid or pasty state in which the radiation-curable coating composition is wet or soft enough that the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles , dispersed in the radiation-curable coating composition, are free to move, rotate, and/or orient under the influence of a magnetic field, and a second cured (e.g., solid) state in which the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed or immobilized in their respective positions and orientations.

[041] The method described herein includes the step of a) applying to the surface of a substrate (x10) described herein a radiation-cured coating composition described herein to form a layer (x20) of a coating, wherein said the coating composition is in a first physical state, which allows it to be applied as a layer, and it is in an uncured/hardened (i.e., wet) state in which non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can move and rotate within the binder material. Because the radiation-curable coating composition described herein is to be applied to the surface of the substrate (x10), the radiation-curable coating composition contains at least a binder material such as those described herein and non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles. pigment, wherein said radiation-curable coating composition is in a form that allows it to be processed on the required printing or coating equipment. Preferably, the step consisting of applying to the substrate (x10) described herein the radiation-curable coating composition described herein is carried out by a printing process, preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing and flexographic printing.

[042] After, in part simultaneously with or simultaneously with, preferably after, application of the radiation-curable coating composition described herein to the surface of the substrate described herein (step a)), at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented (step b1)) by subjecting the radiation-curable coating composition to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) described herein, aligning the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles along the magnetic field lines generated device (x31) that generates a magnetic field. After or partly simultaneously with, preferably partly simultaneously with, the step of orienting/aligning (step b1)) the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles by applying the magnetic field described herein, the orientation of at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed or immobilized (step b2)). After at least partially curing one or more first regions of the coating layer (x20) (step b2)), at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles of the still at least partially uncured one or more second regions are preferably oriented (step c1) ) by exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) or the second magnetic field generating device (x32) described herein, aligning the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles along the magnetic field lines, generated by the indicated magnetic field generating device (x31, x32) (step c1)), while the magnetic field line pattern of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) or the second magnetic field generating device (x32) differs from that of the first device (x31), which generates a magnetic field, during the first stage of orientation (stage b1)). After or partly simultaneously with, preferably partly simultaneously with, said second orientation step (step c1)), at least partial curing of one or more second areas of the coating layer (x20) (step c2)) is carried out.

[043] Provided that the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation used during step c) or during step c2) in step c1) as described herein does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the layer (x20 ) coating, whereby one or more of the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas of the layer (x20) of the coating are not exposed to irradiation and at least partially uncured, the method described in this document may additionally include n stages d1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to either the magnetic field of the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) device (x33) generating a magnetic field, or to the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) area of the first device (x31) that generates a magnetic field. After or partly simultaneously with, preferably partly simultaneously with, said n ^th orientation step (step d1)), at least partial curing of one or more n ^th areas of the coating layer (x20) is carried out (step d2). The method described herein may further include one or more additional steps d), wherein said one or more additional steps d) include steps d1) and d2) carried out after step c), wherein step d1) includes exposing the layer ( x20) covering the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device with orientation of at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, wherein the magnetic field generating device may be the same magnetic field generating device used during step b1) and /or c1), but in a different area, wherein the magnetic field line pattern of said different area is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first area of the magnetic field generating device (x31), or may be a different magnetic field generating device.

[044] The method described herein may further include one or more additional steps b-bis), wherein said one or more additional steps b-bis) include steps b1-bis) and b2-bis) carried out after step b ), wherein step b1-bis) comprises exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device with orientation of at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, wherein the magnetic field generating device may be the same the magnetic field generating device used during step b1) and/or c1), but in a different area, wherein the magnetic field line pattern of said different area is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first area of the magnetic field generating device (x31), or may be an excellent magnetic field generating device.

[045] Curing under the influence of radiation, preferably radiation in the UV and visible region, is used, since these technologies advantageously lead to very fast curing processes and, therefore, significantly reduce the time to obtain any product containing the OEL described herein. Moreover, the advantage of curing under the influence of radiation, preferably radiation in the UV and visible region, is to provide an almost instantaneous increase in viscosity of the radiation-cured coating composition described herein after exposure to radiation, thus minimizing any further movement of particles. As a consequence, basically any loss of orientation after the magnetic alignment steps can be avoided. Accordingly, radiation-curable coating compositions selected from the group consisting of UV-visible radiation-curable coating compositions are particularly preferred. Preferably, step b2) of at least partial curing and/or step c2) of at least partial curing is independently carried out by irradiation with UV-visible radiation (i.e. UV-visible radiation curing). Thus, suitable coating compositions according to the present invention include radiation-curable compositions that can be cured under UV-visible radiation (hereinafter referred to as UV-visible radiation-curable). According to one particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the radiation-curable coating composition described herein is a UV-visible radiation-curable coating composition. Particularly preferred is radiation curing by photopolymerization under the influence of actinic radiation having a component with a wavelength in the UV or blue part of the electromagnetic spectrum (generally from 200 nm to 650 nm, more preferably from 300 nm to 450 nm, even more preferably – from 350 nm to 420 nm). Curing under the influence of radiation in the UV and visible region advantageously allows very fast curing processes, and therefore significantly reduces the time to obtain the OEL described in this document, documents and products, as well as documents containing the specified OEL.

[046] Preferably, the radiation curable coating composition described herein contains one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of radical curable compounds and cationic curable compounds. The UV-VIS curable coating composition described herein may be a hybrid system and contain a mixture of one or more cationically curable compounds and one or more radically curable compounds. Cationically curable compounds are cured by cationic mechanisms, typically involving radiation activation of one or more photoinitiators that release cationic species such as acids, which in turn initiate curing to cause reaction and/or crosslink monomers and /or oligomers for hardening thereby coating compositions. Radical curable compounds are cured by free radical mechanisms, typically involving radiation activation of one or more photoinitiators, thereby generating radicals which in turn initiate polymerization to thereby cure the coating composition. Depending on the monomers, oligomers, or prepolymers used to form the binder contained in the UV-visible curable coating compositions described herein, various photoinitiators may be used. Suitable examples of free radical photoinitiators are known to those skilled in the art and include, without limitation, acetophenones, benzophenones, benzyl dimethyl ketals, alpha-aminoketones, alpha-hydroxy ketones, phosphine oxides, and phosphine oxide derivatives, and mixtures of two or more of these. Suitable examples of cationic photoinitiators are known to those skilled in the art and include, without limitation, onium salts such as organic iodonium salts (eg, diaryloiodonium salts), oxonium (eg, triaryloxonium salts), and sulfonium salts (eg, triarylsulfonium salts), as well as mixtures of the two or more of them. Other examples of photoinitiators used can be found in standard scientific textbooks. It may also be advantageous to include the sensitizer together with one or more photoinitiators to achieve effective curing. Representative examples of suitable photosensitizers include, but are not limited to, isopropylthioxanthone (ITX), 1-chloro-2-propoxythioxanthone (CPTX), 2-chlorothioxanthone (CTX), and 2,4-diethylthioxanthone (DETX), as well as mixtures of two or more of these. The one or more photoinitiators contained in the UV-visible curable coating compositions are preferably present in a total amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, more preferably from about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, while the weight percentage is calculated based on cured under the influence of radiation in the UV and visible region of the coating compositions.

[047] The radiation curable coating composition described herein, preferably the UV and visible curable coating compositions described herein, as well as the coating layer (x20) described herein, comprise non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. Preferably, the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are present in an amount of from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, more preferably from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, with the weight percentage calculated based on the total weight of the radiation-curable coating composition. The non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are preferably elongated or flattened ellipsoid, plate or needle shaped particles, or a mixture of two or more of these, and more preferably plate shaped particles.

[048] The non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein, due to their non-spherical shape, have anisotropic reflectivity to incident electromagnetic radiation, to which the cured/cured binder material is at least partially transparent. In the context of this document, the term "anisotropic reflectivity" means that the proportion of incident radiation at the first angle reflected by the particle in some direction (view) (the second angle) depends on the orientation of the particles, i.e., that the change in the orientation of the particle with respect to the first angle can result in a different amount of reflection in the viewing direction.

[049] In the OELs described herein, the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are dispersed in a coating layer (x20) containing at least a partially cured binder material that fixes the orientation of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles . The binder material is at least in its cured or solid state (also referred to herein as the second state) at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 2500 nm, i.e. within the range wavelengths, commonly referred to as the "optical spectrum", which contains the infrared, visible, and UV portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Accordingly, non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles contained in the binder in its solidified or solid state, as well as their orientation-dependent reflectivity, can be perceived through the binder at some wavelengths within this range. Preferably, the cured binder material is at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 800 nm, more preferably 400 nm to 700 nm. As used herein, the term "clear" means that the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the 20 µm layer of cured binder material present in the OEL (not including lamellar magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, but including all other optional components of the OEL, if such components are present) is at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70% at the considered wavelength(s). This can be determined, for example, by measuring the transmittance of a test specimen of the cured binder (not including lamellar magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles) in accordance with well-known test methods, for example according to DIN 5036-3 (1979-11). If the OEL serves as a machine-readable security feature, then technical means will typically be required to detect the (full) optical effect produced by the OEL under appropriate lighting conditions, including a selected wavelength in the invisible region; this detection requires that the wavelength of the incident radiation be chosen outside the visible range, for example, in the near UV range.

[050] Suitable examples of non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, without limitation, pigment particles containing a magnetic metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), gadolinium (Gd), and nickel ( Ni); magnetic alloys of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel and mixtures of two or more of them; magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel and mixtures of two or more of them; and mixtures of two or more of them. The term "magnetic" in relation to metals, alloys and oxides refers to ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic metals, alloys and oxides. The magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, or mixtures of two or more of these, may be pure or mixed oxides. Examples of magnetic oxides include, without limitation, iron oxides such as hematite (Fe ₂ O ₃ ), magnetite (Fe ₃ O ₄ ), chromium dioxide (CrO ₂ ), magnetic ferrites (MFe ₂ O ₄ ), magnetic spinels (MR ₂ O ₄ ), magnetic hexaferrites (MFe ₁₂ O ₁₉ ), magnetic orthoferrites (RFeO ₃ ), magnetic garnets M ₃ R ₂ (AO ₄ ) ₃ , where M is a divalent metal, R is a trivalent metal, and A is a tetravalent metal.

[051] Examples of non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, without limitation, pigment particles containing a magnetic layer M made of one or more magnetic metals such as cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), gadolinium (Gd ) or nickel (Ni); as well as a magnetic alloy of iron, cobalt or nickel, while these lamellar magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be multilayer structures containing one or more additional layers. Preferably, one or more additional layers are layers A, independently made of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides, such as magnesium fluoride (MgF ₂ ), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ) , titanium oxide (TiO ₂ ), zinc sulfide (ZnS) and alumina (Al ₂ O ₃ ), more preferably silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ); or B layers independently made of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, and more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al ), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), and even more preferably aluminum (Al); or a combination of one or more A layers, such as the layers described herein above, and one or more B layers, such as the layers described herein above. Typical examples of lamellar magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that are multilayer structures described herein above include, without limitation, A/M multilayer structures, A/M/A multilayer structures, A/M/B multilayer structures, A/B multilayer structures. /M/A, multilayer structures A/B/M/B, multilayer structures A/B/M/B/A, multilayer structures B/M, multilayer structures B/M/B, multilayer structures B/A/M/A , multilayer structures B/A/M/B, multilayer structures B/A/M/B/A/, where layers A, magnetic layers M and layers B are selected from those described in this document above.

