RU2305388C1 - Method of and device for cultivation of heavy soils for planting and harvesting root crop - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes cutting of furrow slice by share and directing in onto separating chain-web conveyors. Soil clods are crushed by simultaneous action of impact force and compression and extension forces. Separated part of soil slice is laid on planting strip of field. Non-separated part of slice is laid at side of planting strip in track pit of agricultural machines. Proposed device includes support and gauge rollers, undercut share, separating chain-web conveyors and clod breaking blade drum. Device is furnished also with support grids arranged under separating chain-web conveyors in zones of soil clod breaking. Spring-loaded clod breaking drums are hinge mounted over grinds of frame. Blades are rigidly secured on drum surface. Ramp grids are mounted at outlet of separating chain-web conveyors to move off non-separated part of soil slice. Drums are installed over chain-web conveyors with clearances commensurable with gaps between rods and with exceeding of linear velocities by at least 1.1 times. Drums are installed on carriers. The latter are hinge-secured by ends on frame from one side and are freely fitted on support members from other side and are connected with frame by power springs. Screw mechanisms are provided to adjust spring forces. Gaps of rods of separating chain-web conveyors, support and ramp grids are made commensurable with gaps of separating devices of harvesters.

EFFECT: provision of conditions for optimum growing and development of plants.

5 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The patented invention relates to machine technology for the cultivation of root crops in heavy soils. A known method of processing (heavy) loamy soils in the cultivation of potatoes (see and.with. 1521321, A01B 79/00, 79/02; 15.11.89. Bull. 42). The known method includes trimming the plow of the soil seam, lifting the trimmed seam to the separating bar conveyors, destroying the soil lumps by the impact force of the paddle drums, laying the separated part of the seam in the base of the ridges, and the unseparated part on top of the ridge. The known method does not completely destroy the soil lumps, especially strong ones, by the impact force of the paddle drums. The unseparated part of the formation with large soil lumps will worsen the conditions for the growth and development of plants and during machine harvesting of root and tubers along with the latter will be carried out from the field.

A known method of processing heavy soils and a device for its implementation in the cultivation of potatoes (see AS 1544206, A01B 49/02, 79/00; 23.02.90. Bull. 7). The known method includes the formation of a furrow, cutting the plow of the soil formation, lifting the cut formation on the separating conveyors, the destruction of soil lumps by impact force, laying the unseparated part of the formation in an open furrow, and the separated part on top of the furrow with the formation of a crest. A device for implementing the method includes a furrower with a double-sided blade, a cutting ploughshare, separating conveyors, a crumbling drum, a guiding tray for laying the unseparated part of the formation into the furrow, and disk shorters for moving the separated part of the formation into the furrow zone. The known method and device do not provide for the destruction of strong soil lumps associated with calcareous deposits and crushed stone. These soil lumps laid in furrows do not participate in the growth and development of plants and the formation of the crop. Moreover, the laid unseparated part of the soil layer into the furrows during machine cleaning does not exclude their getting into the heap of harvested root crops and removal from the field.

Known tillage implement (see AS 1575976, A01B 79/00; 07.07.90. Bull. 25). A well-known tillage implement implements machine technology for preparing the soil for ridge planting and harvesting root crops. The technology includes trimming the soil formation, lifting the trimmed formation onto the separating grid and the bar conveyor, destroying the soil lumps by the impact force of the paddle drums, laying the separated part of the formation in the base of the ridges, and the unseparated part on the surface of the ridges. The known machine technology carried out by a tillage implement does not completely destroy the soil lumps, especially the strong ones, by the impact force of the paddle drums. An unseparated part with large soil lumps laid on top of the ridges will worsen the conditions for plant growth and development and will be carried out of the field during machine harvesting of root crops.

Also known is a machine technology for the processing of heavy soils for sowing and harvesting root crops (see.with. 1426483, A01B 49/02; 09/30/88. Bull. 36), taken as a prototype. Known machine technology includes a method and apparatus for its implementation. A method for treating heavy soils includes cutting the soil layer with a ploughshare, lifting the trimmed layer onto separating bar conveyors, destroying soil lumps by impact force, laying the separated part of the soil layer on the sowing field strip, and the unseparated part in an open furrow. The device for implementing the method includes mounted on the frame of the supporting-copy rollers, a cutting ploughshare, separating rod conveyors, lumpy blade drum.

