RU2557272C1 - Roofing solar panel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: in a roofing solar panel containing a housing with an inner cavity with a protective covering on the working surface, whereupon solar radiation strikes with a beam inlet angle of β₀, and receivers consisting of switched solar cells, a compound concentrator is installed under the protective covering and made in the form of a diverting optic system transparent for radiation and consisting of a variety of prisms with acute angle Ψ between the beam inlet and outlet surface and several semi-parabolic cylinder mirror reflectors with parametric angle δ, which have beam inlet and outlet surfaces. Focal regions of all the reflectors are offset towards lower or upper side of the panel, and radiation receivers are installed parallel to the focal axis and perpendicular to the panel plane between the focal axis and the mirror coating of each reflector. Relation between beam inlet angle β₀, acute angle Ψ, material refraction coefficient n of the diverting optic system and parametric angle δ of the semi-parabolic cylinder mirror reflector is given.

EFFECT: reduction of panel material consumption.

16 cl, 7 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to a device for roofing panels for roofs of buildings and structures with integrated solar modules.

A known roofing panel with a solar battery, including a bearing base in the form of a curved surface with a solar battery placed on it based on semiconductor photoelectric converters with an electric current collection cable. The solar battery is placed on a flat platform recessed relative to the upper surface of the base to a depth of 20 mm and is sewn to the upper surface of the base with a sealing hardening composition with a transmittance of light radiation of at least 30% in the range of the solar battery (Pat. RF No. 2194827, publ. 20.12. 2002).

A disadvantage of the known roofing panel is the high consumption of semiconductor material for photoconverters and the low power of the solar battery due to optical losses in the sealing composition.

The known solar roofing panel company "HEDA Solar" (PRC), containing built-in solar modules of four or eight commutated silicon solar cells with a size of 156 × 156 mm or 125 × 125 mm. The roofing solar panel has a protective coating of tempered glass and an electric power of 8-20 W, operating voltage of 1-2 V, depending on the number of connected solar cells (Prospectus of the company "HEDA Solar" www.hedasolar.com).

A disadvantage of the known roofing solar panel is the high consumption of solar silicon for solar cells and the high cost.

Known solar module with a solar energy concentrator mounted on the roof and facade of the building, containing a flat protective transparent fence and mounted on a protective transparent fence in the focus of a linearly focusing cylindrical concentrator, a radiation receiver in the form of a strip, the concentrator is made in the form of an asymmetric reflector, consisting of two different-sized parts separated by a plane of symmetry passing through the apex and the focal axis of the reflector, with most of the reflector made in the form of floors the parabolic cylindrical (hereinafter referred to as the semi-parabolic) reflector, and the smaller part is in the form of a circular cylindrical reflector with a radius equal to the distance from the focal axis to the top of the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflector, the focal axis is shifted to one side of the protective fence, parallel to its base, and coincides with the edge radiation receiver bands.

A disadvantage of the known solar module is the need to install a roof covering under the solar module to protect buildings and structures from external influences, which increases the cost of buildings and structures.

Another disadvantage of the known module is the large cosine radiation loss equal to 1-cos (90 ° -2δ), where δ is the parametric angle of the concentrator associated with the deviation of the plane of symmetry of the semi-parabolic cylinder reflector from the normal to the working surface of the module, and optical transmission losses in horizontal blinds with facets. For example, at an aperture angle φ = 24 °, the cosine losses of solar radiation are 1-cos 42 ° = 0.257, i.e. 25.7%.

The objective of the invention is the creation of a roofing solar panel with high optical efficiency and low consumption of semiconductor material and low cost.