[052] At least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein may be formed by non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and/or non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that do not have optically variable properties. Preferably, at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein is formed by non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. In addition to the clear protection afforded by the color-changing property of non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, which makes it easy to detect, recognize and/or distinguish an article or security document to which an ink has been applied, a radiation-curable coating composition, coating or layer containing the non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein from possible counterfeits using the naked human senses, the optical properties of the lamellar optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can also be used as a machine-readable tool for OEL recognition. Thus, the optical properties of the non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can simultaneously be used as a latent or semi-hidden optical security feature in an authentication process in which the optical (eg, spectral) properties of the pigment particles are analyzed. The use of non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in radiation-curable coating compositions to produce OEL increases the value of OEL as a security feature in security document applications because such materials (i.e., non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles) are intended for printing protected documents and are not available for commercial use by an unlimited number of persons.

[053] Moreover, and due to their magnetic characteristics, the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are machine-readable, and thus coatings or layers made from the radiation-curable coating compositions described herein and containing these pigment particles can be detected, for example, by means of special magnetic detectors. Thus, the radiation-curable coating compositions containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein can be used as a hidden or semi-hidden security element (authentication tool) for security documents.

[054] As mentioned above, preferably, at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is formed by non-spherical optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. More preferably, they may be selected from the group consisting of non-spherical magnetic thin film interference pigment particles, non-spherical magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, interference-coated non-spherical pigment particles containing magnetic material, and mixtures of two or more of these.

[055] Magnetic thin film interference pigment particles are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in US 4,838,648; W02002/073250A2; EP 0686675 B1; WO2003/000801A2; US 6838166; WO2007/131833A1; EP 2402401 A1 and in the documents cited therein. Preferably, the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles are pigment particles having a five-layer Fabry-Perot structure and/or pigment particles having a six-layer Fabry-Perot structure and/or pigment particles having a seven-layer Fabry-Perot structure.

[056] Preferred five-layer Fabry-Perot structures consist of absorber/dielectric/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structures, wherein the reflector and/or absorber is also a magnetic layer, preferably the reflector and/or absorber is a magnetic layer containing nickel , iron and/or cobalt, and/or a magnetic alloy containing nickel, iron and/or cobalt, and/or a magnetic oxide containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co).

[057] Preferred six-layer Fabry-Perot structures consist of absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic material/dielectric/absorber multilayer structures.

[058] Preferred seven-layer Fabry-Perot structures consist of absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic material/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structures such as those described in US 4,838,648.

[059] Preferably, the reflector layers described herein are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, more preferably selected from from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and their alloys, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and their alloys, and even more preferably - aluminum (Al). Preferably, the dielectric layers are independently made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF ₂ ), aluminum fluoride (AlF ₃ ), cerium fluoride (CeF ₃ ), lanthanum fluoride (LaF ₃ ) , sodium aluminum fluorides (for example, Na ₃ AlF ₆ ), neodymium fluoride (NdF ₃ ), samarium fluoride (SmF ₃ ), barium fluoride (BaF ₂ ), calcium fluoride (CaF ₂ ), lithium fluoride (LiF), as well as metal oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ), titanium oxide (TiO ₂ ), aluminum oxide (Al ₂ O ₃ ), more preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride (MgF ₂ ) and silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ), and even more preferably magnesium fluoride (MgF ₂ ). Preferably, the absorber layers are independently made of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), vanadium ( V), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), oxides of these metals, sulfides of these metals , carbides of these metals, as well as alloys of these metals, more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), oxides of these metals and alloys of these metals, and even more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and alloys of these metals. Preferably, the magnetic layer contains nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co); and/or a magnetic alloy containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co); and/or a magnetic oxide containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co). If the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprising a seven-layer Fabry-Perot structure are preferred, it is particularly preferred that the magnetic thin-film interference particles of a pigment comprise a seven-layer Fabry-Perot absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic material/reflector/dielectric/absorber structure consisting of multilayer structure Cr/MgF ₂ /Al/M/Al/MgF ₂ /Cr, where M is a magnetic layer containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co); and/or a magnetic alloy containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co); and/or a magnetic oxide containing nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co).

[060] The magnetic thin film interference pigment particles described herein may be multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment and are based on, for example, five-layer Fabry-Perot structures, six-layer Fabry-Perot structures, and seven-layer Fabry-Perot structures, wherein said pigment particles comprise one or more magnetic layers containing a magnetic alloy having a substantially nickel-free composition comprising from about 40 wt. % to about 90 wt. % iron, from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. % chromium and from about 0 wt. % to about 30 wt. % aluminium. Typical examples of multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment can be found in EP 2402401 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[061] The magnetic thin film interference pigment particles described herein are typically produced by conventional techniques for depositing various desired layers onto a web. After the required number of layers have been deposited, for example by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or electroplating, the stack of layers is removed from the web either by dissolving the release layer in a suitable solvent or by stripping material from the web. The material thus obtained is then broken down into lamellar pigment particles, which must be further processed by crushing, grinding (such as, for example, jet milling processes) or any suitable method designed to obtain pigment particles of the desired size. The resulting product consists of flat lamellar pigment particles with jagged edges, irregular shapes and various size ratios. Further information on the preparation of suitable lamellar magnetic thin film interference pigment particles can be found, for example, in EP 1710756A1 and EP 1666546A1, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[062] Suitable magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles exhibiting optically variable characteristics include, without limitation, magnetic single layer cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles and magnetic multilayer cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles. Such pigment particles are disclosed in WO 2006/063926 A1, US 6582781 and US 6531221, for example. , such as magnetization. The disclosed monolayers and pigment particles, which are obtained from them by grinding said monolayers, include a three-dimensionally cross-linked cholesteric liquid crystal mixture and magnetic nanoparticles. US 6,582,781 and US 6,410,130 disclose cholesteric multilayer pigment particles that contain the sequence A ¹ /B/A ² , where A ¹ and A ² may be identical or different and each contains at least one cholesteric layer and B is an intermediate layer that absorbs all or some of the light transmitted by layers A ¹ and A ² and imparts magnetic properties to said intermediate layer. US 6,531,221 discloses lamellar cholesteric multilayer pigment particles that contain the sequence A/B and optionally C, where A and C are absorbent layers containing pigment particles that impart magnetic properties to them, and B is a cholesteric layer.

[063] Suitable interference coated pigments containing one or more magnetic materials include, without limitation, structures consisting of a substrate selected from the group consisting of a core coated with one or more layers, wherein at least one of the core or one or more layers has magnetic properties. For example, suitable interference coated pigments comprise a core made of a magnetic material such as those described herein above, said core being coated with one or more layers made of one or more metal oxides, or having a structure consisting of a core, made of synthetic or natural mica, layered silicates (eg talc, kaolin and sericite), glasses (eg borosilicates), silicon dioxides (SiO ₂ ), aluminum oxides (Al ₂ O ₃ ), titanium oxides (TiO ₂ ), graphites and mixtures of two or more of them. Moreover, one or more additional layers, such as coloring layers, may be present.

[064] The non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein may be surface treated to protect them from any damage that may occur in a radiation-curable coating composition and/or to facilitate their incorporation into a curable coating composition. irradiated coating composition; typically, anti-corrosion materials and/or wetting agents can be used.

[065] The radiation-curable coating compositions described herein, preferably the UV-visible radiation-curable coating compositions described herein, may further comprise one or more colorant components selected from the group consisting of organic pigment particles, inorganic pigment particles, and organic dyes and/or one or more additives. The latter include, without limitation, compounds and materials that are used to adjust the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of the coating composition, such as viscosity (e.g., solvents, thickeners, and surfactants), consistency (e.g., anti-settling agents, fillers, and plasticizers), foaming properties (e.g. antifoam agents), lubricating properties (waxes, oils), reactivity and UV resistance (photosensitizers and photostabilizers), adhesion properties, antistatic properties, storage stability (polymerization inhibitors), etc. Additives described herein may be present in the radiation-curable coating composition described herein, preferably UV-visible radiation-curable coating compositions, in amounts and forms known in the art, including so-called nanomaterials, in which at least one of the additive sizes is in the range of 1-1000 nm.

[066] The radiation-curable coating compositions described herein, preferably UV-visible radiation-curable coating compositions, may further comprise one or more marker substances or markers and/or one or more machine-readable materials selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials (other than the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein described herein), luminescent materials, electrically conductive materials, and infrared absorbing materials. In the context of this document, the term "machine-readable material" refers to a material that exhibits at least one distinguishing property that is detectable by a device or machine, and which may be contained in a coating to provide a method for authenticating said coating, or an article containing said coating, through the use of a specific equipment for its detection and/or authentication.

[067] The radiation-curable coating compositions described herein, preferably the UV-visible radiation-curable coating compositions, can be prepared by dispersing or mixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein, and , in the presence of one or more additives in the presence of the binder described herein, thus forming liquid compositions. If present, one or more photoinitiators may be added to the composition either during the dispersion or mixing step of all other ingredients, or may be added at a later stage, i.e., after formation of the liquid coating composition.

[068] The methods described herein make it possible to obtain an OEL with at least two regions made from a single deposited and cured layer, either using a magnetic orientation step (step b1)) and at least partial disorientation, or preferably using at least two stages of magnetic alignment (steps b1) and c1)) and with the help of at least two stages of at least partial curing, while selective emission is obtained by using at least during step b2) an LED source (x41) actinic radiation containing a matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation described in this document. The final curing step can be performed either by using a light source that is either an LED (x41) actinic light source containing an array of individually addressable actinic light emitters such as those described herein for the selective curing described herein, or a standard light source , which is non-addressable (x60) described in this document. Selective curing is obtained by curing one or more subsets of pixels, said selective curing being obtained by selectively addressing the emitters of the LED actinic light source (x41) described herein, preferably obtained by selectively addressing the emitters of the LED actinic light source (x41) described in herein, according to one or more bitmap patterns of image pixels to be at least partially cured. In particular, one or more individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (x41) described herein are turned on while turning off the other one or more individually addressable actinic emitters in a dynamic and selective manner. Alternatively, in some embodiments, all emitters corresponding to image pixels may be addressed at once.