The well-known machine technology for processing heavy soils for sowing and harvesting root crops also does not ensure the destruction of strong soil lumps by impact force, and laying in an open furrow eliminates them in the formation of a crop of root crops. In this case, the unseparated part of the formation, laid in furrows, will fall during harvesting into a pile of harvested root crops and taken out of the field. The technical task when creating the patentable invention was the creation of heavy soils in the treatment of heavy soils, the size of structural lumps of soil corresponding to the optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants and the harvesting of root crops without removal of land from the field.

The technical result was the creation of machine technology for the cultivation of root crops in heavy soils. Regarding the method of processing heavy soils for sowing and harvesting root crops, this is achieved by the fact that, unlike the prototype, the destruction of soil lumps is carried out simultaneously with the impact force by compressing and stretching soil lumps, while the unseparated part of the formation is laid not on an open furrow, but on the sides of the sowing stripes under the track of the movers of machines for agricultural crop care. The simultaneous action of three forces: shock forces, compressive and tensile forces, makes it possible to destroy all strong lumps (except stones), to separate them into the sowing (planting) strip and to create conditions for machine harvesting of root crops without removing the earth from the field. Laying soil rocky inclusions under the track of machines provides without tramming the sowing strip mechanized care of crops and root crops.

Regarding the device for implementing the method, in contrast to the prototype, this is achieved by the fact that it is equipped in the zones of destruction of soil lumps under the separating conveyors with support grids, above which spring-loaded lump-breaking drums with blades rigidly fixed on the surface are mounted on the frame, and at the exit of the separating bar conveyors - pitched gratings for the removal of the unseparated part of the formation under the track of the movers of the machines for the care of crops, while the lumping blades s drums mounted above the bar-shaped separating conveyors with gaps commensurate with their lumens bars and linear velocities in excess over the latter is not less than 1.1 times; lump-breaking blade drums are mounted on leashes fixed with ends pivotally on one side of the frame and, on the other, freely mounted on supporting elements and connected with the frame by force springs; power springs are equipped with screw mechanisms; the gaps of the bars of the separating conveyors of the support and pitched gratings are made comparable with the gaps of the separating devices of the harvesting machines. The supply of support grids under the separating bar conveyors, on top of which are mounted articulated spring-loaded lump drums with gaps comparable with the clearance of the conveyor rods, and with linear speeds exceeding the latter by at least 1.1 times, allows you to destroy durable soil lumps by compressing and stretching, and the use of pitched gratings ensures the removal of the unseparated rocky part under the track of the propulsion machines. The installation of lumpy-bladed vane drums on leads that are end-mounted on the frame on the one hand and pivotally mounted on the supporting elements and connected with the frame by force springs, compresses the soil lumps during their destruction and allows the rocky part of the soil to pass without breaking by lifting over it. The helical mechanisms of the springs regulate their force when compressing soil lumps. The implementation of the gaps of the bars of the separating conveyors, supporting and pitched gratings commensurate with the gaps of the separating devices of harvesting machines provides machine harvesting of root crops without removing the ground from the field.

The patented invention meets the requirement of unity, since the method and device are aimed at solving the same problem - the processing of heavy soils for sowing (planting) and harvesting root crops and can only be used together.

The analysis of the prior art by the applicant, including a search by patent and scientific and technical sources of information and identification of sources containing information about analogues of the claimed method and device for its implementation, allowed to establish that the applicant did not find analogues for both the method and the device, characterized by features of the claimed method and device.

Thus, the patented invention meets the criterion of "novelty." To verify the compliance of each object of the patented invention with the criterion of "inventive step", the applicant conducted an additional search for known solutions to patent and scientific and technical sources of information. The search results showed that the method and device for its implementation of the patented invention on the set of distinctive features do not fall under the well-known technical solutions and do not follow for the specialist explicitly from the prior art.

Figure 1 shows the (landing) sowing strip with ruts for the passage of machines - a cross section; figure 2 is a fragment of the action of the forces P ₁ - shock, P ₂ - compression and P ₃ - tension in the zones of destruction of soil lumps - cross section; figure 3 - device for implementing the method is a side view; figure 4 - the same is a top view; figure 5 - reference lattice - General view; figure 6 - lumpy blade impeller - a General view; Fig.7 - pitched lattice for the removal of the unseparated part of the reservoir under the track of the propulsion machines - rear view. A device for implementing the method (Figs. 3 and 4) comprises support-copying rollers 2 mounted on the frame 1 in the technological sequence, a cutting ploughshare 3, separating bar conveyors 4, lump-breaking blade drums 5, support grids 6, ramp grilles 7 and a drive including gear 8 and chain transmissions 9. The support grilles (Fig. 5) are mounted on the frame under the separating bar conveyors and contain guides 10 with cells 11 on the surface, comparable with the gaps of the bars of the separating conveyors, and sides e walls 12 in the form of arches. Lump-shaped blade drum (Fig.6) is made in the form of a hollow cylinder with blades 13 rigidly fixed on the surface and is installed in the zone of destruction of soil lumps above the separating bar conveyor with a gap commensurate with the gaps of its rods, by means of leashes 14, which are fixed on one side with ends on the frame by hinges 15, and with the other freely mounted on the supporting elements 16 and connected with the frame by power springs 17. The force of the springs is regulated by screw mechanisms 18.