The technical result consists in increasing the efficiency of using solar energy in a roofing solar panel and in reducing the cost of generating electric energy and heat.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the roofing solar panel mounted on the inclined roof of the building or structure, the normal to the roof surface is in the meridional plane containing the housing with an internal cavity with a protective coating on the working surface, onto which the solar radiation with an angle of entry of rays is incident β ₀ , and receivers from commutated solar cells, in the cavity of the housing 1 under the protective coating, a composite concentrator is installed, made in the form of a deflecting transparent for radiation of the optical system of a plurality of prisms with an acute angle Ψ between the entrance and exit surfaces of the beams and several semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors with a parametric angle δ having the surfaces of the entry and exit beams, the focal regions of all semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are shifted to the lower or upper side of the solar roof panel, and radiation receivers from commutated solar cells are installed parallel to the focal axis and perpendicular to the plane of the roofing solar panel between the foc Flax axis and the mirror coating each poluparabolotsilindricheskogo specular reflector surface plane of the entrance beam deflecting optical system and the plane of the surface of entrance ray poluparabolotsilindricheskogo specular reflector parallel to the plane of the protective coating, and the angle input ray β _0, acute angle Ψ and the refractive index n of the material of the deflection optical system associated with the parametric angle δ of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflector as follows:

In a variant of the roofing solar panel, the housing of the roofing solar panel is made of impact-resistant plastic.

In another embodiment of the roofing solar panel, the housing of the roofing solar panel is made of ceramic.

In yet another embodiment of the roofing solar panel, the housing of the roofing solar panel is made of a mixture of sand and plastic.

In a variant of a roofing solar panel, the internal cavities of the housing are molded to accommodate a protective coating of semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors, a deflecting optical system and receivers from commutated solar cells.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, the protective coating is made in the form of an optical deflecting system.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are made of flat glass mirror faces, the planes of which are parallel to the focal axis, and the width of the glass mirror faces in the meridional plane is commensurate with or exceeds the width of the receiver from the connected solar cells.

In another embodiment of the roofing solar panel, semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are made of polished aluminum sheet alloy.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors made of polished sheet aluminum alloy have flat shaped sections parallel to the focal axis, and the width of these sections in the meridional plane is comparable to or greater than the width of the receiver from commutated solar cells.

In a variant of the roofing solar panel, the side walls of the internal forming cavities of the housing for accommodating semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are located in the meridional plane and are provided with a reflective coating.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, slots are made in the housing perpendicular to the plane of the protective coating, passing through the focal axes of the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors, additional protective coatings of glass or transparent plastic are installed in the specified slots on the sealant, receivers from commutated solar cells are installed between the additional protective coatings and the housing.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, each space between the additional protective coatings and the housing, in which the receivers from the switched solar cells are placed, is filled with a transparent silicone gel.

In a variant of a roofing solar panel, inside the case there are panels for cable connection of receivers from commutated solar cells to a junction box, which is installed in the cavity of the case between the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors on the back of the roofing solar panel and is equipped with a conductive cable for switching with other roofing solar panels.

In a variant of the roofing solar panel, on the back side of the outside of the housing there are channels for laying a conductive cable to the adjacent solar roofing panels.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, receivers from commutated solar cells and the focal axes of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors are shifted to the upper part of the housing, and the angle of inclination of the roofing solar panel to a horizontal surface when installed on a roof is φ-23.5 ° -β ₀ , where φ is the width terrain.

In the variant of the roofing solar panel, receivers from commutated solar cells and the focal axes of semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors are shifted to the lower part of the housing, and the angle of inclination of the roofing solar panel to a horizontal surface when installed on a roof is φ + 23.5 ° + β ₀ , where φ is the width terrain.

The invention is illustrated in FIG. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, where in FIG. 1 is a general view from the outside and from the back of the roofing solar panel, in which the receivers from commutated solar cells and the focal axes of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors are offset to the upper part of the housing. In FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section of a roofing solar panel. In FIG. 3 is a cross section of a roofing solar panel in a meridional plane. In FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an optical deflecting system of a composite hub based on a plurality of prisms. In FIG. 5 - the course of the rays in the composite concentrator of the roofing solar panel. In FIG. 6 - installation of a roofing solar panel on the roof of the building with the orientation of the panel in the sun on June 22 on the day of summer solstice. In FIG. 7 - installation of a roofing solar panel on the roof of the building with the orientation of the panel in the sun on December 22.