[069] As shown in FIG. 1 and 2, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is exposed to irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, said source (x41) containing either a linear (one-dimensional, 1D) array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters (see Fig. 1A-D), or a two-dimensional (2D) array of individually addressable actinic emitters (see Fig. 2A-E), and the actinic radiation is projected onto the coating layer (x20) to form one or more projected images, consisting from one or more first regions of the layer (x20) of the coating described herein. By "addressable" is meant that the emitters of an actinic LED source can be turned on and off individually or as different subsets by the processor. Addressable actinic emitters can be dynamically turned on and off by the processor according to the final optical effect layer (OEL) pattern. As shown in FIG. 1B, one or more addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (x41) can be turned off ( ^5th emitter in FIG. 1B) to selectively at least partially cure one or more first areas of the coating layer (x20), wherein one of the at least partially cured one or more first areas of the coating layer (x20) is shown as a dark gray area (A1), and one or more not yet cured areas of the coating layer (x20) is shown as a light gray area (A2) in Fig. . 1b. As shown in FIG. 1 and 2, the width of the linear or two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED source (x41) of the actinic radiation may be greater than the width of the coating layer (x20), and the actinic radiation is projected, preferably by means of a projection means (not shown), onto the layer (x20 ) coverage. As shown in FIG. 2, the surface of the two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED source (x41) of the actinic radiation may be larger than the surface of the coating layer (x20), and the actinic radiation is projected, preferably by means of a projection means (not shown), onto the coating layer (x20).

[070] Steps b1) and b2) provide one or more first regions having magnetically oriented non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, wherein the magnetic orientation pattern has been fixed/immobilized in said one or more first regions by selective curing by LED irradiation. source (x41) of actinic radiation described herein, wherein the shape of said one or more first regions is determined using selectively and individually addressed emitters of actinic radiation of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, i.e. by turning on and off individually addressable emitters actinic radiation of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, preferably according to one or more raster patterns.

[071] Step c) described herein, or steps c1) and c2) carried out in the preferred method described herein, provide one or more second regions having magnetically oriented non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles, wherein the pattern magnetic orientation was fixed/immobilized in the specified one or more second areas by curing or using a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (x60) (i.e., curing is carried out non-selectively on the entire surface of the layer (x20) of the coating), while the specified one or more of the second regions have a negative shape of one or more of the first regions determined by the selective curing of step b2), or by additional selective curing, carried out by irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, such as those described herein, while the shape of these one or more of the second area is defined by selectively and individually addressable actinic emitters, i.e. by turning on and off the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, preferably according to one or more bitmap patterns.

[072] If an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, such as those described herein, is used during step c) or step c2), so that one or more n ^th (for example, third, fourth, etc.) areas are not affected by selective irradiation by an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in one or more of the not yet cured n ^th (for example, third, fourth, etc.) areas can be magnetically oriented during subsequent step d1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the n ^th (for example, third, fourth, etc.) device generating a magnetic field, while said n ^th (for example, third, fourth, etc.) device The magnetic field generating device may be a different magnetic field generating device from the magnetic field generating device used during step b1 and/or c1), or may be the same magnetic field generating device but in a different area, wherein the magnetic field line pattern of said different area is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the area of the magnetic field generating device used during step b1). After or partly simultaneously with, preferably partly simultaneously with, said step d1)), step d2) of at least partially curing one or more n ^th regions of the coating layer (x20) into a second state, fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions, and orientations according to the magnetic field line pattern of the n ^th magnetic field generating device; and the curing is carried out by irradiation with a standard radiation source, which is non-addressable (x60), described in this document, or LED source (x41) actinic radiation, such as described in this document.

[073] Preferably, one or more first regions, and/or one or more second regions, and/or one or more n ^th (for example, third, fourth, etc.) regions of the layer (x20) of the coating described in this document, independently have the appearance or form of a mark. In the context of this document, the term "mark" and "marks" shall mean any form, including, without limitation, symbols, alphanumeric characters, ornaments, letters, words, numbers, logos, and graphics. As described herein, the shape of one or more first regions, optionally one or more second regions, and optionally one or more n ^th regions is determined by the selectively and individually targeted LED source actinic emitters (x41, x41-1, x41-2 and etc.) actinic radiation, preferably according to one or more raster patterns. In particular, the emitters of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation are addressed according to one or more raster patterns of image pixels to be at least partially cured, while said one or more raster patterns may be identical for all resulting optical effect layers (OEL), or may represent variable information (individualization or serialization), such as, for example, a code, serial number, logo, picture or name (variable mark).

[074] During step b1) of the method described herein, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) may be in motion or may be static relative to the first magnetic field generating device (x31). If the substrate (x10) is in motion, the specified substrate may follow a flat path or a curved path. During step b2) of the method described herein, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) may be in motion or may be static with respect to an actinic LED source (x41) comprising an individually addressable actinic LED array. During step c1) of the method described herein, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) may be independently in motion or may be static with respect to the first magnetic field generating device (x31) or the second device (x32) , generating a magnetic field, respectively. During step c) or step c2) of the method described herein, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) may be in motion or may be static with respect to a radiation source, optionally an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing an individually addressable actinic LED array such as those described herein, or relative to a standard light source that is non-addressable (x60). In all embodiments described herein, the LED source (x41) of actinic light and the standard light source being non-addressable (x60) are static and fixed and also serve as a reference structure for the substrate (x10) carrying the layer (x20 ) coverage, and for the device(s) (x31, x32) generating(s) a magnetic field.

[075] For methods with a substrate (x10) carrying a coating layer (x20) in motion relative to the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation during step b2) and optionally during step c) or step c2), the substrate (x10) , carrying the coating layer (x20), is transported in a plane substantially orthogonal to the optical axis of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic radiation source (x41).

[076] The movement of the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) at a close distance from the LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation can be carried out using conventional transport means such as brushes, rollers, blades, springs, suction devices, clamps, tapes and cylinders. The transport means can be adapted to the type of printing machines known to the person skilled in the art.

[077] According to one embodiment, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) described herein is in motion relative to the LED actinic source (x41) when exposed to irradiation of said LED actinic source (x41) during the step b2) and optionally during step c) or step c2). For methods with a layer (x20) of the coating in motion (see the arrow of Figs. 1 and 2), selective irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation is carried out using an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters radiation (see Fig. 1A), and at least partial curing is carried out sequentially, with the movement of the substrate (x10) carrying the layer (x20) of the coating, or a two-dimensional array of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation (see Fig. 2B), while Individually addressable actinic emitters can be turned on and off individually for each matrix.

[078] For the methods of this embodiment, which uses an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein (see Fig. 1A), selective irradiation is performed by individually turning the emitters on and off depending on time, when the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) moves. For the methods of this embodiment, which uses an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein (see Fig. 2B), selective irradiation is performed either by individually turning the emitters on and off depending on from time, when the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) moves, or by turning on all the individual emitters at once, corresponding to image pixels, for a very short period of time (instant curing). Advantageously, and in embodiments where the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is in motion, the individually addressable actinic emitters of the 2D matrix can be turned on and off in such a way that the projected image synchronously follows the movement of the substrate (x10), thereby increasing the irradiation time period and improving the curing efficiency.

[079] For example, in FIG. 1B shows a linear array of nine individually addressable emitters (number selected for clarity), with eight emitters turned on in a given time period, while one emitter (fifth from left) turned off. The area of the coating layer (x20) irradiated by the eight on emitters is depicted as a gray area and corresponds to at least one first area that is at least partially cured in step b2), while the area exposed to the fifth off emitter corresponds to the not yet cured area , which will be successively cured, either selectively or with a standard curing agent (x60) in step c2). As shown in FIG. 1B, an LED actinic source (x41) comprising a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein can be positioned in a substantially orthogonal direction relative to the motion of a substrate (x10) carrying a coating layer (x20).

[080] As shown in FIG. 1C, an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation comprising a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein can be arranged in an asymmetric arrangement, preferably at an angle of from about 5° to about 45° relative to the movement of the substrate (x10) carrying layer (x20) of coverage. Alternatively, in order to reduce the area occupied by the equipment, the individually addressable actinic emitters described herein may be arranged in several segments which together form a linear array in asymmetric displacement (FIG. 1D), with each segment having an angle preferably from about 5° to about 45° relative to the movement of the substrate (x10) bearing the coating layer (x20). Advantageously, the bias of the LED actinic source (x41) comprising a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters is chosen to optimize the space required for equipment to obtain Optical Effect Layers (OELs) and/or to improve the resolution of the obtained thus OEL, and/or to facilitate heat dissipation, and/or to improve curing efficiency.

[081] As shown in FIG. 2B, an LED actinic source (x41) comprising the two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein can be positioned in a substantially orthogonal direction with respect to the motion of the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20).

[082] All LED actinic source arrays (x41) forming the two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein can be substantially aligned (FIG. 2C), can be arranged in an offset arrangement (FIG. 2D), or may be staggered (FIG. 2E) depending on space constraints and/or heat dissipation requirements and/or desired resolution and/or cure efficiency.

[083] According to another embodiment, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) described herein is not in motion, i.e., is static, with respect to the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation when exposed to irradiation with said LED source (x41) of actinic radiation during step b2) and optionally during step c2). For methods with the coating layer (x20) being static (see Fig. 2A and Fig. 2C-E), selective irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation is carried out using an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation (see Fig. 2A), described in this document, by including these individually addressable emitters of radiation according to the raster pattern. In this case, all arrays of the LED actinic source (x41) comprising the two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein are preferably substantially aligned (FIG. 2C) or staggered (FIG. 2E).

[084] As described herein, steps b1) and step b2) of the method described herein are preferably carried out partially simultaneously, wherein one or more first areas of the coating layer (x20) are irradiated with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation , containing an array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters, is preferably substantially orthogonal to the surface of the substrate (x10), said irradiation being projected onto the coating layer (x20) to form one or more projected images (β in FIG. 3).

[085] Preferably, and as shown in FIG. 3, the selective curing of the coating layer (320) with an LED actinic radiation source (341) containing an array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters is carried out using a projection means (350), such as, for example, a projection lens (350), wherein the optical the axis (α) of the projecting means (350) is preferably substantially orthogonal to the surface of the substrate (310).

[086] For methods with the substrate (x10) bearing the coating layer (x20) being in motion relative to the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, the substrate (x10) bearing the coating layer (x20) is preferably transported in a direction substantially orthogonal to both the array of individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED source (x41) of the actinic radiation and the optical axis of the projector (x50) during step b2) and optionally c) or step c2)). Preferably, and as shown in FIG. 3, the projection means (350), preferably the focal lens lens (350) f, is located between the LED actinic source (341) and the coating layer (320) at an object distance OD from the LED actinic source (341) and at an image distance ID from layer (320) of the coating, so that the irradiation of the LED source (341) of actinic radiation on the layer (320) of the coating is carried out while reducing the size of one or more projected images of the specified LED source (341) of actinic radiation. As shown in FIG. 3, if the irradiation of the LED actinic source (341) onto the coating layer (320) is performed while reducing the size, the width of the matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the LED actinic source (341) may be larger than the width of the coating layer (320), and the irradiation is concentrated on a coating layer (320) with a projecting means (350), preferably a lens (350), in order to increase the resolution of the projected image, and/or the local intensity of said irradiation, and/or improve the heat dissipation of the LED source (341) of actinic radiation.