The method of processing heavy soils is carried out by the device and is implemented in the following sequence. When the unit moves (Fig. 3), the share 3 cuts the soil layer and directs it to the first separating bar conveyor 4, where the soil lumps, comparable in size with the gaps of the bars, are sifted, and the remaining strong lumps, large in size, fall into the zone of their destruction bounded above by a lumpy blade drum 5 and from below by a supporting support grid 6 of a separating working branch of a bar conveyor. In the destruction zone, soil lumps fall (Fig. 2) under the influence of three forces: the impact force of the blades of the lumpy drum — P ₁ ; the compression force - P ₂ created between the weight of the crumbling drum, the force of the springs 17 (Fig.6) on the one hand and the support grid 6 of the separating working branch of the bar conveyor on the other hand; tensile force - P ₃ , which is formed due to the difference in linear velocities of the crumbling paddle drum 5 and the separating bar conveyor 4. When the impact force P _{1, the} soil lumps crack, the compressing force P ₂ soil lumps are pressed into the gaps of the rods of the separating conveyors, where part of them is destroyed and sifted, and the other part is damaged with weakened bonds between its components and tensile force P ₃ due to the difference in linear velocities of the lumpy drum 5 and the separator bar conveyor 4, is also destroyed and sifted through the gaps of the separating bar conveyor. The indestructible part of soil lumps and other solid soil inclusions is transferred to the second zone of destruction of soil lumps and the process repeats. When solid objects (stones) get into the soil layer, the lumpy blasting drum (Fig. 6) by means of the hinge 15 and power springs 17 is lifted up and passes these objects by rolling through them. After the lump-breaking blade drum 5 under the weight of its own and power springs 17 returns to its original position. The efforts of the springs 17 are regulated by a screw mechanism 18.

After the passage of the soil layer through 2 zones of destruction of soil lumps, the latter with solid stony inclusions gets on the rolling gratings 7 (Fig.7). On pitched lattices, the soil layer undergoes final separation, where the separated part (Fig. 1) falls on the (planting) sowing strip, and the unseparated part with hard rocky inclusions is discharged along the sides of the sowing strip under the track of the movers of the machines for crop care and harvesting.

Patented machine technology for the treatment of heavy soils allows the cultivation of root tubers to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants and their subsequent mechanized harvesting without taking the land out of the field.

Claims (5)

1. A method of treating heavy soils for sowing and harvesting root crops, including cutting the plow of the soil layer, directing the cut layer to the separating bar conveyors, destroying the soil lumps of the formation by impact force, laying the separated part of the soil layer on the sowing field strip, characterized in that the destruction of soil lumps are carried out simultaneously by the impact force and the forces of compression and extension of the soil lumps, while the unseparated part of the formation is laid on the sides of the sowing second band under the track of cultural care for crops propulsion machinery. 2. A device for processing heavy soils for sowing and harvesting root crops, including support-copying rollers mounted on a frame, a cutting ploughshare, separating bar conveyors, a lump-breaking paddle drum, characterized in that it is provided with beneath the separating bar conveyors in the zones of destruction of soil lumps gratings, above which spring-loaded lump-crushing drums with blades rigidly fixed to the surface of the blades are hingedly mounted on the frame above, and at the outlet of the separators bar conveyors - pitched gratings for diverting the unseparated part of the formation under the track of the propellers of crop care machines, while lump-breaking paddle drums are installed above the separating bar conveyors with gaps commensurate with the gaps of the rods, and with linear speeds exceeding at least 1.1 times. 3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the lumpy blade rotary drums are mounted on leashes, which are fixed with ends on one side pivotally on the frame, and on the other freely mounted on supporting elements and connected with the frame by force springs. 4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that for regulating the efforts of the springs, the latter are equipped with screw mechanisms. 5. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the lumens of the bars of the separating conveyors, supporting and pitched gratings are made comparable with the gaps of the separating devices of the harvesting machines.

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