In FIG. 1 shows a general view of the roofing solar panel from the outside (a) and the reverse side (b). The roofing solar panel has a housing 1, in which cavities are sealed on the reverse side to accommodate a protective coating 2 of a composite concentrator, consisting of an optical deflecting system 3 and two semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors 4, 5, in which the focal axes 6 and 7 are shifted to the upper part 8 housing 1 and receivers 9 and 10 of commutated solar cells 11. In the cavity of housing 1 in front of receivers 9 and 10, grooves 12 and 13 are made, in which protective coatings 14 and 15 are made of glass or transparent plastic and receivers 9 and 10. The planes of the protective coating 14 and 15 of the receivers 9 and 10 are perpendicular to the plane of the protective coating 2 of the housing 1 of the roofing solar panel. The space between the protective coating 14, 15 and the part 18, 19 of the housing 1, in which the receivers 9 and 10 are installed, is filled with a transparent silicone gel 20. The side walls 21 and 22 of the internal forming cavities 23 of the housing 1 are provided with mirror coatings 24 and 25. Inside the housing 1 channels 26 and 27 are made for connecting receivers 9, 10 with cable 28 to the junction box 29. The junction box 29 is installed on the back 30 of the housing 1 and has a conductive cable 31 for switching with other solar roof panels. Outside of the housing 1, on the reverse side 30, channels 32 are made for laying the cable 31. The plane of the surface of the entrance of the rays 33 of the optical deflecting system 3 and the plane of the surface of the entrance of the rays 34 of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors 4, 5 are parallel to the plane of the protective coating 2.

In FIG. 4, the optical deflection system 3 is made up of a plurality of prisms 35 oriented in the same direction with an acute angle Ψ between the inlet surface 33 and the ray exit surface 36.

In FIG. 5 shows the course of rays in a composite concentrator consisting of a deflecting optical system 3 and a semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflector 4, where β ₀ is the angle of entry of the rays on the surface of the entrance 34 into the optical deflecting system 3, β ₁ is the angle of refraction of the rays in the surface of the entrance 3 inside the optical deflecting system 3, β ₂ - the angle between the ray and the normal to the exit surface 36 of rays within the optical deflection system 3, β ₃ - exit angle of rays to exit the outside surface 36 of the deflecting optical system 3, β ₄ - entrance angle of rays from the surfaces Log 34 poluparabolotsilindricheskogo specular reflector 4.

The angles β ₀ , β ₁ , β ₂ , β ₃ and β ₄ are the angles between the directions of the rays and the normal to the corresponding surface. Since the input surfaces 33 and 34 of the rays are parallel, the angle β ₀ , which is responsible for cosine losses, is equal to the angle β ₄ between the direction of the entrance rays of the semi-parabolic cylinder reflector 4 and the input surface 34 of the semi-parabolic cylinder reflector 4.

The semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors 4 and 5 in FIG. 5 are made of polished aluminum alloy and have flat shaped sections a parallel to the focal axes 6 and 7. The width of the flat sections a in the meridional plane is comparable with the width d of the receivers 9 and 10 of the switched solar cells 11, which ensures uniform illumination of the receivers 9 and 10 and the absence of overheating of the local sections of the receivers 9 and 10.

In FIG. 6 solar roof panels are installed on the southern slope 37 of the roof 38 of building 39. The receivers 9 and 10 and the focal axes 6 and 7 of the semi-para-cylindrical mirror reflectors 4 and 5 are offset to the upper part 8 of building 1, and the angle of inclination of the solar roof panel to the horizontal plane 40 when installed on the roof 38 is θ = φ-23.5 ° -β ₀ , where φ is the width of the terrain. In this case, the normal 41 to the surface of the protective coating 2 in the meridional plane is directed to the position of the Sun 42 at noon on June 22 on the day of the summer solstice with a deviation from it upward from the horizontal plane 40 by the angle of entry of rays β ₀ . With this installation, the roofing solar panel receives the maximum amount of solar energy in the summer months. With a decrease in the height of the position of the Sun, the amount of incoming solar energy will decrease in proportion to cos β ₀ .