[087] Using the projector (x50) described herein to irradiate the coating layer (x20) with an actinic LED source (x41) containing an array of individually addressable actinic emitters while reducing the size, preferably during step b2) and optionally during c) or step c2)) allows the use of LED actinic sources (x41) containing a large array(s) of individually addressable actinic emitters to improve the resolution of cured images, and/or increase efficiency cure, and/or improve heat dissipation. Typical examples of projection means (x50) include, without limitation, traditional spherical converging lenses, aspherical lenses, Fresnel lenses, freeform lenses, refractive index lenses, spherical mirrors, aspherical mirrors, compound lenses (objectives); combination of prism systems, mirrors and lenses; fluid adjustable lenses; and lenses whose surface profile varies to accommodate a non-planar coating layer.

[088] According to one embodiment and as described herein, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) described herein is not in motion, i.e., is static, relative to the actinic LED source (x41). radiation when exposed to actinic radiation from the LED source (x41) during step b2) and optionally during step c) or step c2). Selective irradiation of the layer (x20) of the coating is carried out using a LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, while these emitters are switched on according to one or more first patterns, preferably one or more raster patterns, the shape of which coincides with the shape of one or more first areas of the coating layer (x20) to be at least partially cured using said LED source (x41) of actinic radiation; the same applies to one or more second areas when using an LED actinic source (x41) containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters during step c) or step c2). Examples of the methods of this embodiment are illustrated in FIG. 4, 7 and 8.

[089] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 4A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a static manner, wherein the substrate (410) carrying the coating layer (420) is not in motion (i.e., is static) during steps b1) and b2) and step c, while the sources (441, 460) of the radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static). As shown in FIG. 4A1, the method described herein comprises i) step b1) of exposing the coating layer (420) to a magnetic field of a first static magnetic field generating device (431) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (420) with an LED actinic light source (441) comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (420), preferably according to a raster pattern, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (420) are not yet at least partially cured; and ii) step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (420) with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (460), with individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic radiation source (441) turn on according to the first figure during step b2).

[090] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 4A2, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a static manner, wherein the substrate (410) carrying the coating layer (420) is not in motion (i.e., is static) during steps b1) and b2) and step c, while the source (441) of actinic radiation is not in motion (i.e., is static). As shown in FIG. 4A2, the method described herein comprises i) step b1) of exposing the coating layer (420) to a magnetic field of a first static magnetic field generating device (431) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (420) with an LED actinic light source (441) comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (420), preferably according to a raster pattern, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (420) are not yet at least partially cured; and ii) step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (420) with the same LED actinic light source (441) comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters, as used during step b2), while individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the LED source (441) of actinic radiation are turned on according to the first figure during step b2) and according to the second figure during step c2), and these first and second figures differ from each other, while the second the drawing used in step c2) corresponds to the negative of the first drawing used in step b2). Alternatively, step c) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (441) at the same time to cure one or more second regions (A2) and to cure the entire coating layer (420).

[091] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 7A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a static manner, wherein the substrate (710) carrying the coating layer (720) is not in motion (i.e., is static) during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the radiation sources (741, 760) are not in motion (i.e., are static), and the first magnetic field generating device (731) used during step b1) is replaced by the second first magnetic field generating device (732) during step c1). As shown in FIG. 7A1, the method described herein comprises i) step b1) of exposing the coating layer (720) to a magnetic field of a first static magnetic field generating device (731) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (720) with an LED actinic light source (741) comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (720), preferably according to a raster pattern, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (720) are not yet at least partially cured; and, after replacing the first magnetic field generating device (731) with a second magnetic field generating device (732) such as those described herein, wherein the magnetic field line pattern of said second magnetic field generating device (732) differs from the pattern magnetic field lines of the first magnetic field generating device, ii) step c1) exposing the coating layer (720) to the magnetic field of the second static magnetic field generating device (732), and after replacing the LED source (741) of actinic radiation with a standard radiation source, non-addressable (760), preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second areas (A2) of the coating layer (720) with a standard non-addressable radiation source (760), wherein The individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (741) are turned on according to the first figure during step b2).

[092] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 7A2-3, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a static manner, wherein the substrate (710) carrying the coating layer (720) is not in motion (i.e., is static) during the steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the source (741) of actinic radiation is not in motion (i.e., is static), and while the first device (731) generating a magnetic field used during step b1) is replaced by the second magnetic field generating device (732) during step c1). As shown in FIG. 7A2, the method described herein comprises i) step b1) of exposing the coating layer (720) to the magnetic field of a first static magnetic field generating device (731) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (720) with an LED actinic light source (741) comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (720), preferably according to a raster pattern, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (720) are not yet at least partially cured; and, after replacing the first magnetic field generating device (731) with a second magnetic field generating device (732) such as those described herein, wherein the magnetic field line pattern of said second magnetic field generating device (732) differs from the pattern magnetic field lines of the first magnetic field generating device (731), ii) step c1) exposing the coating layer (720) to the magnetic field of the second static magnetic field generating device (732), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (720) with the same LED actinic light source (741) comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters as used during step b2), with In this case, the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (741) are switched on according to the first drawing during step b2) and according to the second drawing during step c2), said first and second drawings differ from each other, while the second drawing used in step c2) corresponds to the negative of the first drawing used in step b2). Alternatively, step c2) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (741) at the same time to cure one or more second regions (A2) and to cure the entire coating layer (720).

[093] As shown in FIG. 7A3 and provided that the LED actinic light source (741) used during step c2) does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the coating layer (720), whereby one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) .) areas (A3) of the coating layer (720) are not exposed to radiation and are at least partially uncured, the method described herein may further include the following n steps: step d1) exposing the coating layer (720) to a magnetic field n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) static device (733) generating a magnetic field, and preferably partially simultaneously with the specified step d1), step d2) at least partially curing one or more n ^th (third, fourth and etc.) areas (A3) of the layer (720) of coating with either the same LED source (741) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, as used during steps b2) and c2), while individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the LED source (741) of actinic radiation are turned on according to the first drawing during step b2), according to the second drawing during step c2) and according to the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) drawing during step d2), moreover, the indicated first, second and ^nth drawings differ from each other (see Fig. fig. 7A3 on the left) or with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (760) (see FIG. 7A3 on the right). Alternatively, step d2) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (741) at the same time to cure one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3 ) and to cure the entire layer (720) of the coating.

[094] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 8A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a static manner, wherein the substrate (810) carrying the coating layer (820) is not in motion (i.e., is static) during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the radiation sources (841, 860) are not in motion (i.e., they are static), while a single static device (831) generating a magnetic field is used during the step b1) and c1), while the substrate (810) carrying the coating layer (820) moves towards different areas of the magnetic field generating device (831) having different magnetic field line patterns, instead of using different first and second generating devices a magnetic field. As shown in FIG. 8A1, the method described herein comprises i) step b1) of exposing the coating layer (820) to the magnetic field of a first region of a single static magnetic field generating device (831) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (820) using an LED source (841) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters described herein, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (820) of the coating, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (820) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, after moving the substrate (810) bearing the coating layer (820) into the second region of the single static magnetic field generating device (831) whose magnetic field line pattern is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first region of the magnetic field generating device (831). field, ii) step c1) of exposing the coating layer (820) to the magnetic field of the second region of a single static magnetic field generating device (831), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) of at least partially curing one or more than second areas (A2) of the coating layer (820) with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (860), while individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the LED source (841) of actinic radiation are turned on according to one or more of the first figures during step b2).

[095] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 8A2-3, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a static manner, wherein the substrate (810) carrying the coating layer (820) is not in motion (i.e., is static) during the steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the sources (841-1, 841-2) of the radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), while the only static device (831) generating magnetic field is used during step b1) and c1), wherein the substrate (810) carrying the coating layer (820) moves to different areas of a single static magnetic field generating device (831) having different magnetic field line patterns instead of using different first and second magnetic field generating devices. As shown in FIG. 8A2, the method described herein comprises i) step b1) of exposing the coating layer (820) to the magnetic field of a first region of a single static magnetic field generating device (831) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer using an LED source (841-1) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters described herein, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (820) of the coating, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (820) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, after moving the substrate (810) bearing the coating layer (820) into the second region of the single static magnetic field generating device (831) whose magnetic field line pattern is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first region of the magnetic field generating device (831). field, ii) step c1) of exposing the coating layer (820) to the magnetic field of the second region of a single static magnetic field generating device (831), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) of at least partially curing one or more than second areas (A2) of the layer (820) are coated with a second LED source (841-2) of actinic radiation containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation described herein, while individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the LED source (841-2) 1) the actinic emitters are turned on according to the first figure during step b2), while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the actinic light emitter of the LED source (841-2) of the actinic light are turned on according to the second figure during step c2), and the said first and second figures differ from each other. friend. Instead of using two LED actinic light sources (841-1, 841-2), one can be used, provided that said single LED actinic light source has sufficient width. Alternatively, step c2) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (841) at the same time to cure the second regions (A2) and to cure the entire coating layer (820).

[096] As shown in FIG. 8A3 and provided that the second LED actinic light source (841-2) used during step c2) does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the coating layer (820), whereby one or more n ^th (third, fourth and etc.) areas (A3) of the coating layer (820) are not exposed to radiation and are at least partially uncured, the method described herein may further include, after moving the substrate (810) carrying the coating layer (820) , in the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) area of the only static device (831) that generates a magnetic field, the magnetic field line pattern of which differs from the pattern of magnetic field lines of the first and second areas of the device (831) that generates a magnetic field, n following steps: step d1) exposing the coating layer (820) to a magnetic field of the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) area of a single static device (831) generating a magnetic field, and preferably partially simultaneously with said step d1) , step d2) at least partially curing one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) of the coating layer (820) using either the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) LED source (841-3) of actinic light containing a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable actinic light emitters, wherein the individually addressable actinic light emitters of the first LED light source (841-1) of actinic light are turned on according to the first figure during step b2), while the individually addressable actinic light emitters emitters of the second LED source (841-2) of actinic radiation are turned on according to the second figure during step c2), and at the same time individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) LED source (841-3) of actinic radiation are turned on according to ^the nth (third, fourth, etc.) pattern during step d2), said first, second, and ^nth patterns being different from each other (see fig. 8A3 on the left) or with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (860) (see FIG. 8A3 on the right). Alternatively, step d2) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (841-3) at the same time to cure one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) and to cure the entire layer (820) of the coating. Instead of exposing the coating layer (820) to the magnetic field of the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) region of a single static magnetic field generating device (831), said coating layer (820) may be exposed to a magnetic field generating device other than from a single static device (831) generating a magnetic field.

[097] According to another embodiment and as described herein, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) described herein is in motion relative to the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation and when exposed to LED source irradiation ( x41) actinic radiation during step b2) and optionally during step c2). Selective irradiation is carried out using a LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a linear array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters or a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters.

[098] For methods that use linear arrays of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters, said emitters being turned on and off depending on time according to one or more first patterns, preferably one or more raster patterns, the shape of which matches the shape of one or more first areas of the coating layer (x20) to be at least partially cured by said LED source (x41) as the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) moves.

[099] For methods that use two-dimensional arrays of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters, said emitters can be turned on and off depending on time according to one or more first patterns, preferably one or more bitmap patterns, the shape of which matches the shape of one or more the first areas of the layer (x20) of the coating to be at least partially cured using the specified LED source (x41). In embodiments that use two-dimensional arrays of individually addressable actinic emitters and the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) moves, the actinic radiation is projected onto the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20), thus that one or more projected images synchronously follow the movement of the substrate (x10). In other words, individually addressable 2D array actinic emitters corresponding to one or more patterns, preferably one or more raster patterns, can be switched on and off such that the projected image follows the movement of the substrate synchronously (x10), thereby increasing the exposure time and increasing curing efficiency. Alternatively, all of these emitters can be turned on at once for a very short period of time (flash cure).

[0100] Examples of the methods of this embodiment, in which the magnetic field generating devices (x31, x32) are not in motion, i.e., are static, with respect to the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, are shown in FIG. 5, 9 and 10. Examples of the methods of this embodiment, in which the magnetic field generating devices (x31, x32) are in motion relative to the LED actinic source (x41), are shown in FIG. 6, 11 and 12, wherein said magnetic field generating devices (x31, x32) are preferably mounted on a transfer device such as a rotating cylinder or belt. In FIG. The 5th, 6th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th substrates (x10) bearing the coating layer (x20) and in motion are represented by an asterisk on the right.

[0101] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 5A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and step c) , while the radiation sources (541, 560) are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and at the same time, the first device (531) that generates a magnetic field is not in motion (i.e., is static) relative to the LED source (541) of actinic radiation. As shown in FIG. 5A1, the method described herein includes, with continuous movement of the substrate (510) bearing the coating layer (520), at a close distance from, in particular on, the first static device (531) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1 ) exposing said coating layer (520) to a magnetic field of said first static magnetic field generating device (531), such as those described herein, and preferably partially simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more of the first regions (A1) of the layer (520) of coating with an LED source (541) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein document, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (520) of the coating, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (520) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (520) with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (560), with individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED actinic radiation source (541) turn on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) moves along the first device (531) generating a magnetic field, or individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional matrix of the LED source (541 ) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) moves along the first device (531) that generates a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional matrix of the LED source (541) of actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure are switched on immediately for a very short period of time (flash curing).

[0102] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 5A2, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and step c1) , while the two LED sources (541-1, 541-2) of actinic radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and at the same time, the first devices (531) that generate the magnetic field are not in motion (i.e., they are static). e. are static) relative to the LED source (541) of actinic radiation. As shown in FIG. 5A2, the method described herein includes, with continuous movement of the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520), at a close distance from, in particular on, the first static device (531) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1 ) exposing said coating layer (520) to a magnetic field of said first static magnetic field generating device (531), such as those described herein, and preferably partially simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more of the first areas (A1) of the layer (520) of coating with an LED source (541-1) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (520) of the coating, however, one or more second areas (A2) of the layer (520) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and step c) at least partially curing one or more second areas (A2) of the coating layer (520) with an LED source (541-2) of actinic radiation comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described in this document, while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (541-1) of actinic radiation or the two-dimensional array are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate moves ( 510) carrying the coating layer (520), along the first device (531) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of LED source (541-1) of actinic radiation are immediately turned on according to the first figure for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing), while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (541-2) of actinic radiation turn on and off depending on time according to the second figure, when the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) moves, or all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (541-2) of the actinic light source (541-2) corresponding to the second figure are immediately turned on for a very short period of time (flash curing).

[0103] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 9A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, wherein the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) is in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the radiation sources (941, 960) are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and the first and second devices (931, 932) generating the magnetic field are not in motion (i.e., they are static). e. are static) relative to the LED source (941) of actinic radiation. As shown in FIG. 9A1, the method described herein includes, with continuous movement of the substrate (910) bearing the coating layer (920), at a close distance from, in particular on, the first static device (931) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1 ) exposing said coating layer (920) to a magnetic field of said first static magnetic field generating device (931), such as those described herein, and preferably partially simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more of the first regions (A1) of the layer (920) of coating with an LED source (941) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein document, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (920) of the coating, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (920) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, with continuous movement of the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920), in close proximity to, in particular, a second static magnetic field generating device (932), such as those described herein, whose magnetic field line pattern is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first magnetic field generating device (931), ii) step c1) exposing said coating layer (920) to the magnetic field of said second static magnetic field generating device (932), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) at least partially curing one or more second areas (A2) of the coating layer (920) with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (960), while individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (941) actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) moves along the first device (931) that generates a magnetic field, or individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional matrix of the LED source (941) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) moves along the first device (931) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (941) of the actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure are immediately turned on for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing).

[0104] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 9A2-3, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the two LED sources (941-1, 941-2) of actinic radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and the first and second devices (931, 932) generating magnetic field, are not in motion (i.e., they are static) relative to LED sources of actinic radiation. As shown in FIG. 9A2, the method described herein includes, with continuous movement of the substrate (910) bearing the coating layer (920), at a close distance from, in particular on, the first static device (931) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1 ) exposing said coating layer (920) to a magnetic field of said first static magnetic field generating device (931), such as those described herein, and preferably partially simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more of the first areas (A1) of the layer (920) of coating with an LED source (941-1) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (920) of the coating, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (920) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and after movement of the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) at a close distance from, in particular on, a second static magnetic field generating device (932), such as those described herein, wherein the pattern of magnetic field lines of said second device (932) that generates a magnetic field is different from the line pattern of the magnetic field of the first device (931) generating a magnetic field, ii) step c1) exposing said layer (920) of the coating to the magnetic field of said second static device (932) generating a magnetic field , and preferably at least partially simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (920) with an LED source (941-2) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described in this document, while individually addressable actinic emitters of a linear array of an actinic radiation LED source (941-1) or a two-dimensional array are included and turn off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) moves along the first device (931) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional matrix of the LED source (941 -1) actinic radiation immediately turn on for a very short period of time according to the first figure, when the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) moves along the first device (931) generating a magnetic field, while individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation are linear arrays of an LED source (941-2) of actinic radiation or a two-dimensional array are turned on and off depending on time according to the second figure, when the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) moves along the second device (932) generating a magnetic field, or in this case, all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (941-2) of actinic radiation are immediately turned on for a very short period of time according to the second figure, when the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) moves along the second device (932 ) that generates a magnetic field.

[0105] As shown in FIG. 9A3 and provided that the LED actinic light source (941-2) used during step c2) does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the coating layer (920), whereby the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) ) areas (A3) of the coating layer (920) are not exposed to radiation and are at least partially uncured, the method described herein may further include, after moving the substrate (910) carrying the coating layer (920) by n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) static device (933) generating a magnetic field, such as those described in this document, the following n steps: step d1) exposing the layer (920) of the coating to the magnetic field of ^{the nth} static device (933) , generating a magnetic field, and preferably partially simultaneously with the specified step d1), step d2) at least partially curing one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) of the layer (920) of the coating using or an LED source (941-3) of actinic radiation containing either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or using a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (960). Alternatively, step d2) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (941-3) at the same time to cure one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) and to cure the entire layer (920) of the coating.

[0106] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 10A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1(20) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the radiation sources (1041, 1060) are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field is used during step b1) and c1 ), wherein said single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field is not in motion (i.e., is static) relative to the LED source (1041) of actinic radiation, and the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020) , continuously moves at a close distance from, in particular, different areas of a single static magnetic field generating device (1031), instead of using different first and second magnetic field generating devices. As shown in FIG. 10A1, the method described herein includes, with continuous movement of the substrate 10) bearing the coating layer (1020), at a close distance from, in particular on, the first area of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (1020) to a magnetic field of said first area of a single static magnetic field generating device (1031), such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) at least partial curing of one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (1020) using an LED source (1041) of actinic radiation, containing either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters, described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the coating layer (1020), while one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (1020) are not yet at least partially cured ; and, with continuous movement of the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020), at a close distance from, in particular on, the second region of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, the magnetic field line pattern of which differs from the magnetic field line pattern the first area of the single static magnetic field generating device (1031), ii) step c1) exposing the coating layer (1020) to the magnetic field of said single static magnetic field generating device (1031), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (1020) with a standard non-addressable radiation source (1060), wherein the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED actinic radiation source (1041) are turned on and turn off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020) moves along the first region of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, or, at the same time, individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional matrix of the LED source (1041) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020) moves along the first region of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable the actinic emitters of the 2D array of the LED source (1041) of the actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure are turned on immediately for a very short period of time (flash curing).

[0107] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 10A2-3, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (1010) bearing the coating layer (1020) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the two LED sources (1041-1, 1041-2) of actinic radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and at the same time, a single static device (1031) that generates a magnetic field uses during step b1) and c1), wherein said magnetic field generating devices (1031) are not in motion (i.e., are static) relative to the LED actinic radiation sources, and the substrate (1010) carrying the layer (1020 ) cover continuously moves at close range from, in particular, different areas of a single static magnetic field generating device (1031) instead of using different first and second magnetic field generating devices. As shown in FIG. 10A2, the method described herein includes, with continuous movement of the substrate (1010) bearing the coating layer (1020), at a close distance from, in particular on, the first area of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (1020) to a magnetic field of said first area of a single static magnetic field generating device (1031) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) at least as one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (1020) are partially cured with an LED source (1041-1) of actinic radiation containing either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable emitters actinic radiation described herein, with the formation of at least partially cured one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (1020) of the coating, however, one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (1020) of the coating are not yet at least least partially cured; and, with continuous movement of the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020), at a close distance from, in particular on, the second region of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, the magnetic field line pattern of which differs from the magnetic field line pattern of the first region of the single static magnetic field generating device (1031), ii) step c1) exposing the coating layer (1020) to the magnetic field of the second region of the single static magnetic field generating device (1031), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1) , step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (1020) with an LED actinic light source (1041-2) comprising either a linear array of the individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable actinic emitters described in this document, while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (1041-1) of actinic radiation turn on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when the substrate (1010) moves, carrier layer (1020) of the coating, along the first area of the device (1031) generating a magnetic field, or individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of LED source (1041-1) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, when movement of the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020) along the first region of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1041-1) of actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure, immediately turn on for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing), while individually addressable actinic emitters of the actinic radiation of the linear array of the LED source (1041-2) of actinic radiation turn on and off depending on the time according to the second figure, when the substrate (1010) moves , carrying the layer (1020) of the coating, along the second region of the device (1032) generating a magnetic field, or at the same time individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1041-2) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the second figure, when the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020) moves along the second region of the device (1032) that generates a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1041-2) of actinic radiation corresponding to the second figure , turn on immediately within a very short period of time (instant curing).