In FIG. 7 roofing solar panels are installed on the southern slope 37 of the roof 38 of building 39 in such a way as to use the maximum amount of incoming solar energy in the winter. The receivers 9 and 10, the focal axes 6 and 7 of the semi-para-cylindrical mirror reflectors 4 and 5 are shifted to the lower part 43 of the housing 1, and the angle of inclination of the roofing solar panel to the horizontal plane 40 when installed on the roof 38 is θ = φ + 23.5 ° + β ₀ . In this case, the normal 41 to the surface of the protective coating 2 in the meridional plane is directed to the position of the Sun 44 at noon on December 22 with a deviation from it down to the horizontal plane at the angle of entry of rays β ₀ . The roofing solar panel works as follows (Fig. 5). Solar radiation through the protective coating 2 enters at an angle β ₀ to the input surface of the rays 33 of the deflecting optical system 3 from a set of prisms 35 with an acute angle Ψ with a refractive index n, enters the prism 35 at an angle β ₁ , leaves the prism 35 at an angle β ₃ and enters the input surface 34 of the semi-parabolic-cylindrical specular reflector 4 at an angle β ₄ , is reflected from the semi-para-cylindrical-specular reflector 4 and arrives at the receiver 9 provided β ₄ ≥90 ° -2δ.

Cosine losses due to deviation of the solar radiation flux from the normal to the input surface of the rays 33 of the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflector 4:

Calculations according to formulas (1) - (7) for δ = 26.1 ° are given in table 1.

. Для Ψ=24° β₀=17,8° эффективный апертурный угол солнечного модуля с концентратором увеличивается с δ=26,1 до $$\frac{{90}^{\circ }-1{\beta }_0}{2}={36}^{\circ }$$

, что при изменении солнечного склонения на 7,83° в месяц соответствует увеличению продолжительности работы в стационарном режиме на $$\frac{{\mathrm{26,1}}^{\circ }}{{\mathrm{7,83}}^{\circ }}\cdot 2=\mathrm{6,7}$$

месяца до $$\frac{{36}^{\circ }}{{\mathrm{7,83}}^{\circ }}\cdot 2=\mathrm{9,2}$$

месяца.According to table 1, the proposed design of a solar module with a concentrator can reduce cosine losses compared with the prototype from 21% (Ψ = 0) to 17.8% at Ψ = 24 °. The effective aperture angle of the solar module with the concentrator increases from δ to $$\frac{{90}^{\circ }-{\beta }_0}{2}$$

. For Ψ = 24 ° β ₀ = 17.8 °, the effective aperture angle of the solar module with the concentrator increases from δ = 26.1 to $$\frac{{90}^{\circ }-\mathrm{one}{\beta }_0}{2}={36}^{\circ }$$

that when the solar declination changes by 7.83 ° per month corresponds to an increase in the duration of stationary operation by $$\frac{{26.1}^{\circ }}{{7.83}^{\circ }}\cdot 2=6.7$$

months to $$\frac{{36}^{\circ }}{{7.83}^{\circ }}\cdot 2=9.2$$

months.

The concentration coefficient of solar radiation in the roofing solar panel, taking into account cosine losses, is equal to:

The roofing solar panel operates in a stationary mode without tracking the Sun and collects direct and diffuse solar radiation at the receiver 13, 14 (Fig. 5) within the aperture angle δ.

An example of a roofing solar panel.

The deflecting optical system 3 consists of a set of prisms 35 with an acute angle Ψ = 24 °. Ray entry angle β ₀ = 17,8 °, an angle β ₄ = 37,8 °, the aperture angle δ 4 poluparabolotsilindricheskogo specular reflector made of polished aluminum δ = 26.1 °. The receivers 9, 10 have dimensions of 42 × 312 mm, consist of two silicon solar cells 11 of size 42 × 156 mm, connected in parallel. Between each other, the receivers 9 and 10 are connected in series. The geometric concentration coefficient k = 4.92, cosine losses 4.8%, optical efficiency 80%, receiver efficiency 9 and 10 15%. The active area of the roofing solar panel for the use of solar energy is 0.1 m ² . Total efficiency taking into account solar losses of 10%. Peak electric power of 10 W at an illumination of 1 kW m ² and a temperature of 25 °. Receivers 9 and 10 can be made with heat removal devices for generating electricity and hot water or hot air.