[0108] As shown in FIG. 10A3 and provided that the LED actinic light source (1041-2) used during step c2) does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the coating layer (1020), whereby one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) e) areas (A3) of the coating layer (1020) are not affected by irradiation and at least partially cured, the method described herein may further include n steps, with the movement of the substrate (1010) carrying the coating layer (1020) , in close proximity to, in particular on, the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) region of the single static magnetic field generating device (1031), i) step d1) of exposing the coating layer (1020) to the n ^th magnetic field (third, fourth, etc.) area of a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field, and preferably partially simultaneously with the specified step d1), step d2) at least partially curing one or more n ^th (third, fourth etc.) areas (A3) of the layer (1020) to be coated with either an LED source (1041-3) of actinic radiation containing either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable emitters actinic radiation described in this document, or using a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (1060). Alternatively, step d2) can be performed by turning on all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the LED actinic source (1041-3) at the same time to cure one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) and to cure the entire layer (1020) of the coating. Instead of exposing the coating layer (1020) to the magnetic field of the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) region of a single static magnetic field generating device (1031), said coating layer (1020) may be exposed to a magnetic field generating device other than from a single static device (1031) generating a magnetic field.

[0109] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 6A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are performed in a dynamic manner, with the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and step c), while the sources (641, 660) of radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and at the same time, the first device (631), generating a magnetic field, is in motion, preferably at the same speed as the layer (620) coatings. As shown in FIG. 6A1, the method described herein includes, while moving the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) with the first device (631) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (620) to a magnetic fields of said first magnetic field generating device (631) such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (620) coating with an LED source (641) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, to form at least partially cured one or more than the first areas (A1) of the layer (620) of the coating, however, one or more second areas (A2) of the layer (620) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (620) with a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (660), with individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED actinic radiation source (641) turn on and off depending on the time according to the first figure, with the simultaneous movement of the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) with the first device (631) generating a magnetic field, or individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional matrix of the LED source ( 641) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while moving the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) with the first device (631) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (641) of the actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure are immediately turned on for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing).

[0110] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 6A2, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are performed in a dynamic manner, with the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and step c), while the two LED sources (641-1, 641-2) of actinic radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), and the first device (631) generating a magnetic field is in motion preferably at the same speed , which is the layer (620) of the coating. As shown in FIG. 6A2, the method described herein includes, while moving the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) with the first magnetic field generating device (631), i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (620) to magnetic field of said first magnetic field generating device (631), such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (620 ) coating with an LED source (641-1) actinic radiation comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (620) of the coating, however, one or more second areas (A2) of the layer (620) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, step c) at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (620) with an LED source (641-2) of actinic radiation comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described in this document, while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (641-1) of actinic radiation turn on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while the substrate (610 ) carrying the coating layer (620), with the first device (631) generating a magnetic field, or at the same time individually addressable actinic emitters of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (641-1) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, during simultaneous movement of the substrate (610) carrying the coating layer (620) with the first device (631) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (641-1) of actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure , immediately turn on for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing), while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (641-2) of actinic radiation turn on and off depending on the time according to the second figure, when the substrate (610) moves, carrier layer (620) of the coating, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of LED source (641-2) of actinic radiation corresponding to the second figure, immediately turn on for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing).

[0111] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 11A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the radiation sources (1141, 1160) are not in motion (i.e., they are static), while the first device (831) generating the magnetic field is in motion, preferably at the same speed as the layer (1120) cover, and the second device (1132), which generates a magnetic field, is not in motion (i.e., is static) relative to the radiation source (1160). As shown in FIG. 11A1, the method described herein comprises, while moving a substrate (1110) carrying a coating layer (1120) with a first device (1131) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (1120) to magnetic field of said first magnetic field generating device (1131), such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (1120 ) coating with an LED source (1141) actinic radiation comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein or comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (1120) of the coating, however, one or more second areas (A2) of the layer (1120) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, with continuous movement of the substrate (1110) bearing the coating layer (1120), at a close distance from, in particular at, a second static device (1132) generating a magnetic field, such as those described herein, ii) step c1) exposure said coating layer (1120) to a magnetic field of said second magnetic field generating device (1132), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (1120 ) coverage with a standard non-addressable radiation source (1160), while the individually addressable actinic radiation emitters of the linear array of the LED source (1141) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while the substrate (1110) carrying layer (1120) of the coating, with the first device (1131) generating a magnetic field, or at the same time individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1141) of actinic radiation are switched on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while the substrate is moving simultaneously ( 1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) with the first device (1131) generating a magnetic field, or all of the individually addressable actinic emitters of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1141) of the actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure, immediately turn on for a very short period of time (instant curing). Instead of using the first magnetic field generating device (1131) in motion and the second magnetic field generating device (1132) not in motion (i.e., being static) relative to the radiation source (1160), as shown in FIG. . 11A1-A3, the method described herein can use a first magnetic field generating device (1131) that is not in motion (i.e., being static) and a second magnetic field generating device (1132) that is in movement relative to the radiation source (not shown in Fig. 11A1-3).

[0112] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 11A2-3, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a partially dynamic manner, with the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) being in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the two LED sources (1141-1, 1141-2) of actinic radiation are not in motion (i.e., they are static), while the first device (1131) generating a magnetic field is in motion preferably at the same speed as the coating layer (1120) and the second magnetic field generating device (1132) is not in motion (i.e., is static) relative to the radiation source (1141-2). As shown in FIG. 11A2, the method described herein comprises, while moving a substrate (1110) carrying a coating layer (1120) with a first device (1131) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (1120) to magnetic field of said first magnetic field generating device (1131), such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (1120 ) coating with an LED source (1141-1) actinic radiation comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (1120) of the coating, however, one or more second areas (A2) of the layer (1120) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, with continuous movement of the substrate (1110) bearing the coating layer (1120), at a close distance from, in particular at, a second static device (1132) generating a magnetic field, such as those described herein, ii) step c1) exposure said coating layer (1120) to a magnetic field of said second magnetic field generating device (1132), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) of at least partially curing one or more second regions (A2) of the layer (1120 ) coating with an LED source (1141-2) actinic radiation containing either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described in this document, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described in this document, while individually addressable actinic emitters The radiation of the linear array of the LED source (1141-1) of the actinic radiation is turned on and off depending on the time according to the first figure, while the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) is moving simultaneously with the first device (1131) generating a magnetic field, or at the same time, individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional matrix of the LED source (1141-1) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) is simultaneously moving with the first device (1131) that generates a magnetic field, or at the same time all individually addressable actinic emitters of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1141-1) of actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure are immediately switched on for a very short period of time (instantaneous curing), while individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (1141-2) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on the time according to the second figure, when the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) moves at a close distance from, in particular to, the second device (1132) that generates a magnetic field, or individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1141-2) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the second figure, when the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) moves on at a close distance from, in particular at, the second device (1132) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1141-2) of actinic radiation corresponding to the second figure, immediately turn on for a very short period time (instant curing).

[0113] As shown in FIG. 11A3 and provided that the LED actinic light source (1141-2) used during step c2) does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the coating layer (1120), whereby one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) e) areas (A3) of the coating layer (1120) are not affected by irradiation and at least partially cured, the method described herein may further include n steps, with the movement of the substrate (1110) carrying the coating layer (1120) , at a close distance from, in particular on, the n ^th (third, ^fourth , fourth, etc.) device (1133), generating a magnetic field, and preferably partially simultaneously with the specified step d1), step d2) at least partial curing of one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) of the layer (1120) to be coated with either an LED source (1141-3) of actinic radiation, comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein. document, or using a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (1160).

[0114] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 12A1, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are carried out in a dynamic manner, with the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1) and c2), while the radiation sources (1241, 1260) are not in motion (i.e., they are static), while the first and second devices (1231, 1232) generating the magnetic field are in motion preferably at the same speed, the same as the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220). As shown in FIG. 12A1, the method described herein includes, while moving the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220), with the first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, the method described herein includes, while moving the substrate (1210) bearing a coating layer (1220) with a first magnetic field generating device (1231), i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (1220) to the magnetic field of said first magnetic field generating device (1231), such as described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partially curing one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (1220) using an LED source (1241) of actinic radiation, containing either a linear an array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or comprising a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, to form at least partially cured one or more first areas (A1) of the coating layer (1220), together with however, one or more second areas (A2) of the coating layer (1220) are not yet at least partially cured; and, while moving the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) with a second device (1232) generating a magnetic field, such as those described herein, ii) step c1) exposing said coating layer (1220) to a magnetic field said second magnetic field generating device (1232) whose magnetic field line pattern is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first magnetic field generating device (1231), and preferably partially simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) at least partially curing one or more second areas (A2) of the coating layer (1220) using a standard radiation source that is non-addressable (1260), while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED actinic radiation source (1241) are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while moving the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) with the first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, or at the same time individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1241) of actinic radiation are switched on and off in time dependence according to the first figure, while moving the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) with the first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1241) of actinic The radiation corresponding to the first figure is switched on immediately for a very short period of time (instant curing).

[0115] According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 12A2-3, steps b) and c) of the method described herein are performed in a dynamic manner, with the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) in continuous motion during steps b1) and b2) and steps c1 ) and c2), while the LED source (1241-1, 1241-2) of actinic radiation is not in motion (i.e., it is static), while the first and second devices (1231, 1232) generating a magnetic field are in motion, preferably at the same speed as the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220). As shown in FIG. 12A1, the method described herein includes, while moving a substrate (1210) carrying a coating layer (1220) with a first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, i) step b1) exposing said coating layer (1220) to magnetic field of said first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, such as those described herein, and preferably partly simultaneously with said step b1), step b2) of at least partial curing of one or more first regions (A1) of the layer (1220 ) coating with an LED source (1241-1) actinic radiation comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein to form at least partially cured one or more first areas (A1) of the layer (1220) of the coating, however, one or more second areas (A2) of the layer (1220) of the coating are not yet at least partially cured; and, while moving the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) with a second static magnetic field generating device (1232), such as those described herein, whose magnetic field line pattern is different from the magnetic field line pattern of the first device ( 1231) generating a magnetic field, ii) step c1) exposing said coating layer (1220) to a magnetic field of said second magnetic field generating device (1232), and preferably partly simultaneously with said step c1), step c2) at least partial curing of one or more second regions (A2) of the coating layer (1220) with an actinic LED source (1241-2) comprising either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters radiation described in this document, while individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the linear array of the LED source (1241-1) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) is moving simultaneously , with the first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, or at the same time individually addressable actinic emitters of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1241-1) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the first figure, while the substrate (1210) is moving simultaneously, carrier layer (1220) of the coating, with the first device (1231) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1241-1) of actinic radiation corresponding to the first figure, immediately turn on for a very short period time (instantaneous curing), while the individually addressable actinic emitters of the linear array of the LED source (1241-2) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the second figure, while the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) is moving, with a second device (1232) generating a magnetic field, or individually addressable actinic emitters of a two-dimensional array of LED source (1241-2) of actinic radiation are turned on and off depending on time according to the second figure, while the substrate (1210) carrying the coating layer (1220) with the second device (1232) generating a magnetic field, or all individually addressable actinic emitters of the two-dimensional array of the LED source (1241-2) of the actinic radiation corresponding to the second pattern, are immediately turned on for a very short period of time (instant curing). As shown in FIG. 12A3 and provided that the LED actinic light source (1241-2) used during step c2) does not at least partially cure the entire surface of the coating layer (1220), whereby one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) e) areas (A3) of the coating layer (1220) are not affected by irradiation and at least partially cured, the method described herein may further include n steps, while moving the substrate (1210) carrying the layer (1220) coating, with the n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) magnetic field generating device (1233), i) step d1) of exposing the coating layer (1220) to the magnetic field of said n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) ) device (1233), generating a magnetic field, and preferably partially simultaneously with the specified step d1), step d2) at least partially curing one or more n ^th (third, fourth, etc.) areas (A3) layer ( 1220) coating with either an LED source (1241-3) of actinic radiation containing either a linear array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or containing a two-dimensional array of individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, or using a standard a radiation source that is non-addressable (1260).