When the cost of semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors is 4, 5 30 dollars / m ² , a concentration of 4.92, an optical efficiency of 0.8 and an electrical efficiency of 15%, the cost of a roofing solar panel will be $ 12, or $ 1 // W, at the current cost 3 dollars / W, i.e. it will decrease by 2.5 times, while the costs of the composite hub and receiver 9 and 10 will be approximately equal and amount to 50% of the cost of the roofing solar panel.

Compared with the prototype, a solar module with a hub has small cosine losses, a long service life and low cost.

Claims (16)

1. A roofing solar panel mounted on an inclined roof of a building or structure, normal to the roof surface, is in the meridian plane, containing a housing with an internal cavity with a protective coating on the work surface, onto which solar radiation with a beam entry angle β _{0 is} incident, and receivers from commutated solar cells, characterized in that in the cavity of the housing 1 under the protective coating is installed a composite hub made in the form of a transparent radiation deflecting optical system from prisms with an acute angle Ψ between the entry and exit surfaces of the rays and several semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors with a parametric angle δ having the entry and exit surfaces of the rays, the focal regions of all semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are shifted to the lower or upper side of the roofing solar panel, and the radiation receivers from commutated solar elements are installed parallel to the focal axis and perpendicular to the plane of the roofing solar panel between the focal axis and the mirror coating of each semi-parabolic cylindrical reflector, the plane of the input surface of the rays of the deflecting optical system and the plane of the input surface of the rays of the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflector are parallel to the plane of the protective coating, and the angle of entry of rays β ₀ , an acute angle Ψ and the refractive index n of the material of the deflecting optical system are associated with the parametric angle δ of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflector as follows:

2. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing of the roofing solar panel is made of impact-resistant plastic. 3. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing of the roofing solar panel is made of ceramic. 4. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing of the roofing solar panel is made of a mixture of sand and plastic. 5. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the internal cavities of the housing are molded to accommodate a protective coating of semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors, a deflecting optical system and receivers from commutated solar cells. 6. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the protective coating is made in the form of an optical deflecting system. 7. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are made of flat glass mirror faces, the planes of which are parallel to the focal axis, and the width of the glass mirror faces in the meridional plane is comparable to or greater than the width of the receiver from commutated solar cells. 8. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are made of polished aluminum sheet alloy. 9. The roofing solar panel according to Claims 1 and 8, characterized in that the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors made of polished sheet aluminum alloy have flat shaped sections parallel to the focal axis, and the width of these sections in the meridional plane is comparable to or greater than the width of the receiver from commutated solar cells. 10. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the side walls of the internal forming cavities of the housing for accommodating semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors are located in the meridional plane and are provided with a mirror reflective coating. 11. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that in the housing perpendicular to the plane of the protective coating, slots are made passing through the focal axes of the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors, additional protective coatings of glass or transparent plastic are installed in the specified slots on the sealant, between additional protective coatings and the body has receivers made of commutated solar cells. 12. The roofing solar panel according to claim 11, characterized in that each space between the additional protective coatings and the housing in which the receivers of the switched solar cells are placed is filled with a transparent silicone gel. 13. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the inside of the housing is made of panels for cable connection of receivers from switched solar cells to a junction box, which is installed in the cavity of the housing between the semi-parabolic cylindrical reflectors on the back of the roofing solar panel and is equipped with a conductive cable for switching with other roofing solar panels. 14. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that on the back side of the outside of the housing there are channels for laying a conductive cable to adjacent solar roofing panels. 15. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the receivers from commutated solar cells and the focal axes of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors are shifted to the upper part of the housing, and the angle of inclination of the roofing solar panel to a horizontal surface when installed on the roof is φ-23.5 ° -β ₀ , where φ is the width of the terrain. 16. The roofing solar panel according to claim 1, characterized in that the receivers from commutated solar cells and the focal axes of the semi-parabolic cylindrical mirror reflectors are shifted to the lower part of the housing, and the angle of inclination of the roofing solar panel to the horizontal surface when installed on the roof is φ + 23.5 ° + β ₀ , where φ is the width of the terrain.

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