[0116] The methods for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) described herein may further include the step of exposing the coating layer (x10) to the dynamic magnetic field of a biaxially oriented device of at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, preferably lamellar magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, said step being carried out before or simultaneously with step b1) and before step b2) and/or before or simultaneously with step c1) and before step c2). Methods comprising such a step of exposing the composition to the dynamic magnetic field of a biaxially oriented magnetic device of at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are disclosed in WO 2015/086257 A1. The implementation of biaxial orientation means that the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented in such a way that their two main axes are fixed. Therefore, each non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particle, preferably a lamellar magnetic or magnetizable pigment particle, can be considered to have a major axis in the plane of the pigment particle and an orthogonal minor axis in the plane of the pigment particle. Under the influence of a dynamic magnetic field, each major and minor axes of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented. Essentially, this results in adjacent magnetic pigment particles that are spaced close together in space to be substantially parallel to each other. In order to perform biaxial orientation, non-spherical, preferably lamellar, magnetic pigment particles must be subjected to a highly time-dependent, directional, external magnetic field.

[0117] Particularly preferred devices for biaxially orienting non-spherical, preferably lamellar, magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are disclosed in EP 2157141 A1. The device disclosed in EP 2157141 A1 provides a dynamic magnetic field that changes its direction causing magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to oscillate rapidly until both principal axes, the X-axis and the Y-axis, become substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate, i.e. The magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles rotate until they form a stable sheet-like structure with their X and Y axes substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate and planarized in these two dimensions. Other particularly preferred devices for biaxially orienting non-spherical, preferably lamellar, magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are Halbach assemblies with linear permanent magnets, i.e. assemblies containing a plurality of magnets with different magnetization directions. A detailed description of Halbach permanent magnets has been given by Z.Q. Zhu and D. Howe (Halbach permanent magnet machines and applications: a review, IEE. Proc. Electric Power Appl., 2001, 148, pp. 299-308). The magnetic field generated by such a Halbach assembly has such properties that it is concentrated on one side of the matrix, while at the same time weakening to almost zero on the other side. WO 2016/083259 A1 discloses suitable devices for biaxially orienting magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, said devices comprising a Halbach cylinder assembly. Other particularly preferred devices for biaxially orienting non-spherical, preferably lamellar, magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are rotating magnets, said magnets comprising disc-shaped rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies which are substantially magnetized along their diameter. Suitable rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies are described in US 2007/0172261 A1, said rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies generating radially symmetrical, time-varying magnetic fields allowing biaxial orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles of the uncured or cured coating composition. . These magnets or magnetic assemblies are driven by a shaft (or spindle) attached to an external motor. CN 102529326 B discloses examples of devices containing rotating magnets that may be suitable for biaxially orienting magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. In a preferred embodiment, suitable devices for biaxially orienting non-spherical, preferably lamellar, magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are non-shaft mounted disc-shaped rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies mounted in a housing made of non-magnetic, preferably non-conductive materials, and are driven by one or more electromagnetic coils wound around the body. Examples of such non-shaft mounted disc-shaped rotating magnets or magnet assemblies are disclosed in WO 2015/082344A1, WO 2016/026896A1 and WO 2018/141547A1.

[0118] The LED source (x41) of actinic radiation described herein comprises an array, in particular a linear or two-dimensional array, of irradiation emitters, preferably in the UV and visible region, in particular chips, on an insulated metal substrate (IMS), while said source has a surface that is large enough to produce the required amount of radiation, in particular the required amount of UV radiation. Small size high power UV LED chips are available, such as EPISTAR's ES-EESVF11M, 11 x 11 mil (280 x 280 µm), emission wavelength from 395 to 415 nm; radiant flux 28 mW at 20 mA; 67mW max power at 50mA with efficient cooling. These ICs can be assembled in a linear array using direct chip-on-board (CoB) technology on an insulated metal substrate (IMS), such as a copper-insulator-aluminum plate. The advantage of IMS is to provide very efficient heat dissipation. Semiconductor microcircuits are glued or directly soldered, preferably directly soldered, to the substrate by a robot and then wired by the same robot according to a predetermined pattern of conductors on the substrate. CoB technology allows the highest component density to be achieved, as uncoated chips are used, without any packaging overhead. The wire connection can be protected against mechanical damage by embedding in a polymer, in particular UV-transparent and light-resistant silicone polymers.

[0119] For embodiments in which an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation is irradiated onto the coating layer (320) while decreasing in size, a line array of 256 pixels of ES-EESVF11M chips approximately 75 mm (3 inches) in length arranged in object plane low-loss quartz projection optics. Preferably, the pixel array image is approximately half of its original linear size. For example, the size of the selectively curable area(s) is 38 x 0.14 mm, which gives a resolution of 170 dpi at four times the illumination density. By reducing the image, a higher dpi resolution and a higher irradiation density are advantageously obtained.

[0120] Addressing/control logic is available to individually turn on and off each of the emitters in the array, such as from Texas Instrument (see TLC5925, TLC5926, or TLC5927 16-channel serial-in constant current LED drivers). These microcircuits allow you to set the desired operating current of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation through a resistance of an acceptable value. The drivers are preferably used in a bare-chip version, so that the integration of the addressing logic into the matrix of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation can also be done in CoB technology by connecting wires. For 256 pixels, a total of 16 of these driver circuits are required, as well as a 4-bit to 16-line address decoder chip connected to the "enable" lines of the driver circuits.

[0121] The emitter drivers of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation are addressed by the serial data stream. In FIG. 14 shows the serial data reading logic. Data is clocked (CLK) at 30 MHz from the most significant bit (Out15) to the least significant bit (Out0). After reading the data, the Latch Enable (LE) is synchronized, which saves the last 16 bits in the chip. After the output resolution is set to low, the saved data is displayed, i.e., the corresponding diodes turn on. In the example shown, diodes No. 0,3,4,5,10,13,15 are turned on. Multiple decoder blocks are addressed via a Latch Enable line, which is synchronized individually for each decoder when the serial data stream reaches a position corresponding to the data to be displayed by the decoder in question. In FIG. 13 schematically shows how the address/control logic chip is connected to the chips, and FIG. 14 schematically shows two options for how individual blocks of 16 emitters can be assembled together.

[0122] The emitter drivers are addressed by the serial data stream. In FIG. Figure 15 shows the serial data read logic in which the data is clocked (CLK) at 30 MHz from the most significant bit (Out15) to the least significant bit (Out0). After reading the data, the Latch Enable (LE) is synchronized, which saves the last 16 bits in the chip. After the output enable (OE) is set to low, the saved data is displayed, i.e. the corresponding emitters are turned on. In the example shown, emitters #0,3,4,5,10,13,15 are turned on. Multiple decoder blocks are addressed via a Latch Enable line, which is synchronized individually for each decoder when the serial data stream reaches a position corresponding to the data to be displayed by the decoder in question.

[0123] The LED source (x41) of actinic radiation additionally contains processing means, for example, a high-speed microprocessor for supplying a bitmap or other provided data to the driver emitters (driver chips). Their serial connection is fast, 30 MHz = 33 ns per clock, so that a string of 256 pixels can be injected into the emitters (chips) in less than 10 microseconds. Thus, the maximum display speed is 100,000 lines per second, which corresponds to a line density of 33 lines/mm at a substrate speed of 3 m/s. The processor is preferably also responsible for coordinating the output of raster or other data to the speed of the device running the LED actinic source (x41) comprising an array of individually addressable actinic emitters.

[0124] As mentioned herein, the present invention provides methods for producing optical effect layers (OEL) on a substrate (x10) such as those described herein. The substrate (x10) described herein is preferably selected from the group consisting of paper or other fibrous materials (including woven and nonwoven fibrous materials) such as cellulose, paper containing materials; glasses, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, metallized plastics or polymers, composite materials and mixtures or combinations of two or more of them. Typical paper, paper-like, or other fibrous materials are made from a wide variety of fibers, including, without limitation, manila hemp, cotton, flax, wood pulp, and mixtures thereof. As is well known to those skilled in the art, cotton fiber and cotton/linen fiber blends are preferred for banknotes, while wood pulp is generally used for non-banknote security documents. Typical examples of plastics and polymers include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyamides, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthoate) (PEN) and polyvinyl chlorides (PVC). The substrate can also be spun olefin fibers, such as those sold under the trademark ^Tyvek® . Typical examples of metallized plastics or polymers include the plastics or polymer materials described herein above, on the surface of which metal is continuously or discontinuously located. Typical examples of metals include, without limitation, aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), their alloys, and combinations of two or more of the above metals. The plating of the plastic or polymeric materials described herein above can be carried out using an electrodeposition process, a high vacuum coating process, or a sputtering process. Typical examples of composite materials include, but are not limited to, multilayer structures or laminates of paper and at least one plastic or polymer material such as those described herein above, as well as plastic and/or polymer fibers incorporated into a paper-like or fibrous material such as described above in this document. Of course, the substrate may contain additional additives known to the person skilled in the art, such as fillers, sizing agents, brighteners, processing aids, reinforcing agents or wet strength agents, etc. When the OELs obtained according to the present invention are used for decorative or cosmetic purposes, including, for example, nail polishes, said OEL may be produced on other types of substrates, including nails, artificial nails, or other animal or human parts.

[0125] If the OEL obtained according to the present invention will be on a security document, and in order to further increase the level of security and protection against forgery and illegal reproduction of this security document, the substrate may contain printed, coated, or laser marked or laser-perforated characters , watermarks, security threads, fibers, confetti, luminescent compounds, windows, foils, decals and combinations of two or more of these. With the same purpose of further increasing the level of security and protection against counterfeiting and illegal reproduction of protected documents, the substrate may contain one or more marker substances or markers and/or machine-readable substances (for example, luminescent substances, UV/Visible/IR absorbing substances, magnetic substances and their combinations).

[0126] If necessary, prior to step a), a primer layer may be applied to the substrate. This may improve the quality of the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein or promote adhesion. Examples of these primer layers can be found in WO 2010/058026 A2.

[0127] In order to improve durability by improving soil resistance or chemical resistance and cleanliness and thus the service life of an article, a document to be protected, or a decorative element or object containing an optical effect layer (OEL) obtainable by the method described herein , or to change their aesthetic appearance (for example, optical gloss), one or more protective layers can be applied over the optical effect layer (OEL). If present, one or more protective layers are usually made of protective varnishes. Protective varnishes may be clear or lightly colored and may be more or less glossy. Protective varnishes can be radiation-curable compositions, heat-curable compositions, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the one or more protective layers are radiation-curable compositions, more preferably UV-visible radiation-curable compositions. Protective layers are usually applied after the Optical Effect Layer (OEL) has been formed.

[0128] The present invention further provides optical effect layers (OELs) obtainable by the method described herein.

[0129] The Optical Effect Layer (OEL) described herein can be applied directly to a substrate on which it must remain permanently (eg, for bank note applications). Alternatively, for industrial purposes, an optical effect layer (OEL) can also be applied to a temporary substrate, from which the OEL is subsequently removed. This can, for example, facilitate the production of an optical effect layer (OEL), in particular while the binder is still in its liquid state. Then, after the coating composition has cured to form an Optical Effect Layer (OEL), the temporary OEL substrate can be removed.

[0130] Alternatively, in another embodiment, an adhesive layer may be present on an optical effect layer (OEL) or may be present on a substrate containing the OEL, said adhesive layer being located on the side of the substrate opposite to that on which the OEL is applied, or on the same side as the OEL and on top of the OEL. Thus, an adhesive layer can be applied to an optical effect layer (OEL) or to a substrate, said adhesive layer being preferably applied after the curing step has been completed. Such a product can be attached to all types of documents or other products or objects without printing or other processes involving machines and mechanisms and rather high labor costs. Alternatively, the substrate described herein containing the Optical Effect Layer (OEL) described herein may be in the form of a transfer foil that can be applied to a document or article in a separate transfer step. To this end, the substrate is provided with a release coating on which an Optical Effect Layer (OEL) is fabricated as described herein. One or more adhesive layers can be applied over the Optical Effect Layer (OEL) thus obtained.

[0131] Also described herein are substrates containing multiple, i.e., two, three, four, etc., optical effect layers (OELs) obtained by the method described herein.

[0132] This document also describes products, in particular security documents, decorative elements or objects, containing an optical effect layer (OEL) obtained according to the present invention. Products, in particular security documents, decorative elements or objects, may contain several (eg, two, three, etc.) OELs obtained according to the present invention.

[0133] As mentioned herein above, optical effect layers (OELs) obtained according to the present invention can be used for decorative purposes, as well as for protecting and authenticating a security document.

[0134] Typical examples of decorative items or objects include, without limitation, luxury goods, cosmetic packaging, automotive parts, electronic/electrical appliances, furniture, and nail art.

[0135] Security documents include, without limitation, documents of value and valuable commercial goods. Typical examples of documents of value include, without limitation, banknotes, legal documents, tickets, cheques, vouchers, revenue and duty stamps, agreements, etc., identification documents such as passports, identity cards, visas, driver's licenses, bank cards , credit cards, transaction cards, access documents or cards, entrance tickets, public transport tickets or public transport entitlement documents, etc., preferably banknotes, identity documents, documents, title to ownership, driver's licenses and credit cards. The term "high value commercial item" refers to packaging materials, in particular for cosmetics, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, spirits, tobacco, beverages or foods, electrical/electronic products, fabrics or jewelry, i.e. products that must be protected from counterfeiting and/or illegal reproduction, in order to guarantee the authenticity of the contents of the package, such as genuine medicines. Examples of these packaging materials include, but are not limited to, labels such as product authentication labels, tamper-evident labels and seals. It should be noted that the disclosed substrates, valuable documents, and valuable commercial items are provided by way of example only, without limiting the scope of the present invention.

[0136] Alternatively, an Optical Effect Layer (OEL) may be applied to a secondary substrate such as, for example, a security thread, security strip, foil, decal, window, or label, and then transferred to the security document in a separate step.

[0137] The present invention further provides apparatuses for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) on the substrate described herein, said apparatuses comprising:

i) a printing unit, preferably a screen printing, rotogravure or flexographic printing unit, configured to apply to a substrate (x10) a radiation-curable coating composition comprising the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles described herein to form a layer (x20) coverage described in this document,

ii) at least a first magnetic field generating device (x31), such as those described herein, and optionally a second magnetic field generating device (x32), such as those described herein, configured to orient at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles of the layer (x20) of the coating,

iii) one or more LED actinic radiation sources (x41) comprising an array, preferably a linear array or a two-dimensional array, of the individually addressable actinic emitters described herein, preferably UV light emitting diodes configured to selectively cure one or more areas layer (x20) of coverage.

[0138] The devices for producing Optical Effect Layers (OELs) on a substrate described herein may further comprise one or more of the biaxially oriented magnetic devices described herein.

[0139] The device described herein may further comprise a transport means, such as those described herein, configured to transport the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) at a close distance from the LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation .

[0140] The device described herein may further comprise a transfer device, such as those described herein, wherein a first magnetic field generating device (x31) and an optional second magnetic field generating device (x32) are mounted on said transfer device as described herein, said transfer device preferably being a rotating cylinder or belt, said transfer device allowing the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) to be moved simultaneously with the first device (x31) , which generates a magnetic field, and an optional second device (x32), which generates a magnetic field, at a close distance from the LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation.

[0141] In an embodiment in which the first magnetic field generating device (x31) and the optional second magnetic field generating device (x32) are mounted on a rotating cylinder or belt, the resulting magnetic cylinder for magnetic alignment or the resulting the magnetic tape is preferably part of a rotary, sheet- or web-fed industrial printing press that operates continuously at a high printing speed. Preferably, the device described herein comprises one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation, further comprising a projector (x50) described herein, and wherein said at least one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation radiation and the specified projecting means (x50) are located in such a way that actinic radiation is projected onto the coating layer (x20) when reducing the size of one or more projected images of one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation, such as those described in this document.

Claims (35)

1. A method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x10), wherein the OEL contains an ornament made of at least two areas made from a single deposited and cured layer, characterized in that the method includes the steps: a) applying to a substrate (x10) a radiation-curable coating composition containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles to form a coating layer (x20), the coating layer being in a first state, said first state being a liquid state; b) b1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to the magnetic field of the first magnetic field generating device (x31) with at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles oriented, b2) at least partially curing one or more first regions of the coating layer (x20) into a second state while fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations; and at least partial curing is carried out by irradiation with an LED source (x41) of actinic radiation with at least partial curing of one or more first regions of the coating layer (x20) and as a result of which one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) are not affected by irradiation, while step b2) is carried out partly simultaneously with step b1) or after it; And c) at least partially curing one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) while fixing the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations in the one or more second regions; moreover, curing is carried out using a radiation source, while step c) is carried out after step b2); while step c) consists of the following two steps: c1) exposing the coating layer (x20) to a magnetic field of either the first magnetic field generating device (x31) or the second magnetic field generating device (x32) with at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles oriented; And c2) the step of at least partially curing one or more second regions of the coating layer (x20) while fixing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their accepted positions and orientations in one or more second regions; moreover, the curing is carried out using a radiation source, wherein said step c2) is carried out partly simultaneously with said step c1) or after it; wherein the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation contains a matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, wherein the actinic radiation is projected onto the coating layer (x20) to form one or more projected images, and wherein the actinic radiation of the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation is projected by the projector (x50) onto the coating layer (x20) while reducing the size of one or more projected images of the source (x41) of actinic radiation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the radiation-curable coating composition comprising non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles is applied to the substrate (x10) by a printing process. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that step b2) is carried out partially simultaneously with step b1) and step c2) is carried out partially simultaneously with step c1). 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the matrix of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters is a linear matrix or a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters. 5. The method according to claim. 1, characterized in that the LED source (x41) actinic radiation is a source of radiation in the UV and visible region. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that step c) or c2) is carried out by irradiating an LED source (x41-1) of actinic radiation containing an array of individually addressable actinic emitters, as in step b2), or another LED source (x41-2) actinic radiation containing a matrix of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters. 7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that individually addressable actinic radiation emitters are addressed according to one or more bitmap patterns. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that actinic radiation is projected onto a substrate (x10) carrying a coating layer (x20) using a LED source (x41) of actinic radiation containing a matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, and said substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is in motion relative to the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation contains a matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, which is a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, and the actinic radiation is projected onto a substrate (x10) bearing a coating layer (x20) such that one or more projected images synchronously follow the movement of the substrate (x10). 10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that step b1) is carried out using a first device (x31) generating a magnetic field, and step c1) is carried out using a second device (x32) generating a magnetic field, and the line pattern of the magnetic field of said second magnetic field generating device (x32) differs from the magnetic field line pattern of the first magnetic field generating device (x31), or wherein step b1) is carried out using the first device (x31) generating a magnetic field, and step c1) is carried out using the same first device (x31) generating a magnetic field, while these steps b1) and c1) are carried out in two different regions of said first magnetic field generating device (x31), said two regions having a different pattern of magnetic field lines. 11. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more first areas of the coating layer (x20) independently have the shape of a sign and/or one or more second areas of the layer (x20) of the coating independently have the shape of a sign. 12. A device for obtaining an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x10), wherein said OEL contains an ornament made of at least two areas made from a single deposited and cured layer, characterized in that said device contains i) a printing unit configured to apply to the substrate (x10) a radiation-curable coating composition containing non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles to form a coating layer (x20), ii) at least a first magnetic field generating device (x31) configured to orient at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles of the coating layer (x20), and iii) one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation, containing an array of individually addressable emitters of actinic radiation, configured to selectively cure one or more areas of the layer (x20) of the coating, wherein one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation comprise a projector (x50) configured to project actinic radiation from one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation onto the coating layer (x20), and said one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation and the specified projecting means (x50) are located in such a way that actinic radiation is projected onto the layer (x20) of the coating while reducing the size of one or more projected images of one or more LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation, while projecting the means (x50) is located between the coating layer (x20) and the LED source (x41) of actinic radiation, and the optical axis of the projecting means is orthogonal to the surface of the substrate (x10). 13. The device according to claim 12, characterized in that the matrix of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters is a linear matrix or a two-dimensional matrix of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters. 14. The device according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the device further comprises iv) one or more magnetic devices configured to perform biaxial orientation. 15. The device according to any one of paragraphs. 12-14, characterized in that the device further comprises v) a transport means configured to transport the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) and located next to the LED sources (x41) of actinic radiation. 16. The device according to any one of paragraphs. 12-15, characterized in that the device further comprises a second device (x32) generating a magnetic field, and a transfer device configured to simultaneously move the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) with the first device (x31), generating a magnetic field, and a second device (x32) generating a magnetic field.

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